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Australia–Indonesia relations

January 01, 1970

Australia and Indonesia have established diplomatic relations since 1949, when Australia recognised Indonesia's independence.[1][2] Historically, contact between Australians and Indonesians began as early as the 16th century prior to the arrival of the Europeans, through Makassan interactions with indigenous Australians on Australia's western and northern coasts.

The relationship has been characterised by growing mutual trade of A$17.8 billion in 2018–19, an increase of 6.9% over the previous year, in addition to close links in government, education, and defence under the Lombok Treaty.[3][4] Both nations are members of the G20, ASEAN Regional Forum, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the ASEAN Free Trade Area, the Indonesia–Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IA-CEPA) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), among other organisations.[5]

Relations between the two countries are generally well, though there have been some strained periods since 1949, most notably the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (where Australia sided with Malaysia), the East Timor crisis in 1999 (in which Australia plays a significant role), the issues of West Papua, asylum seekers, and the disclosure of Australia's wiretapping on some Indonesian officials in 2013. Cooperation between the two has strengthened each other in various fields,[6] including the economy. Both are committed to an open economy by increasing trade and investment cooperation embodied in the IA-CEPA (which was ratified in February 2020 and took effect on 5 July 2020).

In February 2020, both countries celebrated 70 years of diplomatic relations during Indonesian President Joko Widodo's visit to the Australian Parliament in Canberra.[7]

History edit

Pre-European settlement edit

 
A Makassan perahu depicted in an Aboriginal rock painting.
See also: Makassan contact with Australia and Javanese contact with Australia

While some evidence suggests that sporadic contact between the peoples of the Indonesian archipelago and Indigenous Australians occurred as early as 16th or 17th century, it was only with the commencement of the trepang trade in the 1750s that significant relations were first developed. The trepangers departed from eastern Indonesian ports, predominantly Makassar and Kupang, and on arrival in Australia constructed shelters along with outdoor factories to process the trepang for trade with China.[2][8] While they did not establish permanent settlements in Australia, there was some intermarriage with Indigenous Australians and their decedents remain in northern communities to the present day.

At the height of the trade, the trepangers visited thousands of kilometres of Australian coastline, arriving with the monsoon season each December. Their boats (perahu), carried up to 30 crew members and it is estimated that as many as 1,000 trepangers arrived each year.[2] The crews established temporary settlements at various points along the coast to boil and dry the trepang before returning home to sell their cargo.[9] Marege, meaning 'wild country' was their name for Arnhem Land, from the Cobourg Peninsula to Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria, while the north west coast was referred to as Kayu Jawa.

Using Daeng Rangka, the last Makassan trepanger to visit Australia, lived well into the 20th century, and first made the voyage to northern Australia as a young man. He recalled generally positive but occasionally conflicting relationships with Indigenous Australians, and was the first trepanger to pay the South Australian government trepanging licence in 1883, an impost that made the trade less viable.[10] The trade continued to dwindle toward the end of the 19th century due to the imposition of customs duties and licence fees. This decline was probably compounded by overfishing.[11] Using Daeng Rangka commanded the last perahu, which left Arnhem Land in 1907.

There is significant evidence of contact with the trepangers in the rock art and bark painting of northern Australia, with the perahu featuring prominently in many locations.[12] Studies by anthropologists have also found traditions that indicate the trepangers negotiated for the right to fish certain waters. The exchange involved the trade of cloth, tobacco, metal axes and knives, rice and gin. The Yolngu of Arnhem land also traded turtle-shell, pearls and cypress pine, and some were employed as trepangers.[13]

A Makassan pidgin became a lingua franca along the north coast, not just between Makassan and Aboriginal people, but also between different Aboriginal groups, who were brought into greater contact with one another by the seafaring Makassar culture. Words from the Makassarese language (related to the Javanese and Indonesian languages) can still be found in Aboriginal language varieties of the north coast; examples include rupiah (money),[14] jama (work)[15] and balanda (white person).[16][17] It is speculated that the Makassans may have also been the first to introduce Islam to Australia.[18]

Colonization, Federation, and World War II edit

 
An 1870 map depicting the Dutch East Indies, Australia, and New Zealand.

From the 1870s, Indonesians were recruited to work in the pearling and sugar cane industries in northern Australia. Around 1,000 Indonesians were living in Australia by Federation in 1901, almost all in Queensland and Western Australia. With the introduction of the White Australia policy at this time, most sugar workers returned to Indonesia, although some pearl divers remained.[19]

In 1933, the Lyons government resolved to appointed trade commissioners to Hong Kong and Batavia (present-day Jakarta), although the positions were not filled until February 1935.[20] The Australian Eastern Mission of 1934, led by deputy prime minister John Latham, was the first Australian diplomatic mission to the Dutch East Indies. Latham spent eleven days there, more than in any other country except Japan.[21]

During World War II, many Indonesian nationalists were based in Melbourne.[19] Following the surrender of Japan, Australian forces participated in the occupation of eastern Indonesia in coordination with the British South East Asia Command's occupation of Java. As Allies during the war, the Australian and British governments claimed they were both under obligations to help the Netherlands restore their occupation over the former Dutch East Indies. Australian forces participated in the Borneo campaign alongside US forces against the Japanese, including the Battle of Balikpapan in 1945.[22] On 17 August 1945, Indonesian nationalist leaders Sukarno and Mohammed Hatta proclaimed the independence of the Republic of Indonesia.

Indonesian independence edit

Main article: Indonesian National Revolution
 
Australian Consul-General Charles Eaton meeting with Sukarno in 1947.

Despite sympathies among the political left for the Indonesian National Revolution, Australia cautiously withheld de facto recognition of the Republic of Indonesia until 9 July 1947, albeit only over the regions of Java, Sumatra, and Madura.[citation needed] Following disagreements over negotiations with Indonesian republicans, the Netherlands launched a major military offensive (Operation Product) in Java and Sumatra on 20 July 1947. From that point until the Netherlands' recognition of Indonesia's sovereignty in December 1949, Australian waterside workers banned Dutch vessels and vessels taking munitions and equipment to Indonesia which became known as the "Black Armada".[23][24]

Australia referred the conflict to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) on 30 July 1947, naming the Netherlands as the violators of the peace. Later, Australia raised the matter of Indonesia's decolonisation in the United Nations. Two days later, the UNSC ordered a cease-fire and established a committee to broker a truce and a renewal of negotiations. The Indonesian Republic nominated Australia to sit on the committee, which produced the Renville Agreement of January 1948.[1] The Dutch launched a second major military offensive (Operation Crow) and occupied Republican-held territory in Java. Following the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference from August to November 1949, the Republic's sovereignty over Indonesia was officially recognised by the Netherlands in December 1949. The Australian government, led by Robert Menzies, was amongst the first to recognise the new state.[1]

Both countries afforded each other most favoured nation with respect to trade and tariffs in 1959, an agreement which has continued to the present day with the exception of 1970–1972.[25]

Sukarno era edit

See also: Military history of Australia during the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation

The Menzies Government in Australia held strong reservations about Sukarno's flirtation with the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), continuing through to 1965. Nevertheless, in 1959 Robert Menzies was the first Australian Prime Minister to visit Indonesia.[26][27][28]

 
An Australian soldier on active duty during the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation.

Australia conducted warfare in aid of Malaysia during the period of Konfrontasi between April 1964 and August 1966. Australian forces in Sarawak were frequently deployed across the border into Indonesia to ambush patrols moving towards Malaysia during 1965 and 1966.[29] Wary of direct conflict with Indonesia, Minister for External Affairs Garfield Barwick characterised Australia's involvement as "a carefully graduated response" to British and Malayan requests for support.[30] Seven Australians died in active service in the conflict.[30]

Throughout, Australia sought to maintain aid to Indonesia, including the development of the Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network, a project which addressed deficiencies in Indonesia's civil aviation system and allowed international operators flying through Indonesian airspace – including Australia's Qantas – improved safety.[31] Indonesia had joined the Colombo Plan in 1953, which also continued throughout the conflict. The United States opted to withdraw foreign aid in 1964, prompting Sukarno's famous "go to hell" remark, however the AFTN project, amongst others, continued in spite of shipping around Singapore and Malaysia.[31]

An agreement between Indonesia and several Commonwealth countries on the management of war graves in Indonesia was signed in 1964.[32]

New Order and East Timor edit

 
Paul Keating and Suharto during Keating's visit to Indonesia in April 1992

The avowedly anti-communist stance of new President Suharto and his "New Order" government was a point of common cause with successive Australian governments.[33] Australian foreign minister Paul Hasluck visited Indonesia to meet Suharto three times between August 1966 and January 1968 before Suharto's formal appointment as President of Indonesia in March 1968.[34] Australian prime minister John Gorton then visited Jakarta in June 1968, making only the second visit by any Australian prime minister to Indonesia.[35] Suharto made his first visit to Australia in 1972, and met with Prime Minister William McMahon.[36] Following his election in December 1972, Gough Whitlam met President Suharto in Yogyakarta in September 1974[37] and told him that he did not support East Timor's independence, claiming that it would destabilise the region.[38] The leaders again met in Townsville in 1975, Suharto's last visit to Australia.[39]

A cultural agreement encouraging wider mutual understanding and cooperation in culture, education, arts and sport was signed in 1968.[40] Australia contributed $1 million for the restoration and reconstruction of Borobudur in 1973.[41] In the same year, negotiations on seabed boundaries between Australia and Indonesia were concluded for an area in the Arafura Sea from west of Cape York to a point south of West Timor, excluding points south of Portuguese Timor.[42]

In the build-up to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975, five Australian journalists were killed in the East Timorese border town of Balibo. According to a 2007 Australian coronial enquiry, the journalists were deliberately shot by members of the Indonesian special forces.[43] According to Indonesia, the men were killed in cross-fire between the military and pro-independence militia.[44] Gough Whitlam made assurances that Australia would not intervene in the conflict, and encouraged Indonesian action to take over East Timor in 1975 on the basis of concerns over the left-leaning Fretilin movement. Subsequent killings and famine eliminated one-third, or 200,000, of the territory's population.[45] The new Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser met Suharto in October 1976,[46] offering de facto recognition of the Indonesian annexation of East Timor, which was followed by Australia's de jure recognition in 1979, the only foreign government to afford complete recognition of the incorporation.[36][47] The Balibo Five proved a significant sticking point in the relationship between Australia and Indonesia, a weakness which was compounded by a 1986 Sydney Morning Herald article which discussed Suharto's business dealings in a negative light.[48] The growing prominence of trade and investment for the relationship, however, led to the steady growth of trade between the two countries beginning in the 1980s, with average growth of up to 19%.[48]

The Timor Gap Treaty was signed in December 1989, and came into effect in 1991. The agreement established a zone of cooperation in the Timor Gap, an oil and gas rich area between the Australian and Indonesian maritime borders, and resolved competing claims between the two countries dating back to Indonesia's annexation of Timor.[49] The Maritime Boundary Treaty, signed in 1997, finalised the border in areas not already addressed by existing agreements.[50][51]

In 1992, an agreement was concluded for the avoidance of double taxation on income tax, and on co-operation to prevent tax evasion between the two countries.[52] Prime Minister Paul Keating visited Indonesia to meet Suharto a number of times in the 1990s. During a visit in 1994, he said:[53]

"No country is more important to Australia than Indonesia. If we fail to get this relationship right, and nurture and develop it, the whole web of our foreign relations is incomplete [and] ... the emergence of the New Order government of President Suharto, and the stability and prosperity which [it] has brought to [Indonesia] was the single most beneficial strategic development to have affected Australia and its region in the past thirty years. We need to encourage the use of popular media with positive input [such as] "Why can't we be friends? Why can't we be friends? Why can't we be friends? Why can't we be friends?" [this is] the exact sort of opinions we need".

