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Wikipedia

Coating

November 13, 2023

A coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object, usually referred to as the substrate.[1][2] The purpose of applying the coating may be decorative, functional, or both.[3] Coatings may be applied as liquids, gases or solids e.g. Powder coatings.

Paints and lacquers are coatings that mostly have dual uses, which are protecting the substrate and being decorative, although some artists paints are only for decoration, and the paint on large industrial pipes is for preventing corrosion and identification e.g. blue for process water, red for fire-fighting control. Functional coatings may be applied to change the surface properties of the substrate, such as adhesion, wettability, corrosion resistance, or wear resistance.[4] In other cases, e.g. semiconductor device fabrication (where the substrate is a wafer), the coating adds a completely new property, such as a magnetic response or electrical conductivity, and forms an essential part of the finished product.[5][6]

A major consideration for most coating processes is that the coating is to be applied at a controlled thickness, and a number of different processes are in use to achieve this control, ranging from a simple brush for painting a wall, to some very expensive machinery applying coatings in the electronics industry. A further consideration for 'non-all-over' coatings is that control is needed as to where the coating is to be applied. A number of these non-all-over coating processes are printing processes. Many industrial coating processes involve the application of a thin film of functional material to a substrate, such as paper, fabric, film, foil, or sheet stock. If the substrate starts and ends the process wound up in a roll, the process may be termed "roll-to-roll" or "web-based" coating.[7] A roll of substrate, when wound through the coating machine, is typically called a web.

Applications edit

Coating applications are diverse and serve many purposes.[4][8] Coatings can be both decorative and have other functions. A pipe carrying water for a fire suppression system can be coated with a red (for identification) anticorrosion paint. Most coatings to some extent protect the substrate, such as maintenance coatings for metals and concrete.[9] A decorative coating can offer a particular reflective property, such as high gloss, satin, or a flat or matte appearance.[10]

A major coating application is to protect metal from corrosion.[11] This use includes preserving machinery, equipment, and structures.[12][13][14][15][16] Most automobiles are made of metal. The body and underbody are typically coated with underbody coating.[17] Anticorrosion coatings may use graphene in combination with water-based epoxies.[18]

Coatings are used to seal the surface of concrete, such as seamless polymer/resin flooring,[19][20][21][22][23] bund wall/containment lining, waterproofing and damp proofing concrete walls, and bridge decks.[24][25][26][27]

Roof coatings are designed primarily for waterproofing and sun reflection to reduce heating. They tend to be elastomeric to allow for movement of the roof without cracking the coating membrane.[28][29][30]

The coating, sealing, and waterproofing of wood have been going on since biblical times, with God commanding Noah to build an ark and then coat it. Wood has been a key material in construction since ancient times, so its preservation by coating has received much attention.[31] Efforts to improve the performance of wood coatings continue.[32][33][34][35][36]

Automotive coatings are used to enhance the appearance and durability of vehicles. These coatings include primers, basecoats, and clearcoats, and they are applied using various techniques, including electrostatic and spray gun applications.[37]

Coatings are used to alter tribological properties and wear characteristics.[38][39] Other functions of coatings include:

Analysis and characterization edit

Numerous destructive and non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods exist for characterizing coatings.[57][58][59][60] The most common destructive method is microscopy of a mounted cross-section of the coating and its substrate.[61][62][63] The most common non-destructive techniques include ultrasonic thickness measurement, X-ray fluorescence (XRF),[64] X-Ray diffraction (XRD)[65] and micro hardness indentation.[66] X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is also a classical characterization method to investigate the chemical composition of the nanometer thick surface layer of a material.[67] Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDX, or SEM-EDS) allows to visualize the surface texture and to probe its elementary chemical composition.[68] Other characterization methods include transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscope (STM), and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). Various methods of Chromatography are also used,[69] as well as thermogravimetric analysis.[70]

Formulation edit

The formulation of a coating depends primarily on the function required of the coating and also on aesthetics required such as color and gloss.[71] The four primary ingredients are the resin (or binder), solvent which maybe water (or solventless), pigment(s) and additives.[72][73] Research is ongoing to remove heavy metals from coating formulations completely.[74]

Processes edit

Coating processes may be classified as follows:

Vapor deposition edit

Chemical vapor deposition edit

Main article: Chemical vapor deposition

Physical vapor deposition edit

Main article: Physical vapor deposition

Chemical and electrochemical techniques edit

Spraying edit

Roll-to-roll coating processes edit

Common roll-to-roll coating processes include:

