Argentines
Argentines (some times also referred to as Argentinians or Argentineans, althought Argentines is the prefered and legal form); in Spanish Argentinos (masculine) or Argentinas (feminine) are people identified with the country of Argentina. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Argentines, several (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Argentine.
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| c. 45 million | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Argentina 43 million (2015)[1] | |
| United States | 215,239[2] |
| Spain | 89,029–256,071[3][4][a] |
| Chile | 85,202[6] |
| Paraguay | 58,535[2] |
| Brazil | 72,963[7] |
| Israel | 48,312[8] |
| Bolivia | 46,609[2] |
| Canada | 23,500[9] |
| Uruguay | 22,743[8] |
| Mexico | 10,214 [8] |
| France | 17,999[8] |
| Germany | 17,141[2] |
| Australia | 14,190[8] |
| United Kingdom | 10,200[8] |
| Venezuela | 9,740[8] |
| Switzerland | 9,391[2] |
| Italy | 9.091[10] |
| Japan | 3,762 |
| Sweden | 3,842[11] |
| South Africa | 3,000[8] |
| Netherlands | 2,189[8] |
| New Zealand | 1,824[12] |
| Denmark | 1,046[8] |
| Languages | |
| Primarily Rioplatense Spanish and indigenous languages | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Christian (mainly Catholicism)[13][14] | |
Argentina is a multiethnic and multilingual society, home to people of various ethnic, religious, and national origins, with the majority of the population made up of Old World immigrants and their descendants.[15][16][17] As a result, Argentines do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship and allegiance to Argentina. Aside from the indigenous population, nearly all Argentines or their ancestors immigrated within the past five centuries. Among countries in the world that have received the most immigrants in modern history, Argentina, with 6.6 million, ranks second to the United States (27 million), and ahead of other immigrant destinations such as Canada, Brazil and Australia.[18][19]
Ethnic groups
Overview
Argentina is a multiethnic society, which means that it is home to people of many different ethnic backgrounds. Argentina is a melting pot of different peoples.[20]
In the mid-19th century a large wave of immigration started to arrive in Argentina due to new Constitutional policies that encouraged immigration, and issues in the countries the immigrants came from, such as wars, poverty, hunger, and famines. The main immigration sources were from Europe, the countries from the Near and the Middle East, Russia, and Japan. Eventually, Argentina became the country with the second-largest number of immigrants in the period, with 6.6 million, second only to the United States with 27 million.[21][22]
Therefore, most Argentines are of full or partial European descent (with a significant indigenous component, and a less prominent black component), and are either descendants of colonial-era settlers and/or of the 19th and 20th century immigrants from Europe.[23]
The most common ethnic groups are a mix between Spanish (including Galicians and Basques), Italian and Native American. It is estimated that up to 30 million Argentines, up to 62.5% of the total population, have Italian ancestry, wholly or in part.[24] There are also some Germanic, Slavic, Irish and French populations.[25] Smaller Jewish, Arab, Asian, Romani and African communities contribute to the melting pot.
Immigration of recent decades includes mainly Paraguayans, Bolivians and Peruvians, among other Latin Americans, Eastern Europeans, Africans and Asians.[26][27]
Genetics studies
Large comprehensive studies across Argentina's many regions in order to characterize the genetic admixture have been lacking. Small sample size studies give the following composition.
- Homburguer et al., 2015, PLOS One Genetics: 67% European, 28% Amerindian, 4% African and 1.4% Asian.[28]
- Avena et al., 2012, PLOS One Genetics: 65% European, 31% Amerindian, and 4% African.[29]
- Buenos Aires Province: 76% European and 24% others.
- South Zone (Chubut Province): 54% European and 46% others.
- Northeast Zone (Misiones, Corrientes, Chaco & Formosa provinces): 54% European and 46% others.
- Northwest Zone (Salta Province): 33% European and 67% others.