Under Keating's government, the first Indonesia-Australia Ministerial Forum was held in 1994, and brought together ministers for foreign affairs, trade, immigration and the environment. Meetings were subsequently held every two years.[54][55][56] In December 1995, Australia and Indonesia signed a security agreement, committing both parties to consultation on "matters affecting their common security", to promotion of cooperative activities, and to joint responses to mutual threats. The agreement was viewed by some observers as a "surprise".[57]

An extradition treaty was signed in 1995, providing for extradition for a range of crimes, excluding 'political crimes' other than the attempted murder of a head of state.[58] In 1997, an agreement was signed regarding the use of nuclear energy for social and economic development.[59]

During the 1997 Asian financial crisis, Australia provided $8.8 million for programs designed to relieve issues caused by drought, increasing food prices and unemployment, particularly in eastern Indonesia. Australia made an additional $1 billion loan available to Indonesia as a form of 'second line' support, in the event that IMF assistance could not stabilise the rupiah.[48]

Secession of East Timor edit

Official visits
Year Indonesia Australia
1959 Menzies to Jakarta
1968 Gorton to Jakarta
1972 Suharto to Canberra McMahon to Jakarta
1973 Whitlam to Jakarta
1974 Whitlam to Yogyakarta
1975 Suharto to Townsville
1976 Fraser to Jakarta
1983 Hawke to Jakarta
1992 Keating to Jakarta
1994 Keating to Bogor
(APEC meeting)
1995 Keating to Bali
1996 Howard to Jakarta
2001 Gus Dur to Sydney Howard to Jakarta
2002 Howard to Jakarta
Howard to Bali
2003 Howard to Jakarta
2004 Howard to Jakarta
2005 Howard to Aceh
2006 Howard to Batam
2007 Rudd to Bali
2008 Rudd to Jakarta and Aceh
2010 SBY to Canberra Gillard to Jakarta
2012 SBY to Darwin Gillard to Bali
2013 Rudd to Jakarta, Bogor
Abbott to Jakarta and Bali
2014 Jokowi to Brisbane
(G20 meeting)		 Abbott to Batam
Abbott to Jakarta
2015 Turnbull to Jakarta
2017 Jokowi to Sydney
2018 Jokowi to Sydney
(ASEAN summit)		 Morrison to Jakarta
2019 Morrison to Jakarta
2020 Jokowi to Canberra
2022 Albanese to Jakarta and Makassar
Albanese to Bali (G20 meeting)
2023 Jokowi to Sydney Albanese to Jakarta
(ASEAN summit)
2024 Jokowi to Melbourne

Related videos (all produced by the ABC)

  • Political context of Konfrontasii, 1966.
  • Whitlam's visit to Indonesia, February 1973
  • Keating's visit to Indonesia, 1992.
  • SBY addressing the Parliament of Australia, 2010.
Further information: United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor

Relations reached a low point following East Timor's secession from Indonesia in 1999.[60] Following a United Nations agreement between Indonesia and Portugal,[61] a UN-supervised referendum held on 30 August 1999 offered a choice between autonomy within Indonesia and full independence. The people of East Timor voted overwhelmingly for independence. An Australian-led and Indonesian-sanctioned peacekeeping force, INTERFET, was sent into the territory to restore order following a violent 'scorched-earth' policy carried out by pro-integration militia and supported by elements of the Indonesian military.[citation needed]

In response to Australia's involvement, Indonesia abrogated the 1995 security pact, asserting that Australia's actions in East Timor were inconsistent with 'both the letter and spirit of the agreement'.[56] Official meetings were cancelled or delayed, including the Indonesia-Australia Ministerial Dialogue, which would not reconvene until March 2003. INTERFET was later replaced by a UN force of international police, UNTAET, which formed a detachment to investigate alleged atrocities.

Tampa affair and the War on Terror edit

The relationship came under strain in August 2001 during the Tampa affair, when Australia refused permission for the Norwegian freighter ship MV Tampa to enter Australian waters while carrying Afghan asylum seekers that it had rescued from a distressed fishing vessel in international waters. The Indonesian Search and Rescue Agency did not immediately respond to requests from Australia to receive the vessel. When the ship entered Australian territorial waters after being refused permission, Australia attempted without success to persuade Indonesia to accept the asylum seekers. Norway also refused to accept the asylum seekers and reported Australia to international maritime authorities. The incident prompted closer coordination between Indonesian and Australian authorities, including regional conferences on people smuggling, trafficking in persons and other transnational crime.[56]

In 2002, a terrorist attack in Kuta, Bali killed 202 people, including 88 Australians, and injured a further 240. Jemaah Islamiyah, a violent Islamist group, claimed responsibility for the attack, allegedly in retaliation for Australia's support for East Timorese independence and the War on Terror.[62][63] A subsequent attack in 2005 resulted in the deaths of a further 20 people, including 15 Indonesians and 4 Australians.[64]

The 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing was also perceived as targeted at Western interests in Indonesia; Al Qaeda claimed the attack was carried out by a Jemaah Islamiyah suicide bomber in response to actions of the United States and its allies, including Australia.[65] A 2004 attack on the Australian embassy in Jakarta by Jemaah Islamiyah resulted in the deaths of nine Indonesians. The following year, Indonesian diplomatic and consular premises in Australia received a number of hoax and threat messages. Since then, both the United States and Australian governments have issued warnings against travel to Indonesia, advising their citizens of a continued risk of attacks.[66]

These incidents prompted greater cooperation between law enforcement agencies in the two countries, building on a 1999 agreement on drug trafficking and money laundering.[67] The Australian Federal Police's Jakarta Regional Cooperation Team provided assistance to the Indonesian National Police, and has contributed to the Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation.[68] This relationship has attracted criticism, particularly following the arrest and sentencing of the Bali Nine, a group of nine Australians arrested in Denpasar while attempting to smuggle heroin from Indonesia to Australia.[69] The 2005 conviction of Schapelle Corby for attempting to smuggle drugs to Bali also attracted significant attention in the Australian media.[70]

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake prompted a significant humanitarian response from Australia, including a $1 billion aid package from the federal government, a further $17.45 million contribution from state and territory governments, and the commitment of 900 Australian Defence Force personnel to relief efforts in northern Sumatra and Aceh.[71] A telethon broadcast on Australia's three major commercial television networks called "Australia Unites: Reach Out To Asia" generated pledges of more than $10 million, contributing to total private aid of $140 million.[72]

The Eighth Australia-Indonesia Ministerial Forum (AIMF) was held in Bali on 29 June 2006 and was attended by five Australian and eleven Indonesian ministers. A key outcome was support for the conclusion of a security agreement, later realised as the Lombok Agreement, providing a framework for the development of the security relationship by the end of 2006 on defence, law enforcement, counter-terrorism, intelligence, maritime security, aviation safety, WMD non-proliferation, and bilateral nuclear cooperation for peaceful purposes.[73]

Australia-Indonesia-East Timor Trilateral Ministerial Meetings occurred three times to September 2006.[74]

Recent relations edit

2010

 
Yudhoyono and Kevin Rudd during Rudd's visit to Bogor, 5 July 2013.

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono visited Australia in April 2010, and became the second Indonesian leader to address federal parliament:[75]

Finally, I look forward to a day in the near future. The day when policy makers, academicians, journalists and other opinion leaders all over the world take a good look at the things we are doing so well together. And they will say: these two used to be worlds apart. But they now have a fair dinkum of a partnership. Why can't we all do likewise?

During the same visit, President Yudhoyono was appointed an Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia, the country's highest civilian honour, for strengthening the bilateral relationship, and promoting democracy and development.[76]

2011

A Four Corners documentary on animal cruelty in Indonesian abattoirs broadcast in May 2011 highlighted significant issues regarding the treatment and welfare of Australian live export cattle in Indonesia.[77] The public response to the documentary led Australia to ban live cattle exports to Indonesia in June 2011. The decision attracted significant criticism from the federal opposition, and Indonesia threatened to take the dispute to the World Trade Organization.[78] Following the establishment of a new "supply chain assurance regulatory model", exports resumed in July 2011.[79]

2013

In November 2013, documents leaked to The Guardian and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation reported that in 2009, the Australian Signals Directorate attempted to monitor the mobile phone calls of Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, his wife Ani Yudhoyono, and senior officials including foreign affairs spokesman Dino Patti Djalal and trade minister Hatta Rajasa.[80][81] The allegations followed earlier reports by Der Spiegel and Fairfax Media in October 2013, which suggested that Australian embassies and diplomatic posts in Asia were being used to intercept phone calls and data, including during the 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference.[82]

The allegations prompted Indonesia to immediately recall its ambassador to Australia, Nadjib Riphat Kesoema.[83] Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott initially declined to apologise or comment on the matter, prompting accusations from President Yudhoyono that he had "belittled" Indonesia's response to the issue.[83] Speaking to Parliament, Abbott argued that Australia "should not be expected to apologise for...reasonable intelligence-gathering activities".[83] Indonesia immediately responded by reviewing all areas of bilateral cooperation, including on issues around people smuggling, a major component of the Abbott government's Operation Sovereign Borders policy.[84]

2021

In September 2021, the foreign and defense ministers of Indonesia and Australia met in Jakarta and jointly urged the Taliban to respect the human rights of Afghan women and girls. They also discussed the possibility of Indonesian troops joining regular training exercises on Australian soil as part of strengthening defense ties.[85]

Trade and investment edit

 
Monthly value (A$ millions) of Australian imports from Indonesia since 1988
 
Monthly value (A$ millions) of Australian merchandise exports to Indonesia since 1988

Two-way trade between Australia and Indonesia was worth A$17.8 billion in 2018–19, an increase of 6.9% over the previous year.[3] Australian investment in Indonesia totalled $5.4 billion, while Indonesian investment in Australia grew 11% to $454 million over the same period. Austrade estimates that more than 400 Australian companies operate in Indonesia.[86]

Annual trade between Australia and Indonesia has grown, on average, by 1.5% for the five years to 2017–18, considerably slower than the annual average of 5.7% for Australia's total trade during the same period.[3] Trade with Indonesia represents 2% of Australia's total trade.[3] The Indonesia–Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, signed in 2019, removes tariffs from nearly all bilateral trade between the two countries.[86]

Australia and Indonesia are both members of the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area, signed in February 2009.[3] Both countries have concluded negotiations on Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IA-CEPA), intended to build upon existing agreements. Negotiations first started in 2010[87] Indonesia applies most favoured nation status to Australian imports, while Australia applies equivalent concessions through its developing country tariff rate.[88] and the agreement was signed in March 2019.[89]

Australia's primary exports to Indonesia include wheat, livestock (beef and cattle), petroleum, aluminium and cotton, while Indonesia's major exports include crude and refined petroleum, gold, iron, steel, and aluminium structures.[90] More than 15,000 Indonesians students are enrolled in Australian schools and universities, making a contribution of $500 million to the Australian economy.[3]

Indonesian imports of beef and cattle from Australia amount to about $12 billion annually. Since the trade began in the 1990s, more than 6.5 million cattle have been shipped to Indonesia.[91] Australia is a natural choice to supply Indonesian cattle needs due to its proximity that reduces shipping costs compared to other countries. Since 2009, when Indonesia adopted Law No. 18/2009 on Animal Husbandry and Animal Health, Indonesia can only import cattle from countries which are free from mouth and feet diseases which also favours Australia as the main source of beef.

The significance of Australian trade to Indonesia is less than that of its ASEAN co-members, particularly its close neighbours Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand, and also to major economic powers such as China, Japan and the United States. Australia is ranked 8th in Indonesia's import list.[92] Indonesia's highest trade volumes are with China, Japan, the United States, Singapore, Malaysia, India, South Korea, Thailand and Taiwan.[93][94]

Both nations are members of APEC and the East Asia Summit.

In 2020, both countries signed the IA-CEPA. Considered a milestone in the bilateral relations, it aims to improve economic relations, including Australian market access and Australian investment in Indonesia, reduce trade barriers for Indonesian exports (with both eliminating tariff posts), open a wider market for goods and services as well as opportunities in various fields, and increasing the amount of Indonesia exports and its competitiveness globally.[95][96][97]

Australian aid to Indonesia edit

Indonesia is the largest recipient of Australian aid, and Australia is the fourth-largest donor of foreign aid to Indonesia.[5][98] Australian development aid to Indonesia traces back to 1953 with Indonesia's participation in the Colombo Plan. For three decades, between 1967 and 2003, Australian aid programs to Indonesia were coordinated within the international arrangements established by the Inter-Governmental Group on Indonesia and the Consultative Group on Indonesia. Numerous projects were established such as the Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network, a project intended to address deficiencies in Indonesia's civil aviation system.[31]

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami saw the creation of the Australia-Indonesia Partnership for Reconstruction and Development, which was launched in early 2005 with A$1 billion of funding to assist with the rebuilding of communities in Aceh and other disaster-affected areas, and to promote economic growth across Indonesia.[99] Combined with the pre-existing Australia-to-Indonesia program, it boosted the value of Australia-to-Indonesia aid between 2005–2010 to $2 billion, including A$500 million in concessional loans.