  • Air knife coating
  • Anilox coater
  • Flexo coater
  • Gap Coating
    • Knife-over-roll coating
  • Gravure coating
  • Hot melt coating- when the necessary coating viscosity is achieved by temperature rather than solution of the polymers etc. This method commonly implies slot-die coating above room temperature, but it also is possible to have hot-melt roller coating; hot-melt metering-rod coating, etc.
  • Immersion dip coating
  • Kiss coating
  • Metering rod (Meyer bar) coating
  • Roller coating
  • Silk Screen coater
    • Rotary screen
  • Slot Die coating - Slot die coating was originally developed in the 1950s.[76] Slot die coating has a low operational cost and is an easily scaled processing technique for depositing thin and uniform films rapidly, while minimizing material waste.[77] Slot die coating technology is used to deposit a variety of liquid chemistries onto substrates of various materials such as glass, metal, and polymers by precisely metering the process fluid and dispensing it at a controlled rate while the coating die is precisely moved relative to the substrate.[78] The complex inner geometry of conventional slot dies require machining or can be accomplished with 3-D printing.[79]
  • Extrusion coating - generally high pressure, often high temperature, and with the web travelling much faster than the speed of the extruded polymer
    • Curtain coating- low viscosity, with the slot vertically above the web and a gap between slot-die and web.
    • Slide coating- bead coating with an angled slide between the slot-die and the bead. Commonly used for multilayer coating in the photographic industry.
    • Slot die bead coating- typically with the web backed by a roller and a very small gap between slot-die and web.
    • Tensioned-web slot-die coating- with no backing for the web.
  • Inkjet printing
  • Lithography
  • Flexography

Physical edit

See also edit

 
Look up coating in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References edit

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  71. ^ Müller, Bodo (2006). Coatings formulation : an international textbook. Urlich Poth. Hannover: Vincentz. ISBN 3-87870-177-2. OCLC 76886114.
  72. ^ Müller, Bodo (2006). Coatings formulation : an international textbook. Urlich Poth. Hannover: Vincentz. p. 19. ISBN 3-87870-177-2. OCLC 76886114.
  73. ^ "CoatingsTech - Novel Natural Additives for Surface Coatings". www.coatingstech-digital.org. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
  74. ^ Puthran, Dayanand; Patil, Dilip (2023-01-01). "Usage of heavy metal-free compounds in surface coatings". Journal of Coatings Technology and Research. 20 (1): 87–112. doi:10.1007/s11998-022-00648-4. ISSN 1935-3804. S2CID 251771272.
  75. ^ Fristad, W. E. (2000). "Epoxy Coatings for Automotive Corrosion Protection". SAE Technical Paper Series. Vol. 1. doi:10.4271/2000-01-0617.
  76. ^ US 2681294, "Method of coating strip material", issued 1951-08-23 
  77. ^ Beeker, L.Y. (March 2018). "Open-source parametric 3-D printed slot die system for thin film semiconductor processing" (PDF). Additive Manufacturing. 20: 90–100. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2017.12.004. ISSN 2214-8604. S2CID 86782023.
  78. ^ "Slot Die Coating - nTact". nTact. Retrieved 2018-11-24.
  79. ^ "Open Source 3D printing cuts cost from $4,000 to only $0.25 says new study - 3D Printing Industry". 3dprintingindustry.com. 16 January 2018. Retrieved 2018-11-24.

Further reading edit

  • Müller, Bodo (2006). Coatings formulation : an international textbook. Urlich Poth. Hannover: Vincentz. ISBN 3-87870-177-2. OCLC 76886114.
  • Spyrou, Emmanouil (2012). Powder coatings chemistry and technology (3 ed.). Vincentz Network. ISBN 978-3-86630-884-8. OCLC 828194496.
  • Titanium and titanium alloys, edited by C. Leyens and M. Peters, Wiley-VCH, ISBN 3-527-30534-3, table 6.2: overview of several coating systems and fabriction processes for titanium alloys and titanium aluminides (amended)
  • Coating Materials for Electronic Applications: Polymers, Processes, Reliability, Testing by James J. Licari; William Andrew Publishing, Elsevier, ISBN 0-8155-1492-1
  • High-Performance Organic Coatings, ed. AS Khanna, Elsevier BV, 2015, ISBN 978-1-84569-265-0

