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Active radar homing

January 06, 2023

Active radar homing (ARH) is a missile guidance method in which a missile contains a radar transceiver (in contrast to semi-active radar homing, which uses only a receiver) and the electronics necessary for it to find and track its target autonomously. The NATO brevity code for an air-to-air active radar homing missile launch is fox three.[1]

BAT radar guided bomb
RBS-15F anti-ship missile (on right) under the wing of a JAS 39 Gripen fighter, 2007
Active radar homing missile seeker

Advantages

There are two major advantages to active radar homing:

  • As the missile is tracking the target it is going to be much closer to the target than the launching platform during the terminal phase, thus the missile's tracking can be much more accurate and better resistant to electronic countermeasures. Active radar homing missiles have some of the best kill probabilities, along with missiles employing track-via-missile guidance.
  • Because the missile is totally autonomous during the terminal phase, the launch platform does not need to have its radar enabled at all during this phase, and in the case of a mobile launching platform like an aircraft, can actually exit the scene or undertake other actions while the missile homes in on its target. This is often referred to as fire-and-forget capability and is a significant advantage that modern air-to-air missiles have over their predecessors.

Disadvantages

  • Because most missiles are powered by rocket motors, they have no on-board electricity generation capability. This means that active radar-guided missiles usually rely on battery power for the radar transmitter, significantly limiting its power - although this can be mitigated by employing the designs described below.
  • Because a complete radar system is implemented, an active system will be more expensive than a semi-active system if all other factors are equal.

Passive radiation homing

Many missiles employing passive homing have an additional capability: if the target does attempt to use noise jamming, the missile can home in on the target's radiation passively (home-on-jam). This gives such missiles improved performance against noise jamming targets and allows anti-aircraft munitions to attack targets they would not otherwise be able to fire on effectively.[citation needed].

Operation

Active radar homing is rarely employed as the only guidance method of a missile. It is most often used during the terminal phase of the engagement, mainly because since the radar transceiver has to be small enough to fit inside a missile and has to be powered from batteries, therefore having a relatively low ERP, its range is limited.[2] To overcome this, most such missiles use a combination of command guidance with an inertial navigation system (INS) in order to fly from the launch point until the target is close enough to be detected and tracked by the missile. The missile therefore requires guidance updates via a datalink from the launching platform up until this point, in case the target is maneuvering, otherwise the missile may get to the projected interception point and find that the target is not there. Sometimes the launching platform (especially if it is an aircraft) may be in danger while continuing to guide the missile in this way until it 'goes active'; In this case it may turn around and leave it to luck that the target ends up in the projected "acquisition basket" when the missile goes active. It is possible for a system other than the launching platform to provide guidance to the missile before it switches its radar on; This may be other, similar fighter aircraft or perhaps an AWACS.

Most anti-ship missiles use active radar homing for terminal guidance.

Many ARH missiles with targets on land or sea use millimeter wave guidance.

List of missiles

Examples of missiles known to use active radar homing (all in their terminal phase) include:

China

European

France

Germany

India

Iran

Israel

Japan

Russia

South Africa

Sweden

Taiwan

United States

References

  1. ^ globalsecurity.org: Brevity: Multi-Service Brevity Codes (retrieved 19 June 2013)
  2. ^ ausairpower.net: "Active and Semiactive Radar Missile Guidance" (retrieved 6 April 2010)
  3. ^ designation-systems.net: "Directory of US Military Rockets and Missiles" (retrieved 6 April 2010)

