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Castoreum

April 07, 2023

For the fungus genus, see Castoreum (fungus). Not to be confused with Castor oil.

Castoreum /kæsˈtɔːriəm/ is a yellowish exudate from the castor sacs of mature beavers. Beavers use castoreum in combination with urine to scent mark their territory.[1][2] Both beaver sexes have a pair of castor sacs and a pair of anal glands, located in two cavities under the skin between the pelvis and the base of the tail.[3] The castor sacs are not true glands (endocrine or exocrine) on a cellular level, hence references to these structures as preputial glands, castor glands, or scent glands are misnomers.[4]

Castoreum

It is used as a tincture in some perfumes[5] and was sometimes used as a food additive in the early 1900s.[6]

The sacs brought C$92–$180/kg ($2.62–$5.10/oz) when auctioned at the May–June 2016 North American Fur Auction.[7]

Chemical composition

At least 24 compounds are known constituents of beaver castoreum. Several of these have pheromonal activity, of which the phenols 4-ethylphenol and catechol and the ketones acetophenone and 3-hydroxyacetophenone were strongest. Five additional compounds elicit a weaker response: 4-methylcatechol, 4-methoxyacetophenone, 5-methoxysalicylic acid, salicylaldehyde, and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid.[8] There are also oxygen-containing monoterpenes such as 6-methyl-l-heptanol, 4,6-dimethyl-l-heptanol, isopinocamphone, pinocamphone, and two linalool oxides and their acetates.[9] Other compounds are: benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, borneol, o-cresol, 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone, hydroquinone, phenol. All those compounds are gathered from plant food.[10] It also contains nupharamine alkaloids[11] and castoramine,[12] and cis-cyclohexane-1,2-diol.[13]

Uses

In perfume

 
North American beavers at the Smithsonian National Zoo, in Washington, D.C.

In perfumery, the term castoreum refers to the resinoid extract resulting from the dried and alcohol tinctured beaver castor.[14] The dried beaver castor sacs are generally aged for two or more years to mellow.

Castoreum is largely used for its note suggesting leather, typically compounded with other ingredients including top, middle, and base notes. Some classic perfumes incorporating castor are Emeraude, Chanel Antaeus, Cuir de Russie, Magie Noire, Lancôme Caractère, Hechter Madame, Givenchy III, Shalimar, and many "leather" themed compositions.[5]

In food

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration lists castoreum extract as a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) food additive.[15] In 1965, the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association's GRAS program (FEMA 2261 and 2262) added castoreum extract and castoreum liquid.[16] The annual industry consumption is very low, around 100 kilograms (300 lb),[17] whereas vanillin is over 1.2×10^6 kg (2.6×10^6 lb) annually.[18]

Castoreum has been traditionally used in Sweden for flavoring a variety of schnapps commonly referred to as "Bäverhojt" (literally, beaver shout).[19][20]

Other

Castoreum was also considered for use to contribute to the flavor and odor of cigarettes.[21]

Medieval beekeepers used castoreum to increase honey production.[10]

Related animal products

  • Taxea, a secretion of the badger's subcaudal glands comparable in its medicinal use to the better-known castoreum
  • Hyraceum, the petrified and rock-like excrement composed of urine and feces excreted by the Cape hyrax (Procavia capensis), and a sought-after material that has been used in traditional South African medicine and perfumery