November 13, 2023
coating, this, article, list, format, read, better, prose, help, converting, this, article, appropriate, editing, help, available, june, 2021, coating, covering, that, applied, surface, object, usually, referred, substrate, purpose, applying, coating, decorati. This article is in list format but may read better as prose You can help by converting this article if appropriate Editing help is available June 2021 A coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object usually referred to as the substrate 1 2 The purpose of applying the coating may be decorative functional or both 3 Coatings may be applied as liquids gases or solids e g Powder coatings Paints and lacquers are coatings that mostly have dual uses which are protecting the substrate and being decorative although some artists paints are only for decoration and the paint on large industrial pipes is for preventing corrosion and identification e g blue for process water red for fire fighting control Functional coatings may be applied to change the surface properties of the substrate such as adhesion wettability corrosion resistance or wear resistance 4 In other cases e g semiconductor device fabrication where the substrate is a wafer the coating adds a completely new property such as a magnetic response or electrical conductivity and forms an essential part of the finished product 5 6 A major consideration for most coating processes is that the coating is to be applied at a controlled thickness and a number of different processes are in use to achieve this control ranging from a simple brush for painting a wall to some very expensive machinery applying coatings in the electronics industry A further consideration for non all over coatings is that control is needed as to where the coating is to be applied A number of these non all over coating processes are printing processes Many industrial coating processes involve the application of a thin film of functional material to a substrate such as paper fabric film foil or sheet stock If the substrate starts and ends the process wound up in a roll the process may be termed roll to roll or web based coating 7 A roll of substrate when wound through the coating machine is typically called a web Contents 1 Applications 2 Analysis and characterization 3 Formulation 4 Processes 4 1 Vapor deposition 4 1 1 Chemical vapor deposition 4 1 2 Physical vapor deposition 4 2 Chemical and electrochemical techniques 4 3 Spraying 4 4 Roll to roll coating processes 4 5 Physical 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingApplications editCoating applications are diverse and serve many purposes 4 8 Coatings can be both decorative and have other functions A pipe carrying water for a fire suppression system can be coated with a red for identification anticorrosion paint Most coatings to some extent protect the substrate such as maintenance coatings for metals and concrete 9 A decorative coating can offer a particular reflective property such as high gloss satin or a flat or matte appearance 10 A major coating application is to protect metal from corrosion 11 This use includes preserving machinery equipment and structures 12 13 14 15 16 Most automobiles are made of metal The body and underbody are typically coated with underbody coating 17 Anticorrosion coatings may use graphene in combination with water based epoxies 18 Coatings are used to seal the surface of concrete such as seamless polymer resin flooring 19 20 21 22 23 bund wall containment lining waterproofing and damp proofing concrete walls and bridge decks 24 25 26 27 Roof coatings are designed primarily for waterproofing and sun reflection to reduce heating They tend to be elastomeric to allow for movement of the roof without cracking the coating membrane 28 29 30 The coating sealing and waterproofing of wood have been going on since biblical times with God commanding Noah to build an ark and then coat it Wood has been a key material in construction since ancient times so its preservation by coating has received much attention 31 Efforts to improve the performance of wood coatings continue 32 33 34 35 36 Automotive coatings are used to enhance the appearance and durability of vehicles These coatings include primers basecoats and clearcoats and they are applied using various techniques including electrostatic and spray gun applications 37 Coatings are used to alter tribological properties and wear characteristics 