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Fanny Crosby

April 18, 2023

Frances Jane van Alstyne (née Crosby; March 24, 1820 – February 12, 1915), more commonly known as Fanny J. Crosby, was an American mission worker, poet, lyricist, and composer. She was a prolific hymnist, writing more than 8,000 hymns and gospel songs,[a] with more than 100 million copies printed.[1] She is also known for her teaching and her rescue mission work. By the end of the 19th century, she was a household name.[2]

Fanny Jane Crosby
Crosby in 1872
Born
Frances Jane Crosby

(1820-03-24)March 24, 1820
Brewster, New York, U.S.
DiedFebruary 12, 1915(1915-02-12) (aged 94)
Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S.
Occupation(s)Lyricist, poet, composer
Years active1844–1915
Spouse(s)
Alexander van Alstyne, Jr.
​
​
(m. 1858; died 1902)​
Children1
Signature

Crosby was known as the "Queen of Gospel Song Writers"[3] and as the "Mother of modern congregational singing in America",[4] with most American hymnals containing her work.[5] Her gospel songs were "paradigmatic of all revival music",[6] and Ira Sankey attributed the success of the Moody and Sankey evangelical campaigns largely to Crosby's hymns.[7] Some of Crosby's best-known songs include "Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour", "Blessed Assurance", "Jesus Is Tenderly Calling You Home", "Praise Him, Praise Him", "Rescue the Perishing", and "To God Be the Glory". Some publishers were hesitant to have so many hymns by one person in their hymnals, so Crosby used nearly 200 different pseudonyms during her career.[8][b]

Crosby also wrote more than 1,000 secular poems[9] and had four books of poetry published, as well as two best-selling autobiographies. Additionally, she co-wrote popular secular songs, as well as political and patriotic songs and at least five cantatas on biblical and patriotic themes, including The Flower Queen, the first secular cantata by an American composer. She was committed to Christian rescue missions and was known for her public speaking.

Early life and education

 
Birthplace of Fanny Crosby

Frances Jane Crosby was born on March 24, 1820, in the village of Brewster, about 50 miles (80 km) north of New York City.[10][11] She was the only child of John Crosby and his second wife Mercy Crosby, both of whom were relatives of Revolutionary War spy Enoch Crosby. He was a widower who had a daughter from his first marriage.[12] According to C. Bernard Ruffin, John and Mercy were possibly first cousins; however, "by the time Fanny Crosby came to write her memoirs [in 1906], the fact that her mother and father were related... had become a source of embarrassment, and she maintained that she did not know anything about his lineage".[13]

 
(l to r) Mercy, Julia, and Caroline Morris and Fanny Crosby

Crosby was proud of her Puritan heritage.[14] She traced her ancestry from Anna Brigham and Simon Crosby who arrived in Boston in 1635[15][16] (and were among the founders of Harvard College);[17] their descendants married into Mayflower families,[14] making Crosby a descendant of Elder William Brewster, Edward Winslow, and Thomas Prence, and a member of the exclusive Daughters of the Mayflower.[18]

She was also a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution in Bridgeport, Connecticut,[19] writing the verses of the state song of the Connecticut branch.[20] Through Simon Crosby, Fanny was also a relative of Presbyterian minister Howard Crosby and his neoabolitionist son Ernest Howard Crosby,[21] as well as singers Bing and Bob Crosby.[22]

At six weeks old, Crosby caught a cold and developed inflammation of the eyes. Mustard poultices were applied to treat the discharges.[23] According to Crosby, this procedure damaged her optic nerves and blinded her, but modern physicians think that her blindness was more likely congenital and, given her age, may simply not have been noticed by her parents.[24][25]

Her father died in November 1820 when Fanny was only six months old, so she was raised by her mother and maternal grandmother Eunice Paddock Crosby (born about 1778; died about 1831).[26] These women grounded her in Christian principles, helping her memorize long passages from the Bible, and she became an active member of the John Street Methodist Episcopal Church in Manhattan.

 
Peach Pond Meeting House, North Salem, New York

When Crosby was three, the family moved to North Salem, New York, where Eunice had been raised.[27] In April 1825, she was examined by the surgeon Valentine Mott, who concluded that her condition was inoperable and that her blindness was permanent.[28]

At age eight, Crosby wrote her first poem which described her condition.[29] She later stated: "It seemed intended by the blessed providence of God that I should be blind all my life, and I thank him for the dispensation. If perfect earthly sight were offered me tomorrow I would not accept it. I might not have sung hymns to the praise of God if I had been distracted by the beautiful and interesting things about me."[30] She also once said, "when I get to heaven, the first face that shall ever gladden my sight will be that of my Savior".[31] According to biographer Annie Willis, "had it not been for her affliction she might not have so good an education or have so great an influence, and certainly not so fine a memory".[32]

In 1828, Mercy and Fanny moved to the home of a Mrs. Hawley in Ridgefield, Connecticut.[33] While residing in Ridgefield, they attended the Presbyterian church on the village green.[34] Historian Edith L. Blumhofer described the Crosby home environment as sustained by "an abiding Christian faith".[35] Crosby memorized five chapters of the Bible each week from age 10, with the encouragement of her grandmother and later Mrs. Hawley; by age 15, she had memorized the four gospels, the Pentateuch,[32] the Book of Proverbs, the Song of Solomon, and many of the Psalms.[36] From 1832, a music teacher came to Ridgefield twice a week to give singing lessons to her and some of the other children.[37] Around the same time, she attended her first Methodist church services at the Methodist Episcopal Church, and she was delighted by their hymns.[38]

Crosby enrolled at the New York Institution for the Blind (NYIB) in 1835, just before her 15th birthday.[39] She remained there for eight years as a student, and another two years as a graduate pupil,[40] during which time she learned to play the piano, organ, harp, and guitar, and became a good soprano singer. While she was studying at NYIB in 1838, her mother Mercy remarried and the couple had three children together.[41] Mercy's husband abandoned her in 1844.[42]

Early career (1843–1858)

After graduation from the NYIB in 1843, Crosby joined a group of lobbyists in Washington, D.C., arguing for support of education for the blind. She was the first woman to speak in the United States Senate when she read a poem there.[43] She appeared before the joint houses of Congress and recited these lines:

O ye, who here from every state convene,
Illustrious band! may we not hope the scene
You now behold will prove to every mind
Instruction hath a ray to cheer the blind.[44]

Crosby was among the students from the NYIB who gave a concert for Congress on January 24, 1844. She recited an original composition calling for an institution for educating the blind in every state[45] which was praised by John Quincy Adams, among others.[46] Two days later, she was among a group of Blind Institution students who gave a presentation to notable people at Trenton, New Jersey, where she recited an original poem calling for the aid and education of the blind.[47] President James K. Polk visited the NYIB in 1845 and Crosby recited a poem that she composed for the occasion which praised "republican government".[48] In 1851, she addressed the New York state legislature.[49]

In April 1846, Crosby spoke before a joint session of the United States Congress, with delegations from the Boston and Philadelphia Institutions for the Blind,[50] "to advocate support for the education of the blind in Boston, Philadelphia, and New York".[51] She testified before a special congressional subcommittee, and she performed in the music room at the White House for President Polk and his wife.[51] Among the songs that she sang as she accompanied herself on the piano was her own composition:

Our President! We humbly turn to thee –
Are not the blind the objects of thy care?[48][52]

In 1846, Crosby was an instructor at the NYIB and was listed as a "graduate pupil".[32] She subsequently joined the school's faculty, teaching grammar, rhetoric, and history;[53] she remained there until three days before her wedding on March 5, 1858. While teaching at the NYIB, she befriended future US president Grover Cleveland[54] then aged 17.[55] The two spent many hours together at the end of each day, and he often transcribed the poems that she dictated to him.[55][56] He wrote for her a recommendation which was published in her 1906 autobiography.[55] She wrote a poem that was read at the dedication of Cleveland's birthplace in Caldwell, New Jersey, in March 1913, being unable to attend due to her health.[55][57]

Christian faith

Crosby was a longtime member of the Sixth Avenue Bible Baptist Church in Brooklyn, New York, which has been in existence continuously since 1867. She served as a consecrated Baptist missionary, deaconess, and lay preacher. She wrote hymns together with her minister Robert Lowry, such as "All the Way My Savior Leads Me" and many others.

There was a cholera epidemic in New York City from May to November 1849, and she remained at the NYIB to nurse the sick rather than leaving the city. Subsequently, according to Blumhofer, "Crosby seemed worn, languid, even depressed" when the Institution re-opened in November, forcing her to teach a lighter load.[58] According to Bernard Ruffin:

In this atmosphere of death and gloom, Fanny became increasingly introspective over her soul's welfare. She began to realize that something was lacking in her spiritual life. She knew that she had gotten wrapped up in social, political, and educational reform, and did not have a true love for God in her heart.

 
Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims, Brooklyn

Crosby attended churches of various denominations until spring 1887, including the Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims in Brooklyn Heights led by Congregationalist abolitionist Henry Ward Beecher who was an innovator with church music.[59] She attended the Trinity Episcopal church,[60] and liked to worship at the North West Dutch Reformed church and the Central Presbyterian Church (later known as the Brooklyn Tabernacle). In later life, she said that one of her favorite preachers was Theodore Ledyard Cuyler, minister of the North East Dutch Reformed Church.[60]

Tradition insists that she was a member in good standing of the John Street Methodist Episcopal Church in Manhattan,[61] but there are no contemporaneous records to confirm this.[62] By 1869, she attended the Chelsea Methodist Episcopal Church.[63]

Crosby was not identified publicly with the American holiness movement of the second half of the 19th century and left no record of an experience of entire sanctification. She was, however, a fellow traveler of the Wesleyan holiness movement, including prominent members of the American Holiness movement in her circle of friends and attending Wesleyan/Holiness camp meetings.[64] For example, she was a friend of Walter and Phoebe Palmer, "the mother of the holiness movement"[65] and "arguably the most influential female theologian in Christian history",[66] and their daughter Phoebe Knapp, with whom she wrote "Blessed Assurance"; she often visited the Methodist camp grounds at Ocean Grove, New Jersey,[67] as their guest.[64] She vacationed each summer at Ocean Grove between 1877 and 1897 (and possibly longer),[67] where she would speak in the Great Auditorium and hold receptions in her cottage to meet her admirers.[68][69][70]

 
Cornell Methodist Episcopal Church (1906)

In 1877, Crosby met William J. Kirkpatrick, one of the most prolific composers of gospel song tunes[71] and "the most prominent publisher in the Wesleyan/Holiness Movement".[64] She called him "Kirkie"[72] and wrote many hymns with him.[64] Some of her hymns reflected her Wesleyan beliefs, including her call to consecrated Christian living in "I Am Thine, O Lord" (1875):[73]

Consecrate me now to Thy service, Lord,
By the power of grace divine.
Let my soul look up with a steadfast hope,
And my will be lost in Thine.[74]

In 1887, she joined the Cornell Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church by "confession of faith".[60]

Early writing career (1841–1865)

Poetry

 
A young Fanny Crosby

Crosby's earliest published poem was sent without her knowledge to P. T. Barnum, who published it in his The Herald of Freedom.[75] She was examined by George Combe, a visiting Scottish phrenologist, who pronounced her a "born poetess".[72] She had experienced some temporary opposition to her poetry by the faculty of the Blind Institution, but her inclination to write was encouraged by this experience. The Institution found Hamilton Murray to teach her poetic composition, though he admitted his own inability to compose poetry.[76]

In 1841, New York Herald published Crosby's eulogy on the death of President William Henry Harrison, thus beginning her literary career. Her poems were published frequently in The Saturday Evening Post, the Clinton Signal, the Fireman's Journal,[77] and the Saturday Emporium.[78]

 
Frontispiece of The Blind Girl (1844)

Crosby was reluctant to have her poems published, as she considered them to be "unfinished productions", but she acquiesced eventually because it would publicize the Institution and raise funds for it.[79] (She had had an illness that caused her to leave the NYIB in order to recuperate.) Her first book A Blind Girl and Other Poems was published in April 1844 after encouragement by the Institution, including "An Evening Hymn" based on Psalm 4:8, which she described as her first published hymn.[80] In 1853, her Monterey and Other Poems was published which included poems focusing on the recent Mexican–American War,[81] and a poem pleading for the US to help those affected by the Great Famine of Ireland.[82] She stated in her 1903 autobiography, edited by Will Carleton, that she "was under a feeling of sadness and depression at this time".[81]

In 1853, Crosby's poem "The Blind Orphan Girl" was included in Caroline M. Sawyer's The History of the Blind Vocalists.[83] Her third book A Wreath of Columbia's Flowers was published in 1858 at about the time when she resigned from the Blind Institution and got married. It contains four short stories and 30 poems.[84]

Popular songs

Crosby had been inspired by the success of the melodies of Stephen Foster,[85] so she and George F. Root wrote at least 60 secular "people's songs" or parlour songs[86] between August 1851 and 1857, some for the popular minstrel shows. (Root had taught music at the Blind Institution from 1845–50).[87] The minstrel shows had a negative reputation among some Christians and classical musicians, so their participation in these compositions was deliberately obscured.[88] "Like many cultured people of the day," writes Bernard Ruffin, "[Root] considered native American music rather crude."[89] He chose to "Europeanize" his name (like many American artists and musicians of that era) to "George Friederich Wurzel" (German for Root),[86] while Crosby's name was sometimes omitted altogether.[90]

For many years, Crosby was usually paid only $1 or $2 per poem, with all rights to the song being retained by the composer or publisher of the music.[36]

 
"Fare Thee Well, Kitty Dear" (1852)

In the summer of 1851, George Root and Crosby both taught at the North Reading Musical Institute in North Reading, Massachusetts.[91] Their first song was "Fare Thee Well, Kitty Dear" (1851)[87] which evoked old-South imagery. Crosby's lyrics were based on a suggestion by Root,[92] which she described as "the grief of a colored man on the death of his beloved."[93] It was written for and performed exclusively by Henry Wood's Minstrels[94] and published by John Andrews, who specialized in printing "neat, quick & cheap,"[95] according to Karen Linn. "This song was not a hit, and had no lasting influence," according to Linn, as "its style is far too literary, the words not in dialect, the cause of sorrow seems to be a lover (rather than 'massa', or Little Eva, or homesickness: all more appropriate causes for slave sorrow according to the popular culture)".[92] In 1852, Root signed a three-year contract with William Hall & Son.[96]

Despite this initial setback, Crosby continued to teach at North Reading during her vacations in 1852 and 1853, where she wrote the lyrics for many of her collaborations with Root.[97] Among their joint compositions were "Bird of the North" (1852) and "Mother, Sweet Mother, Why Linger Away?" (1852).[96]

Crosby and Root's first successful popular song was "The Hazel Dell" (1853),[55] a sentimental ballad described by its publisher as "a very pretty and easy song, containing the elements of great popularity," released as the work of G.F. Wurzel toward the end of 1853.[98][99] It was a hit[85] that was "one of the most popular songs in the country"[88] because of its performance by both Henry Wood's Minstrels and Christy's Minstrels,[100] selling more than 200,000 copies of sheet music.[101] It is described as being on "the fringes of blackface minstrelsy, although it lacks dialect or any hint of buffoonery",[102] about a beautiful girl who died young.[88]

An article in the December 1854 issue of New York Musical Review proclaimed the death of "Negro minstrelsy." It listed "Hazel Dell," along with Stephen Foster's songs "Old Folks at Home" (1851) and "My Old Kentucky Home" (1853), as popular songs that were evidence of the "bleaching process… observable in the gradual rejection of the plantation, and the adoption of sentiments and poetic forms of expression, characteristic rather of the intelligent Caucasian".[103]

 
"There's Music in the Air" (1857)

Toward the end of 1853, William Hall & Son released "Greenwood Bell" at the same time as "Hazel Dell", but credited it to Root and Crosby.[104][105] "Greenwood Bell" describes the funerals of a child, a young man, and an aged person, and the tolling of the bell at the Greenwood Cemetery.[53] Other songs written by Crosby and Root included "O How Glad to Get Home"[106][107] and "They Have Sold Me Down the River (The Negro Father's Lament)" (1853).[108] Their song "There's Music in the Air" (1854) became a hit song[109] and was listed in Variety Music Cavalcade as one of the most popular songs of 1854;[110] it was in songbooks until at least the 1930s[111] and became a college song at Princeton University.[98]

