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Wikipedia

BrahMos

January 26, 2023

The BrahMos (also designated as PJ-10)[17] is a medium-range stealth[12] ramjet supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarine, ships, airplanes or land, notably being the fastest supersonic cruise missile in the world at the time of introducing.[18] It is a joint-venture between the Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Russian Federation's NPO Mashinostroyeniya, who together have formed BrahMos Aerospace.[19] It is based on the Russian P-800 Oniks supersonic anti-ship cruise missile.[20] The name BrahMos is a portmanteau formed from the names of two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia.

BrahMos
BrahMos fired from land based mobile launcher
TypeCruise missile
Air-launched cruise missile
Anti-ship missile
Land-attack missile
Surface-to-surface missile
Submarine-launched cruise missile
Place of originIndia & Russia
Service history
In serviceNovember 2005
Used byIndian Army
Indian Navy
Indian Air Force
Philippine Marine Corps (on order)
Production history
DesignerDefence Research and Development Organisation of India,
NPO Mashinostroyeniya of Russia
ManufacturerBrahMos Aerospace Limited[1]
Unit costUS$5 million[citation needed]
VariantsShip-launched
Land-launched
Submarine-launched
Airplane-launched
BrahMos-II
BrahMos-NG
BrahMos-ER
Specifications
Mass
  • 3,000 kg (6,600 lb)
  • 2,500 kg (5,500 lb) (airplane-launched)
  • 1,200–1,500 kg (2,600–3,300 lb) BrahMos-NG
Length
  • 8.4 m (28 ft)
  • 6 m (20 ft)(BrahMos-NG)
Diameter
  • 0.6 m (2.0 ft)
  • 0.5 m (1.6 ft)(BrahMos-NG)
Warhead200 kg (440 lb) — 300 kg (660 lb) Conventional Semi-Armour-piercing[2]
Nuclear Warhead[3]
Engine1st Stage :
Solid Rocket Booster [EEL][4]
2nd Stage :
Liquid Rocket Ramjet [NPO][5]
Propellant1st Stage: Solid fuel
2nd Stage: Liquid fuel
Operational
range
Ship Platform : >500 km (310 mi; 270 nmi)[6]

Land Platform : >500 km (310 mi; 270 nmi)[7]

Export : 290 km (180 mi)[8]

Airplane Platform : 350 km (220 mi; 190 nmi)[9] — 400 km (250 mi; 220 nmi)[10]
Flight ceiling15 km (49,000 ft)[11]
Flight altitudeSea skimming, as low as 3—4 meters[3]
Maximum speed Mach 3+[12]
Guidance
system
Mid-course :
INS + SatNav
Terminal:
Active radar homing[13][14]
Accuracy1 m CEP[15]
Launch
platform

It is claimed to be the fastest anti-ship cruise missile currently in operation.[21][22][23] The land-launched and ship-launched versions are already in service.[24] An air-launched variant of BrahMos appeared in 2012 and entered service in 2019.[25] A hypersonic version of the missile, BrahMos-II, is also presently under development with a speed of Mach 7–8 to boost aerial fast strike capability. It was expected to be ready for testing by 2024.[26]

Its propulsion is based on the Russian missile, and missile guidance has been developed by BrahMos Aerospace. The missile is expected to reach a total order of US$13 billion.[27][28]

In 2016, as India became a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), India and Russia are now planning to jointly develop a new generation of Brahmos missiles with 800 km range and an ability to hit protected targets with pinpoint accuracy. Plans are to eventually upgrade all missiles to a range of 1,500 km.[29][30][31][32][33]

Origin

BrahMos tested with Indian components in January 2022.

The BrahMos has been developed as a joint venture between the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India and the Federal State Unitary Enterprise NPO Mashinostroyenia (NPOM) of Russia as BrahMos Aerospace via an inter-government agreement. The company was established on 12 February 1998 with an authorised share capital of US$250 million. India holds 50.5% share of the joint venture and its initial financial contribution was US$126.25 million, while Russia holds 49.5% share with an initial contribution of US$123.75 million.[34][35][36][37]

Since late 2004, the missile has undergone several tests from a variety of platforms, including a land based test from the Pokhran range in the desert, in which the evasive[38] 'S' maneuver at Mach 2.8 was demonstrated for the Indian Army and a launch in which the land attack capability from sea was demonstrated.[39]

 
BrahMos is the world's fastest cruise missile in service
 
BrahMos missile at Republic day parade

Keltec (now known as BrahMos Aerospace Trivandrum Ltd or BATL), an Indian state-owned firm, was acquired by BrahMos Corporation in 2008.[40] Approximately ₹1,500 crore (equivalent to ₹36 billion or US$444.9 million in 2020) will be invested in the facility to make BrahMos components and integrate the missile systems. This was necessitated by the increased order book of the missile system, with orders having been placed by both the Indian Army and Navy.[41][42][43] Initially, Russia supplied 65% of the BrahMos' components, including its ramjet engine and radar seeker.[44] Currently 65% of the missile is manufactured in India and there are plans to increase this to 85% by replacing the components with an Indian made seeker and booster.[45][46]

Development

Surface-to-surface variants

 
Surface launched BrahMos tested in May 2018.

BrahMos was first test-fired on 12 June 2001 from the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur in a vertical launch configuration. On 14 June 2004, another test was conducted at ITR and BrahMos was fired from a mobile launcher.[47] On 5 March 2008, the land attack version of the missile was fired from the destroyer INS Rajput and the missile hit and destroyed the right target among a group of targets.[48][49] The vertical launch of BrahMos was conducted on 18 December 2008 from INS Ranvir.[50] The BrahMos I Block-I for the army was successfully tested with new capabilities in the deserts of Rajasthan, at a test range near Pokharan in December 2004 and March 2007.[51][52] During a user trial on 20 January 2009, BrahMos was tested with a new navigation system but it failed to hit the target. BrahMos Aerospace Corporation's director Dr A. Sivathanu Pillai said, "The missile performance was absolutely normal until the last phase, but the missile missed the target, though it maintained the direction." and that "The problem was in the software, not hardware".[53][54] The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) said that there were "small hitches" in the last stage of the test firing due to delay in input of satellite navigation input to the Inertial Navigation System, the missile travelled for 112 seconds instead of the slated 84 seconds and fell 7 km away from the target.[55] According to BrahMos Corporation, another test of the new missile was to be conducted within one month,[56] but it was eventually conducted on 4 March 2009 and was deemed successful.[57] BrahMos was test-fired again on 29 March 2009. For the test, the missile had to identify a building among a cluster of buildings in an urban environment. BrahMos successfully hit the intended target in two and a half minutes of launch. According to official sources, "The new seeker is unique and would help us to hit our targets, which are insignificant in terms of size, in a cluster of large buildings. India is now the only nation in the world with this advanced technology".[58] After the third test, Lt Gen Noble Thamburaj, said that the Indian Army wanted the BrahMos to achieve high standards of accuracy and congratulated the scientists on behalf of the Indian Army.[59] The Indian Army confirmed that the test was successful and the army is satisfied with the missile. This marking the completion of the development phase of BrahMos Block-II, and it was ready for induction.[60][61][62][63]

 
BrahMos fired from INS Chennai during TROPEX 2017

The 5 September 2010 test of BrahMos created a world record for being the first cruise missile to be tested at supersonic speeds in a steep-dive mode. The missile was test-fired from the integrated test range launching complex-3 (LC-3) at Chandipur around 11.35 am. With this launch, the Indian army's requirement for land attacks with Block-II advanced seeker software with target discriminating capabilities was met. BrahMos became the only supersonic cruise missile possessing advanced capability of selection of a particular land target amongst a group of targets, providing an edge to the user with precise hit.[64][65]

Block III has advanced guidance and upgraded software, incorporating high manoeuvres at multiple points and steep dive from high altitude. It will be deployed in Arunachal Pradesh. It can engage ground targets from an altitude as low as 10 metres for surgical strikes without any collateral damage. It is capable of being launched from multiple platforms like submarines, ships, aircraft and land based Mobile Autonomous Launchers (MAL).[66][67][68] On 12 August 2011, it was test-fired by ground forces and met all mission parameters.[69]

 
BrahMos at the moment of impact

The new navigation system uses an Indian chip called G3OM (GPS, GLONASS, GAGAN on a Module). The system weighs around 17 grams, and gives accuracy below five metres using Indian, US and Russian navigation satellites. The system can be used in tandem with an Inertial Navigation System (INS) to provide high-accuracy targeting without using any seeker.[70][71][72]

BrahMos was tested with an Indian seeker for the first time on 22 March 2018,[73] and was tested with an India-developed propulsion system, airframe and power supply on 30 September 2019.[74]

On 30 September 2020, India successfully test-fired an extended range BrahMos supersonic cruise missile. The supersonic cruise missile is capable of hitting targets at more than 400 km range. The test was carried out under BrahMos project of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), under which the missile was launched with an indigenous booster. The missile was launched from a land-based facility in Odisha.