In 2008, Australia provided funding of $650 million to Indonesia to assist its economy during the global financial crisis.[100] A further development partnership was announced by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd with President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in Jakarta the same year.[citation needed] Following the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires, Indonesia donated $1 million to assist with reconstruction in affected communities, in addition to a forensic team to assist in identifying the victims.[101][102]

Australian aid to Indonesia was worth A$331.3 million in 2018–19, and is estimated at A$298.5 million in 2019–20.[5] Australia's aid efforts in Indonesia primarily focus on infrastructure, economic governance, human development and social policy, including in the area of law and justice.[5] Recent AusAID programs have included funding for the construction and improvement of Islamic schools, a roads improvement project for eastern Indonesia, and the Indonesia Infrastructure Initiative, designed to improve water, sanitation, and transport infrastructure.[5][103][104][105] A report by the Australian National Audit Office into Australia's infrastructure programs found that although effective, they lacked explicit strategies for engagement in the sector, and did not effectively manage key risks, contributing to delays in the program's implementation.[106]

Aside from humanitarian efforts to combat poverty and rebuild tsunami-affected areas, development programs also include economic reforms and political governance in supporting anti-corruption measures in parliamentary and electoral institutions and in the financial sector. The Australian Electoral Commission formed a partnership with Indonesia's General Elections Commission (Komisi Pemilihan Umum, KPU), with the aim of improving its capacity and procedures in the lead-up to the 2014 presidential election.[107]

Migration edit

See also: Indonesian Australian
 
The number of permanent settlers arriving in Australia from Indonesia since 1991 (monthly)

In the 2011 Australian Census, 63,159 people listed their country of birth as Indonesia, of whom 38.1% were Australian citizens.[108] 30.5% of the current Indonesian population in Australia arrived in the country between 2006 and 2011, with the majority of earlier residents arriving after 1991.[108] In contrast with the broader Indonesian population, a quarter of Indonesian-born residents in Australia list Catholicism as their religion, followed by 19.4% who listed Islam. Most are employed as professional, clerical or administrative workers, or as labourers.[108]

According to the 2001 Australian census, 42.9% of Indonesian-born people living in Australia resided in New South Wales, followed by 24.7% in Victoria, 15.5% in Western Australia, and 10.4% in Queensland.[109] 40.7% listed their ancestry as Chinese, 39.8% as Indonesian, and 7.2% as Dutch.

Statistics Indonesia does not measure the number of Australian residents in Indonesia, however tourist arrivals indicate that 931,109 Australians visited Indonesia in 2011.[110] According to research conducted in 2009 by Bank Indonesia, there were approximately 45,384 foreigners working in Indonesia, of whom 5% (or 2,209) were Australian.[111] The majority (63%) of foreign workers were based in Jakarta, working mainly as professionals, technicians, and managers.[111]

Tourism and transportation edit

 
A Garuda Indonesia Airbus A330-300 landing at Melbourne Airport.
 
Australian residents travelling to Indonesia for less than one year, since 1991 (monthly)

Indonesia is Australia's second-most popular tourism destination after New Zealand. 2,137,537 passengers travelled between Australia and Indonesia in 2012, including 910,000 visitors to Indonesia.[112][113]

In 2012, Australia was Indonesia's 12th-largest inbound market for visitor arrivals, with the majority of visitors travelling for holiday or to visit relatives.[114]

Garuda Indonesia is the largest airline with routes between Australia and Indonesia, with 45% market share through its services from Jakarta and Denpasar to Sydney, Melbourne and Perth.[114] In March 2013, the airline announced plans to resume daily flights between Brisbane and Denpasar beginning in August.[115] Qantas also offers services between Sydney and Jakarta, while Virgin Australia, Indonesia Air Asia and Jetstar offer flights to Bali.[114]

A transport safety partnership between the two countries was established in 2007, and expanded in December 2012. The partnership covers air, sea, rail and road transport, providing for up to 27,500 seats between Indonesia and Australia's main airports each week.[116] The plans also include ship tracking arrangements, and an exchange program between the Australian Maritime Safety Authority and Indonesia's National Search and Rescue Agency aimed at speeding up asylum seeker boat rescues.[117]

Nineteen Australian passengers, including government officials Elizabeth O'Neill, Allison Sudradjat, and Australian Financial Review journalist Morgan Mellish, were killed when Garuda Indonesia Flight 200 crashed in Yogyakarta on 7 March 2007.[118] The following year, both countries signed a memorandum of understanding on air transport safety, which included $24 million of funding to train 40 Indonesian airworthiness inspectors, improve air traffic management, and enhance Indonesia's capacity to undertake investigation of transport accidents.[119]

Bilateral issues edit

Public opinion edit

Public opinion polls conducted by the Lowy Institute, an Australian foreign relations think tank, found that Australians rated their views towards Indonesia as 54 degrees, on a scale between 0 and 100 degrees ranging from 'very unfavourable' to 'very warm'.[120] This represented an increase of 4 degrees from the previous survey, conducted in 2006.[120] By contrast, in 2012 Indonesians rated their views towards Australia at 62 degrees, up from 51 degrees in 2006. This polling also found that in 2012, just under a third of Indonesians saw Australia as a potential threat to their country.[121] A 2003 study on Indonesian aspirants for a diplomatic position reported that 95% of them had anti-Australian sentiment.[122]

Polling conducted in 2006 also indicated that, in general, Australians agreed that "Indonesia is essentially controlled by the military" and that it represents a "dangerous source of Islamic terrorism". Nevertheless, more than three-quarters of respondents to the same survey said that "'it is very important that Australia and Indonesia work to develop a close relationship", with only 22% agreeing that "Australia and Indonesia are too different to develop a close relationship".[123]

Espionage allegations edit

Main article: Australia–Indonesia spying scandal

In October 2013, relations were strained due to allegations that the Australian Signals Directorate had in 2009 attempted to monitor the phone calls of senior Indonesian officials, including President Susilo Bambang Yudhiyono and his wife Ani Yudhoyono.[124] In response, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott said of the bilateral relations: "I will never say or do anything that might damage the strong relationship and the close cooperation that we have with Indonesia, which is all in all our most important relationship."[125] Indonesia then froze ties with Australia,[126] as Abbott refused to apologise.[127] Indonesians then protested Australia's actions, including burning the flag of Australia as Australians were warned to be vigilant in the country.[128] The Indonesian ambassador, Nadjib Riphat Kesoema, was recalled to Jakarta between November 2013 and May 2014 as a result of the disagreements between the two countries over the allegations.

Security edit

The proportion of Australian voters naming Indonesia as a security threat reached one in five after the Santa Cruz massacre in 1991, subsequently increasing to three in ten following the 1999 crisis in East Timor.[citation needed] In 2004, an Australian Strategic Policy Institute survey showed 29% of those polled identified Indonesia as 'most likely' to pose a security threat to Australia in the future, a slight decline from the figure of 31% recorded in 2001. In all surveyed periods, Indonesia was identified as Australia's foremost security threat.[129]

Polling conducted in 2009 suggested that 39% of Australians saw no specific country as representing a potential threat to Australia's security, followed by 20% naming Indonesia. In his 2010 speech to Australian parliament, President Yudhoyono described the perception of Indonesia as a military threat as a "preposterous mental caricature".[130] Indonesia's military is generally not considered to have the capability to invade Australia.[131] Public opinion surveys in Indonesia have indicated that Australia is its fourth most "warmly regarded" country, with significant support for closer ties in education, health, trade, and democracy.[132]

People smuggling edit

The issue of people smuggling and the movement of asylum seekers through Indonesia has attracted significant attention in the Australian media, particularly following the Tampa affair and the subsequent introduction of the "Pacific Solution" under the Howard government.[citation needed] Many asylum seekers seeking refuge in Australia transit through Indonesia, often waiting in Indonesia before attempting to reach Australia by boat.[133] According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, in 2012 there were 1225 refugees and 5429 asylum seekers registered with the United Nations in Indonesia.[134]

In 2002, the Bali Process was established to provide a framework for negotiations and to improve cooperation on the issue.[135] An expert panel on asylum seekers appointed by the Gillard government in 2012 advocated "high-level and broad-ranging bilateral cooperation" with Indonesia and Malaysia on the issue.[136]

Laws criminalising people smuggling were passed by the Indonesian parliament in 2011, and impose penalties of between five and 15 years in prison for those convicted. The laws include penalties for corrupt officials, and for failing to report officials, smugglers and asylum seekers guilty of immigration violations.[137] The same year, Australia contributed three patrol boats to assist Indonesian law enforcement officials in combatting the trade.[134] Australia also agreed to accept a further 400 asylum seekers from Indonesia.[134]

West Papua edit

See also: Papua conflict

The issue of alleged human rights abuses by the Indonesian military in West Papua region has attracted significant attention in Australia and several other Pacific states. Although Australia and most of the Pacific states officially recognises Indonesian sovereignty over the region, some members of parliament from the Labor, Greens and Liberal parties have expressed concerns over potential human rights breaches, and the lack of access for journalists and observers.[138][139]

In 2006, Australia's decision to grant temporary protection visas to 42 West Papuan asylum seekers who claimed they were being threatened by the Indonesian military, prompted Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono to recall Indonesia's ambassador to Australia.[140] Indonesian officials indicated that the issue could affect efforts to reduce people smuggling and guaranteed the safety of the group. The incident led to a "war of cartoons" between the two countries, after The Australian newspaper published a Bill Leak cartoon depicting the president as a dog mounting a Papuan, which prompted Indonesian student activists to demand to end closer ties with Australia.[141]

In 2008, five Australian citizens were detained by local authorities for attempting to enter Merauke town without visas.[142] The group were later sentenced to between two and three years in prison each, a ruling that was overturned by the Jayapura High Court. This decision was appealed in Indonesia's Supreme Court and subsequently rejected in June 2009.[142]

Live stock export edit

On 30 May 2011, ABC broadcast a report about how Australian cattle were slaughtered in Indonesian abattoirs.[143] The Ministry for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry responded on 7 June 2011 and suspended all live animal exports to Indonesia "for slaughter following evidence of animal welfare abuses in some abattoirs".[144] The ban caused beef scarcity and price-hikes in Indonesian markets, leading some in Indonesia to see Australia as an unreliable trade partner.[145]

Some 700,000 cattle are exported from Australia each year, the vast majority to Indonesia, and the meat and livestock industry feared that rural livelihoods could be destroyed if a blanket ban came into effect. After the ban, export dropped by 10–15%.[146] A total ban lasted for 5 weeks.[147]

Indonesian officials blamed local abattoirs for not meeting the halal standards, which fuelled the debate about self independence.[148] There is high demand for meat in Indonesia, due to the growing economy,[149] and Indonesians sought to become less dependent and improve their own industry, including by having Indonesian owned cattle stations in Australia.[150]

Indonesia responded to the ban by imposing quotas, seeking to punish Australia, but primarily impacting the rural economy. Eventually, both countries managed to normalise relations, boosting hopes for the future.[151]

In November 2013, the Australian spying scandal on Indonesia prompted Indonesia to review its trade policy with Australia, including the live cattle trade. Indonesian Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs, Hatta Rajasa, said that Indonesia should not depend on one country, and contemplated revising Law No. 18/2009 on Animal Husbandry and Animal Health, a country-based cattle importing system which favoured Australia. If it was revised, Indonesia could import cattle from other countries, except those not free from cattle mouth and feet disease, such as India.[91] Other countries including Brazil and Argentina have expressed interest in supplying Indonesian beef needs.