 
"Rosalie, the Prairie Flower" (1855)
Lyrics: Fanny Crosby Music: Wurzel (George F. Root)

Crosby-Root songs were published by other publishers after the expiration of Root's contract with William Hall & Son in 1855 (and after being rejected by Nathan Richardson of Russell & Richardson of Boston), including Six Songs by Wurzel published in 1855 by S. Brainard's Sons of Cleveland, Ohio.[112] These six Root-Crosby songs were "O How Glad to Get Home,"[113] "Honeysuckle Glen,"[114][115][116] "The Church in the Wood," "All Together Now,"[117] and "Proud World, Good-by."[118] The most popular of these songs was "Rosalie, the Prairie Flower",[119][120] about the death of a young girl.[121] It was popularized in the 1850s by the Christy Minstrels;[122] it sold more than 125,000 copies of sheet music and earned nearly $3,000 in royalties for Root[123] — and almost nothing for Crosby.[124] Crosby also wrote the words for popular songs for other composers, including "There is a Bright and Sunny Spot" (1856) for Clare W. Beames.[125]

Cantatas

Between 1852 and 1854, Crosby wrote the librettos of three cantatas for Root. Their first was The Flower Queen; The Coronation of the Rose (1852),[126] often described as "the first secular cantata written by an American."[127] It is an opera "in all but name,"[128] described as a "popular operetta"[129] which "illustrated nineteenth-century American romanticism."[130] In her 1906 autobiography, Crosby explained the theme of this cantata:

an old man becoming tired of the world, decides to become a hermit; but, as he is about to retire to his lonely hut, he hears a chorus singing, "Who shall be queen of the flowers?" His interest is at once aroused; and on the following day he is asked to act as judge in a contest where each flower urges her claims to be queen of all the others. At length the hermit chooses the rose for her loveliness; and in turn she exhorts him to return to the world and to his duty.[131]

The Flower Queen was written as "a work for teenage girls (scored for first and second soprano and alto)."[132] It was performed first on March 11, 1853, by the young ladies of Jacob Abbott's Springer Institute,[133] and almost immediately repeated by Root's students at the Rutgers Female Institute; it was praised by R. Storrs Willis.[134] It was performed an estimated 1,000 times throughout the United States in the first four years after its publication.[135] The success of The Flower Queen and subsequent cantatas brought great acclaim and fortune to Root, with little of either for Crosby.[136]

The second Root-Crosby cantata was Daniel, or the Captivity and Restoration, based on the Old Testament's story of Daniel. It was composed in 1853 for Root's choir at the Mercer Street Presbyterian Church in Manhattan.[137][138] This cantata comprised 35 songs, with music composed with William Batchelder Bradbury and words by Crosby and Union Theological Seminary student Chauncey Marvin Cady.[139] Some of its principal choruses were first performed on July 15, 1853, by the students at Root's New York Normal Institute.[140]

In 1854, Root and Crosby collaborated to compose The Pilgrim Fathers, described as an "antebellum landmark" in dramatic cantatas.[141] According to Blumhofer, it "featured the contemporary evangelical reading of American history."[142] Crosby wrote the libretto for a cantata entitled The Excursion,[143] with music by Baptist music professor Theodore Edson Perkins, one of the founders of New York music publishing house Brown & Perkins.[144][145] In 1886, Crosby and William Howard Doane wrote Santa Claus' Home; or, The Christmas Excursion, a Christmas cantata published by Biglow & Main.[146]

Political songs

In addition to poems of welcome to visiting dignitaries, Crosby wrote songs of a political nature, such as about the major battles of the Mexican–American War and the American Civil War.[147]

By the 1840 US Presidential election, she was "an ardent Democrat" and wrote verse against Whig candidate (and ultimate winner) William Henry Harrison.[148] By 1852, she switched her political allegiance from support for the pro-slavery Democrats to the anti-slavery Whigs,[149] writing the poem "Carry Me On" for them in 1852.[150] After the election of Democrat Franklin Pierce as US President in November 1856, she wrote:

The election's past and I'm pierced at last
The locos have gained the day.[151]

Though she considered herself a Democrat at the time, Crosby was a keen admirer of the leading Whig, U.S. Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, who in 1848 made a tour of large eastern cities. He visited the New York Institution for the Blind in New York City, where Crosby lived. The visit came two years after the death of Henry Clay Jr., in the Mexican–American War. Crosby recalled that "the great statesman was never quite himself after his son's death, and I purposely avoided all mention of it in the address of welcome on the day he came to visit us, lest I mighty wound the heart of the man whom I had learned not only to venerate but to love; for Mr. Clay was always an especial favorite among public men. There was a strength in his character and an earnestness in his speeches that appealed to me more than I can tell. ... I would have challenged any person, whether Whig or Democrat, Northerner or Southerner to come within range of the man's eloquence without being moved to admiration and profound respect; for his personal magnetism was wonderful."[152]

Crosby was a strict abolitionist and supported Abraham Lincoln and the newly created Republican Party.[150] After the Civil War, she was a devoted supporter of the Grand Army of the Republic and its political aims.[147]

Patriotic songs

 
"Dixie for the Union" (1861)
Lyrics: Fanny Crosby
Music: Dan D. Emmett

During the American Civil War, according to Edith Blumhofer, Crosby "vented patriotism in verse," and it evoked "an outpouring of songs—some haunting, some mournful, some militaristic, a few even gory", but "her texts testified to her clear moral sense about the issues that fomented in the war years."[149] She wrote many poems supporting the Union cause, including "Dixie for the Union" (1861),[153] written before the outbreak of hostilities to the tune of Dixie[154] (the tune adopted later by the Confederate States of America as a patriotic anthem).[155] The first of the five stanzas is:

 
"A Sound Among the Forest Trees" (1864)

On! ye Patriots, to the battle
Hear Fort Moultrie's cannon rattle:
Then away, then away, then away to the fight!
Go, meet those Southern traitors, with iron will,
And should your courage falter, Boys,
Remember Bunker Hill — Hurrah.
Chorus: Hurrah — Hurrah, The Stars and Stripes forever Hurrah — Hurrah, Our Union shall not sever.

[156]

Crosby wrote the words and William B. Bradbury composed the music, soon after they met in February 1864,[157] for the popular patriotic Civil War song "There is a Sound Among the Forest Trees".[158][159][160][161] Her text encourages volunteers to join the Union forces and incorporates references to the history of the United States, including the Pilgrim Fathers and the Battle of Bunker Hill.[162]

Also during the American Civil War, Crosby wrote "Song to Jeff Davis" directed at Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America, which expressed her belief in the morality of the Union cause: "Our stars and stripes are waving, And Heav'n will speed our cause".[163] She also wrote "Good-By, Old Arm," a tribute to wounded soldiers with music by Philip Philips,[150] "Our Country,"[164] and "A Tribute (to the memory of our dead heroes)."[150][165]

As late as September 1908, Crosby wrote patriotic poems for the Daughters of the American Revolution,[166] including "The State We Honor"[167] which extolls the virtues of her adopted state of Connecticut.[168]

Marriage and family

In the summer of 1843, Crosby met Alexander van Alstyne Jr. (sometimes spelled van Alstine or van Alsteine), called "Van" by his friends.[169] He also was blind and enrolled at the NYIB, where he was a casual acquaintance of Crosby and sometimes a student in her classes.[92][170] He was a teacher at NYIB for two years from 1855;[92] during this time, the couple were engaged to be married, necessitating her resignation from NYIB three days prior to their wedding at Maspeth, New York, on March 5, 1858.[92][171]

 
Fanny and Alexander van Alstyne

After their wedding, the van Alstynes lived in a small home in the rural village of Maspeth, New York, with a population of about 200 people—present-day Maspeth, Queens, New York, and no longer rural.[172][173]

At her husband's insistence, Crosby continued to use her maiden name as her literary name,[174] but she chose to use her married name on all legal documents.[175] However, according to biographer Edith Blumhofer: "Despite her education, her handwriting was barely legible, and on legal documents she signed her name with an X witnessed by friends".[176]

In 1859, the van Alstynes had a daughter named Frances who died in her sleep soon after birth.[177] Some believe that the cause was typhoid fever,[178] although Darlene Neptune speculates that it may have been SIDS, and that Crosby's hymn "Safe in the Arms of Jesus" was inspired by her death.[179]

After the death of their daughter, Van became increasingly reclusive;[180] Crosby never spoke publicly about being a mother, aside from mentioning it in a few interviews towards the end of her life: "Now I am going to tell you of something that only my closest friends know. I became a mother and knew a mother's love. God gave us a tender babe but the angels came down and took our infant up to God and to His throne".[181] In late 1859, the van Alstynes moved frequently, "establishing a pattern that continued for the rest of their lives", and never owned their own home, living in rented accommodation without a lease.[181]

In addition to Crosby's income as a poet and lyricist, Van played the organ at two churches in New York City, and gave private music lessons.[175] The couple could have lived comfortably on their combined income, but Crosby "had other priorities and gave away anything that was not necessary to their daily survival".[30] Van and Fanny organized concerts with half the proceeds given to aid the poor, in which she gave recitations of her poems and sang, and he played various instruments.[182] Van provided the music for some of her poetry,[183] although Fanny indicated that "his taste was mostly for the wordless melodies of the classics".[92] The van Alstynes collaborated on the production of a hymnal featuring only hymns written by them, but it was rejected by Biglow and Main—ostensibly because the directors believed that the public would not buy a hymnal featuring only two composers, but probably due to the complexity of the melodies.[184] In 1874, Crosby was reported to be "living in a destitute condition".[185]

For many years, the van Alstynes had "a most unusual married life",[186] and lived together only intermittently.[187] By 1880, they had separated,[188] living both separately and independently due to a rift in their marriage of uncertain origin.[189] At one point soon after, Crosby moved to a "dismal flat" at 9 Frankfort Street, near one of Manhattan's worst slums in the Lower East Side.[190] Thereafter, she lived at several different addresses in and around Manhattan.[189]

Van Alstyne rarely accompanied Crosby when she traveled, and she vacationed without him.[191] Despite living separately for more than two decades, Crosby insisted that they "maintained an amiable relationship", kept in contact with one another, and even ministered together on occasions in this period.[191] For example, Alexander played a piano solo at the third annual reunion of the Underhill Society of America on June 15, 1895, in Yonkers, New York, while Crosby read an ode to Captain John Underhill, the progenitor of the American branch of the Underhill family.[192] Her only recorded admission of marital unhappiness was in 1903, when she commented on her late husband in Will Carleton's This is My Story: "He had his faults—and so have I mine, but notwithstanding these, we loved each other to the last".[191]

In 1896, Crosby moved from Manhattan to an apartment in a poor section of Brooklyn,[193] living with friends at South Third Street, Brooklyn, near the home of Ira D. Sankey and his wife Fannie,[189] and near the mansion owned by Phoebe Knapp.[193]

Career in writing hymns (1864–1915)

 
"A Hymn of Thanksgiving" sheet music cover – November 26, 1899

Crosby was "the most prolific of all nineteenth-century American sacred song writers".[71] By the end of her career she had written almost 9,000 hymns,[30] using scores of pen names assigned to her by publishers who wanted to disguise the proliferation of her compositions in their publications.[8][194]

It is estimated that books containing her lyrics sold 100 million copies.[195] However, due to the low regard for lyricists in the popular song industry during her lifetime,[196] and what June Hadden Hobbs sees as "the hypocrisy of sacred music publishers" which resulted for Crosby in "a sad and probably representative tale of exploitation of female hymn writers",[196] and the contemporary perception that "Crosby made a very profitable living off writing songs that were sung (and played) by the masses",[197] "like many of the lyricists of the day, Crosby was exploited by copyright conventions that assigned rights not to the lyricist but to the composer of the music... Crosby was paid a flat fee of one or two dollars a hymn".[198] In her 1906 autobiography, Crosby insisted she wrote her hymns "in a sanctified manner", and never for financial or commercial considerations, and that she had donated her royalties to "worthy causes".[199]

Crosby set a goal of winning a million people to Christ through her hymns, and whenever she wrote a hymn she prayed it would bring women and men to Christ, and kept careful records of those reported to have been saved through her hymns.[200]

Referring to Crosby's songs, the Dictionary of American Religious Biography indicated: "by modern standards her work may be considered mawkish or too sentimental. But their simple, homey appeal struck a responsive chord in Victorian culture. Their informal ballad style broke away from the staid, formal approach of earlier periods, touching deep emotions in singers and listeners alike. Instead of dismissing her words as maudlin or saccharine, audiences thrilled to them as the essence of genuine, heartfelt Christianity".[201] Crosby's hymns were popular because they placed "a heightened emphasis on religious experiences, emotions, and testimonies" and reflected "a sentimental, romanticized relationship between the believer and Christ", rather than using the negative descriptions of earlier hymns that emphasised the sinfulness of people.[202]

Ann Douglas argues that Crosby was one of the female authors who "emasculated American religion" and helped shift it from "a rigorous Calvinism" to "an anti-intellectual and sentimental mass culture".[203] Feminist scholars have suggested that "emphases in her hymns both revealed and accelerated the feminizing of American evangelicalism".[203]

Her hymns were published by many notable publishers and publishing companies:

  • William B. Bradbury published her hymns in his Golden Censer (1864),[204][page needed] a book of Sunday School hymns that sold three million copies.[205]
  • For several years Crosby contracted to write three hymns a week for Hubert Main, whose Biglow and Main Co. was formed after Bradbury's death.[206] The company purchased 5900 poems from her for use in the Sunday School publications, and published nearly 2000 of them.[36] By 1889, Crosby may have written over 2500 hymns for the combined publishing houses of Bradbury, and Biglow and Main.[53]
  • Methodist song publisher Philip Phillips, for whom Crosby wrote a cycle of forty poems based on the Pilgrim's Progress,[124] and the lyrics for an estimated 525 hymns.[207]

Musical and lyrical collaborators

Howard Doane was an industrialist who became Crosby's principal collaborator in writing gospel music,[208] composing melodies for an estimated 1,500 Crosby's lyrics.[207] Doane and Crosby collaborated through Biglow and Main, and also privately through Doane's Northern Baptist endeavours.[209] Eventually Crosby entrusted to Doane the business aspects of her compositions.[210]

In early 1868 Crosby met wealthy Methodist Phoebe Palmer Knapp,[211] who was married to Joseph Fairchild Knapp, co-founder of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.[212] The Knapps published hymnals initially for use in the Sunday School of Saint John's Methodist Episcopal Church in Brooklyn, which was superintended by Joseph F. Knapp for 22 years,[213] while Phoebe Knapp took responsibility for 200 children in the infants' department.[214] They first collaborated on Notes of Joy,[215] the first hymnal edited by Knapp,[216] who also contributed 94 of the 172 tunes, and published by her brother, Walter C. Palmer Jr., in 1869.[217] Of the 21 hymns Crosby contributed to Notes of Joy, including eight as "The Children's Friend",[218] Knapp provided the music for fourteen of them. Their best-known collaboration was "Blessed Assurance", for which Crosby wrote words in the Knapps' music room for a tune written by Knapp,[219] while Crosby was staying at the Knapp Mansion in 1873.[2]

From 1871 to 1908, Crosby worked with Ira Sankey, who helped make her "a household name to Protestants around the world".[220] While Sankey was "the premier promoter" of gospel songs, "Crosby ranked first as their provider".[181] The evangelist team of Sankey and Dwight L. Moody brought many of Crosby's hymns to the attention of Christians throughout the United States and Britain.[36] Crosby was close friends with Sankey and his wife, Frances, and often stayed with them at their home in Northfield, Massachusetts, from 1886 for the annual summer Christian Workers' Conferences,[191] and later in their Brooklyn.[88] After Sankey's eyesight was destroyed by glaucoma in March 1903,[221] their friendship deepened and they often continued to compose hymns together at Sankey's harmonium in his home.[222]