This is the second test-firing of the extended range version of the missile which has an indigenously developed airframe and booster.[75]

Submarine-launched variant

The submarine-launched variant of Brahmos was test fired successfully for the first time from a submerged pontoon near Visakhapatnam at the coast of Bay of Bengal on 20 March 2013. This was the first vertical launch of an Indian supersonic missile from a submerged platform.[76][77] The missile can be launched from a depth of 40 to 50 m (130 to 160 ft).[78] In late January 2016, Russia confirmed that future Indian-made submarines would be armed with smaller version of the missile that could fit inside a torpedo tube.[79]

Air-launched variant

 
BrahMos-A displayed at MAKS 2009

BrahMos-A

The BrahMos-A is a modified air-launched variant of the missile with a range of 500 km which can be launched from a Sukhoi Su-30MKI as a standoff weapon.[80] To reduce the missile's weight to 2.55 tons, many modifications were made like using a smaller booster, adding fins for airborne stability after launch, and relocating the connector. It can be released from the height of 500 to 14,000 metres (1,640 to 46,000 ft).[20] After release, the missile free falls for 100–150 metres, then goes into a cruise phase at 14,000 metres and finally the terminal phase at 15 metres. BrahMos Aerospace planned to deliver the missile to the IAF in 2015, where it is expected to arm at least three squadrons.[19] A Su-30MKI is able to only carry one BrahMos missile.[79]

 
A Su-30MKI fighter armed with BrahMos

The missile was also planned to arm the Indian Navy's Ilyushin Il-38 and Tupolev Tu-142 maritime patrol and anti-submarine aircraft with 6 missiles per aircraft, but this could not be made possible due to insufficient ground clearance of the IL-38, high cost of modifying the Tu-142 and the questionable benefits of modifying an ageing fleet.[19][81]

The air-launched version for the Indian Air Force was ready for testing in 2008.[82] An expert committee from the DRDO and the Indian Air Force (IAF) had ruled out any structural modifications to the Su-30MKI to carry the missile.[83] On 22 October 2008, A. Sivathanu Pillai, Chief Controller, R&D, DRDO and CEO and managing director of BrahMos Aerospace, announced that trials and tests were to be carried out by 2011, and the IAF would get its own version of BrahMos by 2012.[84]

On 10 January 2009, it was reported that two Indian Air Force Su-30MKI fighter jets were sent to Russia for a retrofit program that would enable them to launch the missile.[85] On 8 August 2009, Alexander Leonov, Director of the Russian Machine Building Research and Production Centre, said "we are ready for test launches." He also said that a new takeoff engine for the launching of the missile in air and at extremely high altitudes had been developed, and the initial test firing of the missile would be undertaken from the Su-30 MKI but did not specify the dates. On 26 February 2012, A. Sivathanu Pillai said that the air-launched version of BrahMos is being developed and will be tested by the end of 2012. This version of the BrahMos missile will use air-breathing scramjet propulsion technology and would be more fuel-efficient than a traditional rocket-powered missile.[86][87]

The purchase of over 200 air-launched BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles for the IAF was cleared by Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) on 19 October 2012, at the cost of ₹6,000 crore (equivalent to ₹96 billion or US$1 billion in 2020). This would include funds for the integration and testing of the BrahMos on Su-30MKI of the IAF. As per this plan, the first test of the air-launched version of the missile was to be conducted by December 2012. Two Su-30MKI of the IAF would be modified by the HAL at its Nashik facility where they will also be integrated with the missile's aerial launcher.[88][89]

 
Su-30MKI with BrahMos-ER

A demonstration flight was carried out at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Nashik on 25 June 2016 as a modified Su-30MKI carrying BrahMos-A underwent a successful trial flight,[90] the first time a heavyweight supersonic cruise missile had been integrated on a long-range fighter aircraft; the project to adapt the weapon for air launch was approved in 2011, but was bogged down with technology transfer and intellectual property rights concerns. To carry the missile, the Su-30MKI undercarriage had to be strengthened, which also required new hard points and structural modifications. The cost of adapting the BrahMos for air launch was "phenomenal," but efforts to downsize the missile were abandoned after an attempt to reduce the size of the ramjet.[91] On 22 November 2017, the missile was successfully test fired for the first time from a Sukhoi-30MKI against a sea-based target in the Bay of Bengal.[92][93] This made the Indian Air Force the first in the world to have successfully tested such a type of air launched trisonic-class missile on a sea-based target.[94] After the IAF successfully tested Brahmos from a Su-30MKI against a sea-based target, it declared on 17 December 2019 that the integration of BrahMos-A on Su-30 MKI is completed.[25]

50 IAF SU-30MKI will be modified to carry the BrahMos-A missile, these modified Su-30MKIs will have electronic circuits capable of withstanding nuclear electromagnetic pulse.[20] According to the CEO of BrahMos Aerospace, Sudhir Kumar Mishra, Brahmos-A can reach targets thousands of kilometres away considering the range of launch aircraft.[31] On 20 January 2020, the IAF commissioned its first squadron of Su-30MKI fighters equipped with the BrahMos-A missile.[95] IAF plans to procure 200 BrahMos-A missiles.[20]

IAF test fired BrahMos-A from Su-30MKI on 8 December 2021 and is now ready to enter mass production. The test validated the structural integrity and functional performance. Major airframe assemblies such as non-metallic air frame sections comprising Ramjet fuel tank and pneumatic fuel supply system which form the integral part of the Ramjet Engine are now locally developed.[96]

Testing

List of tests across all variants
No Date Variant tested User Result Location Platform Comments Reference
1 12 June 2001 SSM – Block I Success Integrated Test Range Tested in vertical configuration [97]
2 28 April 2002 SSM – Block I Integrated Test Range Tested on an inclined plane [97]
3 12 February 2003 ASM Bay of Bengal INS Rajput [98]
4 29 October 2003 SSM – Block I Integrated Test Range [97]
5 9 November 2003 SSM – Block I Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher [99]
6 23 November 2003 ASM Bay of Bengal INS Rajput Fired from a moving ship at a decommissioned vessel [100][101]
7 13 June 2004 SSM – Block I Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher First production missile integrated at BrahMos Integration Complex, Hyderabad [102][103]
8 3 November 2004 ASM Bay of Bengal INS Rajput [104][105]
9 21 December 2004 SSM Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher First test of land-attack version [106]
10 15 April 2005 ASM Indian Navy Arabian Sea INS Rajput [107]
11 30 November 2005 SSM Indian Army Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher [108]
12 31 May 2006 Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher [109][110]
13 16 April 2007 Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher First test with the "S" maneuver [111]
14 22 April 2007 Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher [112][113]
15 5 March 2008 LACM Indian Navy Andaman & Nicobar Islands INS Rajput First test of the land attack variant [114]
16 18 December 2008 ASM Indian Navy Bay of Bengal INS Ranvir First test from a VLS [115]
17 20 January 2009 SSM – Block II Indian Army Failure Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher Failed to correctly discriminate target located within a cluster [116]
18 4 March 2009 Success First successful test in a target discriminatory role [117]
19 29 March 2009 [118][119]
20 29 July 2009 [120]
21 21 March 2010 ASM Indian Navy Orissa INS Ranvir Tested on decommissioned INS Meen [121][122]
22 5 September 2010 SSM – Block II Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher [123][64]
23 2 December 2010 SSM – Block III Indian Army Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher [124][125]
24 12 August 2011 SSM – Block III Indian Army Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher [126][127]
25 4 March 2012 SSM – Block II Indian Army Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher Operational test of the second army regiment [128][129]
26 28 March 2012 SSM – Block III Indian Army Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher [130][131][132]
27 30 March 2012 DRDO Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher [133][134]
28 29 July 2012 DRDO Failure Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher Developmental flight test with 25 new subsystems and components [135][136][137][138]
29 7 October 2012 ASM Indian Navy Success Arabian Sea INS Teg Tested with a GLONASS navigation system derived from Kh-101 [139][140]
30 9 January 2013 Bay of Bengal Naval ship Tested with double maneuver in "S" form [141]
31 20 March 2013 SLCM DRDO Visakhapatnam Underwater pontoon First test from a submerged platform [76][77]
32 22 May 2013 ASM Indian Navy Goa INS Tarkash Acceptance Test Firing [142]
33 18 November 2013 SSM – Block III Indian Army Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher Destroyed a hardened target [143][144]
34 7 February 2014 ASM Indian Navy Arabian Sea INS Trikand 2 missiles test fired in salvo mode [145]
35 7 April 2014 SSM – Block III Indian Army Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher Tested in steep dive-cum-target discrimination mode [146][147]
36 9 June 2014 ASM Indian Navy Karwar INS Kolkata [148][149]
37 8 July 2014 SSM Indian Army Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher First test with advanced guidance system and indigenously built software algorithm [150][151]
38 1 November 2014 ASM Indian Navy Arabian Sea INS Kochi [152][153]
39 14 February 2015 ASM Indian Navy Goa INS Kolkata [154][155]
40 9 April 2015 SSM Indian Army Failure Car Nicobar Mobile launcher [156][157]
41 8 May 2015 Success
42 7 November 2015 SSM Indian Army Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher [158][159]
43 6 February 2017 ASM Indian Navy Arabian Sea INS Chennai [160][161]
44 11 March 2017 Extended range – Integrated Test Range – First test of the extended range [32][33]
45 21 April 2017 LACM Indian Navy Bay of Bengal INS Teg [162][163]
46 2–3 May 2017 SSM – Block III Indian Army Andaman & Nicobar Islands Mobile launcher 2 missiles tested in top attack configuration [164][165][166]
47 22 November 2017 ALCM Indian Air Force / DRDO Bay of Bengal Su-30MKI First test of the air launched variant [92]
48 22 March 2018 SSM Indian Army Pokhran Test Range – First test with indigenous seeker [167]
49 21 May 2018 SSM DRDO Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher Validated "life extension" technologies [168]
50 22 May 2018 SSM DRDO Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher Tested Indian fuel management system and a few non-metallic airframe components [169]
51 16 July 2018 SSM DRDO / Indian Army Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher Tested to validate service life extension of the missile under extreme weather conditions [170]
52 7 July 2019 Block-II DRDO – – Tested the vertical steep dive version. [171][172]
53 30 September 2019 SSM DRDO – – Tested with India-developed propulsion system, airframe and power supply. [173][74]
54 21-21 October