Capital punishment edit

See also: Capital punishment in Australia and Capital punishment in Indonesia

Australia last carried out a death sentence in February 1967 and abolition of the death penalty occurred as early as 1922 in the state of Queensland, with final abolishment in all jurisdictions by 1984. The death penalty in Indonesia has been permitted throughout its entire history, but no Australian citizen had been subject to it prior to 2015. The Australia-Indonesia Extradition Treaty agreed upon in 1992 precludes any extradition which might enable the death penalty to be carried out in either country.[152] According to an Australian Federal Police 2009 guideline released under Freedom of information laws, Australian police are required to consider the likelihood of the death penalty being imposed when deciding whether to extend any cooperation with law enforcement agencies overseas.[153]

The Bali Nine case in 2005 resulted in six death sentences being imposed either at trial or on appeal. Four of these were struck down on further appeal. In January 2015, Indonesian President Joko Widodo refused to grant clemency for Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, the two remaining Australians facing death sentences after their convictions as the orchestrators of the enterprise.[154] Australia pleaded with Indonesia not to execute the two Australians and some Australian tourists chose to boycott Bali in protest.[155] Prime Minister Tony Abbott called for Indonesia not to forget Australia's billion dollars worth of assistance following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.[156] Sukumaran and Chan were executed on 29 April 2015. In response, Prime Minister Tony Abbott recalled the Australian Ambassador to Indonesia, Paul Grigson, and suspended ministerial contact for about six weeks.[157]

Military edit

See also: Australia–Indonesia Security Agreements

60% of Australia's exports pass by its northern approaches near Indonesia.[158] Indonesia is also the most populous country neighbouring Australia, and is nearer by landfall to Australia than all countries excluding Papua New Guinea. A maritime boundary exists between Australia and Indonesia, and both countries have been concerned to definitively delimit that boundary for the purpose of protecting fisheries from encroachment,[159] and determining the limits of responsibility for vessels found in that area.

In response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, which resulted in widespread damage across northern Sumatra and Aceh, more than 900 Australian military personnel were sent to provide humanitarian aid in the area. This included 15 air traffic controllers, C-130 Hercules, helicopters, and HMAS Kanimbla.[160] In April 2005, a Royal Australian Navy Sea King helicopter crashed while attempting to land in Nias, resulting in the deaths of nine personnel.[160] Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, who was visiting Australia on a state visit at the time, bestowed posthumous medals of valour on the nine personnel killed in the crash,[161] while four men from a nearby village, Tuindrao, were presented with Australian Bravery Medals for their response to the crash, which two personnel survived.[162] They were the first Indonesians to receive the medal.[162]

In 2005, Australia's Special Air Service Regiment announced plans to resume cooperation with its Indonesian counterpart, Kopassus.[163] The new partnership would involve an officer training and exchange program at the SAS base in Perth, in addition to anti-guerilla training in Indonesia.[163] The partnership had been cancelled in 1999 following allegations of Indonesian human rights abuses and violence during the East Timorese crisis.[163][164]

The Lombok Treaty, a bilateral security agreement, was signed by Indonesia's foreign minister Hassan Wirajuda and his Australian counterpart, Alexander Downer, in 2006. The treaty commits both countries to cooperate and consult in the fields of defence and defence technology, law enforcement and combating transnational crime, counter-terrorism, and intelligence-sharing, as well as maritime and aviation security.[4]

A 2011 agreement between Australia and the United States to station up to 2,500 United States Marine Corps in Darwin was met with concern by Indonesia.[165] Indonesian foreign minister Marty Natalegawa highlighted the potential for the development to "provoke a reaction and counter-reaction", resulting in "[a] vicious circle of tensions and mistrust",[165] while the head of Indonesia's military warned that a greater US presence in the region could increase tension over territorial disputes in the South China Sea.[166]

IKAHAN, the Indonesia-Australia Alumni Association, was founded in 2011 to improve people-to-people links between both defence forces.[167]

In 2012, Indonesia took part in Exercise Pitch Black, a biennial warfare exercise conducted by the Royal Australian Airforce. For the first time, four Indonesian Air Force Sukhoi Su-27s took part in the exercise, which also included military aircraft from Singapore, Thailand, New Zealand and the United States.[168] The exercise marked the first time Indonesian military planes had appeared alongside those of a foreign country, and was described by both leaders as an example of "co-operation between Australian and Indonesian defence forces [going] from strength to strength".[168]

The same year, Indonesia accepted a gift of four Australian C-130 Hercules aircraft, a contribution intended to support humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations within Indonesia.[169] Following the second "2+2" dialogue between Australian and Indonesian foreign ministers in April 2013, Australia agreed to sell an additional five aircraft to Indonesia at "mates rates".[170]

Diplomacy edit

See also: List of Indonesian ambassadors to Australia and List of Australian ambassadors to Indonesia
 
Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and President Joko Widodo in Jakarta, 2015
 
Foreign Ministers Julie Bishop and Retno Marsudi meet in Indonesia

The two countries have maintained diplomatic relations since the Netherlands' recognition of Indonesian sovereignty in 1949.[1] Indonesia's first representative to Australia, Dr Usman Sastroamidjojo, was initially sent to Australia in 1947.[171] Dr Usman returned to Canberra in 1949, opening Indonesia's embassy in the Hotel Canberra, before moving to a permanent building in Yarralumla in 1971.[171] Indonesian consulates are located in Sydney, Melbourne, and Perth, and honorary consuls are located in Darwin and Adelaide.[172] The Indonesian Consulate in Darwin was first headed by the Honorary Consul, Mr Allen Keith Wilson (December 1974) and followed by Indonesian appointed Consuls : Mr Soedhoro (August 1980), Mr R. Soerodjo Pringgowirono (January 1982), Mr Benedictus Sarjono (September 1991), Mr Louis Roesli (April 2000), Mr Zacharias Manongga (2003), Mr Harbangan Napitupulu (2007), Mr Ade Padmo Sarwono (2012) and Mr Andre Omer Siregar (December 2014).

Indonesia's current ambassador to Australia, Siswo Pramono, was appointed in October 2021.[173]

Australia's largest foreign mission is its embassy in Jakarta; and there are Australian Consulates-General in Denpasar,[174] Makassar[175] and Surabaya.[176] Penny Williams, Australia's current Ambassador to Indonesia, was appointed in April 2021.

Australia and Indonesia participate in the following multilateral organisations:

Education edit

In 2011, more than 17,000 Indonesian students were enrolled in Australian schools, universities, and VET courses, the majority of whom were studying management, commerce, social sciences and hospitality.[180] Through the Australia Awards, Australia offers more than 250 educational and professional development scholarships to Indonesians, an initiative which commenced under the Colombo Plan.[5] More than 10,000 Indonesian students have studied at Australian universities under the scholarship program, including the Vice President of Indonesia, Boediono, and Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa.[181]

In 2011, 455 Australian students studied at Indonesian universities, a quarter of whom undertook semester-long programs.[182] The Australian Consortium for In-Country Indonesian Studies, or ACICIS, was founded at Murdoch University in 1994 to develop and coordinate study programs for Australian students in Indonesia, at institutions including Gadjah Mada University, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, and Atma Jaya University.[183] ACICIS was established to overcome academic, bureaucratic and immigration barriers that hinder Australian students to study in Indonesia. It also provides opportunities for cultural exchange. A 2019 ACICIS report stated that Indonesia ranked fourth most favourite country for Australian students in 2018 (with 1,402 out of a total of 14,522 Australian undergraduate students studying in the Indo-Pacific region).[184]

Indonesian language classes are taught in many Australia schools and universities. Between 1994 and 2002, funding provided by the Keating and Howard governments through the National Asian Languages and Studies in Australian Schools Strategy doubled Indonesian language enrolments in schools and universities.[185] A similar program was implemented by the Rudd and Gillard governments with the National Asian Languages and Studies in Schools Program between 2007 and 2012.[185]

Since 2001, however, enrolments have continued to decline.[185][186] Between 2001 and 2010, enrolments dropped by 40%, with fewer students studying Indonesian in 2012 than in 1972.[186] Australia identified Indonesian language studies as a 'nationally strategic language' in 2008, while a 2004 Senate inquiry into Australia's relationship with Indonesia recommended it should be designated a "strategic national priority".[187][188] The 2012 Australia in the Asian Century white paper further suggested that all school students should have access to one of four priority languages: Indonesian, Mandarin, Hindi and Japanese.[189]

As part of the IA-CEPA, Monash University and Western Australia University will establish campuses in Indonesia,[190] the first foreign campus in the country, with the hope of establishing long-term cooperation in education, research and industry.

Culture edit

Media edit

Radio Australia, a division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, produces Indonesian language programming broadcast on shortwave radio, by satellite, and online from studios in Southbank, Melbourne. In 2013, the potential closure of the station's shortwave broadcasts to Indonesia was flagged as a result of high costs and the growing popularity of news coverage online and through social media.[191] A daily Indonesian-language breakfast program is broadcast, in addition to English educational programming. On the other side, Voice of Indonesia, an overseas division of Radio Republik Indonesia, produces shortwave radio programming to English-speaking audiences, including Australians.

SBS Radio produces a regular Indonesian-language program targeted at Indonesian communities in Australia, while a number of newspapers, magazines and community radio stations including Ozip, BUSET, 3ZZZ and Buletin Indonesia also produce Indonesian-language content.[citation needed]

Fairfax Media and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation both have correspondents in Jakarta, while Indonesia's Kompas has a reporter in Sydney. [citation needed]

The ABC was the first Australian news organisation to establish a bureau in Indonesia, establishing offices in Jakarta in 1961 led by Ken Henderson.[192] Prior to this, Australian war correspondents covered World War II and the subsequent war of independence against the Netherlands. John Thompson, an ABC journalist, and Graeme Jenkins of the Melbourne Herald were amongst the first to be posted to the country. Indonesia was also covered from an ABC bureau in Singapore, led by Bruce Grant and Colin Mason, from 1956. The Year of Living Dangerously, a 1978 novel by Christopher Koch, described the experiences of an Australian journalist covering the 30 September Movement in 1965.[192]

In the build-up to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975, five Australian journalists were killed in the East Timorese border town of Balibo. According to a 2007 Australian coronial enquiry, the journalists had been deliberately shot by members of the Indonesian special forces.[43] According to Indonesia, the men were killed in cross-fire between the military and pro-independence militia.[44] As the crisis escalated, Australian journalists from the ABC, Radio Australia and the Sydney Morning Herald were expelled from the country between 1976 and 1980. The ban continued until 1983, when the Australian Associated Press was again permitted a resident correspondent in Jakarta.[192]

David Jenkins, a journalist for the Sydney Morning Herald, was expelled from Indonesia in 1986 following the publication of an article on corruption in Suharto's immediate family.[192] The article, which compared the family's fortune with Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos, was published on the front page of the newspaper, and eventually led to the expulsion of Jenkins from the country until 1994.[192] The Herald was not permitted to reopen its bureau in the country until 1995.[192]

Sport edit

With the exception of participation in the Arafura Games, sporting ties between the two nations are insignificant. No Indonesian athlete or sporting team has achieved a high profile by visiting Australia. Popular Australian sports such as rugby, cricket, Australian rules football, swimming and netball raise little interest in Indonesia. Both countries maintain professional Football (soccer) leagues: Liga Indonesia and A-league. The two leading teams from the Australian A-League and the champions of the Indonesian Liga compete in the Asian Champions League.