Crosby's process

 
"The Blood-Washed Throng" (1906)

Crosby described her hymn-writing process: 'It may seem a little old-fashioned, always to begin one's work with prayer, but I never undertake a hymn without first asking the good Lord to be my inspiration.'[30] Her capacity for work was incredible and could often compose six or seven hymns a day.[223] Her poems and hymns were composed entirely in her mind and she worked on as many as twelve hymns at once before dictating them to an amanuensis. On one occasion Crosby composed 40 hymns before they were transcribed.[224] Her lyrics would usually be transcribed by "Van" or later by her half-sister, Carolyn "Carrie" Ryder or her secretary Eva C. Cleaveland, as Crosby herself could write little more than her name. While Crosby had musical training, she did not compose the melody for most of her lyrics.[223] In 1903 Crosby claimed that "Spring Hymn" was the only hymn she wrote both the words and music.[225]

In 1906 Crosby composed both the words and music for "The Blood-Washed Throng", which was published and copyrighted by gospel singer Mary Upham Currier,[226] a distant cousin who had been a well-known concert singer.[227] While teaching at the NYIB, Crosby studied music under George F. Root, until his resignation in November 1850.[228]

In 1921, Edward S. Ninde wrote: "None would claim that she was a poetess in any large sense. Her hymns... have been severely criticised. Dr. Julian, the editor of the Dictionary of Hymnology, says that 'they are, with few exceptions, very weak and poor,' and others insist that they are 'crudely sentimental'. Some hymn books will give them no place whatever".[229] According to Glimpses of Christian History, Crosby's "hymns have sometimes been criticized as 'gushy and mawkishly sentimental' and critics have often attacked both her writing and her theology. Nonetheless, they were meaningful to her contemporaries and hymn writer George C. Stebbins stated, 'There was probably no writer in her day who appealed more to the valid experience of the Christian life or who expressed more sympathetically the deep longings of the human heart than Fanny Crosby.' And many of her hymns have stood the test of time, still resonating with believers today".[30]

Rescue missions and later life

 
Manuscript of Crosby's "The Rescue Band" (1895)

Crosby will probably always be best known for her hymns, yet she wanted to be seen primarily as a rescue mission worker. According to Keith Schwanz:

At the end of her life, Fanny's concept of her vocation was not that of a celebrated gospel songwriter, but that of a city mission worker. In an interview that was published in the March 24, 1908, issue of the New Haven Register, Fanny said that her chief occupation was working in missions.[64]

Many of Fanny's hymns emerged from her involvement in the city missions,[64] including "More Like Jesus" (1867),[230] "Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour" (1868),[231] and "Rescue the Perishing" (1869),[232] which became the "theme song of the home missions movement"[233] and was "perhaps the most popular city mission song", with its "wedding of personal piety and compassion for humanity".[234] She celebrated the rescue mission movement in her 1895 hymn "The Rescue Band".[235][236]

Crosby had lived for decades in such areas of Manhattan as Hell's Kitchen, the Bowery, and the Tenderloin. She was aware of the great needs of immigrants and the urban poor, and was passionate to help those around her through urban rescue missions and other compassionate ministry organizations. "From the time I received my first check for my poems, I made up my mind to open my hand wide to those who needed assistance".[237] Throughout her life, she was described as having "a horror of wealth", never set prices for her speaking engagements, often refused honoraria, and "what little she did accept she gave away almost as soon as she got it".[238] She and her husband also organized concerts, with half the proceeds given to aid the poor.[239] Throughout New York City, Crosby's sympathies for the poor were well-known, but consisted primarily of indirect involvement by giving contributions from the sale of her poems, and by writing and sending poems for special occasions for these missions to the dispossessed, as well as sporadic visits to those missions.[240]

1865–1880

 
American Female Guardian Society and Home for the Friendless

Crosby supported the American Female Guardian Society and Home for the Friendless (founded in 1834) at 29 East 29th Street,[241] for whom she wrote a hymn in 1865 that was sung by some of the Home's children:

O, no, we are not friendless now,
For God hath reared a home.[242]

 
Howard Mission (1860s)

She wrote "More Like Jesus Would I Be" in June 1867 expressly for the sixth anniversary of the Howard Mission and Home for Little Wanderers,[230][243] a nondenominational mission at New Bowery, Manhattan.[230]

She was inspired to write "Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour" after speaking at a service at the Manhattan prison in spring 1868,[244] from comments by some prisoners for the Lord not to pass them by. Doane set it to music and published it in Songs of Devotion in 1870.[245] "Pass Me Not" became her first hymn to have global appeal, after it was used by Sankey in his crusades with Moody in Britain in 1874.[246] Sankey said, "No hymn was more popular at the meetings in London in 1875 [sic] than this one."[247]

In April 1868, Crosby wrote "Fifty Years Ago" for the semi-centennial of the New-York Port Society, which was founded in 1818 "for the promotion of the Gospel among the seamen in the Port of New-York".[248]

By July 1869, Crosby was attending at least weekly meetings organized by the interdenominational New York City Mission. A young man was converted through her testimony, and she was inspired to write the words for "Rescue the Perishing" based on a title and a tune given to her by William Howard Doane a few days earlier.[249][250]

Ira Sankey recalled the origins of "Rescue the Perishing" in his 1907 book My Life and the Story of the Gospel Hymns:

Fanny Crosby returned, one day, from a visit to a mission in one of the worst districts in New York City, where she had heard about the needs of the lost and perishing. Her sympathies were aroused to help the lowly and neglected, and the cry of her heart went forth in this hymn, which has become a battle cry for the great army of Christian workers throughout the world. It has been used very extensively in temperance work, and has been blessed to thousands of souls.[251]

1880–1900

In 1880, aged 60, Crosby "made a new commitment to Christ to serve the poor"[252] and to devote the rest of her life to home missionary work.[233] She continued to live in a dismal flat at 9 Frankfort Street, near one of the worst slums in Manhattan, until about 1884.[253] From this time, she increased her involvement in various missions and homes.[240]

During the next three decades, she dedicated her time as "Aunty Fanny" to work at various city rescue missions, including the McAuley Water Street Mission,[254] the Bowery Mission, the Howard Mission, the Cremore Mission, the Door of Hope, and other skid row missions. Additionally, she spoke at YMCAs, churches, and prisons about the needs of the urban poor.[255] Additionally, she was a passionate supporter of Frances Willard and the Women's Christian Temperance Union and its endeavors to urge either abstinence or moderation in the use of alcohol.[232]

For example, Crosby wrote the words for the song "The Red Pledge" before 1879,[256] which advocated total abstinence from imbibing alcohol.[257]

 
316 Water Street Mission

From about 1880, Crosby attended and supported the Helping Hand for Men in Manhattan (better known as the Water Street Mission),[258] "America's first rescue mission",[30] which was founded by a married couple to minister to alcoholics and the unemployed. Jerry McAuley was a former alcoholic and thief who became a Christian in Sing Sing prison in 1864, and his wife Maria (c.(1847 – September 19, 1919) was a self-described "river thief" and "fallen woman".[259][260][261][262][263][264] Crosby often attended the Water Street Mission, "conversing and counseling with those she met".[30]

 
Bowery Mission

Crosby supported the Bowery Mission in Manhattan for two decades, beginning in November 1881.[265][266] The Bowery Mission welcomed the ministry of women and she worked actively, often attending and speaking in the evening meetings.[232] She addressed large crowds attending the anniversary service each year until the building was razed in a fire in 1897.[267] She would also recite a poem which she'd written for the occasion, many of which were set to music by Victor Benke, the Mission's volunteer organist from 1893–97.[268] Among the songs that she and Benke collaborated on were six published in 1901: "He Has Promised" August 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, "There's a Chorus Ever Ringing" August 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, "God Bless Our School Today" August 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, "Is There Something I Can Do?" August 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, "On Joyful Wings" August 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, and "Keep On Watching" August 16, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.

 
Cremorne Mission
104 West 32nd Street, Manhattan

Jerry and Maria McAuley started the Cremorne Mission in 1882[269] in the Cremorne Garden[270] at 104 West 32nd Street,[271] as a "beachhead in a vast jungle of vice and debauchery known as Tenderloin" (near Sixth Avenue). Crosby attended the nightly 8 pm services, where gospel songs were often sung that were written by her and Doane, including "ballads recalling mother's prayers, reciting the evils of intemperance, or envisioning agonizing deathbed scenes intending to arouse long-buried memories and strengthen resolves".[272] She was inspired to write a prayer after the death of Jerry McAuley in 1884[273] which was later included in rescue song books:

Lord, behold in Thy compassion
Those who kneel before Thee now;
They are in a sad condition
None can help them, Lord, but Thou.
They are lost, but do not leave them
In their dreary path to roam;
There is pardon, precious pardon
If to Thee by faith they come.[272]

After McAuley's death, Crosby continued to support the Cremorne Mission, now led by Samuel Hopkins Hadley.[270]

Some of the city missions with which Crosby worked were operated by proponents of Wesleyan/Holiness doctrine,[64] including the Door of Hope rescue home founded by socialite Emma Whittemore on October 25, 1890[274][275] in a house belonging to A.B. Simpson,[276] intended as "a refuge and a home for girls of the better class who have been tempted from home and right",[277][278] and to rescue "fallen girls".[279][280]

Later years (1900–1915)

Crosby's hymn writing declined in later years, but she was active in speaking engagements and missionary work among America's urban poor almost until she died.[36] She was well known, and she often met with presidents, generals, and other dignitaries. According to Blumhofer, "The popularity of Fanny Crosby's lyrics as well as her winsome personality catapulted her to fame".[281]

Some of her wealthy friends contributed often to her financial needs, such as Doane, Sankey, and Phoebe Knapp,[282] although she still tended to give generously to those whom she saw as less fortunate than herself.[283] Her longtime publisher The Biglow and Main Company paid her a small stipend of $8 each week in recognition of her contributions to their business over the years, even after she submitted fewer lyrics to them.[284] However, Knapp and others believed that Biglow and Main had made enormous profits because of Crosby without compensating her adequately for her contributions, and that she should be living more comfortably in her advanced years.[283]

She had been ill with a serious heart condition for a few months by May 1900,[285] and she still showed some effects from a fall,[286] so her half-sisters traveled to Brooklyn to convince her to move from her room in the home of poet Will Carleton[287] in Brooklyn to Bridgeport, Connecticut. They urged her to live with her widowed half-sister Julia "Jule" Athington and with Jule's widowed younger sister Caroline "Carrie" W. Rider.[288][289][290] She and Rider rented a room together,[291] before moving to a rented apartment where they lived until 1906.[291] She transferred her church membership from Cornell Memorial Methodist Church in Manhattan to the First Methodist Church of Bridgeport in 1904, after moving to Bridgeport.[291] Her husband "Van" died on July 18, 1902; he had been living in Brooklyn. She did not attend the funeral due to her own poor health.[292] Phoebe Knapp paid for his burial at Mount Olivet Cemetery, Queens County, New York.[293]

Passing of friends, public appreciation

Crosby and Rider moved to 226 Wells Street, Bridgeport, Connecticut, in summer 1906 because of Rider's cancer.[294] Carrie died of intestinal cancer in July 1907, and Phoebe Knapp died on July 10, 1908.[88] Weeks later, Ira Sankey died having just sung "Saved by Grace", one of Crosby's most popular compositions.[295]

On May 2, 1911, Crosby spoke to 5,000 people at the opening meeting of the Evangelistic Committee's seventh annual campaign held in Carnegie Hall, after the crowd sang her songs for thirty minutes.[296] On Crosby's 94th birthday in March 1914, Alice Rector and the King's Daughters of the First Methodist Church of Bridgeport, Connecticut, organized a Violet Day to honor her,[297] which was publicized nationally by Hugh Main.[298]

Carleton controversy (1904–1905)

 
Fanny Crosby's Life-Story (1903)

American poet, author, and lecturer Will Carleton was a wealthy friend[299] with whom Crosby had lived in her last years in Brooklyn. He had been giving lectures on her hymns and life, and had published a series of articles about her in his Every Where magazine in 1901 (which had a peak circulation of 50,000 copies a month), for which he paid her $10 an article.[300] In 1902, he wrote a tribute to her that was published in his Songs of Two Centuries.[301]

 
Publisher's Advertisement in
Fanny Crosby's Life-Story

At Knapp's instigation, Carleton revised those articles and wrote Fanny Crosby's Life-Story, a biography which she authorized initially; it was published by July 1903 and reviewed favorably by The New York Times on July 25.[302] Carleton's book sold for $1 a copy.[303][page needed]

This was the first full-length biographical account of Crosby's life, although Robert Lowry had written a 16-page biographical sketch that was published in 1897 in her last book of poems Bells of Evening and Other Verses. In the advertisement at the front of the book, the following statement from "the author" was signed with a facsimile of Crosby's signature: "'Fanny Crosby's Life-Story' is published and sold for my benefit, and I hope by its means to be a welcome guest in many homes".[304][page needed] Carleton added:

It is sincerely hoped by the publishers that this book may have as large a sale as possible, in order that the story of its loved author may be an inspiration to many people, and that she may be enabled to have a home of her own, in which to pass the remainder of her days.[196]

Publishers' reaction

According to Ruffin, Carleton's book "went over like a lead balloon with Fanny's publishers." There was nothing negative written explicitly about Biglow and Main, but there was also little praise for the firm and its members.[305] Crosby is quoted, referring to Biglow and Main: "with whom I have maintained most cordial and even affectionate relations, for many years past".[306] The book did not use any of her hymns that were owned by Biglow and Main. Hubert Main believed that "Will Carleton wanted to ignore the Biglow & Main Company and all its writers as far as possible and set himself up as the one of her friends who was helping her". Biglow and Main believed that Carleton and Phoebe Knapp were guilty of "a brutal attack on Fanny", and that they were plotting to "take over" Crosby.[307] Knapp was not invited to the 40th anniversary reception and dinner held in Manhattan in February 1904 to celebrate Crosby's association with Bradbury and Biglow and Main; according to Blumhofer, she was persona non grata at Biglow and Main.[308]

Biglow and Main were concerned that the book would diminish sales of Crosby's Bells at Evening and Other Verses, which they had published in 1897 and which contained Lowry's biographical sketch of Crosby.[309] They convinced Crosby to write to both Carleton and Knapp, and to threaten to sue Carleton in April 1904. The threatened lawsuit was to obtain information regarding sales of the book, for which she had been promised a royalty of 10 cents per copy, and to seek an injunction preventing further publication. The proposed injunction was on the grounds that she had been misrepresented by Carleton; she believed that he had described her as living alone in poor health and extreme poverty, when in fact she was receiving $25 a week from Biglow and Main and was living with relatives who cared for her.[286][310][311] Crosby indicated she had no desire to be a homeowner, and that if she ever lived in poverty, it was by her own choice.[312]

Controversy goes public

In response to Crosby's letter and threats, Carleton wrote in a letter to The New York Times that he was motivated to write his "labor of love" for Crosby in order to raise money that she might have a home of her own for the first time in her life. He stated that he had:

  • interviewed Crosby and transcribed the details of her life
  • paid her for her time and materials
  • secured her permission to publish the material in his magazine Every Where and in a book
  • paid all the expenses for publishing and printing out of his own pocket
  • promoted the book in his own time and at his own expense
  • remitted $235.20 to her for the royalties owing for the previous eight months at the agreed rate
  • sent her additional contributions given by admirers at his lectures[313]

Sankey paid the rent on the Bridgeport house where Crosby lived with her half-sister Carrie.[314] He implied in an article in The Christian that "the Carleton business had been of Satanic origin and commented, echoing the wheat and tares passage in scripture, 'An enemy hath done this'".[315]

 
Charles Cardwell McCabe

In 1904, Phoebe Knapp contacted Methodist Episcopal Church Bishop Charles Cardwell McCabe and enlisted his assistance in publicizing Crosby's poverty, raising funds to ameliorate that situation.[314] They secured Crosby's permission to solicit funds for her benefit, and the religious press (including The Christian Advocate) carried McCabe's request for money on her behalf in June 1904, under the heading "Fanny Crosby in Need".[316] McCabe indicated that Crosby's "hymns have never been copyrighted in her own name, she has sold them for small sums to the publishers who hold the copyright themselves, and the gifted authoress has but little monetary reward for hymns that have been sung all over the world".[316]

By July 1904, newspapers reported that Crosby's publishers had issued a statement denying that she was in need of funds, indicating that she never would be, "as they have provided abundantly for her during her entire life", and stating that "Bishop McCabe … has been grossly deceived by somebody".[317]

Crosby also wrote a letter to Bishop McCabe in response to his fundraising on her behalf. This letter was published at her instigation, permitting him to solicit funds from her friends as "a testimonial of their love", but reiterating that she was not living in poverty, nor was she dying or in poor health.[318] Crosby and her representatives contacted him a week later, and McCabe wrote to The Christian Advocate explaining his rationale for raising funds for her, but stating that he was withdrawing the appeal at her request.[319]

The matter was still not settled in July 1904;[286] however, it came to an end before Fanny Crosby Day in March 1905[307] after Carleton's wife Adora died suddenly.[320]

New Carleton edition

In 1905 Carleton issued a new edition of Fannie Crosby, Her Life Work, which was both expanded and "newly illustrated", and despite "the greater expense of production, the price remains One Dollar a copy", with Crosby to "receive the same liberal royalty", as the book was "SOLD FOR THE BLIND AUTHOR'S BENEFIT".[321]

In December 1905 Crosby issued a card protesting the continued sale of Carleton's book, again denying she was "in distress", as she was in "comfortable circumstances and very active", giving lectures nearly once a week.[322] She indicated she had received less than $325 from the sale of the book, that her "requests had been disregarded", but that "when these facts are fully known to all, the publishers can sell the book as they desire; only I have no wish to increase its sale for my own benefit, which, of course, is very small".[315]

Despite Crosby's efforts, Carleton continued to advertise the book for sale until at least 1911.[323] In 1911, Carleton serialised and updated Crosby's life story in Every Where.[324] The 1906 publication of Crosby's own autobiography, Memories of Eighty Years, which, in contrast to Carleton's book, focused on Crosby's hymn-writing years, was sold by subscription and door-to-door, and promoted in lectures by Doane, raised $1,000 for Crosby.[325] For a period Crosby and Knapp were estranged because of the Carleton book,[311] but by early 1905 they had reconciled.[326]

 
Crosby in later years, 1906.