See also

References

  1. ^ Walro, J.M. and Svendsen, G.E., "Castor sacs and anal glands of the North American beaver (Castor canadensis): their histology, development, and relationship to scent communication". Journal of Chemical Ecology, Volume 8, Number 5 / May 1982, Department of Zoology and Microbiology, Ohio University,
  2. ^ Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (1992). "Castoreum of beaver (Castor canadensis): function, chemistry and biological activity of its components". Chemical Signals in Vertebrates IV, 457–464, Plenum Press.
  3. ^ Johnston, Robert E.; Sorenson, Peter W.; and Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (1999). Advances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, Springer, 1, 282. ISBN 0-306-46114-5.
  4. ^ Svendsen, G.E., Huntsman, W.D, "A field Assay of Beaver Castoreum and Some of its Components". American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 120, No. 1 (Jul. 1988), pp. 144–149, University of Notre Dame. JSTOR 2425894.
  5. ^ a b International Perfume Museum, Grasse, France, Website: "Welcome in the International Perfume Museum: Raw materials". Archived from the original on 2007-06-24. Retrieved 2006-02-28.
  6. ^ Burdock, G. A. (2007-01-01). "Safety assessment of castoreum extract as a food ingredient". International Journal of Toxicology. 26 (1): 51–55. doi:10.1080/10915810601120145. ISSN 1091-5818. PMID 17365147. S2CID 39977652.  
  7. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-22. Retrieved 21 February 2016 – via Fur Institute of Canada.
  8. ^ Pheromonal activity of single castoreum constituents in beaver, Castor canadensis., Müller-Schwarze, D and Houlihan, P.W., Journal of Chemical Ecology, April 1991, Volume 17, Number 4, Springer Netherlands, doi:10.1007/BF00994195
  9. ^ Neutral compounds from male castoreum of North American beaver, Castor canadensis. Rong Tang, Francis X. Webster, Dietland Müller-Schwarze, Journal of Chemical Ecology, November 1995, Volume 21, Issue 11, pages 1745–1762, doi:10.1007/BF02033674
  10. ^ a b The Beaver: Its Life and Impact. Dietland Muller-Schwarze, 2003, page 43 (book at Google Books)
  11. ^ Stereoselective synthesis of enantiomerically pure nupharamine alkaloids from castoreum. Stoye A, Quandt G, Brunnhöfer B, Kapatsina E, Baron J, Fischer A, Weymann M and Kunz H, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl., 2009, volume 48, issue 12, pages 2228–2230, doi:10.1002/anie.200805606
  12. ^ Zur Kenntnis der stickstoffhaltigen Inhaltsstoffe von Castoreum. B. Maurer and G. Ohloff, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 2 June 1976, Volume 59, Issue 4, pages 1169–1185, doi:10.1002/hlca.19760590420
  13. ^ cis-Cyclohexane-1,2-diol in the beaver gland. Z. Valenta, A. Khaleque, M. H. Rashid, Experientia, 1961, Volume 17, Issue 3, page 130, doi:10.1007/BF02160827
  14. ^ Hyraceum.com, "Castoreum, Perfumer's Ancient Intrigue," http://www.hyraceum.com February 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Burdock GA (2007). "Safety assessment of castoreum extract as a food ingredient". International Journal of Toxicology. 26 (1): 51–5. doi:10.1080/10915810601120145. PMID 17365147. S2CID 39977652.  
  16. ^ Recent Progress In the Consideration Under of Flavoring Ingredients the Food Additives Amendment (1965)
  17. ^ Burdock, George A., Fenaroli's handbook of flavor ingredients. CRC Press, 2010. p. 273-5.
  18. ^ Burdock, George A., Fenaroli's handbook of flavor ingredients. CRC Press, 2010. p. 674.
  19. ^ Baron Ambrosia (26 February 2015). "Tales from the Fringe: Beaver Gland Vodka". PunchDrink.com. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  20. ^ . Archived from the original on 2013-08-26. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  21. ^ [1] United States Patent Application Publication