January 06, 2023
active, radar, homing, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, october, 2007, learn, when, remove, this, template, mes. This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations October 2007 Learn how and when to remove this template message Active radar homing ARH is a missile guidance method in which a missile contains a radar transceiver in contrast to semi active radar homing which uses only a receiver and the electronics necessary for it to find and track its target autonomously The NATO brevity code for an air to air active radar homing missile launch is fox three 1 BAT radar guided bomb RBS 15F anti ship missile on right under the wing of a JAS 39 Gripen fighter 2007 Active radar homing missile seeker Contents 1 Advantages 2 Disadvantages 3 Passive radiation homing 4 Operation 5 List of missiles 5 1 China 5 2 European 5 3 France 5 4 Germany 5 5 India 5 6 Iran 5 7 Israel 5 8 Japan 5 9 Russia 5 10 South Africa 5 11 Sweden 5 12 Taiwan 5 13 United States 6 ReferencesAdvantages EditThere are two major advantages to active radar homing As the missile is tracking the target it is going to be much closer to the target than the launching platform during the terminal phase thus the missile s tracking can be much more accurate and better resistant to electronic countermeasures Active radar homing missiles have some of the best kill probabilities along with missiles employing track via missile guidance Because the missile is totally autonomous during the terminal phase the launch platform does not need to have its radar enabled at all during this phase and in the case of a mobile launching platform like an aircraft can actually exit the scene or undertake other actions while the missile homes in on its target This is often referred to as fire and forget capability and is a significant advantage that modern air to air missiles have over their predecessors Disadvantages EditBecause most missiles are powered by rocket motors they have no on board electricity generation capability This means that active radar guided missiles usually rely on battery power for the radar transmitter significantly limiting its power although this can be mitigated by employing the designs described below Because a complete radar system is implemented an active system will be more expensive than a semi active system if all other factors are equal Passive radiation homing EditMany missiles employing passive homing have an additional capability if the target does attempt to use noise jamming the missile can home in on the target s radiation passively home on jam This gives such missiles improved performance against noise jamming targets and allows anti aircraft munitions to attack targets they would not otherwise be able to fire on effectively citation needed Operation EditActive radar homing is rarely employed as the only guidance method of a missile It is most often used during the terminal phase of the engagement mainly because since the radar transceiver has to be small enough to fit inside a missile and has to be powered from batteries therefore having a relatively low ERP its range is limited 2 To overcome this most such missiles use a combination of command guidance with an inertial navigation system INS in order to fly from the launch point until the target is close enough to be detected and tracked by the missile The missile therefore requires guidance updates via a datalink from the launching platform up until this point in case the target is maneuvering otherwise the missile may get to the projected interception point and find that the target is not there Sometimes the launching platform especially if it is an aircraft may be in danger while continuing to guide the missile in this way until it goes active In this case it may turn around and leave it to luck that the target ends up in the projected acquisition basket when the missile goes active It is possible for a system other than the launching platform to provide guidance to the missile before it switches its radar on This may be other similar fighter aircraft or perhaps an AWACS Most anti ship missiles use active radar homing for terminal guidance Many ARH missiles with targets on land or sea use millimeter wave guidance List of missiles EditExamples of missiles known to use active radar homing all in their terminal phase include China Edit DF 21 DF 25 DF 26 HN 2000 PL 12 air to air missile and SD 10 export version to Pakistan PL 15 air to air missile HQ 9 air defense missileEuropean Edit Meteor missile long range air to air missile With contribution from France Germany Italy Spain Sweden and United Kingdom MBDA Future Cruise Anti Ship Weapon France UK CAMM missile family Aster missile family France Edit MBDA Exocet anti ship missile MICA missile air to air missile and surface to air missileGermany Edit EADS AS 34 Kormoran anti ship missileIndia Edit Astra BVRAAMIran Edit Noor Ghader Anti ship missile Taer 2 Surface to air missileIsrael Edit Arrow Israeli missile David s Sling Derby missile Python missile Japan Edit Type 80 Air to Ship Missile Type 81 Surface to air Missile SAM 1C only Type 88 Surface to Ship Missile Type 90 Ship to Ship Missile Type 91 Air to Ship Missile Type 99 air to air missile Mitsubishi AAM 4 AAM 4Kai Type 03 Medium Range Surface to Air Missile Type 11 Surface to air MissileRussia Edit NPO Novator and DRDO R 172 long range air to air missile Vympel NPO R 27EA AA 10 Alamo medium range air to air missile Vympel NPO R 37 AA 13 Arrow long range air to air missile Vympel NPO R 33 AA 9 Amos long range air to air missile Vympel NPO R 77 AA 12 Adder medium range air to air missile Tactical Missiles Corporation Kh 31 AS 17 Krypton anti shipping missile Kh 31A only Raduga Kh 15 AS 16 Kickback air to surface missile Kh 15S only Raduga Kh 59 AS 13 Kingbolt air to surface missile Kh 59MK only Tactical Missiles Corporation Kh 25 AS 10 Karen air to surface missile Kh 25MA only Raduga KSR 5 AS 6 Kingfish anti shipping missile Raduga KSR 2 AS 5 Kelt anti shipping missile Raduga Kh 22 AS 4 Kitchen anti shipping missile KBM Khrizantema AT 15 Springer anti tank missile 9M123 2 and 9M123F 2 variants only NPO Mashinostroyeniya P 500 Bazalt SS N 12 Sandbox anti ship missile NPO Mashinostroyeniya P 700 Granit SS N 19 Shipwreck anti ship missile Raduga P 270 Moskit SS N 22 Sunburn anti ship missile Tactical Missiles Corporation Kh 35 SS N 25 Switchblade anti ship missile NPO Mashinostroyeniya P 800 Oniks SS N 26 anti ship missile NPO Novator 3M 54 Klub SS N 27 Sizzler anti ship missile S 400 long range ground to air missileSouth Africa Edit R DarterSweden Edit Saab Bofors Dynamics RBS 15 anti ship missileTaiwan Edit Sky Sword II air to air missile Hsiung Feng I Hsiung Feng II Hsiung Feng IIE Hsiung Feng III Sky Spear Wan Chien Yun FengUnited States Edit Boeing Harpoon anti ship missile Hughes Aircraft Company AIM 47 Falcon Lockheed Martin AGM 114L Hellfire Longbow air to surface missile Lockheed Martin MIM 104 Patriot surface to air missile PAC 3 version only 3 Martin Marietta Pershing II topographic radar version of DSMAC Raytheon AIM 54 Phoenix long range air to air missile Raytheon AIM 120 AMRAAM air to air missile and surface to air missile Raytheon GBU 53 B Raytheon RIM 174 Standard ERAM Standard Missile 6 surface to air missile Raytheon AGM 88 HARM E and G versions only The U S Navy s Bat radar guided glide bomb of World War II world s earliest munition design known to use an active radar homing system References Edit globalsecurity org Brevity Multi Service Brevity Codes retrieved 19 June 2013 ausairpower net Active and Semiactive Radar Missile Guidance retrieved 6 April 2010 designation systems net Directory of US Military Rockets and Missiles retrieved 6 April 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Active radar homing amp oldid 1131915203, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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