38 39 Other functions of coatings include Anti fouling coatings 40 41 42 Anti Friction Wear and Scuffing Resistance Coatings for Rolling element bearings 43 Anti microbial coatings 44 Anti reflective coatings for example on spectacles 45 Coatings that alter or have magnetic electrical or electronic properties 46 47 48 Flame retardant coatings 49 50 51 Flame retardant materials and coatings are being developed that are phosphorus and bio based 52 These include coatings with intumescent functionality 53 Non stick PTFE coated cooking pots pans 54 Optical coatings are available that alter optical properties of a material or object 55 UV coatings 56 Analysis and characterization editNumerous destructive and non destructive evaluation NDE methods exist for characterizing coatings 57 58 59 60 The most common destructive method is microscopy of a mounted cross section of the coating and its substrate 61 62 63 The most common non destructive techniques include ultrasonic thickness measurement X ray fluorescence XRF 64 X Ray diffraction XRD 65 and micro hardness indentation 66 X ray photoelectron spectroscopy XPS is also a classical characterization method to investigate the chemical composition of the nanometer thick surface layer of a material 67 Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X ray spectrometry SEM EDX or SEM EDS allows to visualize the surface texture and to probe its elementary chemical composition 68 Other characterization methods include transmission electron microscopy TEM atomic force microscopy AFM scanning tunneling microscope STM and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry RBS Various methods of Chromatography are also used 69 as well as thermogravimetric analysis 70 Formulation editThe formulation of a coating depends primarily on the function required of the coating and also on aesthetics required such as color and gloss 71 The four primary ingredients are the resin or binder solvent which maybe water or solventless pigment s and additives 72 73 Research is ongoing to remove heavy metals from coating formulations completely 74 Processes editCoating processes may be classified as follows Vapor deposition edit Chemical vapor deposition edit Main article Chemical vapor deposition Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy Electrostatic spray assisted vapour deposition ESAVD Sherardizing Some forms of Epitaxy Molecular beam epitaxyPhysical vapor deposition edit Main article Physical vapor deposition Cathodic arc deposition Electron beam physical vapor deposition EBPVD Ion plating Ion beam assisted deposition IBAD Magnetron sputtering Pulsed laser deposition Sputter deposition Vacuum deposition Vacuum evaporation evaporation deposition Pulsed electron deposition PED Chemical and electrochemical techniques edit Conversion coating Autophoretic the registered trade name of a proprietary series of auto depositing coatings specifically for ferrous metal substrates 75 Anodising Chromate conversion coating Plasma electrolytic oxidation Phosphate coating Ion beam mixing Pickled and oiled a type of plate steel coating Plating Electroless plating ElectroplatingSpraying edit Spray painting High velocity oxygen fuel HVOF Plasma spraying Thermal spraying Kinetic metallization KM Plasma transferred wire arc thermal spraying The common forms of Powder coatingRoll to roll coating processes edit Common roll to roll coating processes include Air knife coating Anilox coater Flexo coater Gap Coating Knife over roll coating Gravure coating Hot melt coating when the necessary coating viscosity is achieved by temperature rather than solution of the polymers etc This method commonly implies slot die coating above room temperature but it also is possible to have hot melt roller coating hot melt metering rod coating etc Immersion dip coating Kiss coating Metering rod Meyer bar coating Roller coating Forward roller coating Reverse roll coating Silk Screen coater Rotary screen Slot Die coating Slot die coating was originally developed in the 1950s 76 Slot die coating has a low operational cost and is an easily scaled processing technique for depositing thin and uniform films rapidly while minimizing material waste 77 Slot die coating technology is used to deposit a variety of liquid chemistries onto substrates of various materials such as glass metal and polymers by precisely metering the process fluid and dispensing it at a controlled rate while the coating