Youth Exchange edit

The Indonesian Students Association of Australia, or Perhimpuan Pelajar Indonesia Australia, was established in March 1981 as a community organisation for Indonesian students in Australia.[193] The PPIA has chapters at major universities in most Australian states and territories.[193] A reciprocal organisation, the Australia-Indonesia Youth Association, was established at the Australian National University in 2011, and now has chapters in all Australian capitals and Jakarta.[194]

The Australia Indonesia Institute, part of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, funds a number of programs designed to improve people-to-people links between young people, including the Australia Indonesia Youth Exchange Program and the Muslim Exchange Program.[195]

See also edit

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Further reading edit

  • Edwards, Peter; Goldsworthy, David (2003). The Century of Australian Engagement with Asia. Melbourne University Press (for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia). ISBN 0-522-85040-5.
  • Mackie, Jamie (2007). Australia and Indonesia: Current Problems, Future Prospects. Sydney: Lowy Institute for International Policy. ISBN 978-1-921004-30-8.
  • Monfries, John, ed. (2006). Different Societies, Shared Futures – Australia, Indonesia and the Region. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 981-230-386-3.
  • Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.
  • Abbondanza, Gabriele (2013). The Geopolitics of Australia in the New Millennium: the Asia-Pacific Context. Aracne. ISBN 978-88-548-6164-0.
  • Official Report of the Australian Parliamentary Delegation to Indonesia. Australian Government Publishing Service. 1983.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of Australia and Indonesia.
  • List of Australia-Indonesia Diplomatic Agreements
  • Australia-Indonesia Institute, Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
  • Report of the Joint Standing Committee on Treaties, Australia-Indonesia Maritime Delimitation Treaty, November 1997 (Recommends ratification of the Treaty)
  • List of UNHCR members