- Oliveira, 2008, on Universidade de Brasília: 60% European, 31% Amerindian and 9% African.[30]
- National Geographic: 52% European, 27% Amerindian ancestry, 9% African and 9% others.[31]
- Corach, Daniel (2010): 78.5% European, 17.3% Amerindian, and 4.2% Black African ancestry.[32]
- Parolin et al., (2019): PLOS One Genetics: 62.1% European, 35.8% Native American and 2.1% African.[33]
A team led by Daniel Corach conducted a study in 2009, analyzing 246 samples from eight provinces and three different regions of the country. The results were as follows: the analysis of Y-Chromosome DNA revealed a 94.1% of European contribution, and only 4.9% and 0.9% of Native American and Black African contribution, respectively. Mitochondrial DNA analysis again showed a great Amerindian contribution by maternal lineage, at 53.7%, with 44.3% of European contribution, and a 2% African contribution. The study of 24 autosomal markers also proved a large European contribution of 78.5%, against 17.3% of Amerindian and 4.2% Black African contributions.[32]
Several studies found out that the European ancestry in Argentina comes mainly from the Iberian Peninsula and Italy with a much lower contribution from Central and Northern Europe.[34][35] The Italian component appears strongest in the East and Center-West, while the Spanish influence dominates in the North East and North West.[36]
European Argentines
Argentines of total or partial European descent constitute the majority of Argentina's population. Ethnic Europeans include the Argentine descendants of colonists from Spain during the colonial period prior to 1810,[37] and mainly of immigrants from Europe in the great immigratory wave from the mid 19th century to the mid 20th century.[38] No recent Argentine census has included comprehensive questions on ethnicity, although numerous studies have determined that European Argentines have been a majority in the country since 1914.[39] Some international sources claim the European component of the population to be at around 97%.[40]
The most numerous immigrant European communities are: Spaniards (including Basques, Asturians and Galicians), Italians (62.5% of the population have some degree of Italian descent),[41] Germans, Scandinavians (mainly Danes and Swedes), Slavs (including Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Czechs, Bulgarians, Slovenes, Serbs and Croats), Finns, the French (including francophone Basques), the Irish, Portuguese, the Dutch, among others in smaller number.
There are approximately 300,000 Romani people in Argentina. They belong to the Romani subgroups Greek, Moldavian and Russian Kalderash, some Lovari and some Chilean Xoraxane. There are also Spanish Kalé and Boyash living in Argentina.[42]
Mestizo Argentines
Within the population totals, there may be an imprecise amount of mixed population. In one of the most comprehensive genetic studies involving the population of Argentina, 441 Argentines from across the North East, North West, Southern, and Central provinces (especially the urban conglomeration of Buenos Aires) of the country, it was observed that the sample population comprised on average of 65% European, followed by 31% Amerindian, and finally 4% of African ancestry; however, this study was unweighted and meant to be a representation of the diversity of Argentine DNA rather than a demonstration of the average ethnic composition of the country. It was also found there were great differences in the ancestry amongst Argentines as one traveled across the country. A study by Daniel Corach that attempted to find the average Argentine ancestry by weighing the population of various regions gave a significantly higher estimate of European ancestry at 78.5% of the average Argentine's autosomal DNA.[43]
Indigenous Argentines
Argentina has 35 officially recognized indigenous people groups.[44] As of the 2010 census [INDEC], some 955,032 Argentines (2.38% of the country's population) self-identify as indigenous or first-generation descendants of indigenous peoples.[45]
The most populous indigenous groups were the Aonikenk, Kolla, Qom, Wichí, Diaguita, Mocoví, Huarpe peoples, Mapuche and Guarani[44] Many Argentines also identify as having at least one indigenous ancestor; a genetic study conducted by the University of Buenos Aires in 2011 showed that more than 56% of the 320 Argentines sampled were shown to have at least one indigenous ancestor in one parental lineage and around 11% had indigenous ancestors in both parental lineages.[46]
Jujuy Province, in the Argentine Northwest, is home to the highest percentage of households (15%) with at least one indigenous resident or a direct descendant of an indigenous person; Chubut and Neuquén Provinces, in Patagonia, have upwards of 12%.[47]
Afro-Argentines
According to the Argentine national census of 2010, 149,493[48][49] (0.37% of the country's overall population) identified as Afro-Argentine, although according to gene pools studies, the Argentine population with some degree of Sub-Saharan African descent would be around 7.5%.[23] World Bank and Argentine government estimates have suggested the Argentine population with significant African ancestry could number over 2 million.[50][51]
Despite the fact that in the 1960s it was calculated that Argentina owed two thirds of the volume of its population to European immigration,[52] over 5% of Argentines state they have at least one black ancestor, and a further 20% state they do not know whether or not they have any black ancestors.[53][54] Genetic studies carried out in 2005 showed that the average level of African genetic contribution in the population of Buenos Aires is 2.2%, but that this component is concentrated in 10% of the population who display notably higher levels of African ancestry.[55] Today there is still a notable Afro-Argentine community in the Buenos Aires districts of San Telmo and La Boca. There are also quite a few African-descended Argentines in Merlo and Ciudad Evita, in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area.