Death and legacy

Crosby died at Bridgeport of arteriosclerosis and a cerebral hemorrhage on February 12, 1915, after a six-month illness, aged 94.[77] She was buried at Mountain Grove Cemetery in Bridgeport, CT[265] near her mother and other members of her family.[327] Her family erected a very small tombstone at her request which carried the words: "Aunt Fanny: She hath done what she could; Fanny J. Crosby".[328]

Crosby said that her interest in "public affairs has never abated. There are not many people living in this year of grace who had the privilege of meeting such statesmen as Henry Clay, General Scott, and President Polk, but the names of these heroes are recorded with indelible letters among the annals of our national history, and their imperishable deeds are chronicled in characters that no person living should wish to efface. They were men of sterling worth and firm integrity, of whom the rising generation may well learn wisdom and the true principles of national honor and democracy that all of them labored so faithfully to inculcate. ..."[329]

Fanny Crosby Day

On Sunday, March 26, 1905, Fanny Crosby Day was celebrated in churches of many denominations around the world, with special worship services in honor of her 85th birthday two days earlier.[330] On that day, she attended the First Baptist Church in Bridgeport where Carrie Rider was a member; she spoke in the evening service and was given $85.[331]

In March 1925, about 3,000 churches throughout the United States observed Fanny Crosby Day to commemorate the 105th anniversary of her birth.[332]

Fanny Crosby Memorial Home for the Aged (1925–1996)

Crosby left money in her will for "the sheltering of senior males who had no other place to live, with these men to pay a nominal fee to the home for their living expenses".[333] In 1923, the King's Daughters of the First Methodist Church of Bridgeport, Connecticut honored Crosby's request to memorialize her by beginning to raise the additional funds needed to establish the Fanny Crosby Memorial Home for the Aged.[334] The non-denominational home was established in the former Hunter house at 1008 Fairfield Avenue, Bridgeport;[335] it opened on November 1, 1925, after a national drive by the Federation of Churches to raise $100,000 to operate it.[336] It operated until 1996 when it was given to the Bridgeport Rescue Mission.[337]

The Enoch Crosby chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution dedicated a historic roadside marker on October 8, 1934, commemorating her birthplace on the western side of Route 22 in Doansburg, New York, just north of Brewster.[338]

A large memorial stone was dedicated on May 1, 1955, by Crosby's "friends to whom her life was an inspiration"—a stone that "dwarfed the original gravestone"[339]—despite her specific instructions not to erect a large marble monument.[337][340] It contained the first stanza of "Blessed Assurance".[341]

Other honors

Crosby was posthumously inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1975.[342] Known as the "Queen of Gospel Song Writers",[3] During 2010 songwriter George Hamilton IV toured Methodist chapels celebrating Fanny's outstanding contribution to gospel music. His presentation included stories of her productive and charitable life, some of her hymns, and a few of his own uplifting songs. While she is not mentioned in The Hymnal 1982, her hymns are included in several more recent hymnals, including Lift Every Voice and Sing II[343] and the African American Heritage Hymnal.[344]

Works

For a more comprehensive list, see List of works by Fanny Crosby.

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ One source indicates at least 8,440. See Haeussler, Armin (1954). The Story of Our Hymns: The Handbook to the Hymnal of the Evangelical and Reformed Church (3rd ed.). General Synod of the Evangelical and Reformed Church by Eden Pub. House. p. 613. and Osbeck (1999), p. 12
  2. ^ For a list of 98 of her pseudonyms, see "Frances Jane Crosby (Fanny Crosby) 1820–1915". One source indicates that she used approximately 250 pseudonyms; see Neptune (2002), p. 91

Citations

  1. ^ Hawkinson, Don (2005). Character for Life: An American Heritage: Profiles of Great Men and Women of Faith who Shaped Western Civilization. New Leaf Publishing Group. p. 35. ISBN 9780892216291.
  2. ^ a b Morgan (2003), p. 183.
  3. ^ a b Wilhoit, Mel. R (October 1984). "The Music of Urban Revivalism". The Hymn. Hymn Society of America. 35: 222.
  4. ^ . LANDMARKS PRESERVATION SOCIETY of Southeast, Inc. February 11, 2010. Archived from the original on May 3, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  5. ^ Church Publishing 2010, pp. 216–217.
  6. ^ Wilhoff (2005), p. 92.
  7. ^ Commire, Anne; Klezmer, Deborah (2000). Women in world history : a biographical encyclopedia. Waterford, CT: Yorkin Publications. p. 220. ISBN 9780787637361.
  8. ^ a b Hall (1914), p. 41.
  9. ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 50.
  10. ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. 1–13.
  11. ^ "Fanny Crosby | Biography, Hymns, Poems, & Facts | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved December 11, 2021.
  12. ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 14.
  13. ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 20.
  14. ^ a b Blumhofer 2006a, p. [page needed].
  15. ^ "S.G. Drake, 1860". The New England Historical & Genealogical Register and Antiquarian Journal. New England Historic Genealogical Society. 14: 310–311.
  16. ^ Crosby, Eleanor Francis (Davis) (1914). Simon Crosby the Emigrant: His English Ancestry, and Some of his American Descendants. GH Ellis Co. pp. 45, 98.
  17. ^ Foster, Warren Dunham (1913). Heroines of Modern Religion. Ayer. p. 117.
  18. ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 11.
  19. ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 238.
  20. ^ "Proceedings of the Continental Congress of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution". Daughters of the American Revolution Continental Congress. The Congress. 24: 446. 1915.
  21. ^ Luker, Ralph E. (1998), The Social Gospel in Black and White: American Racial Reform, 1885–1912, UNC Press Books, p. 242
  22. ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. ix, 3, 11.
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  293. ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. 313–314.
  294. ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. 332, 342.
  295. ^ "Ira D. Sankey Dies, a Song on his Lips", The New York Times (August 15, 1908).
  296. ^ "5,000 Sing with blind hymn writer; Fanny Crosby, Now 91, Rouses Evangelistic Rally in Carnegie Hall" (PDF), The New York Times, May 3, 1911.
  297. ^ "Thrift and Beauty in the Home", The Washington Post, March 24, 1914, p. 7.
  298. ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 231.
  299. ^ Hannan, Caryn, ed. (1998), "Carleton, Will", Michigan Biographical Dictionary, vol. A–I (rev. ed.), North American Book Dist, pp. 123–24
  300. ^ Corning, Amos Elwood (1917), Will Carleton: A Biographical Study, Lanmere, p. 75
  301. ^ Carleton, Will (1902), Songs of Two Centuries, Harper, pp. 142f.
  302. ^ Kimball, Lillian Snow (July 25, 1903), "Fanny Crosby's Life Story" (PDF), Saturday Review of Books and Art, The New York Times, p. BR10
  303. ^ Baptist Missionary Magazine, vol. 83, American Baptist Missionary Union, 1903
  304. ^ Crosby (1903)
  305. ^ Ruffin (1985), p. 211.
  306. ^ Carleton (1903), p. 79.
  307. ^ a b Blumhofer (2005), p. 325.
  308. ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. 325–326.
  309. ^ Ruffin (1976), p. 182.
  310. ^ "Will Carleton sued; Miss Fanny Crosby Demands an Accounting of Book Sales" (PDF), The New York Times, p. 2, April 7, 1904.
  311. ^ a b Blumhofer (2005), pp. 324–325.
  312. ^ Ruffin (1995), p. 212.
  313. ^ Carleton, Will (April 8, 1904), "Mr Carleton's side of the Crosby affair; Blind Poetess Was Really Poor, Ballad Poet Says" (PDF), The New York Times (letter to the editor), p. 8
  314. ^ a b Ruffin (1976), p. 210.
  315. ^ a b Ruffin (1976), p. 213.
  316. ^ a b Blumhofer (2005), p. 323.
  317. ^ "Fanny Crosby Does Not Need Aid", Newburgh Daily Journal, Newburgh, NY, July 2, 1904, p. 2.
  318. ^ Ruffin (1976), pp. 212–213.
  319. ^ The Christian Advocate, Hunt & Eaton, 79: 1111, 1904 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help).
  320. ^ Michigan History Magazine, Michigan Dept. of State. Bureau of History, Michigan Historical Commission (65–66): 39, 1981 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  321. ^ Carleton, Will, ed. (1905), Every Where, vol. 17–18, Every Where Publishing Co., pp. 123, 187, 381.
  322. ^ "Miss Fanny Crosby Protests", The New York Times, December 5, 1905.
  323. ^ Carleton, Will, ed. (1911), Every Where, vol. 29–30, Every Where, p. 248.
  324. ^ "An Afternoon with Fanny Crosby", Carleton 1911, pp. 283, 299.
  325. ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 326.
  326. ^ Blumhofer (2005), pp. 324, 332–333.
  327. ^ Writers of the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration of the State of Connecticut, Connecticut: A Guide to Its Roads, Lore and People, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1938, p. 124.
  328. ^ For Fanny Crosby's tombstone, see Neptune (2001), p. 222; Frances J. "Fanny" Crosby (1820–1915), findagrave.com; accessed December 11, 2014.
  329. ^ Crosby Autobiography, pp. 91–92.
  330. ^ "Fanny Crosby Day" (PDF), The New York Times, March 27, 1905.
  331. ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 328.
  332. ^ Fanny Crosby Day coverage, The New York Times, March 20, 1925.
  333. ^ Connecticut State Senate Finance Committee Hearing Transcript for March 18, 2003.
  334. ^ "Familiar Names Appear In Social News of 1877", Bridgeport Sunday Post, January 9, 1977, p. D-6.
  335. ^ Lewis Carlisle Granniss, Connecticut Composers, Connecticut State Federation of Music Clubs, 1935, p. 23.
  336. ^ "Fanny Crosby Home To Be Refuge For Old People", The Norwalk Hour, October 20, 1925, p. 5.
  337. ^ a b Blumhofer (2005), p. 342.
  338. ^ "Fanny Crosby and Chancellor Kent Markers Dedicated Monday", The Putnam County Courier, October 12, 1934, pp. 1, 12.
  339. ^ Blumhofer (2005), p. 343.
  340. ^ "Fanny Crosby Monument Comes 40 Years Too Late", Sunday Herald, April 17, 1955, p. 48.
  341. ^ "Frances J. "Fanny" Crosby (1820–1915)". Findagrave.com. October 8, 2001. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
  342. ^ "Frances Jane Crosby (Fanny Crosby) 1820–1915" July 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, hymntime.com; accessed December 11, 2014.
  343. ^ Horace Boyer (ed.) Life Every Voice and Sing II: An African American Hymnal, New York, Church Hymnal Corporation, 1993; ISBN 978-0-89869-194-8.
  344. ^ Delores Carpenter (ed.) African American Heritage Hymnal, Chicago, GIA Publications, 2001; ISBN 978-1579991241.

Sources

  • Blumhofer, Edith L. (2005). Her Heart Can See: The Hymns and Life of Fanny Crosby. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-4253-4.
  • ——— (2006a). "Fanny Crosby, William Doane, and the Making of Gospel Hymns in the Late Nineteenth Century". In Noll, Mark A.; Blumhofer, Edith L. (eds.). Sing Them Over Again to Me: Hymns and Hymnbooks in America. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 9780817352929.
  • ——— (2006b). "Fanny Crosby in Protestant Hymnody". In Bohlman, Philip Vilas; Blumhofer, Edith Waldvogel; Chow, Maria M. (eds.). Music in American Religious Experience. Oxford University Press.
  • Burger, Delores T. (1997). "Home Missionary: Fanny Crosby". Women Who Changed the Heart of the City: The Untold Story of the City Rescue Mission Movement. Kregel. ISBN 9780825421464.
  • Carder, Polly (2008). George F. Root, Civil War Songwriter: A Biography. McFarland.
  • Carleton, Will (1903). Fanny Crosby's Life Story. New York, NY: Every Where Publishing Co.
  • Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints. Church Publishing, Inc. January 1, 2010. ISBN 978-0-89869-678-3.
  • Crawford, Richard (2000). "George Frederick Root (1820–1895) and American Vocal Music". The American Musical Landscape: The Business of Musicianship from Billings to Gershwin. University of California Press.
  • Crosby, Fanny (1844). The Blind Girl: And Other Poems. New York: Wiley & Putnam.
  • Crosby, Fanny (1905). Fanny Crosby's Life-Story. New York, NY: Every Where Publishing Co.
  • ——— (1906). Memories of Eighty Years. Boston, MA: James H. Earle & Co.
  • ———; Lowry, Robert (1899). Bells at Evening and Other Verses; with Biographical Sketch by Robert Lowry (3rd ed.). New York, NY; Chicago, IL: Biglow & Main.
  • Dunlap, David W. (2004). From Abyssinian to Zion: A Guide to Manhattan's Houses of Worship. Columbia University Press.
  • Hobbs, June Hadden (1997). I Sing for I Cannot Be Silent: The Feminization of American Hymnody, 1870–1920. University of Pittsburgh Press.
  • Hall, Jacob Henry (1914). "Dr. W. H. Doane: Composer of Hymns". Biography of Gospel Song and Hymn Writers. New York, NY: Fleming H. Revell.
  • Knapp, Phoebe Palmer (Mrs Jos. K. Knapp) (1869). Notes of Joy. New York, NY: W.C. Palmer, Jr. hdl:2027/mdp.39015024127469.
  • Koskoff, Ellen (1989) [1987]. Women and Music in Cross-cultural Perspective. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06057-1.
  • Morgan, Robert J. (2003). Then Sings My Soul: 150 of the World's Greatest Hymn Stories. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 978-1-41857824-4.
  • Neptune, Darlene (2001). Fanny Crosby Still Lives. Pelican. ISBN 978-1-931600-00-2.
  • ——— (2002) [2001], Fanny Crosby Still Lives, Pelican
  • Osbeck, Kenneth W. (August 1999). Amazing Grace: Illustrated Stories of Favorite Hymns. Kregel Publications. ISBN 978-0-8254-3433-4.
  • Phillips, Philip, ed. (1870). Hallowed Songs (Newly Revised): for Prayer and Social Meetings: Containing Hymns and Tunes, Carefully Selected from All Sources, Both Old and New (rev. ed.). Philip Phillips.
  • Root, George Frederick (1891). The Story of a Musical Life: An Autobiography. John Church Co.
  • Ruffin, Bernard (1976). Fanny Crosby. United Church Press.
  • ——— (1995). Fanny Crosby: The Hymn Writer. Barbour. ISBN 978-1-55748-731-5.
  • Sawyer, Caroline Mehetabel (1853). The History of the Blind Vocalists. New York, NY: J.W. Harrison.
  • Smucker, David Joseph Rempel (1981). Philip Paul Bliss and the Musical, Cultural and Religious Sources of the Gospel Music Tradition in the United States, 1850–1876. Boston University.
  • Spann, C. Edward; Williams, Michael Edward (2008). Presidential Praise: Our Presidents and their Hymns. Mercer University Press.
  • Wilhoff, Mel R. (2005). "Crosby, Fanny Jane". In McNeil, W. K. (ed.). Encyclopedia of American Gospel Music. Routledge.