January 01, 1970
australia, indonesia, relations, australia, indonesia, have, established, diplomatic, relations, since, 1949, when, australia, recognised, indonesia, independence, historically, contact, between, australians, indonesians, began, early, 16th, century, prior, ar. Australia and Indonesia have established diplomatic relations since 1949 when Australia recognised Indonesia s independence 1 2 Historically contact between Australians and Indonesians began as early as the 16th century prior to the arrival of the Europeans through Makassan interactions with indigenous Australians on Australia s western and northern coasts Australian Indonesian relationsAustralia IndonesiaDiplomatic missionEmbassy of Australia JakartaEmbassy of Indonesia CanberraEnvoyAmbassador Penny WilliamsAmbassador Siswo Pramono The relationship has been characterised by growing mutual trade of A 17 8 billion in 2018 19 an increase of 6 9 over the previous year in addition to close links in government education and defence under the Lombok Treaty 3 4 Both nations are members of the G20 ASEAN Regional Forum the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC the ASEAN Free Trade Area the Indonesia Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement IA CEPA and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership RCEP among other organisations 5 Relations between the two countries are generally well though there have been some strained periods since 1949 most notably the Indonesia Malaysia confrontation where Australia sided with Malaysia the East Timor crisis in 1999 in which Australia plays a significant role the issues of West Papua asylum seekers and the disclosure of Australia s wiretapping on some Indonesian officials in 2013 Cooperation between the two has strengthened each other in various fields 6 including the economy Both are committed to an open economy by increasing trade and investment cooperation embodied in the IA CEPA which was ratified in February 2020 and took effect on 5 July 2020 In February 2020 both countries celebrated 70 years of diplomatic relations during Indonesian President Joko Widodo s visit to the Australian Parliament in Canberra 7 Contents 1 History 1 1 Pre European settlement 1 2 Colonization Federation and World War II 1 3 Indonesian independence 1 4 Sukarno era 1 5 New Order and East Timor 1 6 Secession of East Timor 1 7 Tampa affair and the War on Terror 1 8 Recent relations 2 Trade and investment 2 1 Australian aid to Indonesia 3 Migration 4 Tourism and transportation 5 Bilateral issues 5 1 Public opinion 5 2 Espionage allegations 5 3 Security 5 4 People smuggling 5 5 West Papua 5 6 Live stock export 5 7 Capital punishment 6 Military 7 Diplomacy 8 Education 9 Culture 9 1 Media 9 2 Sport 9 3 Youth Exchange 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External linksHistory editPre European settlement edit nbsp A Makassan perahu depicted in an Aboriginal rock painting See also Makassan contact with Australia and Javanese contact with Australia While some evidence suggests that sporadic contact between the peoples of the Indonesian archipelago and Indigenous Australians occurred as early as 16th or 17th century it was only with the commencement of the trepang trade in the 1750s that significant relations were first developed The trepangers departed from eastern Indonesian ports predominantly Makassar and Kupang and on arrival in Australia constructed shelters along with outdoor factories to process the trepang for trade with China 2 8 While they did not establish permanent settlements in Australia there was some intermarriage with Indigenous Australians and their decedents remain in northern communities to the present day At the height of the trade the trepangers visited thousands of kilometres of Australian coastline arriving with the monsoon season each December Their boats perahu carried up to 30 crew members and it is estimated that as many as 1 000 trepangers arrived each year 2 The crews established temporary settlements at various points along the coast to boil and dry the trepang before returning home to sell their cargo 9 Marege meaning wild country was their name for Arnhem Land from the Cobourg Peninsula to Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria while the north west coast was referred to as Kayu Jawa Using Daeng Rangka the last Makassan trepanger to visit Australia lived well into the 20th century and first made the voyage to northern Australia as a young man He recalled generally positive but occasionally conflicting relationships with Indigenous Australians and was the first trepanger to pay the South Australian government trepanging licence in 1883 an impost that made the trade less viable 10 The trade continued to dwindle toward the end of the 19th century due to the imposition of customs duties and licence fees This decline was probably compounded by overfishing 11 Using Daeng Rangka commanded the last perahu which left Arnhem Land in 1907 There is significant evidence of contact with the trepangers in the rock art and bark painting of northern Australia with the perahu featuring prominently in many locations 12 Studies by anthropologists have also found traditions that indicate the trepangers negotiated for the right to fish certain waters The exchange involved the trade of cloth tobacco metal axes and knives rice and gin The Yolngu of Arnhem land also traded turtle shell pearls and cypress pine and some were employed as trepangers 13 A Makassan pidgin became a lingua franca along the north coast not just between Makassan and Aboriginal people but also between different Aboriginal groups who were brought into greater contact with one another by the seafaring Makassar culture Words from the Makassarese language related to the Javanese and Indonesian languages can still be found in Aboriginal language varieties of the north coast examples include rupiah money 14 jama work 15 and balanda white person 16 17 It is speculated that the Makassans may have also been the first to introduce Islam to Australia 18 Colonization Federation and World War II edit nbsp An 1870 map depicting the Dutch East Indies Australia and New Zealand From the 1870s Indonesians were recruited to work in the pearling and sugar cane industries in northern Australia Around 1 000 Indonesians were living in Australia by Federation in 1901 almost all in Queensland and Western Australia With the introduction of the White Australia policy at this time most sugar workers returned to Indonesia although some pearl divers remained 19 In 1933 the Lyons government resolved to appointed trade commissioners to Hong Kong and Batavia present day Jakarta although the positions were not filled until February 1935 20 The Australian Eastern Mission of 1934 led by deputy prime minister John Latham was the first Australian diplomatic mission to the Dutch East Indies Latham spent eleven days there more than in any other country except Japan 21 During World War II many Indonesian nationalists were based in Melbourne 19 Following the surrender of Japan Australian forces participated in the occupation of eastern Indonesia in coordination with the British South East Asia Command s occupation of Java As Allies during the war the Australian and British governments claimed they were both under obligations to help the Netherlands restore their occupation over the former Dutch East Indies Australian forces participated in the Borneo campaign alongside US forces against the Japanese including the Battle of Balikpapan in 1945 22 On 17 August 1945 Indonesian nationalist leaders Sukarno and Mohammed Hatta proclaimed the independence of the Republic of Indonesia Indonesian independence edit Main article Indonesian National Revolution nbsp Australian Consul General Charles Eaton meeting with Sukarno in 1947 Despite sympathies among the political left for the Indonesian National Revolution Australia cautiously withheld de facto recognition of the Republic of Indonesia until 9 July 1947 albeit only over the regions of Java Sumatra and Madura citation needed Following disagreements over negotiations with Indonesian republicans the Netherlands launched a major military offensive Operation Product in Java and Sumatra on 20 July 1947 From that point until the Netherlands recognition of Indonesia s sovereignty in December 1949 Australian waterside workers banned Dutch vessels and vessels taking munitions and equipment to Indonesia which became known as the Black Armada 23 24 Australia referred the conflict to the United Nations Security Council UNSC on 30 July 1947 naming the Netherlands as the violators of the peace Later Australia raised the matter of Indonesia s decolonisation in the United Nations Two days later the UNSC ordered a cease fire and established a committee to broker a truce and a renewal of negotiations The Indonesian Republic nominated Australia to sit on the committee which produced the Renville Agreement of January 1948 1 The Dutch launched a second major military offensive Operation Crow and occupied Republican held territory in Java Following the Dutch Indonesian Round Table Conference from August to November 1949 the Republic s sovereignty over Indonesia was officially recognised by the Netherlands in December 1949 The Australian government led by Robert Menzies was amongst the first to recognise the new state 1 Both countries afforded each other most favoured nation with respect to trade and tariffs in 1959 an agreement which has continued to the present day with the exception of 1970 1972 25 Sukarno era edit See also Military history of Australia during the Indonesia Malaysia Confrontation The Menzies Government in Australia held strong reservations about Sukarno s flirtation with the Indonesian Communist Party PKI continuing through to 1965 Nevertheless in 1959 Robert Menzies was the first Australian Prime Minister to visit Indonesia 26 27 28 nbsp An Australian soldier on active duty during the Indonesia Malaysia confrontation Australia conducted warfare in aid of Malaysia during the period of Konfrontasi between April 1964 and August 1966 Australian forces in Sarawak were frequently deployed across the border into Indonesia to ambush patrols moving towards Malaysia during 1965 and 1966 29 Wary of direct conflict with Indonesia Minister for External Affairs Garfield Barwick characterised Australia s involvement as a carefully graduated response to British and Malayan requests for support 30 Seven Australians died in active service in the conflict 30 Throughout Australia sought to maintain aid to Indonesia including the development of the Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network a project which addressed deficiencies in Indonesia s civil aviation system and allowed international operators flying through Indonesian airspace including Australia s Qantas improved safety 31 Indonesia had joined the Colombo Plan in 1953 which also continued throughout the conflict The United States opted to withdraw foreign aid in 1964 prompting Sukarno s famous go to hell remark however the AFTN project amongst others continued in spite of shipping around Singapore and Malaysia 31 An agreement between Indonesia and several Commonwealth countries on the management of war graves in Indonesia was signed in 1964 32 New Order and East Timor edit nbsp Paul Keating and Suharto during Keating s visit to Indonesia in April 1992 The avowedly anti communist stance of new President Suharto and his New Order government was a point of common cause with successive Australian governments 33 Australian foreign minister Paul Hasluck visited Indonesia to meet Suharto three times between August 1966 and January 1968 before Suharto s formal appointment as President of Indonesia in March 1968 34 Australian prime minister John Gorton then visited Jakarta in June 1968 making only the second visit by any Australian prime minister to Indonesia 35 Suharto made his first visit to Australia in 1972 and met with Prime Minister William McMahon 36 Following his election in December 1972 Gough Whitlam met President Suharto in Yogyakarta in September 1974 37 and told him that he did not support East Timor s independence claiming that it would destabilise the region 38 The leaders again met in Townsville in 1975 Suharto s last visit to Australia 39 A cultural agreement encouraging wider mutual understanding and cooperation in culture education arts and sport was signed in 1968 40 Australia contributed 1 million for the restoration and reconstruction of Borobudur in 1973 41 In the same year negotiations on seabed boundaries between Australia and Indonesia were concluded for an area in the Arafura Sea from west of Cape York to a point south of West Timor excluding points south of Portuguese Timor 42 In the build up to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975 five Australian journalists were killed in the East Timorese border town of Balibo According to a 2007 Australian coronial enquiry the journalists were deliberately shot by members of the Indonesian special forces 43 According to Indonesia the men were killed in cross fire between the military and pro independence militia 44 Gough Whitlam made assurances that Australia would not intervene in the conflict and encouraged Indonesian action to take over East Timor in 1975 on the basis of concerns over the left leaning Fretilin movement Subsequent killings and famine eliminated one third or 200 000 of the territory s population 45 The new Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser met Suharto in October 1976 46 offering de facto recognition of the Indonesian annexation of East Timor which was followed by Australia s de jure recognition in 1979 the only foreign government to afford complete recognition of the incorporation 36 47 The Balibo Five proved a significant sticking point in the relationship between Australia and Indonesia a weakness which was compounded by a 1986 Sydney Morning Herald article which discussed Suharto s business dealings in a negative light 48 The growing prominence of trade and investment for the relationship however led to the steady growth of trade between the two countries beginning in the 1980s with average growth of up to 19 48 The Timor Gap Treaty was signed in December 1989 and came into effect in 1991 The agreement established a zone of cooperation in the Timor Gap an oil and gas rich area between the Australian and Indonesian maritime borders and resolved competing claims between the two countries dating back to Indonesia s annexation of Timor 49 The Maritime Boundary Treaty signed in 1997 finalised the border in areas not already addressed by existing agreements 50 51 In 1992 an agreement was concluded for the avoidance of double taxation on income tax and on co operation to prevent tax evasion between the two countries 52 Prime Minister Paul Keating visited Indonesia to meet Suharto a number of times in the 1990s During a visit in 1994 he said 53 No country is more important to Australia than Indonesia If we fail to get this relationship right and nurture and develop it the whole web of our foreign relations is incomplete and the emergence of the New Order government of President Suharto and the stability and prosperity which it has brought to Indonesia was the single most beneficial strategic development to have affected Australia and its region in the past thirty years We need to encourage the use of popular media with positive input such as Why can t we be friends Why can t we be friends Why can t we be friends Why can t we be friends this is the exact sort of opinions we need Under Keating s government the first Indonesia Australia Ministerial Forum was held in 1994 and brought together ministers for foreign affairs trade immigration and the environment Meetings were subsequently held every two years 54 55 56 In December 1995 Australia and Indonesia signed a security agreement committing both parties to consultation on matters affecting their common security to promotion of cooperative activities and to joint responses to mutual threats The agreement was viewed by some observers as a surprise 57 An extradition treaty was signed in 1995 providing for extradition for a range of crimes excluding political crimes other than the attempted murder of a head of state 58 In 1997 an agreement was signed regarding the use of nuclear energy for social and economic development 59 During the 1997 Asian financial crisis Australia provided 8 8 million for programs designed to relieve issues caused by drought increasing food prices and unemployment particularly in eastern Indonesia Australia made an additional 1 billion loan available to Indonesia as a form of second line support in the event that IMF assistance could not stabilise the rupiah 48 Secession of East Timor edit Official visits Year Indonesia Australia 1959 Menzies to Jakarta 1968 Gorton to Jakarta 1972 Suharto to Canberra McMahon to Jakarta 1973 Whitlam to Jakarta 1974 Whitlam to Yogyakarta 1975 Suharto to Townsville 1976 Fraser to Jakarta 1983 Hawke to Jakarta 1992 Keating to Jakarta 1994 Keating to Bogor APEC meeting 1995 Keating to Bali 1996 Howard to Jakarta 2001 Gus Dur to Sydney Howard to Jakarta 2002 Howard to JakartaHoward to Bali 2003 Howard to Jakarta 2004 Howard to Jakarta 2005 Howard to Aceh 2006 Howard to Batam 2007 Rudd to Bali 2008 Rudd to Jakarta and Aceh 2010 SBY to Canberra Gillard to Jakarta 2012 SBY to Darwin Gillard to Bali 2013 Rudd to Jakarta BogorAbbott to Jakarta and Bali 2014 Jokowi to Brisbane G20 meeting Abbott to BatamAbbott to Jakarta 2015 Turnbull to Jakarta 2017 Jokowi to Sydney 2018 Jokowi to Sydney ASEAN summit Morrison to Jakarta 2019 Morrison to Jakarta 2020 Jokowi to Canberra 2022 Albanese to Jakarta and Makassar Albanese to Bali G20 meeting 2023 Jokowi to Sydney Albanese to Jakarta ASEAN summit 2024 Jokowi to Melbourne Related videos all produced by the ABC Political context of Konfrontasii 1966 Whitlam s visit to Indonesia February 1973 Keating s visit to Indonesia 1992 SBY addressing the Parliament of Australia 2010 Further information United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor Relations reached a low point following East Timor s secession from Indonesia in 1999 60 Following a United Nations agreement between Indonesia and Portugal 61 a UN supervised referendum held on 30 August 1999 offered a choice between autonomy within Indonesia and full independence The people of East Timor voted overwhelmingly for independence An Australian led and Indonesian sanctioned peacekeeping force INTERFET was sent into the territory to restore order following a violent scorched earth policy carried out by pro integration militia and supported by elements of the Indonesian military citation needed In response to Australia s involvement Indonesia abrogated the 1995 security pact asserting that Australia s actions in East Timor were inconsistent with both the letter and spirit of the agreement 56 Official meetings were cancelled or delayed including the Indonesia Australia Ministerial Dialogue which would not reconvene until March 2003 INTERFET was later replaced by a UN force of international police UNTAET which formed a detachment to investigate alleged atrocities Tampa affair and the War on Terror edit The relationship came under strain in August 2001 during the Tampa affair when Australia refused permission for the Norwegian freighter ship MV Tampa to enter Australian waters while carrying Afghan asylum seekers that it had rescued from a distressed fishing vessel in international waters The Indonesian Search and Rescue Agency did not immediately respond to requests from Australia to receive the vessel When the ship entered Australian territorial waters after being refused permission Australia attempted without success to persuade Indonesia to accept the asylum seekers Norway also refused to accept the asylum seekers and reported Australia to international maritime authorities The incident prompted closer coordination between Indonesian and Australian authorities including regional conferences on people smuggling trafficking in persons and other transnational crime 56 In 2002 a terrorist attack in Kuta Bali killed 202 people including 88 Australians and injured a further 240 Jemaah Islamiyah a violent Islamist group claimed responsibility for the attack allegedly in retaliation for Australia s support for East Timorese independence and the War on Terror 62 63 A subsequent attack in 2005 resulted in the deaths of a further 20 people including 15 Indonesians and 4 Australians 64 The 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing was also perceived as targeted at Western interests in Indonesia Al Qaeda claimed the attack was carried out by a Jemaah