Immigration from Cape Verde was one of the earliest African migratory flows in the post-colonial era, beginning as early as the late 19th century and well into the 20th century.[56] Today, Cape Verdeans constitute one of the largest African immigrant communities, numbering over 15,000; they mainly live in port cities in Buenos Aires Province, such as Ensenada and Dock Sud.[57] Immigration from Senegal, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Angola and other African countries in recent decades has caused a surge in the country's black population as well.[58]
Asian Argentines
Argentines of Asian ancestry are defined as either born within Argentina, or born elsewhere and later to become a citizen or resident of Argentina. Asian Argentines settled in Argentina in large numbers during several waves of immigration in the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 19th century, West Asian immigrants, primarily from Lebanon and Syria came as a result of the 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war.[59] In the early 20th century, a small wave of East Asian immigrants, particularly from Japan came to the country.
East Asians
The first Argentines of East Asian descent were a small group of Japanese immigrants, mainly from the Okinawa prefecture, which came in the period between the early and mid 20th century. In the 1960s, Koreans began to arrive, and in the 1980s, Taiwanese immigrants. The 1990s brought the largest wave of Asian immigration so far to Argentina, from mainland Chinese immigrants, eventually becoming the fourth largest immigrant community in 2013, after Paraguayans, Bolivians, and Peruvians.[26] The small East Asian Argentine population has generally kept a low profile, and is accepted by greater Argentine society. Primarily living in their own neighbourhoods in Buenos Aires, many currently own their own businesses of varying sizes – largely textiles, grocery stores, and buffet-style restaurants.
West Asian/Arab Argentines
Arabs and Argentines with partial Arab ancestry represent about 3.2 million people, whose ancestry traces back to any of various waves of immigrants, largely from the Levantine region of Western Asia, from what is now Syria and Lebanon; and from Cilicia and Palestine in a lesser extent.[60] Due to the fact that many Arab countries were under control of the Ottoman Empire by the time the large immigration wave took place, most Arabs entered the country with Turkish passports, and so they are colloquially referred to as los turcos. The majority of Arab-Argentines are Christians,[citation needed] albeit Argentina is the Latin American country with the largest Muslim population and the one that host the largest mosque. There is also a sizeable Syrian-Lebanese Jewish community in the country, mainly centred in Buenos Aires, Rosario and Tucumán.
Languages
Although Spanish is dominant, being the national language spoken by virtually all Argentines,[61] at least 40 languages are spoken in Argentina. Languages spoken by at least 100,000 Argentines include Amerindian languages such as Southern Quechua, Guaraní and Mapudungun, and immigrant languages such as German, Italian, or Levantine Arabic.[62]
Two native languages are extinct (Abipón and Chané), while some others are endangered, spoken by elderly people whose descendants do not speak the languages[63] (such as Vilela, Puelche, Tehuelche and Selknam).[citation needed]
There are also other communities of immigrants that speak their native languages, such as the Chinese language spoken by at least half of the over 60,000 Chinese immigrants (mostly in Buenos Aires) and an Occitan-speaking community in Pigüé, Buenos Aires Province. Welsh is also spoken by over 35,000 people in the Chubut Province. This includes a dialect called Patagonian Welsh, which has developed since the start of the Welsh settlement in Argentina in 1865.[64]
A high percentage of Argentines are proficient in the English language since its teaching is included in educational establishments as early as kindergarten.