External links

 
Wikisource has original works by or about:
Fanny Crosby
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    April 18, 2023
    fanny, crosby, this, article, uses, bare, urls, which, uninformative, vulnerable, link, please, consider, converting, them, full, citations, ensure, article, remains, verifiable, maintains, consistent, citation, style, several, templates, tools, available, ass. This article uses bare URLs which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting such as Reflinks documentation reFill documentation and Citation bot documentation August 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Frances Jane van Alstyne nee Crosby March 24 1820 February 12 1915 more commonly known as Fanny J Crosby was an American mission worker poet lyricist and composer She was a prolific hymnist writing more than 8 000 hymns and gospel songs a with more than 100 million copies printed 1 She is also known for her teaching and her rescue mission work By the end of the 19th century she was a household name 2 Fanny Jane CrosbyCrosby in 1872BornFrances Jane Crosby 1820 03 24 March 24 1820Brewster New York U S DiedFebruary 12 1915 1915 02 12 aged 94 Bridgeport Connecticut U S Occupation s Lyricist poet composerYears active1844 1915Spouse s Alexander van Alstyne Jr m 1858 died 1902 wbr Children1SignatureCrosby was known as the Queen of Gospel Song Writers 3 and as the Mother of modern congregational singing in America 4 with most American hymnals containing her work 5 Her gospel songs were paradigmatic of all revival music 6 and Ira Sankey attributed the success of the Moody and Sankey evangelical campaigns largely to Crosby s hymns 7 Some of Crosby s best known songs include Pass Me Not O Gentle Saviour Blessed Assurance Jesus Is Tenderly Calling You Home Praise Him Praise Him Rescue the Perishing and To God Be the Glory Some publishers were hesitant to have so many hymns by one person in their hymnals so Crosby used nearly 200 different pseudonyms during her career 8 b Crosby also wrote more than 1 000 secular poems 9 and had four books of poetry published as well as two best selling autobiographies Additionally she co wrote popular secular songs as well as political and patriotic songs and at least five cantatas on biblical and patriotic themes including The Flower Queen the first secular cantata by an American composer She was committed to Christian rescue missions and was known for her public speaking Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Early career 1843 1858 3 Christian faith 4 Early writing career 1841 1865 4 1 Poetry 4 2 Popular songs 4 3 Cantatas 4 4 Political songs 4 5 Patriotic songs 5 Marriage and family 6 Career in writing hymns 1864 1915 6 1 Musical and lyrical collaborators 6 2 Crosby s process 7 Rescue missions and later life 7 1 1865 1880 7 2 1880 1900 7 3 Later years 1900 1915 7 4 Passing of friends public appreciation 8 Carleton controversy 1904 1905 8 1 Publishers reaction 8 2 Controversy goes public 8 3 New Carleton edition 9 Death and legacy 9 1 Fanny Crosby Day 9 2 Fanny Crosby Memorial Home for the Aged 1925 1996 9 3 Other honors 10 Works 11 References 11 1 Footnotes 11 2 Citations 11 3 Sources 12 External linksEarly life and education Edit Birthplace of Fanny Crosby Frances Jane Crosby was born on March 24 1820 in the village of Brewster about 50 miles 80 km north of New York City 10 11 She was the only child of John Crosby and his second wife Mercy Crosby both of whom were relatives of Revolutionary War spy Enoch Crosby He was a widower who had a daughter from his first marriage 12 According to C Bernard Ruffin John and Mercy were possibly first cousins however by the time Fanny Crosby came to write her memoirs in 1906 the fact that her mother and father were related had become a source of embarrassment and she maintained that she did not know anything about his lineage 13 l to r Mercy Julia and Caroline Morris and Fanny Crosby Crosby was proud of her Puritan heritage 14 She traced her ancestry from Anna Brigham and Simon Crosby who arrived in Boston in 1635 15 16 and were among the founders of Harvard College 17 their descendants married into Mayflower families 14 making Crosby a descendant of Elder William Brewster Edward Winslow and Thomas Prence and a member of the exclusive Daughters of the Mayflower 18 She was also a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution in Bridgeport Connecticut 19 writing the verses of the state song of the Connecticut branch 20 Through Simon Crosby Fanny was also a relative of Presbyterian minister Howard Crosby and his neoabolitionist son Ernest Howard Crosby 21 as well as singers Bing and Bob Crosby 22 At six weeks old Crosby caught a cold and developed inflammation of the eyes Mustard poultices were applied to treat the discharges 23 According to Crosby this procedure damaged her optic nerves and blinded her but modern physicians think that her blindness was more likely congenital and given her age may simply not have been noticed by her parents 24 25 Her father died in November 1820 when Fanny was only six months old so she was raised by her mother and maternal grandmother Eunice Paddock Crosby born about 1778 died about 1831 26 These women grounded her in Christian principles helping her memorize long passages from the Bible and she became an active member of the John Street Methodist Episcopal Church in Manhattan Peach Pond Meeting House North Salem New York When Crosby was three the family moved to North Salem New York where Eunice had been raised 27 In April 1825 she was examined by the surgeon Valentine Mott who concluded that her condition was inoperable and that her blindness was permanent 28 At age eight Crosby wrote her first poem which described her condition 29 She later stated It seemed intended by the blessed providence of God that I should be blind all my life and I thank him for the dispensation If perfect earthly sight were offered me tomorrow I would not accept it I might not have sung hymns to the praise of God if I had been distracted by the beautiful and interesting things about me 30 She also once said when I get to heaven the first face that shall ever gladden my sight will be that of my Savior 31 According to biographer Annie Willis had it not been for her affliction she might not have so good an education or have so great an influence and certainly not so fine a memory 32 In 1828 Mercy and Fanny moved to the home of a Mrs Hawley in Ridgefield Connecticut 33 While residing in Ridgefield they attended the Presbyterian church on the village green 34 Historian Edith L Blumhofer described the Crosby home environment as sustained by an abiding Christian faith 35 Crosby memorized five chapters of the Bible each week from age 10 with the encouragement of her grandmother and later Mrs Hawley by age 15 she had memorized the four gospels the Pentateuch 32 the Book of Proverbs the Song of Solomon and many of the Psalms 36 From 1832 a music teacher came to Ridgefield twice a week to give singing lessons to her and some of the other children 37 Around the same time she attended her first Methodist church services at the Methodist Episcopal Church and she was delighted by their hymns 38 Crosby enrolled at the New York Institution for the Blind NYIB in 1835 just before her 15th birthday 39 She remained there for eight years as a student and another two years as a graduate pupil 40 during which time she learned to play the piano organ harp and guitar and became a good soprano singer While she was studying at NYIB in 1838 her mother Mercy remarried and the couple had three children together 41 Mercy s husband abandoned her in 1844 42 Early career 1843 1858 EditAfter graduation from the NYIB in 1843 Crosby joined a group of lobbyists in Washington D C arguing for support of education for the blind She was the first woman to speak in the United States Senate when she read a poem there 43 She appeared before the joint houses of Congress and recited these lines O ye who here from every state convene Illustrious band may we not hope the scene You now behold will prove to every mind Instruction hath a ray to cheer the blind 44 Crosby was among the students from the NYIB who gave a concert for Congress on January 24 1844 She recited an original composition calling for an institution for educating the blind in every state 45 which was praised by John Quincy Adams among others 46 Two days later she was among a group of Blind Institution students who gave a presentation to notable people at Trenton New Jersey where she recited an original poem calling for the aid and education of the blind 47 President James K Polk visited the NYIB in 1845 and Crosby recited a poem that she composed for the occasion which praised republican government 48 In 1851 she addressed the New York state legislature 49 In April 1846 Crosby spoke before a joint session of the United States Congress with delegations from the Boston and Philadelphia Institutions for the Blind 50 to advocate support for the education of the blind in Boston Philadelphia and New York 51 She testified before a special congressional subcommittee and she performed in the music room at the White House for President Polk and his wife 51 Among the songs that she sang as she accompanied herself on the piano was her own composition Our President We humbly turn to thee Are not the blind the objects of thy care 48 52 In 1846 Crosby was an instructor at the NYIB and was listed as a graduate pupil 32 She subsequently joined the school s faculty teaching grammar rhetoric and history 53 she remained there until three days before her wedding on March 5 1858 While teaching at the NYIB she befriended future US president Grover Cleveland 54 then aged 17 55 The two spent many hours together at the end of each day and he often transcribed the poems that she dictated to him 55 56 He wrote for her a recommendation which was published in her 1906 autobiography 55 She wrote a poem that was read at the dedication of Cleveland s birthplace in Caldwell New Jersey in March 1913 being unable to attend due to her health 55 57 Christian faith EditCrosby was a longtime member of the Sixth Avenue Bible Baptist Church in Brooklyn New York which has been in existence continuously since 1867 She served as a consecrated Baptist missionary deaconess and lay preacher She wrote hymns together with her minister Robert Lowry such as All the Way My Savior Leads Me and many others There was a cholera epidemic in New York City from May to November 1849 and she remained at the NYIB to nurse the sick rather than leaving the city Subsequently according to Blumhofer Crosby seemed worn languid even depressed when the Institution re opened in November forcing her to teach a lighter load 58 According to Bernard Ruffin In this atmosphere of death and gloom Fanny became increasingly introspective over her soul s welfare She began to realize that something was lacking in her spiritual life She knew that she had gotten wrapped up in social political and educational reform and did not have a true love for God in her heart Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims Brooklyn Crosby attended churches of various denominations until spring 1887 including the Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims in Brooklyn Heights led by Congregationalist abolitionist Henry Ward Beecher who was an innovator with church music 59 She attended the Trinity Episcopal church 60 and liked to worship at the North West Dutch Reformed church and the Central Presbyterian Church later known as the Brooklyn Tabernacle In later life she said that one of her favorite preachers was Theodore Ledyard Cuyler minister of the North East Dutch Reformed Church 60 Tradition insists that she was a member in good standing of the John Street Methodist Episcopal Church in Manhattan 61 but there are no contemporaneous records to confirm this 62 By 1869 she attended the Chelsea Methodist Episcopal Church 63 Crosby was not identified publicly with the American holiness movement of the second half of the 19th century and left no record of an experience of entire sanctification She was however a fellow traveler of the Wesleyan holiness movement including prominent members of the American Holiness movement in her circle of friends and attending Wesleyan Holiness camp meetings 64 For example she was a friend of Walter and Phoebe Palmer the mother of the holiness movement 65 and arguably the most influential female theologian in Christian history 66 and their daughter Phoebe Knapp with whom she wrote Blessed Assurance she often visited the Methodist camp grounds at Ocean Grove New Jersey 67 as their guest 64 She vacationed each summer at Ocean Grove between 1877 and 1897 and possibly longer 67 where she would speak in the Great Auditorium and hold receptions in her cottage to meet her admirers 68 69 70 Cornell Methodist Episcopal Church 1906 In 1877 Crosby met William J Kirkpatrick one of the most prolific composers of gospel song tunes 71 and the most prominent publisher in the Wesleyan Holiness Movement 64 She called him Kirkie 72 and wrote many hymns with him 64 Some of her hymns reflected her Wesleyan beliefs including her call to consecrated Christian living in I Am Thine O Lord 1875 73 Consecrate me now to Thy service Lord By the power of grace divine Let my soul look up with a steadfast hope And my will be lost in Thine 74 In 1887 she joined the Cornell Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church by confession of faith 60 Early writing career 1841 1865 EditPoetry Edit A young Fanny Crosby Crosby s earliest published poem was sent without her knowledge to P T Barnum who published it in his The Herald of Freedom 75 She was examined by George Combe a visiting Scottish phrenologist who pronounced her a born poetess 72 She had experienced some temporary opposition to her poetry by the faculty of the Blind Institution but her inclination to write was encouraged by this experience The Institution found Hamilton Murray to teach her poetic composition though he admitted his own inability to compose poetry 76 In 1841 New York Herald published Crosby s eulogy on the death of President William Henry Harrison thus beginning her literary career Her poems were published frequently in The Saturday Evening Post the Clinton Signal the Fireman s Journal 77 and the Saturday Emporium 78 Frontispiece of The Blind Girl 1844 Crosby was reluctant to have her poems published as she considered them to be unfinished productions but she acquiesced eventually because it would publicize the Institution and raise funds for it 79 She had had an illness that caused her to leave the NYIB in order to recuperate Her first book A Blind Girl and Other Poems was published in April 1844 after encouragement by the Institution including An Evening Hymn based on Psalm 4 8 which she described as her first published hymn 80 In 1853 her Monterey and Other Poems was published which included poems focusing on the recent Mexican American War 81 and a poem pleading for the US to help those affected by the Great Famine of Ireland 82 She stated in her 1903 autobiography edited by Will Carleton that she was under a feeling of sadness and depression at this time 81 In 1853 Crosby s poem The Blind Orphan Girl was included in Caroline M Sawyer s The History of the Blind Vocalists 83 Her third book A Wreath of Columbia s Flowers was published in 1858 at about the time when she resigned from the Blind Institution and got married It contains four short stories and 30 poems 84 Popular songs Edit Crosby had been inspired by the success of the melodies of Stephen Foster 85 so she and George F Root wrote at least 60 secular people s songs or parlour songs 86 between August 1851 and 1857 some for the popular minstrel shows Root had taught music at the Blind Institution from 1845 50 87 The minstrel shows had a negative reputation among some Christians and classical musicians so their participation in these compositions was deliberately obscured 88 Like many cultured people of the day writes Bernard Ruffin Root considered native American music rather crude 89 He chose to Europeanize his name like many American artists and musicians of that era to George Friederich Wurzel German for Root 86 while Crosby s name was sometimes omitted altogether 90 For many years Crosby was usually paid only 1 or 2 per poem with all rights to the song being retained by the composer or publisher of the music 36 Fare Thee Well Kitty Dear 1852 In the summer of 1851 George Root and Crosby both taught at the North Reading Musical Institute in North Reading Massachusetts 91 Their first song was Fare Thee Well Kitty Dear 1851 87 which evoked old South imagery Crosby s lyrics were based on a suggestion by Root 92 which she described as the grief of a colored man on the death of his beloved 93 It was written for and performed exclusively by Henry Wood s Minstrels 94 and published by John Andrews who specialized in printing neat quick amp cheap 95 according to Karen Linn This song was not a hit and had no lasting influence according to Linn as its style is far too literary the words not in dialect the cause of sorrow seems to be a lover rather than massa or Little Eva or homesickness all more appropriate causes for slave sorrow according to the popular culture 92 In 1852 Root signed a three year contract with William Hall amp Son 96 Despite this initial setback Crosby continued to teach at North Reading during her vacations in 1852 and 1853 where she wrote the lyrics for many of her collaborations with Root 97 Among their joint compositions were Bird of the North 1852 and Mother Sweet Mother Why Linger Away 1852 96 Crosby and Root s first successful popular song was The Hazel Dell 1853 55 a sentimental ballad described by its publisher as a very pretty and easy song containing the elements of great popularity released as the work of G F Wurzel toward the end of 1853 98 99 It was a hit 85 that was one of