2019

SSM IAF Andaman and Nicobar Islands Mobile Launcher
  • Twin firings was carried out as a part of the routine operational training.
  • The missile engaged the designated mock targets close to 300 km away with a direct hit on the ground target in both cases with pinpoint accuracy from a mobile platform.
 [174][175]
55 17 December 2019 SSM and Air launched IAF and DRDO Integrated Test Range and Kalaikunda airbase Mobile launcher and Aircraft Both land attack and Air launched versions were tested in two firings. [176][177]
56 8 December 2021 ALCM IAF Integrated Test Range Su-30MKI Validated structural integrity and functional performance. Cleared for serial production. [96]
57 11 January 2022 ASM Indian Navy INS Visakhapatnam (D66) Certifies the accuracy of the ship's combat system and armament complex and also validates a new capability of the missile. [178][179]
58 20 January 2022 DRDO Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher Improved variant with more indigenous content [180][181]
59 1 February 2022 AShM Indian Navy Andaman and Nicobar Islands Mobile launcher [citation needed]
60 18 February 2022 AShM Indian Navy Bay of Bengal INS Visakhapatnam [182]
61 5 March 2022 SSM Indian Navy INS Chennai Extended-range land-attack Brahmos variant tested. [183]
62 23 March 2022 SSM Andaman and Nicobar command Andaman and Nicobar Islands Mobile launcher Extended range version tested. [184]
63 19 April 2022 ASM and ALCM IAF and Indian Navy Bay of Bengal Su-30MKI and INS Delhi Air-launched version fired at a decommissioned ship. SSM version tested from INS Delhi from an upgraded modular launcher. [185][186]
64 27 April 2022 AShM Indian Navy and A&N command A&N Island Mobile launcher [187]
65 12 May 2022 ALCM IAF and DRDO Bay of Bengal Sukhoi Su-30MKI IAF and DRDO tested extended range version of Brahmos missile from Su-30 MKI, hit the target precisely. [188][189]
66 29 November 2022 SSM Indian Army A&N Island Mobile launcher
67 29 December 2022 ALCM IAF Bay of Bengal Su-30MKI ER Version of Brahmos Air Launched missile against a Ship Target [190]

Further developments

Extended range

In 2016, India became a member of the MTCR. India and Russia are now planning to jointly develop a new generation of Brahmos missiles with 1500 km-plus range and an ability to hit protected targets with pinpoint accuracy.[32][33] On 24 November 2020, DRDO successfully test fired upgraded 800 km BrahMos variant. This upgrade will also be applied to all existing BrahMos missiles.[191]

BrahMos-II

Main article: BrahMos-II
 
Model of the Brahmos-II at Aero India 2013

BrahMos-II is a hypersonic cruise missile currently under development and is estimated to have a range of 600 km. With a speed of Mach 8, it will have double the speed of the current BrahMos missile, and it will be the fastest hypersonic missile in the world.[192][193] Development could take 7–8 years to complete.[194][17][26]

BrahMos-NG

 
Size comparison between BrahMos and the planned BrahMos-M/Brahmos-NG.

BrahMos-NG (Next Generation) is a mini version based on the existing BrahMos system. It will have same 290 km range and Mach 3.5 speed but it will weigh around 1.5 tons, with a length of 6 metres and a diameter of 50 cm, making BrahMos-NG 50 percent lighter and three metres shorter than its predecessor.[1][195] The system is expected to be inducted on the year 2024.[196] BrahMos-NG will have lesser RCS (radar cross section) compared to its predecessor, making it harder for air defense systems to locate and engage the target. BrahMos-NG will have Land, Air, Ship-borne and Submarine tube-launched variants. The first test flight is expected to take place in 2022–24. Initially Brahmos-NG was referred to as Brahmos-M.[197] Additionally, the BrahMos-NG will have an AESA radar rather than the mechanically scanned one on the BrahMos.[17]

The missile will arm the Sukhoi Su-30MKI, Mikoyan MiG-29K, HAL Tejas[198] and future inductions such as the Dassault Rafale,[19] and HAL MWF.[199] Submarine launched variant will be capable of being fired from the new P75I class of submarines.[200] A model of the new variant was showcased on 20 February 2013, at the 15th anniversary celebrations of BrahMos Corporations. The Sukhoi SU-30MKI would carry three missiles while other combat aircraft would carry one each.[201][202]

BrahMos Aerospace is planning to manufacture BrahMos-NG in Uttar Pradesh. The Indian Air Force already confirmed a requirement of 400 missile that will cost around ₹8,000 crore and be delivered within 5 years of time period.[203] The missile is likely to be ready in late 2022.[204]

UCAV variant

The former President of India, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam asked BrahMos Aerospace to develop an advanced version of the BrahMos cruise missile to maintain India's lead in the field.[205] He stated that a hypersonic version of BrahMos would be needed that could deliver its payload and return to base.[206][207]

Specifications

 
Vertical Launch System for BrahMos on INS Trikand

BrahMos claims it has the capability of attacking surface targets by flying as low as five metres in altitude and the maximum altitude it can fly is 15,000 metres. It has a diameter of 70 cm and a wingspan of 1.7 m.[208] It can gain a speed of Mach 3.5, and has a maximum range of 650 km.[209] The ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead, whereas the aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead. It has a two-stage propulsion system, with a solid-propellant rocket for initial acceleration and a liquid-fuelled ramjet responsible for sustained supersonic cruise. Air-breathing ramjet propulsion is much more fuel-efficient than rocket propulsion, giving the BrahMos a longer range than a pure rocket-powered missile would achieve.[21]

The high speed of the BrahMos likely gives it better target-penetration characteristics than lighter subsonic cruise-missiles, such as Tomahawk. Being twice as heavy and almost four times as fast as Tomahawk, the BrahMos has more than 32 times the on-cruise kinetic energy of a Tomahawk missile, although it carries only 3/5 the payload and a fraction of the range, which suggests that the missile was designed with a different tactical role. Its Mach 2.8 speed means that it cannot be intercepted by some existing missile defence systems and its precision makes it lethal to water targets.[21]

Although BrahMos was primarily an anti-ship missile, the BrahMos Block III can also engage land-based targets. It can be launched either in a vertical or inclined position and is capable of covering targets over a 360-degree horizon. The BrahMos missile has an identical configuration for land, sea, and sub-sea platforms.[21][210] The air-launched version has a smaller booster and additional tail fins for added stability during launch. The BrahMos has currently been configured for aerial deployment with the Su-30MKI as its carrier.[208] On 5 September 2010 BrahMos created a record for the first supersonic steep dive.[172] The BrahMos missile also utilises a "fire-and-forget" system, requiring no additional input from the operator once the missile has been launched. [211] [212]

Variants

 
INS Delhi fire BrahMos missile
 
BrahMos Block-III test fired
Surface-launched, Block I
  • Ship-launched, anti-ship variant (Operational)
  • Ship-launched, land-attack variant (Operational)
  • Land-launched, land-attack variant (Operational)
  • Land-launched, anti-ship variant (In induction)
Surface-launched, upgraded variants
  • BrahMos Block II land-attack variant (Operational)[128]
  • BrahMos Block III land-variant (In induction)[66][67][213]
  •  
    INS Chennai fire BrahMos missile
    Anti-aircraft carrier variant (tested in March 2012) – the missile gained the capability to attack aircraft carriers using the supersonic vertical dive variant of the missile that could travel up to 290 km.[214]
Air-launched
  • Air-launched, anti-ship variant (Operational)[92][215]
  • Air-launched, land-attack variant (Operational)[216][217]
Submarine-launched
  • Submarine-launched, anti-ship variant – Tested successfully for the first time from a submerged pontoon on 20 March 2013.[76][77]
  • Submarine-launched, land-attack variant (under development, expected completion in 2011)[218][219]

Operators

 
Current BrahMos operators in blue, future operators in cyan
 
Model of a frigate with vertical-launched BrahMos
 
Russia is participating in the P75I submarine deal with the Amur class submarine armed with BrahMos.
 