While of course not everybody falls under a C2 category regarding proficiency in the English language, there's a large number of people who are at least able to hold a conversation and make themselves understood.
Religion
A majority of the population of Argentina is Christian. According to CONICET survey on creeds, about 76.5% of Argentines are Roman Catholic, 11.3% religiously indifferent, 9% Protestant (with 7.9% in Pentecostal denominations), 1.2% Jehovah's Witnesses, and 0.9% Mormons.[65]
Although Jews account for less than 1% of Argentina's population, Buenos Aires has the second largest population of Jews in the Americas, second only to New York City. Argentina also has the largest Muslim minority in Latin America (see Islam in Argentina).
Emigration
According to official estimates there are 600,000 Argentines worldwide, and according to estimates by the International Organization for Migration there have been about 806,369 since 2001. It is estimated that their descendants would be around 1,900,000. The first wave of emigration occurred during the military dictatorship between 1976 and 1983, principally to Spain, the United States, Mexico and Venezuela. During the 1990s, due to the abolition of visas between Argentina and the United States, thousands of Argentines emigrated to North America. The last major wave of emigration occurred during the 2001 crisis, mainly to Europe, especially Spain, although there was also an increase in emigration to neighboring countries, particularly Brazil, Chile and Paraguay.
Europe
The rate of Argentine emigration to Europe (especially to Spain and Italy[66]) peaked in the late 1970s and early 1980s and is noteworthy.[67] Spain and Italy have the largest Argentine communities in Europe, however, there are also important communities in France, the United Kingdom and Germany.
Americas
The most popular immigration destinations in the Americas are: the United States and Brazil, and to a lesser degree, mostly to (Uruguay and Canada): Chile, Paraguay and Bolivia, while other communities settled in Venezuela, Peru, Colombia, Ecuador and Costa Rica.
Middle East
Israel is home to the largest Argentine diaspora in the Middle East.[68]
Oceania
In Oceania, Australia has the largest Argentine community, followed by New Zealand.
See also
References
- ^ There are two different groupings for Spanish citizens with Argentine origin. 256,071 is the size of the population in Spain who were born in Argentina (including those with dual Spanish citizenship). 72,041 is the size of the foreign population in Spain with Argentine citizenship (thus, no Spanish citizenship).[4][5]
- ^ "United Nations population prospects" 31 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine(PDF) 2015 revision
- ^ a b c d e "Emigrantes de Argentina según país de destino (2017)". 2017.
- ^ "TablaPx". www.ine.es.
- ^ a b . Instituto Nacional de Estadística. 2018. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "Población extranjera por Nacionalidad, comunidades, Sexo y Año". Instituto Nacional de Estadística. 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "Extranjeria Chile".
- ^ "Sincre / Sismigra".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Perfil migratorio de Argentina 2012 [Migratory profile of Argentina 2012] (PDF). Buenos Aires: International Organization for Migration. 2012. p. 184. ISBN 978-92-9068-657-6. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
- ^ "Canada Census Profile 2021". Census Profile, 2021 Census. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. 7 May 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
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- ^ Religion in Latin America: Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region (PDF). Pew Research Center. 13 November 2014. pp. 14, 162, 164. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
- ^ Adams, Fiona (2011). CultureShock! Argentina: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 97. ISBN 9789814346771.
Argentina despite this being a Catholic country.
- ^ (in Spanish). National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina. Archived from the original on 11 June 2008.
- ^ Cruz-Coke, R.; Moreno, R.S. (1994). "Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile". Journal of Medical Genetics. 31 (9): 702–06. doi:10.1136/jmg.31.9.702. PMC 1050080. PMID 7815439.