the most popular songs in the country 88 because of its performance by both Henry Wood s Minstrels and Christy s Minstrels 100 selling more than 200 000 copies of sheet music 101 It is described as being on the fringes of blackface minstrelsy although it lacks dialect or any hint of buffoonery 102 about a beautiful girl who died young 88 An article in the December 1854 issue of New York Musical Review proclaimed the death of Negro minstrelsy It listed Hazel Dell along with Stephen Foster s songs Old Folks at Home 1851 and My Old Kentucky Home 1853 as popular songs that were evidence of the bleaching process observable in the gradual rejection of the plantation and the adoption of sentiments and poetic forms of expression characteristic rather of the intelligent Caucasian 103 There s Music in the Air 1857 Toward the end of 1853 William Hall amp Son released Greenwood Bell at the same time as Hazel Dell but credited it to Root and Crosby 104 105 Greenwood Bell describes the funerals of a child a young man and an aged person and the tolling of the bell at the Greenwood Cemetery 53 Other songs written by Crosby and Root included O How Glad to Get Home 106 107 and They Have Sold Me Down the River The Negro Father s Lament 1853 108 Their song There s Music in the Air 1854 became a hit song 109 and was listed in Variety Music Cavalcade as one of the most popular songs of 1854 110 it was in songbooks until at least the 1930s 111 and became a college song at Princeton University 98 Rosalie the Prairie Flower 1855 Lyrics Fanny Crosby Music Wurzel George F Root Crosby Root songs were published by other publishers after the expiration of Root s contract with William Hall amp Son in 1855 and after being rejected by Nathan Richardson of Russell amp Richardson of Boston including Six Songs by Wurzel published in 1855 by S Brainard s Sons of Cleveland Ohio 112 These six Root Crosby songs were O How Glad to Get Home 113 Honeysuckle Glen 114 115 116 The Church in the Wood All Together Now 117 and Proud World Good by 118 The most popular of these songs was Rosalie the Prairie Flower 119 120 about the death of a young girl 121 It was popularized in the 1850s by the Christy Minstrels 122 it sold more than 125 000 copies of sheet music and earned nearly 3 000 in royalties for Root 123 and almost nothing for Crosby 124 Crosby also wrote the words for popular songs for other composers including There is a Bright and Sunny Spot 1856 for Clare W Beames 125 Cantatas Edit Between 1852 and 1854 Crosby wrote the librettos of three cantatas for Root Their first was The Flower Queen The Coronation of the Rose 1852 126 often described as the first secular cantata written by an American 127 It is an opera in all but name 128 described as a popular operetta 129 which illustrated nineteenth century American romanticism 130 In her 1906 autobiography Crosby explained the theme of this cantata an old man becoming tired of the world decides to become a hermit but as he is about to retire to his lonely hut he hears a chorus singing Who shall be queen of the flowers His interest is at once aroused and on the following day he is asked to act as judge in a contest where each flower urges her claims to be queen of all the others At length the hermit chooses the rose for her loveliness and in turn she exhorts him to return to the world and to his duty 131 The Flower Queen was written as a work for teenage girls scored for first and second soprano and alto 132 It was performed first on March 11 1853 by the young ladies of Jacob Abbott s Springer Institute 133 and almost immediately repeated by Root s students at the Rutgers Female Institute it was praised by R Storrs Willis 134 It was performed an estimated 1 000 times throughout the United States in the first four years after its publication 135 The success of The Flower Queen and subsequent cantatas brought great acclaim and fortune to Root with little of either for Crosby 136 The second Root Crosby cantata was Daniel or the Captivity and Restoration based on the Old Testament s story of Daniel It was composed in 1853 for Root s choir at the Mercer Street Presbyterian Church in Manhattan 137 138 This cantata comprised 35 songs with music composed with William Batchelder Bradbury and words by Crosby and Union Theological Seminary student Chauncey Marvin Cady 139 Some of its principal choruses were first performed on July 15 1853 by the students at Root s New York Normal Institute 140 In 1854 Root and Crosby collaborated to compose The Pilgrim Fathers described as an antebellum landmark in dramatic cantatas 141 According to Blumhofer it featured the contemporary evangelical reading of American history 142 Crosby wrote the libretto for a cantata entitled The Excursion 143 with music by Baptist music professor Theodore Edson Perkins one of the founders of New York music publishing house Brown amp Perkins 144 145 In 1886 Crosby and William Howard Doane wrote Santa Claus Home or The Christmas Excursion a Christmas cantata published by Biglow amp Main 146 Political songs Edit In addition to poems of welcome to visiting dignitaries Crosby wrote songs of a political nature such as about the major battles of the Mexican American War and the American Civil War 147 By the 1840 US Presidential election she was an ardent Democrat and wrote verse against Whig candidate and ultimate winner William Henry Harrison 148 By 1852 she switched her political allegiance from support for the pro slavery Democrats to the anti slavery Whigs 149 writing the poem Carry Me On for them in 1852 150 After the election of Democrat Franklin Pierce as US President in November 1856 she wrote The election s past and I m pierced at last The locos have gained the day 151 Though she considered herself a Democrat at the time Crosby was a keen admirer of the leading Whig U S Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky who in 1848 made a tour of large eastern cities He visited the New York Institution for the Blind in New York City where Crosby lived The visit came two years after the death of Henry Clay Jr in the Mexican American War Crosby recalled that the great statesman was never quite himself after his son s death and I purposely avoided all mention of it in the address of welcome on the day he came to visit us lest I mighty wound the heart of the man whom I had learned not only to venerate but to love for Mr Clay was always an especial favorite among public men There was a strength in his character and an earnestness in his speeches that appealed to me more than I can tell I would have challenged any person whether Whig or Democrat Northerner or Southerner to come within range of the man s eloquence without being moved to admiration and profound respect for his personal magnetism was wonderful 152 Crosby was a strict abolitionist and supported Abraham Lincoln and the newly created Republican Party 150 After the Civil War she was a devoted supporter of the Grand Army of the Republic and its political aims 147 Patriotic songs Edit Dixie for the Union 1861 Lyrics Fanny CrosbyMusic Dan D Emmett During the American Civil War according to Edith Blumhofer Crosby vented patriotism in verse and it evoked an outpouring of songs some haunting some mournful some militaristic a few even gory but her texts testified to her clear moral sense about the issues that fomented in the war years 149 She wrote many poems supporting the Union cause including Dixie for the Union 1861 153 written before the outbreak of hostilities to the tune of Dixie 154 the tune adopted later by the Confederate States of America as a patriotic anthem 155 The first of the five stanzas is A Sound Among the Forest Trees 1864 On ye Patriots to the battle Hear Fort Moultrie s cannon rattle Then away then away then away to the fight Go meet those Southern traitors with iron will And should your courage falter Boys Remember Bunker Hill Hurrah Chorus Hurrah Hurrah The Stars and Stripes forever Hurrah Hurrah Our Union shall not sever 156 Crosby wrote the words and William B Bradbury composed the music soon after they met in February 1864 157 for the popular patriotic Civil War song There is a Sound Among the Forest Trees 158 159 160 161 Her text encourages volunteers to join the Union forces and incorporates references to the history of the United States including the Pilgrim Fathers and the Battle of Bunker Hill 162 Also during the American Civil War Crosby wrote Song to Jeff Davis directed at Jefferson Davis the president of the Confederate States of America which expressed her belief in the morality of the Union cause Our stars and stripes are waving And Heav n will speed our cause 163 She also wrote Good By Old Arm a tribute to wounded soldiers with music by Philip Philips 150 Our Country 164 and A Tribute to the memory of our dead heroes 150 165 As late as September 1908 Crosby wrote patriotic poems for the Daughters of the American Revolution 166 including The State We Honor 167 which extolls the virtues of her adopted state of Connecticut 168 Marriage and family EditIn the summer of 1843 Crosby met Alexander van Alstyne Jr sometimes spelled van Alstine or van Alsteine called Van by his friends 169 He also was blind and enrolled at the NYIB where he was a casual acquaintance of Crosby and sometimes a student in her classes 92 170 He was a teacher at NYIB for two years from 1855 92 during this time the couple were engaged to be married necessitating her resignation from NYIB three days prior to their wedding at Maspeth New York on March 5 1858 92 171 Fanny and Alexander van Alstyne After their wedding the van Alstynes lived in a small home in the rural village of Maspeth New York with a population of about 200 people present day Maspeth Queens New York and no longer rural 172 173 At her husband s insistence Crosby continued to use her maiden name as her literary name 174 but she chose to use her married name on all legal documents 175 However according to biographer Edith Blumhofer Despite her education her handwriting was barely legible and on legal documents she signed her name with an X witnessed by friends 176 In 1859 the van Alstynes had a daughter named Frances who died in her sleep soon after birth 177 Some believe that the cause was typhoid fever 178 although Darlene Neptune speculates that it may have been SIDS and that Crosby s hymn Safe in the Arms of Jesus was inspired by her death 179 After the death of their daughter Van became increasingly reclusive 180 Crosby never spoke publicly about being a mother aside from mentioning it in a few interviews towards the end of her life Now I am going to tell you of something that only my closest friends know I became a mother and knew a mother s love God gave us a tender babe but the angels came down and took our infant up to God and to His throne 181 In late 1859 the van Alstynes moved frequently establishing a pattern that continued for the rest of their lives and never owned their own home living in rented accommodation without a lease 181 In addition to Crosby s income as a poet and lyricist Van played the organ at two churches in New York City and gave private music lessons 175 The couple could have lived comfortably on their combined income but Crosby had other priorities and gave away anything that was not necessary to their daily survival 30 Van and Fanny organized concerts with half the proceeds given to aid the poor in which she gave recitations of her poems and sang and he played various instruments 182 Van provided the music for some of her poetry 183 although Fanny indicated that his taste was mostly for the wordless melodies of the classics 92 The van Alstynes collaborated on the production of a hymnal featuring only hymns written by them but it was rejected by Biglow and Main ostensibly because the directors believed that the public would not buy a hymnal featuring only two composers but probably due to the complexity of the melodies 184 In 1874 Crosby was reported to be living in a destitute condition 185 For many years the van Alstynes had a most unusual married life 186 and lived together only intermittently 187 By 1880 they had separated 188 living both separately and independently due to a rift in their marriage of uncertain origin 189 At one point soon after Crosby moved to a dismal flat at 9 Frankfort Street near one of Manhattan s worst slums in the Lower East Side 190 Thereafter she lived at several different addresses in and around Manhattan 189 Van Alstyne rarely accompanied Crosby when she traveled and she vacationed without him 191 Despite living separately for more than two decades Crosby insisted that they maintained an amiable relationship kept in contact with one another and even ministered together on occasions in this period 191 For example Alexander played a piano solo at the third annual reunion of the Underhill Society of America on June 15 1895 in Yonkers New York while Crosby read an ode to Captain John Underhill the progenitor of the American branch of the Underhill family 192 Her only recorded admission of marital unhappiness was in 1903 when she commented on her late husband in Will Carleton s This is My Story He had his faults and so have I mine but notwithstanding these we loved each other to the last 191 In 1896 Crosby moved from Manhattan to an apartment in a poor section of Brooklyn 193 living with friends at South Third Street Brooklyn near the home of Ira D Sankey and his wife Fannie 189 and near the mansion owned by Phoebe Knapp 193 Career in writing hymns 1864 1915 Edit A Hymn of Thanksgiving sheet music cover November 26 1899 Crosby was the most prolific of all nineteenth century American sacred song writers 71 By the end of her career she had written almost 9 000 hymns 30 using scores of pen names assigned to her by publishers who wanted to disguise the proliferation of her compositions in their publications 8 194 It is estimated that books containing her lyrics sold 100 million copies 195 However due to the low regard for lyricists in the popular song industry during her lifetime 196 and what June Hadden Hobbs sees as the hypocrisy of sacred music publishers which resulted for Crosby in a sad and probably representative tale of exploitation of female hymn writers 196 and the contemporary perception that Crosby made a very profitable living off writing songs that were sung and played by the masses 197 like many of the lyricists of the day Crosby was exploited by copyright conventions that assigned rights not to the lyricist but to the composer of the music Crosby was paid a flat fee of one or two dollars a hymn 198 In her 1906 autobiography Crosby insisted she wrote her hymns in a sanctified manner and never for financial or commercial considerations and that she had donated her royalties to worthy causes 199 Crosby set a goal of winning a million people to Christ through her hymns and whenever she wrote a hymn she prayed it would bring women and men to Christ and kept careful records of those reported to have been saved through her hymns 200 Referring to Crosby s songs the Dictionary of American Religious Biography indicated by modern standards her work may be considered mawkish or too sentimental But their simple homey appeal struck a responsive chord in Victorian culture Their informal ballad style broke away from the staid formal approach of earlier periods touching deep emotions in singers and listeners alike Instead of dismissing her words as maudlin or saccharine audiences thrilled to them as the essence of genuine heartfelt Christianity 201 Crosby s hymns were popular because they placed a heightened emphasis on religious experiences emotions and testimonies and reflected a sentimental romanticized relationship between the believer and Christ rather than using the negative descriptions of earlier hymns that emphasised the sinfulness of people 202 Ann Douglas argues that Crosby was one of the female authors who emasculated American religion and helped shift it from a rigorous Calvinism to an anti intellectual and sentimental mass culture 203 Feminist scholars have suggested that emphases in her hymns both revealed and accelerated the feminizing of American evangelicalism 203 Her hymns were published by many notable publishers and publishing companies William B Bradbury published her hymns in his Golden Censer 1864 204 page needed a book of Sunday School hymns that sold three million copies 205 For several years Crosby contracted to write three hymns a week for Hubert Main whose Biglow and Main Co was formed after Bradbury s death 206 The company purchased 5900 poems from her for use in the Sunday School publications and published nearly 2000 of them 36 By 1889 Crosby may have written over 2500 hymns for the combined publishing houses of Bradbury and Biglow and Main 53 Methodist song publisher Philip Phillips for whom Crosby wrote a cycle of forty poems based on the Pilgrim s Progress 124 and the lyrics for an estimated 525 hymns 207 Musical and lyrical collaborators Edit Howard Doane was an industrialist who became Crosby s principal collaborator in writing gospel music 208 composing melodies for an estimated 1 500 Crosby s lyrics 207 Doane and Crosby collaborated through Biglow and Main and also privately through Doane s Northern Baptist endeavours 209 Eventually Crosby entrusted to Doane the business aspects of her compositions 210 In early 1868 Crosby met wealthy Methodist Phoebe Palmer Knapp 211 who was married to Joseph Fairchild Knapp co founder of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company 212 The Knapps published hymnals initially for use in the Sunday School of Saint John s Methodist Episcopal Church in Brooklyn which was superintended by Joseph F Knapp for 22 years 213 while Phoebe Knapp took responsibility for 200 children in the infants department 214 They first collaborated on Notes of Joy 215 the first hymnal edited by Knapp 216 who also contributed 94 of the 172 tunes and published by her brother Walter C Palmer Jr in 1869 217 