Side view of the MAL's missiles

India and Russia intend to make 2,000 BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles over the next ten years through their joint venture company, and nearly 50% of them are expected to be exported to friendly countries.[208][220] The Brahmos headquarters complex is located at New Delhi and consists of a design centre and aerospace knowledge centre. The integration complex is located at Hyderabad and a production centre is located at Thiruvananthapuram.[221] Another assembly line is being established at Pilani.[222]

India

Indian Army

The Brahmos Block was inducted into the army on 21 June 2007.[51] The Brahmos has been inducted in three regiments of the Indian Army.[223] The army has raised one regiment (numbered 861) of the Mark I and two missile regiments of the BrahMos Mark II, numbered 881 and 1889. The first regiment with five mobile launcher cost $83 million to set up.[224] Each of the two new regiments would have between four and six batteries of three to four Mobile Autonomous Launchers (72 missiles per regiment) that can be connected to a mobile command post.[128][225] All these regiments will be part of the army's existing 40th and 41st Artillery Divisions. Two more regiments were inducted in 2018.[226] The known operational BrahMos regiments are:[15][227]

  • 861 Missile Regiment (BrahMos Block I, part of 40 Artillery Division)
  • 881 Missile Regiment (BrahMos Block II, part of 41 Artillery Division)[228]
  • 1889 Missile Regiment (Kargil) (BrahMos Block II, part of 42 Artillery Division)

India has deployed Brahmos along with long range cruise missile Nirbhay and Akash surface to air missile to deter Chinese aggression along the Line of Actual Control in eastern Ladakh.[229][230]

Indian Air Force

Indian Navy

The following ship classes of the navy are equipped with BrahMos:

Philippines

In 2021 March, the Department of National Defense (DND) signed an arms agreement with India to potentially acquire Indian weapons, including the BrahMos missile.[243]

Philippine Marines

 
BrahMos deal between India and the Philippines signed on 28 January 2022 for the Philippine Marines' Coastal Defense Regiment's SBASM Battalion

In 2017, the Shore-based Antiship Missile System Acquisition Project for the maritime force was first conceptualized, while in 2020 the Office of the President approved its inclusion in the Horizon 2 Priority Projects.[244]

In 2021 December 27, two special allotment release orders (SARO) — worth Php 1.3 billion (₹190 crore) and Php 1.535 billion (₹224 crore) — were issued by the Department of Budget Management (DBM) for the Shore-Based Anti-Ship Missile System Acquisition Project of the Philippine Navy. The SARO allows the DND to finalise contracts for military projects.[245]

In 2021 December 31, Brahmos Aerospace Pvt Ltd's representatives received the Notice of Award (NOA) for the project worth US$374,962,800. A contract signed on 28 January 2022. It includes at least 3 batteries as part of the agreement. A battery will have at least 3 mobile firing units, plus attached command and control, radar, and support vehicles and units. Each mobile firing unit has 3 ready-to-fire BrahMos anti-ship supersonic missiles, with the export variant having a maximum range of around 290 kilometers.[246][247][248]

The batteries will be operated by the Shore-Based Anti-Ship Missile (SBASM) Battalion of the Philippine Marine Corps' Coastal Defense Regiment.[249][250]

Potential users

Russia

In September 2016, it was revealed that the Russian Defense Ministry is interested in purchasing the air-launched BrahMos to arm their Su-30SM fighters. So far, Russia has not purchased the missile system for the Russian Air Force.[251]

The Brahmos could be fitted to only few, if any, of the new ships of the Russian Navy. The updated Gorshkov-class frigates which are the latest type of frigate being built could possibly accommodate the missile. No Brahmos missile has been bought and inducted by the navy.[252]

Philippines

Philippine Army

In 2019 October, the Philippine Army was reported to be in discussion with India for a possible BrahMos missile sale for at least 2 batteries to be acquired under the Land Based Missile System Acquisition (LBMS) Project.[253]These systems are planned to be operated by the 1st Land Based Missile System Battery of the Army Artillery Regiment, which was activated in 2019 October also.[254]

In 2022 January 21, the Philippine Army announced plans to purchase two of BrahMos medium-range missile defense systems within the 3rd horizon of the Revised Armed Forces of the Philippines Modernization Program (R-AFPMP) scheduled at the start of 2023 to the end of 2027.[255]

Others

BrahMos Aerospace has said that several Southeast Asian and Latin American countries have expressed interest in the system, with particular interest in naval and coastal defense versions, and that a "definite list of countries" exists. These countries are Brazil, Brunei, Chile, Indonesia, Egypt, Malaysia, Oman, South Africa, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[256] In the case of Malaysia, they are considering the purchase of the missile for use on its Kedah class warships[257] and fighter jets.[citation needed] The intergovernmental agreement between India and Russia to develop the BrahMos stipulates that both countries would have to approve an export sale.[258]

One of the major issues regarding sales of the missile is that the nations looking to buy may have stressful relations with allies and trading partners of Russia. China is one of the main nations that has objections about its neighbours getting these missiles for their navies. It views the selling of these missiles as an act of belligerence and interference in the disputed territories like the South China Sea.[259] China's concerns were believed to be a direct cause behind the unsuccessful sale of BrahMos to Vietnam even though Vietnam, in fact, has previously acquired and commissioned the Russian Bastion-P coastal defence systems which use the largely-equivalent Yakhont anti-ship missile.[260][261]

Accidents and incidents

  • 20 January 2009 – On a test launch, an early developmental variant of the BrahMos missile missed its target at the Pokhran Test Range by 7 km, due to the switching off of GPS satellites and erroneous data from the INS series of satellites. A repeat mission on 4 March 2009 was a success.[262]
  • 12 July 2021 – In a test fire off the coast of Odisha, an extended-range variant of the missile fell off shortly after launch, reportedly due to an error in the propulsion system.[263]
  • 9 March 2022 – An accidentally fired missile crashed into Pakistan. Pakistan said that the missile took off on the evening of 9 March and it was picked up by its Air Defence systems. From its initial course, the missile suddenly manoeuvred towards Pakistani territory and crashed near Mian Channu city of Punjab province, causing no civilian casualties.[264] Pakistan strongly condemned the incident and also cautioned India against recurrence of any such incident in the future.[265] India said the incident was due to a "technical malfunction" and that it was "deeply regrettable". India also said that they have ordered a high-level Court of Inquiry to look into the incident. While still unconfirmed by both the Indian and Pakistani authorities, sources say that the missile fired was a BrahMos.[266][267][268] According to Times of India, conventional missiles like the BrahMos also don't have self-destruct mechanisms like the ones available on India's strategic or nuclear missiles.[269] ThePrint, quoting unnamed sources, claimed that Pakistan's Air Defence systems were not able to track the missile down and the missile did not veer off from its trajectory and followed the trajectory that it would have in case of a conflict.[270] However, Dr Bharat Karnad, emeritus professor of national security studies at the Centre for Policy Research (CPR), said that there is no reason to doubt what Pakistan is saying as the Pakistan's Air Defence complex at Sargodha, District Miani, is very advanced and capable of detecting cruise and ballistic missile firings and minutely tracking their trajectory.[271]

See also

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External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to BrahMos.
  • Official website