Islamiyah suicide bomber in response to actions of the United States and its allies including Australia 65 A 2004 attack on the Australian embassy in Jakarta by Jemaah Islamiyah resulted in the deaths of nine Indonesians The following year Indonesian diplomatic and consular premises in Australia received a number of hoax and threat messages Since then both the United States and Australian governments have issued warnings against travel to Indonesia advising their citizens of a continued risk of attacks 66 These incidents prompted greater cooperation between law enforcement agencies in the two countries building on a 1999 agreement on drug trafficking and money laundering 67 The Australian Federal Police s Jakarta Regional Cooperation Team provided assistance to the Indonesian National Police and has contributed to the Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation 68 This relationship has attracted criticism particularly following the arrest and sentencing of the Bali Nine a group of nine Australians arrested in Denpasar while attempting to smuggle heroin from Indonesia to Australia 69 The 2005 conviction of Schapelle Corby for attempting to smuggle drugs to Bali also attracted significant attention in the Australian media 70 The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake prompted a significant humanitarian response from Australia including a 1 billion aid package from the federal government a further 17 45 million contribution from state and territory governments and the commitment of 900 Australian Defence Force personnel to relief efforts in northern Sumatra and Aceh 71 A telethon broadcast on Australia s three major commercial television networks called Australia Unites Reach Out To Asia generated pledges of more than 10 million contributing to total private aid of 140 million 72 The Eighth Australia Indonesia Ministerial Forum AIMF was held in Bali on 29 June 2006 and was attended by five Australian and eleven Indonesian ministers A key outcome was support for the conclusion of a security agreement later realised as the Lombok Agreement providing a framework for the development of the security relationship by the end of 2006 on defence law enforcement counter terrorism intelligence maritime security aviation safety WMD non proliferation and bilateral nuclear cooperation for peaceful purposes 73 Australia Indonesia East Timor Trilateral Ministerial Meetings occurred three times to September 2006 74 Recent relations edit 2010 nbsp Yudhoyono and Kevin Rudd during Rudd s visit to Bogor 5 July 2013 President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono visited Australia in April 2010 and became the second Indonesian leader to address federal parliament 75 Finally I look forward to a day in the near future The day when policy makers academicians journalists and other opinion leaders all over the world take a good look at the things we are doing so well together And they will say these two used to be worlds apart But they now have a fair dinkum of a partnership Why can t we all do likewise During the same visit President Yudhoyono was appointed an Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia the country s highest civilian honour for strengthening the bilateral relationship and promoting democracy and development 76 2011A Four Corners documentary on animal cruelty in Indonesian abattoirs broadcast in May 2011 highlighted significant issues regarding the treatment and welfare of Australian live export cattle in Indonesia 77 The public response to the documentary led Australia to ban live cattle exports to Indonesia in June 2011 The decision attracted significant criticism from the federal opposition and Indonesia threatened to take the dispute to the World Trade Organization 78 Following the establishment of a new supply chain assurance regulatory model exports resumed in July 2011 79 2013In November 2013 documents leaked to The Guardian and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation reported that in 2009 the Australian Signals Directorate attempted to monitor the mobile phone calls of Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono his wife Ani Yudhoyono and senior officials including foreign affairs spokesman Dino Patti Djalal and trade minister Hatta Rajasa 80 81 The allegations followed earlier reports by Der Spiegel and Fairfax Media in October 2013 which suggested that Australian embassies and diplomatic posts in Asia were being used to intercept phone calls and data including during the 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference 82 The allegations prompted Indonesia to immediately recall its ambassador to Australia Nadjib Riphat Kesoema 83 Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott initially declined to apologise or comment on the matter prompting accusations from President Yudhoyono that he had belittled Indonesia s response to the issue 83 Speaking to Parliament Abbott argued that Australia should not be expected to apologise for reasonable intelligence gathering activities 83 Indonesia immediately responded by reviewing all areas of bilateral cooperation including on issues around people smuggling a major component of the Abbott government s Operation Sovereign Borders policy 84 2021In September 2021 the foreign and defense ministers of Indonesia and Australia met in Jakarta and jointly urged the Taliban to respect the human rights of Afghan women and girls They also discussed the possibility of Indonesian troops joining regular training exercises on Australian soil as part of strengthening defense ties 85 Trade and investment edit nbsp Monthly value A millions of Australian imports from Indonesia since 1988 nbsp Monthly value A millions of Australian merchandise exports to Indonesia since 1988 Two way trade between Australia and Indonesia was worth A 17 8 billion in 2018 19 an increase of 6 9 over the previous year 3 Australian investment in Indonesia totalled 5 4 billion while Indonesian investment in Australia grew 11 to 454 million over the same period Austrade estimates that more than 400 Australian companies operate in Indonesia 86 Annual trade between Australia and Indonesia has grown on average by 1 5 for the five years to 2017 18 considerably slower than the annual average of 5 7 for Australia s total trade during the same period 3 Trade with Indonesia represents 2 of Australia s total trade 3 The Indonesia Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement signed in 2019 removes tariffs from nearly all bilateral trade between the two countries 86 Australia and Indonesia are both members of the ASEAN Australia New Zealand Free Trade Area signed in February 2009 3 Both countries have concluded negotiations on Indonesia Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement IA CEPA intended to build upon existing agreements Negotiations first started in 2010 87 Indonesia applies most favoured nation status to Australian imports while Australia applies equivalent concessions through its developing country tariff rate 88 and the agreement was signed in March 2019 89 Australia s primary exports to Indonesia include wheat livestock beef and cattle petroleum aluminium and cotton while Indonesia s major exports include crude and refined petroleum gold iron steel and aluminium structures 90 More than 15 000 Indonesians students are enrolled in Australian schools and universities making a contribution of 500 million to the Australian economy 3 Indonesian imports of beef and cattle from Australia amount to about 12 billion annually Since the trade began in the 1990s more than 6 5 million cattle have been shipped to Indonesia 91 Australia is a natural choice to supply Indonesian cattle needs due to its proximity that reduces shipping costs compared to other countries Since 2009 when Indonesia adopted Law No 18 2009 on Animal Husbandry and Animal Health Indonesia can only import cattle from countries which are free from mouth and feet diseases which also favours Australia as the main source of beef The significance of Australian trade to Indonesia is less than that of its ASEAN co members particularly its close neighbours Singapore Malaysia and Thailand and also to major economic powers such as China Japan and the United States Australia is ranked 8th in Indonesia s import list 92 Indonesia s highest trade volumes are with China Japan the United States Singapore Malaysia India South Korea Thailand and Taiwan 93 94 Both nations are members of APEC and the East Asia Summit In 2020 both countries signed the IA CEPA Considered a milestone in the bilateral relations it aims to improve economic relations including Australian market access and Australian investment in Indonesia reduce trade barriers for Indonesian exports with both eliminating tariff posts open a wider market for goods and services as well as opportunities in various fields and increasing the amount of Indonesia exports and its competitiveness globally 95 96 97 Australian aid to Indonesia edit Indonesia is the largest recipient of Australian aid and Australia is the fourth largest donor of foreign aid to Indonesia 5 98 Australian development aid to Indonesia traces back to 1953 with Indonesia s participation in the Colombo Plan For three decades between 1967 and 2003 Australian aid programs to Indonesia were coordinated within the international arrangements established by the Inter Governmental Group on Indonesia and the Consultative Group on Indonesia Numerous projects were established such as the Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network a project intended to address deficiencies in Indonesia s civil aviation system 31 The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami saw the creation of the Australia Indonesia Partnership for Reconstruction and Development which was launched in early 2005 with A 1 billion of funding to assist with the rebuilding of communities in Aceh and other disaster affected areas and to promote economic growth across Indonesia 99 Combined with the pre existing Australia to Indonesia program it boosted the value of Australia to Indonesia aid between 2005 2010 to 2 billion including A 500 million in concessional loans In 2008 Australia provided funding of 650 million to Indonesia to assist its economy during the global financial crisis 100 A further development partnership was announced by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd with President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in Jakarta the same year citation needed Following the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires Indonesia donated 1 million to assist with reconstruction in affected communities in addition to a forensic team to assist in identifying the victims 101 102 Australian aid to Indonesia was worth A 331 3 million in 2018 19 and is estimated at A 298 5 million in 2019 20 5 Australia s aid efforts in Indonesia primarily focus on infrastructure economic governance human development and social policy including in the area of law and justice 5 Recent AusAID programs have included funding for the construction and improvement of Islamic schools a roads improvement project for eastern Indonesia and the Indonesia Infrastructure Initiative designed to improve water sanitation and transport infrastructure 5 103 104 105 A report by the Australian National Audit Office into Australia s infrastructure programs found that although effective they lacked explicit strategies for engagement in the sector and did not effectively manage key risks contributing to delays in the program s implementation 106 Aside from humanitarian efforts to combat poverty and rebuild tsunami affected areas development programs also include economic reforms and political governance in supporting anti corruption measures in parliamentary and electoral institutions and in the financial sector The Australian Electoral Commission formed a partnership with Indonesia s General Elections Commission Komisi Pemilihan Umum KPU with the aim of improving its capacity and procedures in the lead up to the 2014 presidential election 107 Migration editSee also Indonesian Australian nbsp The number of permanent settlers arriving in Australia from Indonesia since 1991 monthly In the 2011 Australian Census 63 159 people listed their country of birth as Indonesia of whom 38 1 were Australian citizens 108 30 5 of the current Indonesian population in Australia arrived in the country between 2006 and 2011 with the majority of earlier residents arriving after 1991 108 In contrast with the broader Indonesian population a quarter of Indonesian born residents in Australia list Catholicism as their religion followed by 19 4 who listed Islam Most are employed as professional clerical or administrative workers or as labourers 108 According to the 2001 Australian census 42 9 of Indonesian born people living in Australia resided in New South Wales followed by 24 7 in Victoria 15 5 in Western Australia and 10 4 in Queensland 109 40 7 listed their ancestry as Chinese 39 8 as Indonesian and 7 2 as Dutch Statistics Indonesia does not measure the number of Australian residents in Indonesia however tourist arrivals indicate that 931 109 Australians visited Indonesia in 2011 110 According to research conducted in 2009 by Bank Indonesia there were approximately 45 384 foreigners working in Indonesia of whom 5 or 2 209 were Australian 111 The majority 63 of foreign workers were based in Jakarta working mainly as professionals technicians and managers 111 Tourism and transportation edit nbsp A Garuda Indonesia Airbus A330 300 landing at Melbourne Airport nbsp Australian residents travelling to Indonesia for less than one year since 1991 monthly Indonesia is Australia s second most popular tourism destination after New Zealand 2 137 537 passengers travelled between Australia and Indonesia in 2012 including 910 000 visitors to Indonesia 112 113 In 2012 Australia was Indonesia s 12th largest inbound market for visitor arrivals with the majority of visitors travelling for holiday or to visit relatives 114 Garuda Indonesia is the largest airline with routes between Australia and Indonesia with 45 market share through its services from Jakarta and Denpasar to Sydney Melbourne and Perth 114 In March 2013 the airline announced plans to resume daily flights between Brisbane and Denpasar beginning in August 115 Qantas also offers services between Sydney and Jakarta while Virgin Australia Indonesia Air Asia and Jetstar offer flights to Bali 114 A transport safety partnership between the two countries was established in 2007 and expanded in December 2012 The partnership covers air sea rail and road transport providing for up to 27 500 seats between Indonesia and Australia s main airports each week 116 The plans also include ship tracking arrangements and an exchange program between the Australian Maritime Safety Authority and Indonesia s National Search and Rescue Agency aimed at speeding up asylum seeker boat rescues 117 Nineteen Australian passengers including government officials Elizabeth O Neill Allison Sudradjat and Australian Financial Review journalist Morgan Mellish were killed when Garuda Indonesia Flight 200 crashed in Yogyakarta on 7 March 2007 118 The following year both countries signed a memorandum of understanding on air transport safety which included 24 million of funding to train 40 Indonesian airworthiness inspectors improve air traffic management and enhance Indonesia s capacity to undertake investigation of transport accidents 119 Bilateral issues editPublic opinion edit Public opinion polls conducted by the Lowy Institute an Australian foreign relations think tank found that Australians rated their views towards Indonesia as 54 degrees on a scale between 0 and 100 degrees ranging from very unfavourable to very warm 120 This represented an increase of 4 degrees from the previous survey conducted in 2006 120 By contrast in 2012 Indonesians rated their views towards Australia at 62 degrees up from 51 degrees in 2006 This polling also found that in 2012 just under a third of Indonesians saw Australia as a potential threat to their country 121 A 2003 study on Indonesian aspirants for a diplomatic position reported that 95 of them had anti Australian sentiment 122 Polling conducted in 2006 also indicated that in general Australians agreed that Indonesia is essentially controlled by the military and that it represents a dangerous source of Islamic terrorism Nevertheless more than three quarters of respondents to the same survey said that it is very important that Australia and Indonesia work to develop a close relationship with only 22 agreeing that Australia and Indonesia are too different to develop a close relationship 123 Espionage allegations edit Main article Australia Indonesia spying scandal In October 2013 relations were strained due to allegations that the Australian Signals Directorate had in 2009 attempted to monitor the phone calls of senior Indonesian officials including President Susilo Bambang Yudhiyono and his wife Ani Yudhoyono 124 In response Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott said of the bilateral relations I will never say or do anything that might damage the strong relationship and the close cooperation that we have with Indonesia which is all in all our most important relationship 125 Indonesia then froze ties with Australia 126 as Abbott refused to apologise 127 Indonesians then protested Australia s actions including burning the flag of Australia as Australians were warned to be vigilant in the country 128 The Indonesian ambassador Nadjib Riphat Kesoema was recalled to Jakarta between November 2013 and May 2014 as a result of the disagreements between the two countries over the allegations Security edit The proportion of Australian voters naming Indonesia as a security threat reached one in five after the Santa Cruz massacre in 1991 subsequently increasing to three in ten following the 1999 crisis in East Timor citation needed In 2004 an Australian Strategic Policy Institute survey showed 29 of those polled identified Indonesia as most likely to pose a security threat to Australia in the future a slight decline from the figure of 31 recorded in 2001 In all surveyed periods Indonesia was identified as Australia s foremost security threat 129 Polling conducted in 2009 suggested that 39 of Australians saw no specific country as representing a potential threat to Australia s security followed by 20 naming Indonesia In his 2010 speech to Australian parliament President Yudhoyono described the perception of Indonesia as a military threat as a preposterous mental caricature 130 Indonesia s military is generally not considered to have the capability to invade Australia 131 Public opinion surveys in Indonesia have indicated that Australia is its fourth most warmly regarded country with significant support for closer ties in education health trade and democracy 132 People smuggling edit The issue of people smuggling and the movement of asylum seekers through Indonesia has attracted significant attention in the Australian media particularly following the Tampa affair and the subsequent introduction of the Pacific Solution under the Howard government citation needed Many asylum seekers seeking refuge in Australia transit through Indonesia often waiting in Indonesia before attempting to reach Australia by boat 133 According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in 2012 there were 1225 refugees and 5429 asylum seekers registered with the United Nations in Indonesia 134 In 2002 the Bali Process was established to provide a framework for negotiations and to improve cooperation on the issue 135 An expert panel on asylum seekers appointed by the Gillard government in 2012 advocated high level and broad ranging bilateral cooperation with Indonesia and Malaysia on the issue 136 Laws criminalising people smuggling were passed by the Indonesian parliament in 2011 and impose penalties of between five and 15 years in prison for those convicted The laws include penalties for corrupt officials and for failing to report officials smugglers and asylum seekers guilty of immigration violations 137 The same year Australia contributed three patrol boats to assist Indonesian law enforcement officials in combatting the trade 134 Australia also agreed to accept a further 400 asylum seekers from Indonesia 134 West Papua edit See also Papua conflict The issue of alleged human rights abuses by the Indonesian military in West Papua region has attracted significant attention in Australia and several other Pacific states Although Australia and most of the Pacific states officially recognises Indonesian sovereignty over the region some members of parliament from the