Of the 21 hymns Crosby contributed to Notes of Joy including eight as The Children s Friend 218 Knapp provided the music for fourteen of them Their best known collaboration was Blessed Assurance for which Crosby wrote words in the Knapps music room for a tune written by Knapp 219 while Crosby was staying at the Knapp Mansion in 1873 2 From 1871 to 1908 Crosby worked with Ira Sankey who helped make her a household name to Protestants around the world 220 While Sankey was the premier promoter of gospel songs Crosby ranked first as their provider 181 The evangelist team of Sankey and Dwight L Moody brought many of Crosby s hymns to the attention of Christians throughout the United States and Britain 36 Crosby was close friends with Sankey and his wife Frances and often stayed with them at their home in Northfield Massachusetts from 1886 for the annual summer Christian Workers Conferences 191 and later in their Brooklyn 88 After Sankey s eyesight was destroyed by glaucoma in March 1903 221 their friendship deepened and they often continued to compose hymns together at Sankey s harmonium in his home 222 Crosby s process Edit The Blood Washed Throng 1906 Crosby described her hymn writing process It may seem a little old fashioned always to begin one s work with prayer but I never undertake a hymn without first asking the good Lord to be my inspiration 30 Her capacity for work was incredible and could often compose six or seven hymns a day 223 Her poems and hymns were composed entirely in her mind and she worked on as many as twelve hymns at once before dictating them to an amanuensis On one occasion Crosby composed 40 hymns before they were transcribed 224 Her lyrics would usually be transcribed by Van or later by her half sister Carolyn Carrie Ryder or her secretary Eva C Cleaveland as Crosby herself could write little more than her name While Crosby had musical training she did not compose the melody for most of her lyrics 223 In 1903 Crosby claimed that Spring Hymn was the only hymn she wrote both the words and music 225 In 1906 Crosby composed both the words and music for The Blood Washed Throng which was published and copyrighted by gospel singer Mary Upham Currier 226 a distant cousin who had been a well known concert singer 227 While teaching at the NYIB Crosby studied music under George F Root until his resignation in November 1850 228 In 1921 Edward S Ninde wrote None would claim that she was a poetess in any large sense Her hymns have been severely criticised Dr Julian the editor of the Dictionary of Hymnology says that they are with few exceptions very weak and poor and others insist that they are crudely sentimental Some hymn books will give them no place whatever 229 According to Glimpses of Christian History Crosby s hymns have sometimes been criticized as gushy and mawkishly sentimental and critics have often attacked both her writing and her theology Nonetheless they were meaningful to her contemporaries and hymn writer George C Stebbins stated There was probably no writer in her day who appealed more to the valid experience of the Christian life or who expressed more sympathetically the deep longings of the human heart than Fanny Crosby And many of her hymns have stood the test of time still resonating with believers today 30 Rescue missions and later life Edit Manuscript of Crosby s The Rescue Band 1895 Crosby will probably always be best known for her hymns yet she wanted to be seen primarily as a rescue mission worker According to Keith Schwanz At the end of her life Fanny s concept of her vocation was not that of a celebrated gospel songwriter but that of a city mission worker In an interview that was published in the March 24 1908 issue of the New Haven Register Fanny said that her chief occupation was working in missions 64 Many of Fanny s hymns emerged from her involvement in the city missions 64 including More Like Jesus 1867 230 Pass Me Not O Gentle Saviour 1868 231 and Rescue the Perishing 1869 232 which became the theme song of the home missions movement 233 and was perhaps the most popular city mission song with its wedding of personal piety and compassion for humanity 234 She celebrated the rescue mission movement in her 1895 hymn The Rescue Band 235 236 Crosby had lived for decades in such areas of Manhattan as Hell s Kitchen the Bowery and the Tenderloin She was aware of the great needs of immigrants and the urban poor and was passionate to help those around her through urban rescue missions and other compassionate ministry organizations From the time I received my first check for my poems I made up my mind to open my hand wide to those who needed assistance 237 Throughout her life she was described as having a horror of wealth never set prices for her speaking engagements often refused honoraria and what little she did accept she gave away almost as soon as she got it 238 She and her husband also organized concerts with half the proceeds given to aid the poor 239 Throughout New York City Crosby s sympathies for the poor were well known but consisted primarily of indirect involvement by giving contributions from the sale of her poems and by writing and sending poems for special occasions for these missions to the dispossessed as well as sporadic visits to those missions 240 1865 1880 Edit American Female Guardian Society and Home for the Friendless Crosby supported the American Female Guardian Society and Home for the Friendless founded in 1834 at 29 East 29th Street 241 for whom she wrote a hymn in 1865 that was sung by some of the Home s children O no we are not friendless now For God hath reared a home 242 Howard Mission 1860s She wrote More Like Jesus Would I Be in June 1867 expressly for the sixth anniversary of the Howard Mission and Home for Little Wanderers 230 243 a nondenominational mission at New Bowery Manhattan 230 She was inspired to write Pass Me Not O Gentle Saviour after speaking at a service at the Manhattan prison in spring 1868 244 from comments by some prisoners for the Lord not to pass them by Doane set it to music and published it in Songs of Devotion in 1870 245 Pass Me Not became her first hymn to have global appeal after it was used by Sankey in his crusades with Moody in Britain in 1874 246 Sankey said No hymn was more popular at the meetings in London in 1875 sic than this one 247 In April 1868 Crosby wrote Fifty Years Ago for the semi centennial of the New York Port Society which was founded in 1818 for the promotion of the Gospel among the seamen in the Port of New York 248 By July 1869 Crosby was attending at least weekly meetings organized by the interdenominational New York City Mission A young man was converted through her testimony and she was inspired to write the words for Rescue the Perishing based on a title and a tune given to her by William Howard Doane a few days earlier 249 250 Ira Sankey recalled the origins of Rescue the Perishing in his 1907 book My Life and the Story of the Gospel Hymns Fanny Crosby returned one day from a visit to a mission in one of the worst districts in New York City where she had heard about the needs of the lost and perishing Her sympathies were aroused to help the lowly and neglected and the cry of her heart went forth in this hymn which has become a battle cry for the great army of Christian workers throughout the world It has been used very extensively in temperance work and has been blessed to thousands of souls 251 1880 1900 Edit In 1880 aged 60 Crosby made a new commitment to Christ to serve the poor 252 and to devote the rest of her life to home missionary work 233 She continued to live in a dismal flat at 9 Frankfort Street near one of the worst slums in Manhattan until about 1884 253 From this time she increased her involvement in various missions and homes 240 During the next three decades she dedicated her time as Aunty Fanny to work at various city rescue missions including the McAuley Water Street Mission 254 the Bowery Mission the Howard Mission the Cremore Mission the Door of Hope and other skid row missions Additionally she spoke at YMCAs churches and prisons about the needs of the urban poor 255 Additionally she was a passionate supporter of Frances Willard and the Women s Christian Temperance Union and its endeavors to urge either abstinence or moderation in the use of alcohol 232 For example Crosby wrote the words for the song The Red Pledge before 1879 256 which advocated total abstinence from imbibing alcohol 257 316 Water Street Mission From about 1880 Crosby attended and supported the Helping Hand for Men in Manhattan better known as the Water Street Mission 258 America s first rescue mission 30 which was founded by a married couple to minister to alcoholics and the unemployed Jerry McAuley was a former alcoholic and thief who became a Christian in Sing Sing prison in 1864 and his wife Maria c 1847 September 19 1919 was a self described river thief and fallen woman 259 260 261 262 263 264 Crosby often attended the Water Street Mission conversing and counseling with those she met 30 Bowery Mission Crosby supported the Bowery Mission in Manhattan for two decades beginning in November 1881 265 266 The Bowery Mission welcomed the ministry of women and she worked actively often attending and speaking in the evening meetings 232 She addressed large crowds attending the anniversary service each year until the building was razed in a fire in 1897 267 She would also recite a poem which she d written for the occasion many of which were set to music by Victor Benke the Mission s volunteer organist from 1893 97 268 Among the songs that she and Benke collaborated on were six published in 1901 He Has Promised Archived August 16 2011 at the Wayback Machine There s a Chorus Ever Ringing Archived August 16 2011 at the Wayback Machine God Bless Our School Today Archived August 15 2011 at the Wayback Machine Is There Something I Can Do Archived August 16 2011 at the Wayback Machine On Joyful Wings Archived August 16 2011 at the Wayback Machine and Keep On Watching Archived August 16 2011 at the Wayback Machine Cremorne Mission104 West 32nd Street Manhattan Jerry and Maria McAuley started the Cremorne Mission in 1882 269 in the Cremorne Garden 270 at 104 West 32nd Street 271 as a beachhead in a vast jungle of vice and debauchery known as Tenderloin near Sixth Avenue Crosby attended the nightly 8 pm services where gospel songs were often sung that were written by her and Doane including ballads recalling mother s prayers reciting the evils of intemperance or envisioning agonizing deathbed scenes intending to arouse long buried memories and strengthen resolves 272 She was inspired to write a prayer after the death of Jerry McAuley in 1884 273 which was later included in rescue song books Lord behold in Thy compassion Those who kneel before Thee now They are in a sad condition None can help them Lord but Thou They are lost but do not leave them In their dreary path to roam There is pardon precious pardon If to Thee by faith they come 272 After McAuley s death Crosby continued to support the Cremorne Mission now led by Samuel Hopkins Hadley 270 Some of the city missions with which Crosby worked were operated by proponents of Wesleyan Holiness doctrine 64 including the Door of Hope rescue home founded by socialite Emma Whittemore on October 25 1890 274 275 in a house belonging to A B Simpson 276 intended as a refuge and a home for girls of the better class who have been tempted from home and right 277 278 and to rescue fallen girls 279 280 Later years 1900 1915 Edit Crosby s hymn writing declined in later years but she was active in speaking engagements and missionary work among America s urban poor almost until she died 36 She was well known and she often met with presidents generals and other dignitaries According to Blumhofer The popularity of Fanny Crosby s lyrics as well as her winsome personality catapulted her to fame 281 Some of her wealthy friends contributed often to her financial needs such as Doane Sankey and Phoebe Knapp 282 although she still tended to give generously to those whom she saw as less fortunate than herself 283 Her longtime publisher The Biglow and Main Company paid her a small stipend of 8 each week in recognition of her contributions to their business over the years even after she submitted fewer lyrics to them 284 However Knapp and others believed that Biglow and Main had made enormous profits because of Crosby without compensating her adequately for her contributions and that she should be living more comfortably in her advanced years 283 She had been ill with a serious heart condition for a few months by May 1900 285 and she still showed some effects from a fall 286 so her half sisters traveled to Brooklyn to convince her to move from her room in the home of poet Will Carleton 287 in Brooklyn to Bridgeport Connecticut They urged her to live with her widowed half sister Julia Jule Athington and with Jule s widowed younger sister Caroline Carrie W Rider 288 289 290 She and Rider rented a room together 291 before moving to a rented apartment where they lived until 1906 291 She transferred her church membership from Cornell Memorial Methodist Church in Manhattan to the First Methodist Church of Bridgeport in 1904 after moving to Bridgeport 291 Her husband Van died on July 18 1902 he had been living in Brooklyn She did not attend the funeral due to her own poor health 292 Phoebe Knapp paid for his burial at Mount Olivet Cemetery Queens County New York 293 Passing of friends public appreciation Edit Crosby and Rider moved to 226 Wells Street Bridgeport Connecticut in summer 1906 because of Rider s cancer 294 Carrie died of intestinal cancer in July 1907 and Phoebe Knapp died on July 10 1908 88 Weeks later Ira Sankey died having just sung Saved by Grace one of Crosby s most popular compositions 295 On May 2 1911 Crosby spoke to 5 000 people at the opening meeting of the Evangelistic Committee s seventh annual campaign held in Carnegie Hall after the crowd sang her songs for thirty minutes 296 On Crosby s 94th birthday in March 1914 Alice Rector and the King s Daughters of the First Methodist Church of Bridgeport Connecticut organized a Violet Day to honor her 297 which was publicized nationally by Hugh Main 298 Carleton controversy 1904 1905 Edit Fanny Crosby s Life Story 1903 American poet author and lecturer Will Carleton was a wealthy friend 299 with whom Crosby had lived in her last years in Brooklyn He had been giving lectures on her hymns and life and had published a series of articles about her in his Every Where magazine in 1901 which had a peak circulation of 50 000 copies a month for which he paid her 10 an article 300 In 1902 he wrote a tribute to her that was published in his Songs of Two Centuries 301 Publisher s Advertisement in Fanny Crosby s Life Story At Knapp s instigation Carleton revised those articles and wrote Fanny Crosby s Life Story a biography which she authorized initially it was published by July 1903 and reviewed favorably by The New York Times on July 25 302 Carleton s book sold for 1 a copy 303 page needed This was the first full length biographical account of Crosby s life although Robert Lowry had written a 16 page biographical sketch that was published in 1897 in her last book of poems Bells of Evening and Other Verses In the advertisement at the front of the book the following statement from the author was signed with a facsimile of Crosby s signature Fanny Crosby s Life Story is published and sold for my benefit and I hope by its means to be a welcome guest in many homes 304 page needed Carleton added It is sincerely hoped by the publishers that this book may have as large a sale as possible in order that the story of its loved author may be an inspiration to many people and that she may be enabled to have a home of her own in which to pass the remainder of her days 196 Publishers reaction Edit According to Ruffin Carleton s book went over like a lead balloon with Fanny s publishers There was nothing negative written explicitly about Biglow and Main but there was also little praise for the firm and its members 305 Crosby is quoted referring to Biglow and Main with whom I have maintained most cordial and even affectionate relations for many years past 306 The book did not use any of her hymns that were owned by Biglow and Main Hubert Main believed that Will Carleton wanted to ignore the Biglow amp Main Company and all its writers as far as possible and set himself up as the one of her friends who was helping her Biglow and Main believed that Carleton and Phoebe Knapp were guilty of a brutal attack on Fanny and that they were plotting to take over Crosby 307 Knapp was not invited to the 40th anniversary reception and dinner held in Manhattan in February 1904 to celebrate Crosby s association with Bradbury and Biglow and Main according to Blumhofer she was persona non grata at Biglow and Main 308 Biglow and Main were concerned that the book would diminish sales of Crosby s Bells at Evening and Other Verses which they had published in 1897 and which contained Lowry s biographical sketch of Crosby 309 They convinced Crosby to write to both Carleton and Knapp and to threaten to sue Carleton in April 1904 The threatened lawsuit was to obtain information regarding sales of the book for which she had been promised a royalty of 10 cents per copy and to seek an injunction preventing further publication The proposed injunction was on the grounds that she had been misrepresented by Carleton she believed that he had described her as living alone in poor health and extreme poverty when in fact she was receiving 25 a week from Biglow and Main and was living with relatives who cared for her 286 310 311 Crosby indicated she had no desire to be a homeowner and that if she ever lived in poverty it was by her own choice 312 Controversy goes public Edit In response to Crosby s letter and threats Carleton wrote in a letter to The New York Times that he was motivated to write his