January 26, 2023
brahmos, also, designated, medium, range, stealth, ramjet, supersonic, cruise, missile, that, launched, from, submarine, ships, airplanes, land, notably, being, fastest, supersonic, cruise, missile, world, time, introducing, joint, venture, between, indian, de. The BrahMos also designated as PJ 10 17 is a medium range stealth 12 ramjet supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarine ships airplanes or land notably being the fastest supersonic cruise missile in the world at the time of introducing 18 It is a joint venture between the Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation DRDO and the Russian Federation s NPO Mashinostroyeniya who together have formed BrahMos Aerospace 19 It is based on the Russian P 800 Oniks supersonic anti ship cruise missile 20 The name BrahMos is a portmanteau formed from the names of two rivers the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia BrahMosBrahMos fired from land based mobile launcherTypeCruise missileAir launched cruise missileAnti ship missileLand attack missileSurface to surface missileSubmarine launched cruise missilePlace of originIndia amp RussiaService historyIn serviceNovember 2005Used byIndian ArmyIndian NavyIndian Air ForcePhilippine Marine Corps on order Production historyDesignerDefence Research and Development Organisation of India NPO Mashinostroyeniya of RussiaManufacturerBrahMos Aerospace Limited 1 Unit costUS 5 million citation needed VariantsShip launched Land launched Submarine launched Airplane launched BrahMos IIBrahMos NGBrahMos ERSpecificationsMass3 000 kg 6 600 lb 2 500 kg 5 500 lb airplane launched 1 200 1 500 kg 2 600 3 300 lb BrahMos NGLength8 4 m 28 ft 6 m 20 ft BrahMos NG Diameter0 6 m 2 0 ft 0 5 m 1 6 ft BrahMos NG Warhead200 kg 440 lb 300 kg 660 lb Conventional Semi Armour piercing 2 Nuclear Warhead 3 Engine1st Stage Solid Rocket Booster EEL 4 2nd Stage Liquid Rocket Ramjet NPO 5 Propellant1st Stage Solid fuel 2nd Stage Liquid fuelOperationalrangeShip Platform gt 500 km 310 mi 270 nmi 6 Land Platform gt 500 km 310 mi 270 nmi 7 Export 290 km 180 mi 8 Airplane Platform 350 km 220 mi 190 nmi 9 400 km 250 mi 220 nmi 10 Flight ceiling15 km 49 000 ft 11 Flight altitudeSea skimming as low as 3 4 meters 3 Maximum speedMach 3 12 GuidancesystemMid course INS SatNavTerminal Active radar homing 13 14 Accuracy1 m CEP 15 LaunchplatformWarship Land based TEL Submarine Fighter Aircraft 16 It is claimed to be the fastest anti ship cruise missile currently in operation 21 22 23 The land launched and ship launched versions are already in service 24 An air launched variant of BrahMos appeared in 2012 and entered service in 2019 25 A hypersonic version of the missile BrahMos II is also presently under development with a speed of Mach 7 8 to boost aerial fast strike capability It was expected to be ready for testing by 2024 26 Its propulsion is based on the Russian missile and missile guidance has been developed by BrahMos Aerospace The missile is expected to reach a total order of US 13 billion 27 28 In 2016 as India became a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime MTCR India and Russia are now planning to jointly develop a new generation of Brahmos missiles with 800 km range and an ability to hit protected targets with pinpoint accuracy Plans are to eventually upgrade all missiles to a range of 1 500 km 29 30 31 32 33 Contents 1 Origin 2 Development 2 1 Surface to surface variants 2 2 Submarine launched variant 2 3 Air launched variant 2 3 1 BrahMos A 3 Testing 4 Further developments 4 1 Extended range 4 2 BrahMos II 4 3 BrahMos NG 4 4 UCAV variant 5 Specifications 6 Variants 7 Operators 7 1 India 7 1 1 Indian Army 7 1 2 Indian Air Force 7 1 3 Indian Navy 7 2 Philippines 7 2 1 Philippine Marines 7 3 Potential users 7 3 1 Russia 7 3 2 Philippines 7 3 3 Philippine Army 7 3 4 Others 8 Accidents and incidents 9 See also 10 References 11 External linksOrigin Edit source source source source source source source source source source BrahMos tested with Indian components in January 2022 The BrahMos has been developed as a joint venture between the Defence Research and Development Organisation DRDO of India and the Federal State Unitary Enterprise NPO Mashinostroyenia NPOM of Russia as BrahMos Aerospace via an inter government agreement The company was established on 12 February 1998 with an authorised share capital of US 250 million India holds 50 5 share of the joint venture and its initial financial contribution was US 126 25 million while Russia holds 49 5 share with an initial contribution of US 123 75 million 34 35 36 37 Since late 2004 the missile has undergone several tests from a variety of platforms including a land based test from the Pokhran range in the desert in which the evasive 38 S maneuver at Mach 2 8 was demonstrated for the Indian Army and a launch in which the land attack capability from sea was demonstrated 39 BrahMos is the world s fastest cruise missile in service BrahMos missile at Republic day parade Keltec now known as BrahMos Aerospace Trivandrum Ltd or BATL an Indian state owned firm was acquired by BrahMos Corporation in 2008 40 Approximately 1 500 crore equivalent to 36 billion or US 444 9 million in 2020 will be invested in the facility to make BrahMos components and integrate the missile systems This was necessitated by the increased order book of the missile system with orders having been placed by both the Indian Army and Navy 41 42 43 Initially Russia supplied 65 of the BrahMos components including its ramjet engine and radar seeker 44 Currently 65 of the missile is manufactured in India and there are plans to increase this to 85 by replacing the components with an Indian made seeker and booster 45 46 Development EditSurface to surface variants Edit Surface launched BrahMos tested in May 2018 BrahMos was first test fired on 12 June 2001 from the Integrated Test Range ITR Chandipur in a vertical launch configuration On 14 June 2004 another test was conducted at ITR and BrahMos was fired from a mobile launcher 47 On 5 March 2008 the land attack version of the missile was fired from the destroyer INS Rajput and the missile hit and destroyed the right target among a group of targets 48 49 The vertical launch of BrahMos was conducted on 18 December 2008 from INS Ranvir 50 The BrahMos I Block I for the army was successfully tested with new capabilities in the deserts of Rajasthan at a test range near Pokharan in December 2004 and March 2007 51 52 During a user trial on 20 January 2009 BrahMos was tested with a new navigation system but it failed to hit the target BrahMos Aerospace Corporation s director Dr A Sivathanu Pillai said The missile performance was absolutely normal until the last phase but the missile missed the target though it maintained the direction and that The problem was in the software not hardware 53 54 The Defence Research and Development Organisation DRDO said that there were small hitches in the last stage of the test firing due to delay in input of satellite navigation input to the Inertial Navigation System the missile travelled for 112 seconds instead of the slated 84 seconds and fell 7 km away from the target 55 According to BrahMos Corporation another test of the new missile was to be conducted within one month 56 but it was eventually conducted on 4 March 2009 and was deemed successful 57 BrahMos was test fired again on 29 March 2009 For the test the missile had to identify a building among a cluster of buildings in an urban environment BrahMos successfully hit the intended target in two and a half minutes of launch According to official sources The new seeker is unique and would help us to hit our targets which are insignificant in terms of size in a cluster of large buildings India is now the only nation in the world with this advanced technology 58 After the third test Lt Gen Noble Thamburaj said that the Indian Army wanted the BrahMos to achieve high standards of accuracy and congratulated the scientists on behalf of the Indian Army 59 The Indian Army confirmed that the test was successful and the army is satisfied with the missile This marking the completion of the development phase of BrahMos Block II and it was ready for induction 60 61 62 63 BrahMos fired from INS Chennai during TROPEX 2017 The 5 September 2010 test of BrahMos created a world record for being the first cruise missile to be tested at supersonic speeds in a steep dive mode The missile was test fired from the integrated test range launching complex 3 LC 3 at Chandipur around 11 35 am With this launch the Indian army s requirement for land attacks with Block II advanced seeker software with target discriminating capabilities was met BrahMos became the only supersonic cruise missile possessing advanced capability of selection of a particular land target amongst a group of targets providing an edge to the user with precise hit 64 65 Block III has advanced guidance and upgraded software incorporating high manoeuvres at multiple points and steep dive from high altitude It will be deployed in Arunachal Pradesh It can engage ground targets from an altitude as low as 10 metres for surgical strikes without any collateral damage It is capable of being launched from multiple platforms like submarines ships aircraft and land based Mobile Autonomous Launchers MAL 66 67 68 On 12 August 2011 it was test fired by ground forces and met all mission parameters 69 BrahMos at the moment of impact The new navigation system uses an Indian chip called G3OM GPS GLONASS GAGAN on a Module The system weighs around 17 grams and gives accuracy below five metres using Indian US and Russian navigation satellites The system can be used in tandem with an Inertial Navigation System INS to provide high accuracy targeting without using any seeker 70 71 72 BrahMos was tested with an Indian seeker for the first time on 22 March 2018 73 and was tested with an India developed propulsion system airframe and power supply on 30 September 2019 74 On 30 September 2020 India successfully test fired an extended range BrahMos supersonic cruise missile The supersonic cruise missile is capable of hitting targets at more