die is precisely moved relative to the substrate 78 The complex inner geometry of conventional slot dies require machining or can be accomplished with 3 D printing 79 Extrusion coating generally high pressure often high temperature and with the web travelling much faster than the speed of the extruded polymer Curtain coating low viscosity with the slot vertically above the web and a gap between slot die and web Slide coating bead coating with an angled slide between the slot die and the bead Commonly used for multilayer coating in the photographic industry Slot die bead coating typically with the web backed by a roller and a very small gap between slot die and web Tensioned web slot die coating with no backing for the web Inkjet printing Lithography FlexographyPhysical edit Langmuir Blodgett Spin coating Dip coatingSee also edit nbsp Look up coating in Wiktionary the free dictionary Adhesion Tester Deposition Electrostatic coating Film coating drugs Food coating Formulations Langmuir Blodgett film Nanoparticle deposition Optically active additive for inspection purposes after a coating operation Paint Paper coating Plastic film Polymer science Printed electronics Seal mechanical Thermal barrier coating Thermal cleaning Thin film deposition Thermosetting polymer Vitreous enamelReferences edit Saberi A Bakhsheshi Rad H R Abazari S Ismail A F Sharif S Ramakrishna S Daroonparvar M Berto F A Comprehensive Review on Surface Modifications of Biodegradable Magnesium Based Implant Alloy Polymer Coatings Opportunities and Challenges Coatings 2021 11 747 https doi org 10 3390 coatings11070747 Carroll Gregory T Turro Nicholas J Mammana Angela Koberstein Jeffrey T 2017 Photochemical Immobilization of Polymers on a Surface Controlling Film Thickness and Wettability Photochemistry and Photobiology 93 5 1165 1169 doi 10 1111 php 12751 ISSN 0031 8655 PMID 28295380 S2CID 32105803 Howarth G A Manock H L July 1997 Water borne polyurethane dispersions and their use in functional coatings Surface Coatings International 80 7 324 328 doi 10 1007 bf02692680 ISSN 1356 0751 S2CID 137433262 a b Howarth G A Synthesis of a legislation compliant corrosion protection coating system based on urethane oxazolidine and waterborne epoxy technology Master of Science Thesis April 1997 Imperial College London Wu Kunjie Li Hongwei Li Liqiang Zhang Suna Chen Xiaosong Xu Zeyang Zhang Xi Hu Wenping Chi Lifeng Gao Xike Meng Yancheng 2016 06 28 Controlled Growth of Ultrathin Film of Organic Semiconductors by Balancing the Competitive Processes in Dip Coating for Organic Transistors Langmuir 32 25 6246 6254 doi 10 1021 acs langmuir 6b01083 ISSN 0743 7463 PMID 27267545 Campoy Quiles M Schmidt M Nassyrov D Pena O Goni A R Alonso M I Garriga M 2011 02 28 Real time studies during coating and post deposition annealing in organic semiconductors Thin Solid Films 5th International Conference on Spectroscopic Ellipsometry ICSE V 519 9 2678 2681 Bibcode 2011TSF 519 2678C doi 10 1016 j tsf 2010 12 228 ISSN 0040 6090 Granqvist Claes G Bayrak Pehlivan Ilknur Niklasson Gunnar A 2018 02 25 Electrochromics on a roll Web coating and lamination for smart windows Surface and Coatings Technology Society of Vacuum Coaters Annual Technical Conference 2017 336 133 138 doi 10 1016 j surfcoat 2017 08 006 ISSN 0257 8972 S2CID 136248754 Howarth G A Manock H L July 1997 Water borne polyurethane dispersions and their use in functional coatings Surface Coatings International 80 7 324 328 doi 10 1007 bf02692680 ISSN 1356 0751 S2CID 137433262 Howarth G A 1995 5 In Karsa D R Davies W D eds Waterborne Maintenance Systems for Concrete and Metal Structures Vol 165 Cambridge U K The Royal Society of Chemistry ISBN 0 85404 740 9 Akram Waseem Farhan Rafique Amer Maqsood Nabeel Khan Afzal Badshah Saeed Khan Rafi Ullah 2020 01 14 Characterization of PTFE Film on 316L Stainless Steel Deposited through Spin Coating and Its Anticorrosion Performance in Multi Acidic Mediums Materials 13 2 388 Bibcode 2020Mate 13 388A doi 10 3390 ma13020388 ISSN 1996 1944 PMC 7014069 PMID 31947700 Li Jiao Bai Huanhuan Feng Zhiyuan January 2023 Advances in the Modification of Silane Based Sol Gel Coating to Improve the Corrosion Resistance of Magnesium Alloys Molecules 28 6 2563 doi 10 3390 molecules28062563 ISSN 1420 3049 PMC 10055842 PMID 36985537 S Grainger and J Blunt Engineering Coatings Design and Application Woodhead Publishing Ltd UK 2nd ed 1998 ISBN 978 1 85573 369 5 Ramakrishnan