Labor Greens and Liberal parties have expressed concerns over potential human rights breaches and the lack of access for journalists and observers 138 139 In 2006 Australia s decision to grant temporary protection visas to 42 West Papuan asylum seekers who claimed they were being threatened by the Indonesian military prompted Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono to recall Indonesia s ambassador to Australia 140 Indonesian officials indicated that the issue could affect efforts to reduce people smuggling and guaranteed the safety of the group The incident led to a war of cartoons between the two countries after The Australian newspaper published a Bill Leak cartoon depicting the president as a dog mounting a Papuan which prompted Indonesian student activists to demand to end closer ties with Australia 141 In 2008 five Australian citizens were detained by local authorities for attempting to enter Merauke town without visas 142 The group were later sentenced to between two and three years in prison each a ruling that was overturned by the Jayapura High Court This decision was appealed in Indonesia s Supreme Court and subsequently rejected in June 2009 142 Live stock export edit On 30 May 2011 ABC broadcast a report about how Australian cattle were slaughtered in Indonesian abattoirs 143 The Ministry for Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry responded on 7 June 2011 and suspended all live animal exports to Indonesia for slaughter following evidence of animal welfare abuses in some abattoirs 144 The ban caused beef scarcity and price hikes in Indonesian markets leading some in Indonesia to see Australia as an unreliable trade partner 145 Some 700 000 cattle are exported from Australia each year the vast majority to Indonesia and the meat and livestock industry feared that rural livelihoods could be destroyed if a blanket ban came into effect After the ban export dropped by 10 15 146 A total ban lasted for 5 weeks 147 Indonesian officials blamed local abattoirs for not meeting the halal standards which fuelled the debate about self independence 148 There is high demand for meat in Indonesia due to the growing economy 149 and Indonesians sought to become less dependent and improve their own industry including by having Indonesian owned cattle stations in Australia 150 Indonesia responded to the ban by imposing quotas seeking to punish Australia but primarily impacting the rural economy Eventually both countries managed to normalise relations boosting hopes for the future 151 In November 2013 the Australian spying scandal on Indonesia prompted Indonesia to review its trade policy with Australia including the live cattle trade Indonesian Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs Hatta Rajasa said that Indonesia should not depend on one country and contemplated revising Law No 18 2009 on Animal Husbandry and Animal Health a country based cattle importing system which favoured Australia If it was revised Indonesia could import cattle from other countries except those not free from cattle mouth and feet disease such as India 91 Other countries including Brazil and Argentina have expressed interest in supplying Indonesian beef needs Capital punishment edit See also Capital punishment in Australia and Capital punishment in Indonesia Australia last carried out a death sentence in February 1967 and abolition of the death penalty occurred as early as 1922 in the state of Queensland with final abolishment in all jurisdictions by 1984 The death penalty in Indonesia has been permitted throughout its entire history but no Australian citizen had been subject to it prior to 2015 The Australia Indonesia Extradition Treaty agreed upon in 1992 precludes any extradition which might enable the death penalty to be carried out in either country 152 According to an Australian Federal Police 2009 guideline released under Freedom of information laws Australian police are required to consider the likelihood of the death penalty being imposed when deciding whether to extend any cooperation with law enforcement agencies overseas 153 The Bali Nine case in 2005 resulted in six death sentences being imposed either at trial or on appeal Four of these were struck down on further appeal In January 2015 Indonesian President Joko Widodo refused to grant clemency for Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran the two remaining Australians facing death sentences after their convictions as the orchestrators of the enterprise 154 Australia pleaded with Indonesia not to execute the two Australians and some Australian tourists chose to boycott Bali in protest 155 Prime Minister Tony Abbott called for Indonesia not to forget Australia s billion dollars worth of assistance following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 156 Sukumaran and Chan were executed on 29 April 2015 In response Prime Minister Tony Abbott recalled the Australian Ambassador to Indonesia Paul Grigson and suspended ministerial contact for about six weeks 157 Military editSee also Australia Indonesia Security Agreements 60 of Australia s exports pass by its northern approaches near Indonesia 158 Indonesia is also the most populous country neighbouring Australia and is nearer by landfall to Australia than all countries excluding Papua New Guinea A maritime boundary exists between Australia and Indonesia and both countries have been concerned to definitively delimit that boundary for the purpose of protecting fisheries from encroachment 159 and determining the limits of responsibility for vessels found in that area In response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami which resulted in widespread damage across northern Sumatra and Aceh more than 900 Australian military personnel were sent to provide humanitarian aid in the area This included 15 air traffic controllers C 130 Hercules helicopters and HMAS Kanimbla 160 In April 2005 a Royal Australian Navy Sea King helicopter crashed while attempting to land in Nias resulting in the deaths of nine personnel 160 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono who was visiting Australia on a state visit at the time bestowed posthumous medals of valour on the nine personnel killed in the crash 161 while four men from a nearby village Tuindrao were presented with Australian Bravery Medals for their response to the crash which two personnel survived 162 They were the first Indonesians to receive the medal 162 In 2005 Australia s Special Air Service Regiment announced plans to resume cooperation with its Indonesian counterpart Kopassus 163 The new partnership would involve an officer training and exchange program at the SAS base in Perth in addition to anti guerilla training in Indonesia 163 The partnership had been cancelled in 1999 following allegations of Indonesian human rights abuses and violence during the East Timorese crisis 163 164 The Lombok Treaty a bilateral security agreement was signed by Indonesia s foreign minister Hassan Wirajuda and his Australian counterpart Alexander Downer in 2006 The treaty commits both countries to cooperate and consult in the fields of defence and defence technology law enforcement and combating transnational crime counter terrorism and intelligence sharing as well as maritime and aviation security 4 A 2011 agreement between Australia and the United States to station up to 2 500 United States Marine Corps in Darwin was met with concern by Indonesia 165 Indonesian foreign minister Marty Natalegawa highlighted the potential for the development to provoke a reaction and counter reaction resulting in a vicious circle of tensions and mistrust 165 while the head of Indonesia s military warned that a greater US presence in the region could increase tension over territorial disputes in the South China Sea 166 IKAHAN the Indonesia Australia Alumni Association was founded in 2011 to improve people to people links between both defence forces 167 In 2012 Indonesia took part in Exercise Pitch Black a biennial warfare exercise conducted by the Royal Australian Airforce For the first time four Indonesian Air Force Sukhoi Su 27s took part in the exercise which also included military aircraft from Singapore Thailand New Zealand and the United States 168 The exercise marked the first time Indonesian military planes had appeared alongside those of a foreign country and was described by both leaders as an example of co operation between Australian and Indonesian defence forces going from strength to strength 168 The same year Indonesia accepted a gift of four Australian C 130 Hercules aircraft a contribution intended to support humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations within Indonesia 169 Following the second 2 2 dialogue between Australian and Indonesian foreign ministers in April 2013 Australia agreed to sell an additional five aircraft to Indonesia at mates rates 170 Diplomacy editSee also List of Indonesian ambassadors to Australia and List of Australian ambassadors to Indonesia nbsp Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and President Joko Widodo in Jakarta 2015 nbsp Foreign Ministers Julie Bishop and Retno Marsudi meet in Indonesia The two countries have maintained diplomatic relations since the Netherlands recognition of Indonesian sovereignty in 1949 1 Indonesia s first representative to Australia Dr Usman Sastroamidjojo was initially sent to Australia in 1947 171 Dr Usman returned to Canberra in 1949 opening Indonesia s embassy in the Hotel Canberra before moving to a permanent building in Yarralumla in 1971 171 Indonesian consulates are located in Sydney Melbourne and Perth and honorary consuls are located in Darwin and Adelaide 172 The Indonesian Consulate in Darwin was first headed by the Honorary Consul Mr Allen Keith Wilson December 1974 and followed by Indonesian appointed Consuls Mr Soedhoro August 1980 Mr R Soerodjo Pringgowirono January 1982 Mr Benedictus Sarjono September 1991 Mr Louis Roesli April 2000 Mr Zacharias Manongga 2003 Mr Harbangan Napitupulu 2007 Mr Ade Padmo Sarwono 2012 and Mr Andre Omer Siregar December 2014 Indonesia s current ambassador to Australia Siswo Pramono was appointed in October 2021 173 Australia s largest foreign mission is its embassy in Jakarta and there are Australian Consulates General in Denpasar 174 Makassar 175 and Surabaya 176 Penny Williams Australia s current Ambassador to Indonesia was appointed in April 2021 Australia and Indonesia participate in the following multilateral organisations ASEAN Regional Forum ASEAN Treaty of Amity and Cooperation 177 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Asian Development Bank Cairns Group Colombo Plan Conference on Disarmament 178 East Asia Summit G20 International Organization for Migration Kyoto Protocol Pacific Economic Cooperation Council United Nations World Bank Group World Trade Organization 179 Education editIn 2011 more than 17 000 Indonesian students were enrolled in Australian schools universities and VET courses the majority of whom were studying management commerce social sciences and hospitality 180 Through the Australia Awards Australia offers more than 250 educational and professional development scholarships to Indonesians an initiative which commenced under the Colombo Plan 5 More than 10 000 Indonesian students have studied at Australian universities under the scholarship program including the Vice President of Indonesia Boediono and Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa 181 In 2011 455 Australian students studied at Indonesian universities a quarter of whom undertook semester long programs 182 The Australian Consortium for In Country Indonesian Studies or ACICIS was founded at Murdoch University in 1994 to develop and coordinate study programs for Australian students in Indonesia at institutions including Gadjah Mada University Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang and Atma Jaya University 183 ACICIS was established to overcome academic bureaucratic and immigration barriers that hinder Australian students to study in Indonesia It also provides opportunities for cultural exchange A 2019 ACICIS report stated that Indonesia ranked fourth most favourite country for Australian students in 2018 with 1 402 out of a total of 14 522 Australian undergraduate students studying in the Indo Pacific region 184 Indonesian language classes are taught in many Australia schools and universities Between 1994 and 2002 funding provided by the Keating and Howard governments through the National Asian Languages and Studies in Australian Schools Strategy doubled Indonesian language enrolments in schools and universities 185 A similar program was implemented by the Rudd and Gillard governments with the National Asian Languages and Studies in Schools Program between 2007 and 2012 185 Since 2001 however enrolments have continued to decline 185 186 Between 2001 and 2010 enrolments dropped by 40 with fewer students studying Indonesian in 2012 than in 1972 186 Australia identified Indonesian language studies as a nationally strategic language in 2008 while a 2004 Senate inquiry into Australia s relationship with Indonesia recommended it should be designated a strategic national priority 187 188 The 2012 Australia in the Asian Century white paper further suggested that all school students should have access to one of four priority languages Indonesian Mandarin Hindi and Japanese 189 As part of the IA CEPA Monash University and Western Australia University will establish campuses in Indonesia 190 the first foreign campus in the country with the hope of establishing long term cooperation in education research and industry Culture editMedia edit Radio Australia a division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation produces Indonesian language programming broadcast on shortwave radio by satellite and online from studios in Southbank Melbourne In 2013 the potential closure of the station s shortwave broadcasts to Indonesia was flagged as a result of high costs and the growing popularity of news coverage online and through social media 191 A daily Indonesian language breakfast program is broadcast in addition to English educational programming On the other side Voice of Indonesia an overseas division of Radio Republik Indonesia produces shortwave radio programming to English speaking audiences including Australians SBS Radio produces a regular Indonesian language program targeted at Indonesian communities in Australia while a number of newspapers magazines and community radio stations including Ozip BUSET 3ZZZ and Buletin Indonesia also produce Indonesian language content citation needed Fairfax Media and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation both have correspondents in Jakarta while Indonesia s Kompas has a reporter in Sydney citation needed The ABC was the first Australian news organisation to establish a bureau in Indonesia establishing offices in Jakarta in 1961 led by Ken Henderson 192 Prior to this Australian war correspondents covered World War II and the subsequent war of independence against the Netherlands John Thompson an ABC journalist and Graeme Jenkins of the Melbourne Herald were amongst the first to be posted to the country Indonesia was also covered from an ABC bureau in Singapore led by Bruce Grant and Colin Mason from 1956 The Year of Living Dangerously a 1978 novel by Christopher Koch described the experiences of an Australian journalist covering the 30 September Movement in 1965 192 In the build up to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975 five Australian journalists were killed in the East Timorese border town of Balibo According to a 2007 Australian coronial enquiry the journalists had been deliberately shot by members of the Indonesian special forces 43 According to Indonesia the men were killed in cross fire between the military and pro independence militia 44 As the crisis escalated Australian journalists from the ABC Radio Australia and the Sydney Morning Herald were expelled from the country between 1976 and 1980 The ban continued until 1983 when the Australian Associated Press was again permitted a resident correspondent in Jakarta 192 David Jenkins a journalist for the Sydney Morning Herald was expelled from Indonesia in 1986 following the publication of an article on corruption in Suharto s immediate family 192 The article which compared the family s fortune with Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos was published on the front page of the newspaper and eventually led to the expulsion of Jenkins from the country until 1994 192 The Herald was not permitted to reopen its bureau in the country until 1995 192 Sport edit With the exception of participation in the Arafura Games sporting ties between the two nations are insignificant No Indonesian athlete or sporting team has achieved a high profile by visiting Australia Popular Australian sports such as rugby cricket Australian rules football swimming and netball raise little interest in Indonesia Both countries maintain professional Football soccer leagues Liga Indonesia and A league The two leading teams from the Australian A League and the champions of the Indonesian Liga compete in the Asian Champions League Youth Exchange edit The Indonesian Students Association of Australia or Perhimpuan Pelajar Indonesia Australia was established in March 1981 as a community organisation for Indonesian students in Australia 193 The PPIA has chapters at major universities in most Australian states and territories 193 A reciprocal organisation the Australia Indonesia Youth Association was established at the Australian National University in 2011 and now has chapters in all Australian capitals and Jakarta 194 The Australia Indonesia Institute part of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade funds a number of programs designed to improve people to people links between young people including the Australia Indonesia Youth Exchange Program and the Muslim Exchange Program 195 See also editAustralian Aid Australia Indonesia border Australia Indonesia prisoner exchange agreement negotiations Bali Nine Foreign relations of Australia Foreign relations of Indonesia List of ambassadors of Australia to Indonesia List of ambassadors of Indonesia to Australia Merauke Five Australia Netherlands relations Indonesia Netherlands relationsReferences edit a b c d Australia amp Indonesia s Independence The Transfer Of Sovereignty Documents 1949 Minister for Foreign Affairs Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 Retrieved 11 May 2013 a b c MacKnight C C 1976 The Voyage to Marege Macassan Trepangers in Northern Australia Melbourne University Press ISBN 0 522 84088 4 a b c d e f Australia s trade in goods and services 2018 19 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived from the original on 5 June 2020 Retrieved 5 June 2020 a b Thompson Geoff 14 November 2006 Australia Indonesia sign security pact AM Australian Broadcasting Corporation Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 20 May 2013 a b c d e f Overview of 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Australian Engagement with Asia Melbourne University Press for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Australia ISBN 0 522 85040 5 Mackie Jamie 2007 Australia and Indonesia Current Problems Future Prospects Sydney Lowy Institute for International Policy ISBN 978 1 921004 30 8 Monfries John ed 2006 Different Societies Shared Futures Australia Indonesia and the Region Singapore Institute of Southeast Asian Studies ISBN 981 230 386 3 Vickers Adrian 2005 A History of Modern Indonesia Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 54262 6 Abbondanza Gabriele 2013 The Geopolitics of Australia in the New Millennium the Asia Pacific Context Aracne ISBN 978 88 548 6164 0 Official Report of the Australian Parliamentary Delegation to Indonesia Australian Government Publishing Service 1983 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of Australia and Indonesia List of Australia Indonesia Diplomatic Agreements Australia Indonesia Institute Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade AUSAID Australia Indonesia Partnership Indonesian Embassy Canberra Australian Embassy Jakarta Map of Australian maritime boundaries Geoscience Australia 2002 Report of the Joint Standing Committee on Treaties Australia Indonesia Maritime Delimitation Treaty November 1997 Recommends ratification of the Treaty UNHCR Treaty List of UNHCR members Portals nbsp Australia nbsp Indonesia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Australia Indonesia relations amp oldid 1218817583, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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