than 400 km range The test was carried out under BrahMos project of the Defence Research and Development Organisation DRDO under which the missile was launched with an indigenous booster The missile was launched from a land based facility in Odisha This is the second test firing of the extended range version of the missile which has an indigenously developed airframe and booster 75 Submarine launched variant Edit The submarine launched variant of Brahmos was test fired successfully for the first time from a submerged pontoon near Visakhapatnam at the coast of Bay of Bengal on 20 March 2013 This was the first vertical launch of an Indian supersonic missile from a submerged platform 76 77 The missile can be launched from a depth of 40 to 50 m 130 to 160 ft 78 In late January 2016 Russia confirmed that future Indian made submarines would be armed with smaller version of the missile that could fit inside a torpedo tube 79 Air launched variant Edit BrahMos A displayed at MAKS 2009 BrahMos A Edit The BrahMos A is a modified air launched variant of the missile with a range of 500 km which can be launched from a Sukhoi Su 30MKI as a standoff weapon 80 To reduce the missile s weight to 2 55 tons many modifications were made like using a smaller booster adding fins for airborne stability after launch and relocating the connector It can be released from the height of 500 to 14 000 metres 1 640 to 46 000 ft 20 After release the missile free falls for 100 150 metres then goes into a cruise phase at 14 000 metres and finally the terminal phase at 15 metres BrahMos Aerospace planned to deliver the missile to the IAF in 2015 where it is expected to arm at least three squadrons 19 A Su 30MKI is able to only carry one BrahMos missile 79 A Su 30MKI fighter armed with BrahMos The missile was also planned to arm the Indian Navy s Ilyushin Il 38 and Tupolev Tu 142 maritime patrol and anti submarine aircraft with 6 missiles per aircraft but this could not be made possible due to insufficient ground clearance of the IL 38 high cost of modifying the Tu 142 and the questionable benefits of modifying an ageing fleet 19 81 The air launched version for the Indian Air Force was ready for testing in 2008 82 An expert committee from the DRDO and the Indian Air Force IAF had ruled out any structural modifications to the Su 30MKI to carry the missile 83 On 22 October 2008 A Sivathanu Pillai Chief Controller R amp D DRDO and CEO and managing director of BrahMos Aerospace announced that trials and tests were to be carried out by 2011 and the IAF would get its own version of BrahMos by 2012 84 On 10 January 2009 it was reported that two Indian Air Force Su 30MKI fighter jets were sent to Russia for a retrofit program that would enable them to launch the missile 85 On 8 August 2009 Alexander Leonov Director of the Russian Machine Building Research and Production Centre said we are ready for test launches He also said that a new takeoff engine for the launching of the missile in air and at extremely high altitudes had been developed and the initial test firing of the missile would be undertaken from the Su 30 MKI but did not specify the dates On 26 February 2012 A Sivathanu Pillai said that the air launched version of BrahMos is being developed and will be tested by the end of 2012 This version of the BrahMos missile will use air breathing scramjet propulsion technology and would be more fuel efficient than a traditional rocket powered missile 86 87 The purchase of over 200 air launched BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles for the IAF was cleared by Cabinet Committee on Security CCS on 19 October 2012 at the cost of 6 000 crore equivalent to 96 billion or US 1 billion in 2020 This would include funds for the integration and testing of the BrahMos on Su 30MKI of the IAF As per this plan the first test of the air launched version of the missile was to be conducted by December 2012 Two Su 30MKI of the IAF would be modified by the HAL at its Nashik facility where they will also be integrated with the missile s aerial launcher 88 89 Su 30MKI with BrahMos ER A demonstration flight was carried out at Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Nashik on 25 June 2016 as a modified Su 30MKI carrying BrahMos A underwent a successful trial flight 90 the first time a heavyweight supersonic cruise missile had been integrated on a long range fighter aircraft the project to adapt the weapon for air launch was approved in 2011 but was bogged down with technology transfer and intellectual property rights concerns To carry the missile the Su 30MKI undercarriage had to be strengthened which also required new hard points and structural modifications The cost of adapting the BrahMos for air launch was phenomenal but efforts to downsize the missile were abandoned after an attempt to reduce the size of the ramjet 91 On 22 November 2017 the missile was successfully test fired for the first time from a Sukhoi 30MKI against a sea based target in the Bay of Bengal 92 93 This made the Indian Air Force the first in the world to have successfully tested such a type of air launched trisonic class missile on a sea based target 94 After the IAF successfully tested Brahmos from a Su 30MKI against a sea based target it declared on 17 December 2019 that the integration of BrahMos A on Su 30 MKI is completed 25 50 IAF SU 30MKI will be modified to carry the BrahMos A missile these modified Su 30MKIs will have electronic circuits capable of withstanding nuclear electromagnetic pulse 20 According to the CEO of BrahMos Aerospace Sudhir Kumar Mishra Brahmos A can reach targets thousands of kilometres away considering the range of launch aircraft 31 On 20 January 2020 the IAF commissioned its first squadron of Su 30MKI fighters equipped with the BrahMos A missile 95 IAF plans to procure 200 BrahMos A missiles 20 IAF test fired BrahMos A from Su 30MKI on 8 December 2021 and is now ready to enter mass production The test validated the structural integrity and functional performance Major airframe assemblies such as non metallic air frame sections comprising Ramjet fuel tank and pneumatic fuel supply system which form the integral part of the Ramjet Engine are now locally developed 96 Testing EditList of tests across all variants No Date Variant tested User Result Location Platform Comments Reference1 12 June 2001 SSM Block I Success Integrated Test Range Tested in vertical configuration 97 2 28 April 2002 SSM Block I Integrated Test Range Tested on an inclined plane 97 3 12 February 2003 ASM Bay of Bengal INS Rajput 98 4 29 October 2003 SSM Block I Integrated Test Range 97 5 9 November 2003 SSM Block I Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher 99 6 23 November 2003 ASM Bay of Bengal INS Rajput Fired from a moving ship at a decommissioned vessel 100 101 7 13 June 2004 SSM Block I Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher First production missile integrated at BrahMos Integration Complex Hyderabad 102 103 8 3 November 2004 ASM Bay of Bengal INS Rajput 104 105 9 21 December 2004 SSM Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher First test of land attack version 106 10 15 April 2005 ASM Indian Navy Arabian Sea INS Rajput 107 11 30 November 2005 SSM Indian Army Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher 108 12 31 May 2006 Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher 109 110 13 16 April 2007 Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher First test with the S maneuver 111 14 22 April 2007 Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher 112 113 15 5 March 2008 LACM Indian Navy Andaman amp Nicobar Islands INS Rajput First test of the land attack variant 114 16 18 December 2008 ASM Indian Navy Bay of Bengal INS Ranvir First test from a VLS 115 17 20 January 2009 SSM Block II Indian Army Failure Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher Failed to correctly discriminate target located within a cluster 116 18 4 March 2009 Success First successful test in a target discriminatory role 117 19 29 March 2009 118 119 20 29 July 2009 120 21 21 March 2010 ASM Indian Navy Orissa INS Ranvir Tested on decommissioned INS Meen 121 122 22 5 September 2010 SSM Block II Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher 123 64 23 2 December 2010 SSM Block III Indian Army Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher 124 125 24 12 August 2011 SSM Block III Indian Army Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher 126 127 25 4 March 2012 SSM Block II Indian Army Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher Operational test of the second army regiment 128 129 26 28 March 2012 SSM Block III Indian Army Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher 130 131 132 27 30 March 2012 DRDO Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher 133 134 28 29 July 2012 DRDO Failure Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher Developmental flight test with 25 new subsystems and components 135 136 137 138 29 7 October 2012 ASM Indian Navy Success Arabian Sea INS Teg Tested with a GLONASS navigation system derived from Kh 101 139 140 30 9 January 2013 Bay of Bengal Naval ship Tested with double maneuver in S form 141 31 20 March 2013 SLCM DRDO Visakhapatnam Underwater pontoon First test from a submerged platform 76 77 32 22 May 2013 ASM Indian Navy Goa INS Tarkash Acceptance Test Firing 142 33 18 November 2013 SSM Block III Indian Army Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher Destroyed a hardened target 143 144 34 7 February 2014 ASM Indian Navy Arabian Sea INS Trikand 2 missiles test fired in salvo mode 145 35 7 April 2014 SSM Block III Indian Army Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher Tested in steep dive cum target discrimination mode 146 147 36 9 June 2014 ASM Indian Navy Karwar INS Kolkata 148 149 37 8 July 2014 SSM Indian Army Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher First test with advanced guidance system and indigenously built software algorithm 150 151 38 1 November 2014 ASM Indian Navy Arabian Sea INS Kochi 152 153 39 14 February 2015 ASM Indian Navy Goa INS Kolkata 154 155 40 9 April 2015 SSM