T Raja Karthikeyan K Tamilselvan V Sivakumar S Gangodkar Durgaprasad Radha H R Narain Singh Anoop Asrat Waji Yosef 2022 01 13 Study of Various Epoxy Based Surface Coating Techniques for Anticorrosion Properties Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 e5285919 doi 10 1155 2022 5285919 ISSN 1687 8434 Mutyala Kalyan C Ghanbari E Doll G L August 2017 Effect of deposition method on tribological performance and corrosion resistance characteristics of Cr x N coatings deposited by physical vapor deposition Thin Solid Films 636 232 239 Bibcode 2017TSF 636 232M doi 10 1016 j tsf 2017 06 013 ISSN 0040 6090 Gite Vikas V et al Microencapsulation of quinoline as a corrosion inhibitor in polyurea microcapsules for application in anticorrosive PU coatings Progress in Organic Coatings 83 2015 11 18 Gao Mei lian Wu Xiao bo Gao Ping ping Lei Ting Liu Chun xuan Xie Zhi yong 2019 11 01 Properties of hydrophobic carbon PTFE composite coating with high corrosion resistance by facile preparation on pure Ti Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 29 11 2321 2330 doi 10 1016 S1003 6326 19 65138 1 ISSN 1003 6326 S2CID 213902777 Applying underbody sealant How a Car Works Retrieved 2022 11 14 Monetta T Acquesta A Carangelo A Bellucci F 2018 09 01 Considering the effect of graphene loading in water based epoxy coatings Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 15 5 923 931 doi 10 1007 s11998 018 0045 8 ISSN 1935 3804 S2CID 139956928 Polymer Flooring Systems For Industrial and Manufacturing Facilities Surface Solutions Retrieved 2022 11 14 Arizona Polymer Flooring Industrial Epoxy Floor Coatings www apfepoxy com Retrieved 2022 11 14 WO2016166361A1 WOLF Elwin Aloysius Cornelius Adrianus DE Thys Ferry Ludovicus amp Brinkhuis Richard Hendrikus Gerrit et al Floor coating compositions issued 2016 10 20 Gelfant Frederick 2015 Polymeric Floor Coatings Protective Organic Coatings pp 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21 4 467 480 doi 10 4067 S0718 221X2019005000404 ISSN 0718 221X S2CID 198185614 Desor D Krieger S Apitz G Kuropka R 1999 10 01 Water borne acrylic dispersions for industrial wood coatings Surface Coatings International 82 10 488 496 doi 10 1007 BF02692644 ISSN 1356 0751 S2CID 135745347 Podgorski L Roux M 1999 12 01 Wood modification to improve the durability of coatings Surface Coatings International 82 12 590 596 doi 10 1007 BF02692672 ISSN 1356 0751 S2CID 138555194 Zigon Jure Kovac Janez Petric Marko 2022 01 01 The influence of mechanical physical and chemical pre treatment processes of wood surface on the relationships of wood with a waterborne opaque coating Progress in Organic Coatings 162 106574 doi 10 1016 j porgcoat 2021 106574 ISSN 0300 9440 S2CID 240200011 Jaiswal Vishal Coating Process Types Applications and Advantages Retrieved 2023 05 05 Tafreshi Mahshid Allahkaram Saeid Reza Mahdavi Soheil 2020 12 01 Effect of PTFE on characteristics corrosion and tribological behavior of Zn Ni electrodeposits Surface Topography Metrology and Properties 8 4 045013 Bibcode 2020SuTMP 8d5013T doi 10 1088 2051 672X ab9f05 ISSN 2051 672X S2CID 225695450 Peng Shiguang Zhang Lin Xie Guoxin Guo Yue Si Lina Luo Jianbin 2019 09 01 Friction and wear behavior of PTFE coatings modified with poly methyl methacrylate Composites Part B Engineering 172 316 322 doi 10 1016 j compositesb 2019 04 047 ISSN 1359 8368 S2CID 155175532 Casse Franck Swain Geoffrey W 2006 04 01 The development of microfouling on four commercial antifouling coatings under static and dynamic immersion International Biodeterioration amp Biodegradation 57 3 179 185 doi 10 1016 j ibiod 2006 02 008 ISSN 0964 8305 Chambers L D Stokes K R Walsh F C Wood R J K December 2006 Modern approaches to marine antifouling coatings Surface and Coatings Technology 201 6 3642 3652 doi 10 1016 j surfcoat 2006 08 129 ISSN 0257 8972 Yebra Diego Meseguer Kiil Soren Dam Johansen Kim 2004 07 01 Antifouling technology past present and future steps towards efficient and environmentally friendly antifouling coatings Progress in Organic Coatings 50 2 75 104 doi 10 1016 j porgcoat 2003 06 001 ISSN 0300 9440 Mutyala Kalyan C Singh Harpal Evans R D Doll G L 23 June 2016 Effect of Diamond Like Carbon Coatings on Ball Bearing Performance in Normal Oil Starved and Debris Damaged Conditions Tribology Transactions 59 6 1039 1047 doi 10 1080 10402004 2015 1131349 S2CID 138874627 Salwiczek Mario Qu Yue Gardiner James Strugnell Richard