External links

  • The International Perfume Museum: Castoreum

April 07, 2023
castoreum, fungus, genus, fungus, confused, with, castor, ɔːr, yellowish, exudate, from, castor, sacs, mature, beavers, beavers, castoreum, combination, with, urine, scent, mark, their, territory, both, beaver, sexes, have, pair, castor, sacs, pair, anal, glan. For the fungus genus see Castoreum fungus Not to be confused with Castor oil Castoreum k ae s ˈ t ɔːr i e m is a yellowish exudate from the castor sacs of mature beavers Beavers use castoreum in combination with urine to scent mark their territory 1 2 Both beaver sexes have a pair of castor sacs and a pair of anal glands located in two cavities under the skin between the pelvis and the base of the tail 3 The castor sacs are not true glands endocrine or exocrine on a cellular level hence references to these structures as preputial glands castor glands or scent glands are misnomers 4 Castoreum It is used as a tincture in some perfumes 5 and was sometimes used as a food additive in the early 1900s 6 The sacs brought C 92 180 kg 2 62 5 10 oz when auctioned at the May June 2016 North American Fur Auction 7 Contents 1 Chemical composition 2 Uses 2 1 In perfume 2 2 In food 2 3 Other 3 Related animal products 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksChemical composition EditAt least 24 compounds are known constituents of beaver castoreum Several of these have pheromonal activity of which the phenols 4 ethylphenol and catechol and the ketones acetophenone and 3 hydroxyacetophenone were strongest Five additional compounds elicit a weaker response 4 methylcatechol 4 methoxyacetophenone 5 methoxysalicylic acid salicylaldehyde and 3 hydroxybenzoic acid 8 There are also oxygen containing monoterpenes such as 6 methyl l heptanol 4 6 dimethyl l heptanol isopinocamphone pinocamphone and two linalool oxides and their acetates 9 Other compounds are benzoic acid benzyl alcohol borneol o cresol 4 4 hydroxyphenyl 2 butanone hydroquinone phenol All those compounds are gathered from plant food 10 It also contains nupharamine alkaloids 11 and castoramine 12 and cis cyclohexane 1 2 diol 13 Uses EditIn perfume Edit North American beavers at the Smithsonian National Zoo in Washington D C In perfumery the term castoreum refers to the resinoid extract resulting from the dried and alcohol tinctured beaver castor 14 The dried beaver castor sacs are generally aged for two or more years to mellow Castoreum is largely used for its note suggesting leather typically compounded with other ingredients including top middle and base notes Some classic perfumes incorporating castor are Emeraude Chanel Antaeus Cuir de Russie Magie Noire Lancome Caractere Hechter Madame Givenchy III Shalimar and many leather themed compositions 5 In food Edit In the United States the Food and Drug Administration lists castoreum extract as a generally recognized as safe GRAS food additive 15 In 1965 the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association s GRAS program FEMA 2261 and 2262 added castoreum extract and castoreum liquid 16 The annual industry consumption is very low around 100 kilograms 300 lb 17 whereas vanillin is over 1 2 10 6 kg 2 6 10 6 lb annually 18 Castoreum has been traditionally used in Sweden for flavoring a variety of schnapps commonly referred to as Baverhojt literally beaver shout 19 20 Other Edit Castoreum was also considered for use to contribute to the flavor and odor of cigarettes 21 Medieval beekeepers used castoreum to increase honey production 10 Related animal products EditTaxea a secretion of the badger s subcaudal glands comparable in its medicinal use to the better known castoreum Hyraceum the petrified and rock like excrement composed of urine and feces excreted by the Cape hyrax Procavia capensis and a sought after material that has been used in traditional South African medicine and perfumerySee also EditMusk Ambergris Perfume Animal sources Violet glandReferences Edit Walro J M and Svendsen G E Castor sacs and anal glands of the North American beaver Castor canadensis their histology development and relationship to scent communication Journal of Chemical Ecology Volume 8 Number 5 May 1982 Department of Zoology and Microbiology Ohio University Muller Schwarze Dietland 1992 Castoreum of beaver Castor canadensis function chemistry and biological activity of its components Chemical Signals in Vertebrates IV 457 464 Plenum Press Johnston Robert E Sorenson Peter W and Muller Schwarze Dietland 1999 Advances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates Springer 1 282 ISBN 0 306 46114 5 Svendsen G E Huntsman W D A field Assay of Beaver Castoreum and Some of its Components American Midland Naturalist Vol 120 No 1 Jul 1988 pp 144 149 University of Notre Dame JSTOR 2425894 a b International Perfume Museum Grasse France Website Welcome in the International Perfume Museum Raw materials Archived from the original on 2007 06 24 Retrieved 2006 02 28 Burdock G A 2007 01 01 Safety assessment of castoreum extract as a food ingredient International Journal of Toxicology 26 1 51 55 doi 10 1080 10915810601120145 ISSN 1091 5818 PMID 17365147 S2CID 39977652 May June 2016 Wild Fur Sales Report North American Fur Auctions PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2017 02 22 Retrieved 21 February 2016 via Fur Institute of Canada Pheromonal activity of single castoreum constituents in beaver Castor canadensis Muller Schwarze D and Houlihan P W Journal of Chemical Ecology April 1991 Volume 17 Number 4 Springer Netherlands doi 10 1007 BF00994195 Neutral compounds from male castoreum of North American beaver Castor canadensis Rong Tang Francis X Webster Dietland Muller Schwarze Journal of Chemical Ecology November 1995 Volume 21 Issue 11 pages 1745 1762 doi 10 1007 BF02033674 a b The Beaver Its Life and Impact Dietland Muller Schwarze 2003 page 43 book at Google Books Stereoselective synthesis of enantiomerically pure nupharamine alkaloids from castoreum Stoye A Quandt G Brunnhofer B Kapatsina E Baron J Fischer A Weymann M and Kunz H Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009 volume 48 issue 12 pages 2228 2230 doi 10 1002 anie 200805606 Zur Kenntnis der stickstoffhaltigen Inhaltsstoffe von Castoreum B Maurer and G Ohloff Helvetica Chimica Acta 2 June 1976 Volume 59 Issue 4 pages 1169 1185 doi 10 1002 hlca 19760590420 cis Cyclohexane 1 2 diol in the beaver gland Z Valenta A Khaleque M H Rashid Experientia 1961 Volume 17 Issue 3 page 130 doi 10 1007 BF02160827 Hyraceum com Castoreum Perfumer s Ancient Intrigue http www hyraceum com Archived February 7 2013 at the Wayback Machine Burdock GA 2007 Safety assessment of castoreum extract as a food ingredient International Journal of Toxicology 26 1 51 5 doi 10 1080 10915810601120145 PMID 17365147 S2CID 39977652 Recent Progress In the Consideration Under of Flavoring Ingredients the Food Additives Amendment 1965 Burdock George A Fenaroli s handbook of flavor ingredients CRC Press 2010 p 273 5 Burdock George A Fenaroli s handbook of flavor ingredients CRC Press 2010 p 674 Baron Ambrosia 26 February 2015 Tales from the Fringe Beaver Gland Vodka PunchDrink com Retrieved 11 December 2015 BVR HJT Archived from the original on 2013 08 26 Retrieved 2013 09 16 1 United States Patent Application PublicationExternal links EditThe International Perfume Museum Castoreum Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Castoreum amp oldid 1148586503, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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