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- ^ "Enrique Oteiza and Susana Novick maintain that "Argentina since the 19th century has become, as have Australia, Canada, and USA, a "land of immigrants", meaning a society formed by massive immigration from a minute native population". (Oteiza, Enrique; Novick, Susana. Inmigración y derechos humanos. Política y discursos en el tramo final del menemismo 31 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. [en línea]. Buenos Aires: Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2000 [Citado FECHA]. (IIGG Documentos de Trabajo, Nº 14). Available on: http://www.iigg.fsoc.uba.ar/docs/dt/dt14.pdf[permanent dead link])]; "The Brazilian anthropologist Darcy Ribeiro places Argentina in a group of "transplanted countries" with Uruguay, Canada, and United States. (Ribeiro, Darcy. Las Américas y la Civilización (1985). Buenos Aires: EUDEBA, pp. 449 ss.); The Argentine historian José Luis Romero defines Argentina as a 'flood country'". (Romero, José Luis. «Indicación sobre la situación de las masas en Argentina (1951)», en La experiencia argentina y otros ensayos, Buenos Aires: Universidad de Belgrano, 1980, p. 64). (in Spanish)
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ (PDF). docentes.fe.unl.pt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b Caputo, M.; Amador, M. A.; Sala, A.; Riveiro Dos Santos, A.; Santos, S.; Corach, D. (2021). "Ancestral genetic legacy of the extant population of Argentina as predicted by autosomal and X-chromosomal DIPs". Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 296 (3): 581–590. doi:10.1007/s00438-020-01755-w. PMID 33580820. S2CID 231911367. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
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- ^ a b "En la última década se radicaron en el país 800.000 extranjeros". La Nación (in Spanish). 16 September 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
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- ^ Homburger; et al. (2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. PMC 4670080. PMID 26636962.
- ^ Avena; et al. (2012). "Heterogeneity in Genetic Admixture across Different Regions of Argentina". PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e34695. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734695A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034695. PMC 3323559. PMID 22506044.
- ^ "O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas" (PDF). Repositorio.unb.br. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
- ^ "Reference Populations - Geno 2.0 Next Generation". Genographic.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
- ^ a b Corach, Daniel; Lao, Oscar; Bobillo, Cecilia; Gaag, Kristiaan Van Der; Zuniga, Sofia; Vermeulen, Mark; Duijn, Kate Van; Goedbloed, Miriam; Vallone, Peter M.; Parson, Walther; Knijff, Peter De (2010). "Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA". Annals of Human Genetics. 74 (1): 65–76. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x. ISSN 1469-1809. PMID 20059473. S2CID 5908692.
- ^ Parolin, María Laura; Toscanini, Ulises F.; Velázquez, Irina F.; Llull, Cintia; Berardi, Gabriela L.; Holley, Alfredo; Tamburrini, Camila; Avena, Sergio; Carnese, Francisco R.; Lanata, José L.; Carnero, Noela Sánchez; Arce, Lucas F.; Basso, Néstor G.; Pereira, Rui; Gusmão, Leonor (17 June 2019). "Genetic admixture patterns in Argentine Patagonia". PLOS ONE. 14 (6): e0214830. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1414830P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214830. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6576754. PMID 31206551.
- ^ Luisi, Pierre; García, Angelina; Berros, Juan Manuel; Motti, Josefina M. B.; Demarchi, Darío A.; Alfaro, Emma; Aquilano, Eliana; Argüelles, Carina; Avena, Sergio; Bailliet, Graciela; Beltramo, Julieta; Bravi, Claudio M.; Cuello, Mariela; Dejean, Cristina; Dipierri, José Edgardo (16 July 2020). "Fine-scale genomic analyses of admixed individuals reveal unrecognized genetic ancestry components in Argentina". PLOS ONE. 15 (7): e0233808. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1533808L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233808. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7365470. PMID 32673320.
- ^ Homburger, Julian R.; Moreno-Estrada, Andrés; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Nelson, Dominic; Sanchez, Elena; Ortiz-Tello, Patricia; Pons-Estel, Bernardo A.; Acevedo-Vasquez, Eduardo; Miranda, Pedro; Langefeld, Carl D.; Gravel, Simon; Alarcón-Riquelme, Marta E.; Bustamante, Carlos D. (4 December 2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4670080. PMID 26636962.