A Lithgow Trevor McLean Keith M Thissen Helmut 2014 02 01 Emerging rules for effective antimicrobial coatings Trends in Biotechnology 32 2 82 90 doi 10 1016 j tibtech 2013 09 008 ISSN 0167 7799 PMID 24176168 Anshel Jeffrey 2005 Visual ergonomics handbook CRC Press p 56 ISBN 1 56670 682 3 Constantinides Steve 2022 01 01 Croat John Ormerod John eds Chapter 11 Permanent magnet coatings and testing procedures Modern Permanent Magnets Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials Woodhead Publishing pp 371 402 doi 10 1016 b978 0 323 88658 1 00011 x ISBN 978 0 323 88658 1 S2CID 246599451 retrieved 2022 11 14 Biehl Philip Von der Luhe Moritz Dutz Silvio Schacher Felix H January 2018 Synthesis Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles Featuring Polyzwitterionic Coatings Polymers 10 1 91 doi 10 3390 polym10010091 ISSN 2073 4360 PMC 6414908 PMID 30966126 Abdolrahimi Maryam Vasilakaki Marianna Slimani Sawssen Ntallis Nikolaos Varvaro Gaspare Laureti Sara Meneghini Carlo Trohidou Kalliopi N Fiorani Dino Peddis Davide July 2021 Magnetism of Nanoparticles Effect of the Organic Coating Nanomaterials 11 7 1787 doi 10 3390 nano11071787 ISSN 2079 4991 PMC 8308320 PMID 34361173 Liang Shuyu Neisius N Matthias Gaan Sabyasachi 2013 11 01 Recent developments in flame retardant polymeric coatings Progress in Organic Coatings 76 11 1642 1665 doi 10 1016 j porgcoat 2013 07 014 ISSN 0300 9440 Gu Jun wei Zhang Guang cheng Dong Shan lai Zhang Qiu yu Kong Jie 2007 06 25 Study on preparation and fire retardant mechanism analysis of intumescent flame retardant coatings Surface and Coatings Technology 201 18 7835 7841 doi 10 1016 j surfcoat 2007 03 020 ISSN 0257 8972 Weil Edward D May 2011 Fire Protective and Flame Retardant Coatings A State of the Art Review Journal of Fire Sciences 29 3 259 296 doi 10 1177 0734904110395469 ISSN 0734 9041 S2CID 98415445 Naiker Vidhukrishnan E Mestry Siddhesh Nirgude Tejal Gadgeel Arjit Mhaske S T 2023 01 01 Recent developments in phosphorous containing bio based flame retardant FR materials for coatings an attentive review Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 20 1 113 139 doi 10 1007 s11998 022 00685 z ISSN 1935 3804 S2CID 253349703 Puri Ravindra G Khanna A S 2017 01 01 Intumescent coatings A review on recent progress Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 14 1 1 20 doi 10 1007 s11998 016 9815 3 ISSN 1935 3804 S2CID 138961125 Thomas P 1998 12 01 The use of fluoropolymers for non stick cooking utensils Surface Coatings International 81 12 604 609 doi 10 1007 BF02693055 ISSN 1356 0751 S2CID 98242721 Yao Junyi Guan Yiyang Park Yunhwan Choi Yoon E Kim Hyun Soo Park Jaewon 2021 03 04 Optimization of PTFE Coating on PDMS Surfaces for Inhibition of Hydrophobic Molecule Absorption for Increased Optical Detection Sensitivity Sensors 21 5 1754 Bibcode 2021Senso 21 1754Y doi 10 3390 s21051754 ISSN 1424 8220 PMC 7961674 PMID 33806281 Radiation Cured Coatings Continue to Experience Growth www coatingstech digital org Retrieved 2022 11 14 Walls J M 1981 06 19 The application of surface analytical techniques to thin films and surface coatings Thin Solid Films 80 1 213 220 Bibcode 1981TSF 80 213W doi 10 1016 0040 6090 81 90224 8 ISSN 0040 6090 Benninghoven A 1976 12 01 Characterization of coatings Thin Solid Films 39 3 23 Bibcode 1976TSF 39 3B doi 10 1016 0040 6090 76 90620 9 ISSN 0040 6090 Porter Stuart C Felton Linda A 2010 01 21 Techniques to assess film coatings and evaluate film coated products Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy 36 2 128 142 doi 10 3109 03639040903433757 ISSN 0363 9045 PMID 20050727 S2CID 20645493 Domenech Carbo Maria Teresa 2008 07 28 Novel analytical methods for characterising binding media and protective coatings in artworks Analytica Chimica Acta 621 2 109 139 doi 10 1016 j aca 2008 05 056 ISSN 0003 2670 PMID 18573376 Garcia Ayuso G Vazquez L Martinez Duart J M 1996 03 01 Atomic force microscopy AFM morphological surface characterization of transparent gas barrier coatings on plastic films Surface and Coatings Technology 80 1 203 206 doi 10 1016 0257 8972 95 02712 2 ISSN 0257 8972 Caniglia Giada Kranz Christine 2020 09 01 Scanning electrochemical microscopy and its potential for studying biofilms and antimicrobial coatings Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 412 24 6133 6148 doi 10 1007 s00216 020 02782 7 ISSN 1618 2650 PMC 7442582 PMID 32691088 Erich S J F Laven J Pel L