Indian Army Failure Car Nicobar Mobile launcher 156 157 41 8 May 2015 Success42 7 November 2015 SSM Indian Army Pokhran Test Range Mobile launcher 158 159 43 6 February 2017 ASM Indian Navy Arabian Sea INS Chennai 160 161 44 11 March 2017 Extended range Integrated Test Range First test of the extended range 32 33 45 21 April 2017 LACM Indian Navy Bay of Bengal INS Teg 162 163 46 2 3 May 2017 SSM Block III Indian Army Andaman amp Nicobar Islands Mobile launcher 2 missiles tested in top attack configuration 164 165 166 47 22 November 2017 ALCM Indian Air Force DRDO Bay of Bengal Su 30MKI First test of the air launched variant 92 48 22 March 2018 SSM Indian Army Pokhran Test Range First test with indigenous seeker 167 49 21 May 2018 SSM DRDO Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher Validated life extension technologies 168 50 22 May 2018 SSM DRDO Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher Tested Indian fuel management system and a few non metallic airframe components 169 51 16 July 2018 SSM DRDO Indian Army Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher Tested to validate service life extension of the missile under extreme weather conditions 170 52 7 July 2019 Block II DRDO Tested the vertical steep dive version 171 172 53 30 September 2019 SSM DRDO Tested with India developed propulsion system airframe and power supply 173 74 54 21 21 October 2019 SSM IAF Andaman and Nicobar Islands Mobile Launcher Twin firings was carried out as a part of the routine operational training The missile engaged the designated mock targets close to 300 km away with a direct hit on the ground target in both cases with pinpoint accuracy from a mobile platform 174 175 55 17 December 2019 SSM and Air launched IAF and DRDO Integrated Test Range and Kalaikunda airbase Mobile launcher and Aircraft Both land attack and Air launched versions were tested in two firings 176 177 56 8 December 2021 ALCM IAF Integrated Test Range Su 30MKI Validated structural integrity and functional performance Cleared for serial production 96 57 11 January 2022 ASM Indian Navy INS Visakhapatnam D66 Certifies the accuracy of the ship s combat system and armament complex and also validates a new capability of the missile 178 179 58 20 January 2022 DRDO Integrated Test Range Mobile launcher Improved variant with more indigenous content 180 181 59 1 February 2022 AShM Indian Navy Andaman and Nicobar Islands Mobile launcher citation needed 60 18 February 2022 AShM Indian Navy Bay of Bengal INS Visakhapatnam 182 61 5 March 2022 SSM Indian Navy INS Chennai Extended range land attack Brahmos variant tested 183 62 23 March 2022 SSM Andaman and Nicobar command Andaman and Nicobar Islands Mobile launcher Extended range version tested 184 63 19 April 2022 ASM and ALCM IAF and Indian Navy Bay of Bengal Su 30MKI and INS Delhi Air launched version fired at a decommissioned ship SSM version tested from INS Delhi from an upgraded modular launcher 185 186 64 27 April 2022 AShM Indian Navy and A amp N command A amp N Island Mobile launcher 187 65 12 May 2022 ALCM IAF and DRDO Bay of Bengal Sukhoi Su 30MKI IAF and DRDO tested extended range version of Brahmos missile from Su 30 MKI hit the target precisely 188 189 66 29 November 2022 SSM Indian Army A amp N Island Mobile launcher67 29 December 2022 ALCM IAF Bay of Bengal Su 30MKI ER Version of Brahmos Air Launched missile against a Ship Target 190 Further developments EditExtended range Edit In 2016 India became a member of the MTCR India and Russia are now planning to jointly develop a new generation of Brahmos missiles with 1500 km plus range and an ability to hit protected targets with pinpoint accuracy 32 33 On 24 November 2020 DRDO successfully test fired upgraded 800 km BrahMos variant This upgrade will also be applied to all existing BrahMos missiles 191 BrahMos II Edit Main article BrahMos II Model of the Brahmos II at Aero India 2013 BrahMos II is a hypersonic cruise missile currently under development and is estimated to have a range of 600 km With a speed of Mach 8 it will have double the speed of the current BrahMos missile and it will be the fastest hypersonic missile in the world 192 193 Development could take 7 8 years to complete 194 17 26 BrahMos NG Edit Size comparison between BrahMos and the planned BrahMos M Brahmos NG BrahMos NG Next Generation is a mini version based on the existing BrahMos system It will have same 290 km range and Mach 3 5 speed but it will weigh around 1 5 tons with a length of 6 metres and a diameter of 50 cm making BrahMos NG 50 percent lighter and three metres shorter than its predecessor 1 195 The system is expected to be inducted on the year 2024 196 BrahMos NG will have lesser RCS radar cross section compared to its predecessor making it harder for air defense systems to locate and engage the target BrahMos NG will have Land Air Ship borne and Submarine tube launched variants The first test flight is expected to take place in 2022 24 Initially Brahmos NG was referred to as Brahmos M 197 Additionally the BrahMos NG will have an AESA radar rather than the mechanically scanned one on the BrahMos 17 The missile will arm the Sukhoi Su 30MKI Mikoyan MiG 29K HAL Tejas 198 and future inductions such as the Dassault Rafale 19 and HAL MWF 199 Submarine launched variant will be capable of being fired from the new P75I class of submarines 200 A model of the new variant was showcased on 20 February 2013 at the 15th anniversary celebrations of BrahMos Corporations The Sukhoi SU 30MKI would carry three missiles while other combat aircraft would carry one each 201 202 BrahMos Aerospace is planning to manufacture BrahMos NG in Uttar Pradesh The Indian Air Force already confirmed a requirement of 400 missile that will cost around 8 000 crore and be delivered within 5 years of time period 203 The missile is likely to be ready in late 2022 204 UCAV variant Edit The former President of India A P J Abdul Kalam asked BrahMos Aerospace to develop an advanced version of the BrahMos cruise missile to maintain India s lead in the field 205 He stated that a hypersonic version of BrahMos would be needed that could deliver its payload and return to base 206 207 Specifications Edit Vertical Launch System for BrahMos on INS Trikand BrahMos claims it has the capability of attacking surface targets by flying as low as five metres in altitude and the maximum altitude it can fly is 15 000 metres It has a diameter of 70 cm and a wingspan of 1 7 m 208 It can gain a speed of Mach 3 5 and has a maximum range of 650 km 209 The ship launched and land based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead whereas the aircraft launched variant BrahMos A can carry a 300 kg warhead It has a two stage propulsion system with a solid propellant rocket for initial acceleration and a liquid fuelled ramjet responsible for sustained supersonic cruise Air breathing ramjet propulsion is much more fuel efficient than rocket propulsion giving the BrahMos a longer range than a pure rocket powered missile would achieve 21 The high speed of the BrahMos likely gives it better target penetration characteristics than lighter subsonic cruise missiles such as Tomahawk Being twice as heavy and almost four times as fast as Tomahawk the BrahMos has more than 32 times the on cruise kinetic energy of a Tomahawk missile although it carries only 3 5 the payload and a fraction of the range which suggests that the missile was designed with a different tactical role Its Mach 2 8 speed means that it cannot be intercepted by some existing missile defence systems and its precision makes it lethal to water targets 21 Although BrahMos was primarily an anti ship missile the BrahMos Block III can also engage land based targets It can be launched either in a vertical or inclined position and is capable of covering targets over a 360 degree horizon The BrahMos missile has an identical configuration for land sea and sub sea platforms 21 210 The air launched version has a smaller booster and additional tail fins for added stability during launch The BrahMos has currently been configured for aerial deployment with the Su 30MKI as its carrier 208 On 5 September 2010 BrahMos created a record for the first supersonic steep dive 172 The BrahMos missile also utilises a fire and forget system requiring no additional input from the operator once the missile has been launched 211 212 Variants Edit INS Delhi fire BrahMos missile BrahMos Block III test fired Surface launched Block IShip launched anti ship variant Operational Ship launched land attack variant Operational Land launched land attack variant Operational Land launched anti ship variant In induction Surface launched upgraded variantsBrahMos Block II land attack variant Operational 128 BrahMos Block III land variant In induction 66 67 213 INS Chennai fire BrahMos missileAnti aircraft carrier variant tested in March 2012 the missile gained the capability to attack aircraft carriers using the supersonic vertical dive variant of the missile that could travel up to 290 km 214 Air launchedAir launched anti ship variant Operational 92 215 Air launched land attack variant Operational 216 217 Submarine launchedSubmarine launched anti ship variant Tested successfully for the first time from a submerged pontoon on 20 March 2013 76 77 Submarine launched land attack variant under development expected completion in 2011 218 219 Operators Edit Current BrahMos operators in blue future operators in cyan Model of a frigate with vertical launched BrahMos Russia is participating in the P75I submarine deal with the Amur class submarine armed with BrahMos Side view of the MAL s missiles India and Russia intend to make 2 000 BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles over the next ten years through their joint venture company and nearly 50 of them are expected to be exported to friendly countries 208 220 The Brahmos headquarters complex is located at New Delhi and consists of a design centre and aerospace knowledge centre The integration complex is located at Hyderabad and a production centre is located at Thiruvananthapuram 221 Another assembly line is being established at Pilani 