- ^ Muzzio, Marina; Motti, Josefina M. B.; Sepulveda, Paula B. Paz; Yee, Muh-ching; Cooke, Thomas; Santos, María R.; Ramallo, Virginia; Alfaro, Emma L.; Dipierri, Jose E.; Bailliet, Graciela; Bravi, Claudio M.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Kenny, Eimear E. (1 May 2018). "Population structure in Argentina". PLOS ONE. 13 (5): e0196325. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1396325M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0196325. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5929549. PMID 29715266.
- ^ Historical Dictionary of Argentina. London: Scarecrow Press, 1978. pp. 239–40.
- ^ [About Argentina: Immigration]. Government of Argentina (in Spanish). 2005. Archived from the original on 13 March 2008.
- ^ Francisco Lizcano Fernández (31 May 2005). [Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent to the Beginning of the 21st century] (PDF). Convergencia (in Spanish). México (38): 185–232. ISSN 1405-1435. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
- ^ "Argentina. The World Factbook. 2008". Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad Nacional de La Matanza (14 November 2011). "Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina" (in Spanish). infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar.
Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.
- ^ "Emerging Romani Voices from Latin America". ERRC. 27 May 2004.
- ^ Corach, D; Lao, O; Bobillo, C; et al. (January 2010). "Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA". Annals of Human Genetics. 74 (1): 65–76. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x. PMID 20059473. S2CID 5908692.
- ^ a b . Archived from the original on 11 June 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2008.
- ^ (PDF) (in Spanish). INDEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
- ^ . Ministerio de Educación de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Nación (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 August 2011.
- ^ Indec. Porcentaje de hogares por provincia que se reconoce descendiente de un pueblo indígena 2020-04-08 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
- ^ [Table P42. Total for the country. Afro-descendant population in private households by sex, according to age group, 2010]. INDEC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (XLS) on 29 October 2013.
- ^ [Table P43. Total for the country. Afro-descendant population in private homes by sex, according to place of birth, 2010]. INDEC (in Spanish). Archived from the original (XLS) on 18 April 2014.
- ^ "Afrodescendientes y equidad racial. Recursero normativo y políticas públicas para la comunidad afroargentina" (PDF). argentina.gob.ar (in Spanish). INADI. p. 25. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ Bachelet, Pablo (17 June 2007). "Building identity". Miami Herald. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ^ Zulma Reccini de Lates; Lattes, Alfredo E. La población de Argentina (PDF). CICRED.
- ^ "Poblacion: Primer censo sobre pertenencia racial desde 1887: Casi dos millones de argentinos tienen sus raíces en el Africa negra" [Population: First census on racial belonging since 1887: Nearly two million Argentines have their roots in Black Africa] (in Spanish). Clarín.com. 9 June 2006. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
- ^ "Negros en el país: censan cuántos hay y cómo viven" [Blacks in the country: censused on how many there are and how they live] (in Spanish). Clarín.com. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- ^ Fejerman, Laura; Carnese, Francisco R.; Goicoechea, Alicia S.; Avena, Sergio A.; Dejean, Cristina B.; Ward, Ryk H. (15 February 2005). "African ancestry of the population of Buenos Aires". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 128 (1): 164–170. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20083. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 15714513.
- ^ Lahitte, Héctor B. "A modo de conclusión: los migrantes caboverdeanos, polacos y griegos en la Argentina". Revista Española de Antropología Americana (in Spanish). XVII: 293. ISSN 0556-6533.
- ^ "Caboverdianos: vientos de cambio" [Cape Verdeans: winds of change]. La Nación (in Spanish). La Nacion Revista. 3 December 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
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- ^ [Syrians, Turks and Lebanese] (in Spanish). oni.escuelas.edu.ar. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008.
- ^ Barros, Carolina (23 August 2012). "Argentina's Syrians". buenosairesherald.com. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
- ^ "Argentina Population". www.fmlaruta.com. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
- ^ Klich, Ignacio; Lesser, Jeffrey (1996). "Introduction: "Turco" Immigrants in Latin America". The Americas. 53 (1): 1–14. doi:10.2307/1007471. ISSN 0003-1615. JSTOR 1007471.
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: Languages of Argentina, Retrieved on 2007-01-02.
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External links
- at www.Argentina.gov.ar (in English)