Huinink H P Kopinga K 2005 03 01 Comparison of NMR and confocal Raman microscopy as coatings research tools Progress in Organic Coatings 52 3 210 216 doi 10 1016 j porgcoat 2004 12 002 ISSN 0300 9440 Revenko A G Tsvetyansky A L Eritenko A N 2022 08 01 X ray fluorescence analysis of solid state films layers and coatings Radiation Physics and Chemistry 197 110157 Bibcode 2022RaPC 19710157R doi 10 1016 j radphyschem 2022 110157 ISSN 0969 806X S2CID 248276982 Schorr Brian S Stein Kevin J Marder Arnold R 1999 02 03 Characterization of Thermal Spray Coatings Materials Characterization 42 2 93 100 doi 10 1016 S1044 5803 98 00048 5 ISSN 1044 5803 Martin Sanchez A Nuevo M J Ojeda M A Guerra Millan S Celestino S Rodriguez Gonzalez E 2020 02 01 Analytical techniques applied to the study of mortars and coatings from the Tartessic archaeological site El Turunuelo Spain Radiation Physics and Chemistry Special issue dedicated to the 14th International Symposium on Radiation Physics 167 108341 Bibcode 2020RaPC 16708341M doi 10 1016 j radphyschem 2019 05 031 ISSN 0969 806X S2CID 182324915 Kravanja Katja Andrina Finsgar Matjaz December 2021 Analytical Techniques for the Characterization of Bioactive Coatings for Orthopaedic Implants Biomedicines 9 12 1936 doi 10 3390 biomedicines9121936 ISSN 2227 9059 PMC 8698289 PMID 34944750 Cook Desmond C 2005 10 01 Spectroscopic identification of protective and non protective corrosion coatings on steel structures in marine environments Corrosion Science International Symposium on Corrosion and Protection of Marine Structures in memory of the late Professor Toshihei Misawa 47 10 2550 2570 doi 10 1016 j corsci 2004 10 018 ISSN 0010 938X Lestido Cardama Antia Vazquez Loureiro Patricia Sendon Raquel Bustos Juana Santillana Mª Isabel Paseiro Losada Perfecto Rodriguez Bernaldo de Quiros Ana January 2022 Characterization of Polyester Coatings Intended for Food Contact by Different Analytical Techniques and Migration Testing by LC MSn Polymers 14 3 487 doi 10 3390 polym14030487 ISSN 2073 4360 PMC 8839341 PMID 35160476 Mansfield Elisabeth Tyner Katherine M Poling Christopher M Blacklock Jenifer L 2014 02 04 Determination of Nanoparticle Surface Coatings and Nanoparticle Purity Using Microscale Thermogravimetric Analysis Analytical Chemistry 86 3 1478 1484 doi 10 1021 ac402888v ISSN 0003 2700 PMID 24400715 Muller Bodo 2006 Coatings formulation an international textbook Urlich Poth Hannover Vincentz ISBN 3 87870 177 2 OCLC 76886114 Muller Bodo 2006 Coatings formulation an international textbook Urlich Poth Hannover Vincentz p 19 ISBN 3 87870 177 2 OCLC 76886114 CoatingsTech Novel Natural Additives for Surface Coatings www coatingstech digital org Retrieved 2022 07 07 Puthran Dayanand Patil Dilip 2023 01 01 Usage of heavy metal free compounds in surface coatings Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 20 1 87 112 doi 10 1007 s11998 022 00648 4 ISSN 1935 3804 S2CID 251771272 Fristad W E 2000 Epoxy Coatings for Automotive Corrosion Protection SAE Technical Paper Series Vol 1 doi 10 4271 2000 01 0617 US 2681294 Method of coating strip material issued 1951 08 23 Beeker L Y March 2018 Open source parametric 3 D printed slot die system for thin film semiconductor processing PDF Additive Manufacturing 20 90 100 doi 10 1016 j addma 2017 12 004 ISSN 2214 8604 S2CID 86782023 Slot Die Coating nTact nTact Retrieved 2018 11 24 Open Source 3D printing cuts cost from 4 000 to only 0 25 says new study 3D Printing Industry 3dprintingindustry com 16 January 2018 Retrieved 2018 11 24 Further reading editMuller Bodo 2006 Coatings formulation an international textbook Urlich Poth Hannover Vincentz ISBN 3 87870 177 2 OCLC 76886114 Spyrou Emmanouil 2012 Powder coatings chemistry and technology 3 ed Vincentz Network ISBN 978 3 86630 884 8 OCLC 828194496 Titanium and titanium alloys edited by C Leyens and M Peters Wiley VCH ISBN 3 527 30534 3 table 6 2 overview of several coating systems and fabriction processes for titanium alloys and titanium aluminides amended Coating Materials for Electronic Applications Polymers Processes Reliability Testing by James J Licari William Andrew Publishing Elsevier ISBN 0 8155 1492 1 High Performance Organic Coatings ed AS Khanna Elsevier BV 2015 ISBN 978 1 84569 265 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Coating amp oldid 1181843230, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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