222 India Edit Indian Army Edit The Brahmos Block was inducted into the army on 21 June 2007 51 The Brahmos has been inducted in three regiments of the Indian Army 223 The army has raised one regiment numbered 861 of the Mark I and two missile regiments of the BrahMos Mark II numbered 881 and 1889 The first regiment with five mobile launcher cost 83 million to set up 224 Each of the two new regiments would have between four and six batteries of three to four Mobile Autonomous Launchers 72 missiles per regiment that can be connected to a mobile command post 128 225 All these regiments will be part of the army s existing 40th and 41st Artillery Divisions Two more regiments were inducted in 2018 226 The known operational BrahMos regiments are 15 227 861 Missile Regiment BrahMos Block I part of 40 Artillery Division 881 Missile Regiment BrahMos Block II part of 41 Artillery Division 228 1889 Missile Regiment Kargil BrahMos Block II part of 42 Artillery Division India has deployed Brahmos along with long range cruise missile Nirbhay and Akash surface to air missile to deter Chinese aggression along the Line of Actual Control in eastern Ladakh 229 230 Indian Air Force Edit Thanjavur AFS 231 47 Wing No 222 Squadron Tigersharks Air launched Brahmos 232 233 Indian Navy Edit The following ship classes of the navy are equipped with BrahMos Visakhapatnam class destroyer Kolkata class destroyer 234 235 236 237 Delhi class destroyer INS Delhi D61 238 Rajput class destroyer 234 INS Ranvir and INS Ranvijay 239 240 Nilgiri class frigate yet to be inducted Shivalik class frigate 234 241 Talwar class frigate 3 later ships INS Teg INS Tarkash INS Trikand 234 235 242 Philippines Edit In 2021 March the Department of National Defense DND signed an arms agreement with India to potentially acquire Indian weapons including the BrahMos missile 243 Philippine Marines Edit BrahMos deal between India and the Philippines signed on 28 January 2022 for the Philippine Marines Coastal Defense Regiment s SBASM Battalion In 2017 the Shore based Antiship Missile System Acquisition Project for the maritime force was first conceptualized while in 2020 the Office of the President approved its inclusion in the Horizon 2 Priority Projects 244 In 2021 December 27 two special allotment release orders SARO worth Php 1 3 billion 190 crore and Php 1 535 billion 224 crore were issued by the Department of Budget Management DBM for the Shore Based Anti Ship Missile System Acquisition Project of the Philippine Navy The SARO allows the DND to finalise contracts for military projects 245 In 2021 December 31 Brahmos Aerospace Pvt Ltd s representatives received the Notice of Award NOA for the project worth US 374 962 800 A contract signed on 28 January 2022 It includes at least 3 batteries as part of the agreement A battery will have at least 3 mobile firing units plus attached command and control radar and support vehicles and units Each mobile firing unit has 3 ready to fire BrahMos anti ship supersonic missiles with the export variant having a maximum range of around 290 kilometers 246 247 248 The batteries will be operated by the Shore Based Anti Ship Missile SBASM Battalion of the Philippine Marine Corps Coastal Defense Regiment 249 250 Potential users Edit Russia Edit In September 2016 it was revealed that the Russian Defense Ministry is interested in purchasing the air launched BrahMos to arm their Su 30SM fighters So far Russia has not purchased the missile system for the Russian Air Force 251 The Brahmos could be fitted to only few if any of the new ships of the Russian Navy The updated Gorshkov class frigates which are the latest type of frigate being built could possibly accommodate the missile No Brahmos missile has been bought and inducted by the navy 252 Philippines Edit Philippine Army Edit In 2019 October the Philippine Army was reported to be in discussion with India for a possible BrahMos missile sale for at least 2 batteries to be acquired under the Land Based Missile System Acquisition LBMS Project 253 These systems are planned to be operated by the 1st Land Based Missile System Battery of the Army Artillery Regiment which was activated in 2019 October also 254 In 2022 January 21 the Philippine Army announced plans to purchase two of BrahMos medium range missile defense systems within the 3rd horizon of the Revised Armed Forces of the Philippines Modernization Program R AFPMP scheduled at the start of 2023 to the end of 2027 255 Others Edit BrahMos Aerospace has said that several Southeast Asian and Latin American countries have expressed interest in the system with particular interest in naval and coastal defense versions and that a definite list of countries exists These countries are Brazil Brunei Chile Indonesia Egypt Malaysia Oman South Africa Venezuela and Vietnam 256 In the case of Malaysia they are considering the purchase of the missile for use on its Kedah class warships 257 and fighter jets citation needed The intergovernmental agreement between India and Russia to develop the BrahMos stipulates that both countries would have to approve an export sale 258 One of the major issues regarding sales of the missile is that the nations looking to buy may have stressful relations with allies and trading partners of Russia China is one of the main nations that has objections about its neighbours getting these missiles for their navies It views the selling of these missiles as an act of belligerence and interference in the disputed territories like the South China Sea 259 China s concerns were believed to be a direct cause behind the unsuccessful sale of BrahMos to Vietnam even though Vietnam in fact has previously acquired and commissioned the Russian Bastion P coastal defence systems which use the largely equivalent Yakhont anti ship missile 260 261 Accidents and incidents Edit20 January 2009 On a test launch an early developmental variant of the BrahMos missile missed its target at the Pokhran Test Range by 7 km due to the switching off of GPS satellites and erroneous data from the INS series of satellites A repeat mission on 4 March 2009 was a success 262 12 July 2021 In a test fire off the coast of Odisha an extended range variant of the missile fell off shortly after launch reportedly due to an error in the propulsion system 263 9 March 2022 An accidentally fired missile crashed into Pakistan Pakistan said that the missile took off on the evening of 9 March and it was picked up by its Air Defence systems From its initial course the missile suddenly manoeuvred towards Pakistani territory and crashed near Mian Channu city of Punjab province causing no civilian casualties 264 Pakistan strongly condemned the incident and also cautioned India against recurrence of any such incident in the future 265 India said the incident was due to a technical malfunction and that it was deeply regrettable India also said that they have ordered a high level Court of Inquiry to look into the incident While still unconfirmed by both the Indian and Pakistani authorities sources say that the missile fired was a BrahMos 266 267 268 According to Times of India conventional missiles like the BrahMos also don t have self destruct mechanisms like the ones available on India s strategic or nuclear missiles 269 ThePrint quoting unnamed sources claimed that Pakistan s Air Defence systems were not able to track the missile down and the missile did not veer off from its trajectory and followed the trajectory that it would have in case of a conflict 270 However Dr Bharat Karnad emeritus professor of national security studies at the Centre for Policy Research CPR said that there is no reason to doubt what Pakistan is saying as the Pakistan s Air Defence complex at Sargodha District Miani is very advanced and capable of detecting cruise and ballistic missile firings and minutely tracking their trajectory 271 See also Edit India portal Russia portal Rocketry portal Nuclear technology portalP 800 Oniks CX 1 Missile Systems CVS401 Perseus YJ 12 Boeing X 51 RATTLRS XASM 3 Yun FengReferences Edit a b Brahmos Supersonic Cruise 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Force 22 October 2019 The missile engaged the designated mock targets close to 300 km away A direct hit on the target was achieved in both cases The firing of the missile has enhanced IAFs capability to engage the grounds targets with pinpoint accuracy from a mobile platform IAF MCC Archived from the original on 7 March 2021 Retrieved 23 October 2019 non primary source needed 2 versions of BrahMos missile successfully test fired The Economic Times 17 December 2019 Archived from the original on 14 March 2020 Retrieved 17 December 2019 Successful launch of two BrahMos missiles from land and air platforms Press Information Bureau 17 December 2019 Archived from the original on 17 December 2019 Retrieved 17 December 2019 Naval variant of BrahMos supersonic missile test fired from INS Visakhapatnam The Indian Express 11 January 2022 Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 Retrieved 11 January 2022 India successfully test fires sea to sea variant of BrahMos Cruise Missile 11 January 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malfunction France 24 11 March 2022 Archived from the original on 11 March 2022 Retrieved 12 March 2022 Accidentally fired missile into Pakistan due to tech glitch says India It was BrahMos The Print 11 March 2022 Archived from the original on 11 March 2022 Retrieved 11 March 2022 Missile firing IAF inquiry on but Pak seeks joint probe Times of India 13 March 2022 Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 Retrieved 13 March 2022 Missile accidentally fired during inspection at secret IAF base Pakistan didn t track The Print 12 March 2022 Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 Retrieved 13 March 2022 Sehgal Rashme 14 March 2022 Even if authorised missile firing makes no sense Rediff Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to BrahMos Official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title BrahMos amp oldid 1130309638, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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