labor of love for Crosby in order to raise money that she might have a home of her own for the first time in her life He stated that he had interviewed Crosby and transcribed the details of her life paid her for her time and materials secured her permission to publish the material in his magazine Every Where and in a book paid all the expenses for publishing and printing out of his own pocket promoted the book in his own time and at his own expense remitted 235 20 to her for the royalties owing for the previous eight months at the agreed rate sent her additional contributions given by admirers at his lectures 313 Sankey paid the rent on the Bridgeport house where Crosby lived with her half sister Carrie 314 He implied in an article in The Christian that the Carleton business had been of Satanic origin and commented echoing the wheat and tares passage in scripture An enemy hath done this 315 Charles Cardwell McCabe In 1904 Phoebe Knapp contacted Methodist Episcopal Church Bishop Charles Cardwell McCabe and enlisted his assistance in publicizing Crosby s poverty raising funds to ameliorate that situation 314 They secured Crosby s permission to solicit funds for her benefit and the religious press including The Christian Advocate carried McCabe s request for money on her behalf in June 1904 under the heading Fanny Crosby in Need 316 McCabe indicated that Crosby s hymns have never been copyrighted in her own name she has sold them for small sums to the publishers who hold the copyright themselves and the gifted authoress has but little monetary reward for hymns that have been sung all over the world 316 By July 1904 newspapers reported that Crosby s publishers had issued a statement denying that she was in need of funds indicating that she never would be as they have provided abundantly for her during her entire life and stating that Bishop McCabe has been grossly deceived by somebody 317 Crosby also wrote a letter to Bishop McCabe in response to his fundraising on her behalf This letter was published at her instigation permitting him to solicit funds from her friends as a testimonial of their love but reiterating that she was not living in poverty nor was she dying or in poor health 318 Crosby and her representatives contacted him a week later and McCabe wrote to The Christian Advocate explaining his rationale for raising funds for her but stating that he was withdrawing the appeal at her request 319 The matter was still not settled in July 1904 286 however it came to an end before Fanny Crosby Day in March 1905 307 after Carleton s wife Adora died suddenly 320 New Carleton edition Edit In 1905 Carleton issued a new edition of Fannie Crosby Her Life Work which was both expanded and newly illustrated and despite the greater expense of production the price remains One Dollar a copy with Crosby to receive the same liberal royalty as the book was SOLD FOR THE BLIND AUTHOR S BENEFIT 321 In December 1905 Crosby issued a card protesting the continued sale of Carleton s book again denying she was in distress as she was in comfortable circumstances and very active giving lectures nearly once a week 322 She indicated she had received less than 325 from the sale of the book that her requests had been disregarded but that when these facts are fully known to all the publishers can sell the book as they desire only I have no wish to increase its sale for my own benefit which of course is very small 315 Despite Crosby s efforts Carleton continued to advertise the book for sale until at least 1911 323 In 1911 Carleton serialised and updated Crosby s life story in Every Where 324 The 1906 publication of Crosby s own autobiography Memories of Eighty Years which in contrast to Carleton s book focused on Crosby s hymn writing years was sold by subscription and door to door and promoted in lectures by Doane raised 1 000 for Crosby 325 For a period Crosby and Knapp were estranged because of the Carleton book 311 but by early 1905 they had reconciled 326 Crosby in later years 1906 Death and legacy EditCrosby died at Bridgeport of arteriosclerosis and a cerebral hemorrhage on February 12 1915 after a six month illness aged 94 77 She was buried at Mountain Grove Cemetery in Bridgeport CT 265 near her mother and other members of her family 327 Her family erected a very small tombstone at her request which carried the words Aunt Fanny She hath done what she could Fanny J Crosby 328 Crosby said that her interest in public affairs has never abated There are not many people living in this year of grace who had the privilege of meeting such statesmen as Henry Clay General Scott and President Polk but the names of these heroes are recorded with indelible letters among the annals of our national history and their imperishable deeds are chronicled in characters that no person living should wish to efface They were men of sterling worth and firm integrity of whom the rising generation may well learn wisdom and the true principles of national honor and democracy that all of them labored so faithfully to inculcate 329 Fanny Crosby Day Edit On Sunday March 26 1905 Fanny Crosby Day was celebrated in churches of many denominations around the world with special worship services in honor of her 85th birthday two days earlier 330 On that day she attended the First Baptist Church in Bridgeport where Carrie Rider was a member she spoke in the evening service and was given 85 331 In March 1925 about 3 000 churches throughout the United States observed Fanny Crosby Day to commemorate the 105th anniversary of her birth 332 Fanny Crosby Memorial Home for the Aged 1925 1996 Edit Crosby left money in her will for the sheltering of senior males who had no other place to live with these men to pay a nominal fee to the home for their living expenses 333 In 1923 the King s Daughters of the First Methodist Church of Bridgeport Connecticut honored Crosby s request to memorialize her by beginning to raise the additional funds needed to establish the Fanny Crosby Memorial Home for the Aged 334 The non denominational home was established in the former Hunter house at 1008 Fairfield Avenue Bridgeport 335 it opened on November 1 1925 after a national drive by the Federation of Churches to raise 100 000 to operate it 336 It operated until 1996 when it was given to the Bridgeport Rescue Mission 337 The Enoch Crosby chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution dedicated a historic roadside marker on October 8 1934 commemorating her birthplace on the western side of Route 22 in Doansburg New York just north of Brewster 338 A large memorial stone was dedicated on May 1 1955 by Crosby s friends to whom her life was an inspiration a stone that dwarfed the original gravestone 339 despite her specific instructions not to erect a large marble monument 337 340 It contained the first stanza of Blessed Assurance 341 Other honors Edit Crosby was posthumously inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1975 342 Known as the Queen of Gospel Song Writers 3 During 2010 songwriter George Hamilton IV toured Methodist chapels celebrating Fanny s outstanding contribution to gospel music His presentation included stories of her productive and charitable life some of her hymns and a few of his own uplifting songs While she is not mentioned in The Hymnal 1982 her hymns are included in several more recent hymnals including Lift Every Voice and Sing II 343 and the African American Heritage Hymnal 344 Works EditFor a more comprehensive list see List of works by Fanny Crosby References EditFootnotes Edit One source indicates at least 8 440 See Haeussler Armin 1954 The Story of Our Hymns The Handbook to the Hymnal of the Evangelical and Reformed Church 3rd ed General Synod of the Evangelical and Reformed Church by Eden Pub House p 613 and Osbeck 1999 p 12 For a list of 98 of her pseudonyms see Frances Jane Crosby Fanny Crosby 1820 1915 One source indicates that she used approximately 250 pseudonyms see Neptune 2002 p 91 Citations Edit Hawkinson Don 2005 Character for Life An American Heritage Profiles of Great Men and Women of Faith who Shaped Western Civilization New Leaf Publishing Group p 35 ISBN 9780892216291 a b Morgan 2003 p 183 a b Wilhoit Mel R October 1984 The Music of Urban Revivalism The Hymn Hymn Society of America 35 222 Fanny Crosby LANDMARKS PRESERVATION SOCIETY of Southeast Inc February 11 2010 Archived from the original on May 3 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Church Publishing 2010 pp 216 217 Wilhoff 2005 p 92 Commire Anne Klezmer Deborah 2000 Women in world history a biographical encyclopedia Waterford CT Yorkin Publications p 220 ISBN 9780787637361 a b Hall 1914 p 41 Ruffin 1995 p 50 Blumhofer 2005 pp 1 13 Fanny Crosby Biography Hymns Poems amp Facts Britannica Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved December 11 2021 Blumhofer 2005 p 14 Ruffin 1995 p 20 a b Blumhofer 2006a p page needed S G Drake 1860 The New England Historical amp Genealogical Register and Antiquarian Journal New England Historic Genealogical Society 14 310 311 Crosby Eleanor Francis Davis 1914 Simon Crosby the Emigrant His English Ancestry and Some of his American Descendants GH Ellis Co pp 45 98 Foster Warren Dunham 1913 Heroines of Modern Religion Ayer p 117 Blumhofer 2005 p 11 Ruffin 1995 p 238 Proceedings of the Continental Congress of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution Daughters of the American Revolution Continental Congress The Congress 24 446 1915 Luker Ralph E 1998 The Social Gospel in Black and White American Racial Reform 1885 1912 UNC Press Books p 242 Blumhofer 2005 pp ix 3 11 Charles Eleanor August 30 1992 Westchester Guide Fanny Crosby s Day New York Times Retrieved May 2 2010 Blumhofer 2005 p 15 Fanny Crosby The Early Years Leben A Journal of Reformation Life 4 3 July September 2008 Archived from the original on July 19 2011 Blumhofer 2005 pp 14 27 Blumhofer 2005 p 13 Blumhofer 2005 pp 19 20 Carleton 1903 p page needed a b c d e f g Fanny Crosby America s Hymn Queen Glimpses of Christian History 198 http www christianhistorytimeline com GLIMPSEF Glimpses2 glimpses198 shtml The Sunday School World 1900 Retrieved August 20 2013 a b c Annie Isabel Willis A Blind Hymn Writer Daily True American August 1 1889 p 2 Neptune 2001 p 242 Crosby 1906 p 6 Blumhofer 2005 p 16 a b c d e Severance Diane Fanny Crosby Queen of American Hymn Writers Glimpses of Christian History vol 30 Christian History timeline Crosby 1906 p 8 Blumhofer 2005 p 25 Blumhofer 2005 p 30 Blumhofer 2005 p 71 Neptune 2001 p 8 Blumhofer 2005 pp 118 21 Hall 1914 p 38 FANNY CROSBY IS DEAD AT HER HOME Noted Hymn Writer Blind Since Youth Lives To Age of Ninety Five The Lincoln Daily Star February 12 1915 For words see An Address January 24 1844 Crosby 1844 pp 149 151 Spann amp Williams 2008 p 43 For words see An Address January 24 1844 Crosby 1844 pp 152 154 a b Spann amp Williams 2008 p 74 Fanny Crosby New York Institution for the Blind An Address to the Legislature of New York On the Occasion of their Visit as Guests of the Common Council of the City to the New York Institution for the Blind Lambert amp Lane Stationers 69 Wall Street New York NY 1851 Crosby 1906 p 19 a b Congressional The Hartford Times May 9 1846 p 2 Frances Jane Crosby Monterrey and Other Poems rev ed New York R Craighead 1856 pp 60 61 a b c Annie Isabel Willis A Blind Hymnwriter Daily True American August 1 1889 p 2 Fanny Crosby Cleveland as a Teacher in the Institution for the Blind McClure s Magazine March 1909 pp 581 83 a b c d e Spann amp Williams 2008 p 152 George Frederick Parker Recollections of Grover Cleveland 2nd ed The Century Co 1911 22 25 18 000 FUND TO BUY CLEVELAND S HOME His Birthplace at Caldwell NJ Will Be Dedicated as a National Memorial The New York Times February 22 1913 Blumhofer 2005 pp 78 79 Blumhofer 2006b p page needed a b c Blumhofer 2005 p 115 Hall 1914 p 34 Blumhofer 2005 p 350 Dunlap 2004 pp 32 33 a b c d e f g Schwanz Keith 1998 Satisfied Women Hymn Writers of the 19th Century Wesleyan Holiness Movement Grantham PA Wesleyan Holiness women Clergy archived from the original on February 13 2012 retrieved March 14 2011 Phoebe Palmer Mother of the Holiness Movement Christian History 2004 White Charles Edward 1988 Phoebe Palmer and the Development of Pentecostal Pneumatology PDF Wesleyan Theological Journal 198 Spring Fall retrieved June 25 2017 a b Bell Wayne 2000 Ocean Grove Images of America Arcadia p 30 A Unique Hymn Writer PDF The New York Times August 22 1897 Messenger Troy 2000 Holy Leisure Recreation and Religion in God s Square Mile Temple University Press p 114 Women s Heritage Trail Ocean grove History Archived from the original on November 9 2014 Retrieved August 20 2013 a b Bradley Ian C 1997 Abide with Me The World of Victorian Hymns GIA p 172 a b Blumhofer 2005 p 129 I am Thine O Lord Hymn time archived from the original on July 12 2011 retrieved June 25 2017 Stanza 2 I Am Thine O Lord Crosby 1906 pp 31 32 Ruffin 1995 p 41 a b Rhinehart Clifford E 1974 Fanny Crosby profile Notable American Women A Biographical Dictionary Google books Harvard University Press p 411 ISBN 9780674627345 Retrieved August 20 2013 Smucker 1981 p 176 Crosby 1906 p 17 Carleton 1903 pp 77 78 a b Carleton 1903 p 78 Crosby Frances Jane 1856 An Appeal for Erin in her Distress Monterrey and Other Poems rev ed New York R Craighead pp 61 62 Sawyer 1853 pp 31 37 Crosby Frances Jane 1858 A Wreath of Columbia s Flowers New York NY H Dayton a b Crawford 2000 p 157 a b Root 1891 p 83 a b Neptune 2001 pp 108 a b c d e Carder 2008 pp 38 Ruffin 1995 p 75 Blumhofer 2005 p 154 Smucker 1981 p 201 a b c d e f Linn Karen 1994 That Half Barbaric Twang The Banjo in American Popular Culture University of Illinois Press p 55 Carder 2008 p 44 Carder 2008 pp 44 45 Root George Frederick 1852 New Song Fare Thee Well Kitty Dear Composed Expressly for Wood s Minstrels New York J Andrews a b Carder 2008 pp 49 Hall 1914 p 37 a b Ewen David 1987 American Songwriters A Biographical Dictionary HW Wilson p 339 Wm Hall amp Son s Column New York Musical Review A Journal of Sacred and Secular Music 5 2 31 January 19 1854 New Music Reviews New York Musical Review A Journal of Sacred and Secular Music 5 25 425 December 7 1854 Dr George F Root Dead PDF The New York Times August 8 1895 Crawford 2000 p 162 Obituary Not Eulogistic New York Musical Review A Journal of Sacred and Secular Music 5 25 418 December 7 1854 Music for the Nation American Sheet Music loc gov accessed June 25 2017 The Greenwood Bell 1853 Archived July 27 2011 at the Wayback Machine New York William Hall amp Son 1853 Crosby 1906 p 112 Sarah M Maverick A Reminiscence of Fanny Crosby The Christian Work and the Evangelist 73 1902 63 They ve Sold Me Down the River The Negro Father s Lament Song and Chorus jscholarship library jhu edu accessed June 25 2017 Carder 2008 n 57 p 215 Julius Mattfeld Variety Music Cavalcade 1620 1969 3rd ed Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice Hall 1971 Carder 2008 p 58 Carder 2008 pp 62 65 196 n 75 215 Glad to Get Home 1855 Words and Music attributed to Wurzel G F R pseud for George Frederick Root 1820 1895 from Six Songs by Wurzel Archived July 27 2011 at the Wayback Machine Cleveland OH S Brainard s Sons Source 1883 24139 LoC Six Songs by Wurzel No 2 The Honeysuckle Glen Jscholarship library jhu edu Retrieved August 20 2013 The Honeysuckle Glen No 2 from Six Songs by Wurzel The Music of George Frederick Root 1820 1895 For lyrics see Crosby amp Lowry 1899 pp 134 35 Six Songs by Wurzel No 5 All Together Again Jscholarship library jhu edu Retrieved August 20 2013 Proud World Good Bye I m Going Home Six Songs by Wurzel Cleveland OH S Brainard s Sons Seven Popular Songs by Wurzel jscholarship library jhu edu accessed December 11 2014 For lyrics see Rosalie the Prairie Flower Archived July 27 2011 at the Wayback Machine by George Frederick Root 1855 or Crosby amp Lowry 1899 pp 132 33 Carder 2008 n 75 p 215 Rosalie The Prairie Flower Best Loved Songs of The American People Denes Agay ed Garden City NY Doubleday amp Company 1975 Carder 2008 n 82 p 215 a b Koskoff 1989 p 184 The Popular Musical Compositions of Clare W Beames New York Musical Review and Gazette 7 3 February 9 1856 p 63 Carder 2008 p 35 For example see Richard F Selcer ed Civil War America 1850 to 1875 rev ed Infobase Publishing 2006 352 However see Jacklin Bolton Stopp James C Johnson and the American Secular Cantata American Music 28 2 Summer 2010 pp 228 50 which credits James C Johnson who wrote four innovative and successful cantatas prior to those of Root and Crosby See Project MUSE James C Johnson and the American Secular Cantata muse jhu edu accessed December 11 2014 Wm Hall amp Son s Column New York Musical Review A Journal of Sacred and Secular Music 5 9 April 27 1854 p 144 Mason Brothers Column New York Musical Review A Journal of Sacred and Secular Music 5 10 May 11 1854 p 159 Carder 2008 pp 36 Crosby 1906 p 28 Jacklin Bolton Stopp James C Johnson and the American Secular Cantata American Music 28 2 Summer 2010 228 Deane L Root American Popular Stage Music 1860 1880 UMI Research Press 1977 13 Vera Brodsky Lawrence and George Templeton Strong Strong on Music Reverberations 1850 1856 University of Chicago Press 1995 p 433 Blumhofer 2005 pp 149 50 Blumhofer 2005 p 150 Carder 2008 p 53 Jonathan Greenleaf A History of the Churches of All Denominations in the City of New York from the First Settlement to the Year 1846 E French 1846 194 For lyrics see DANIEL or the Captivity and Restoration A Sacred Cantata in Three Parts Archived March 4 2016 at the Wayback Machine Words selected and prepared by C hauncy M arvin Cady Esq 1824 1889 assisted by Miss F rances J ane Crosby Mrs Van Alstyne 1820 1915 Music composed by Geo rge F rederick Root 1820 1895 and W illiam B atchelder Bradbury 1816 1868 Vera Brodsky Lawrence and George Templeton Strong Strong on Music Reverberations 1850 1856 University of Chicago Press 1995 432 Richard F Selcer ed Civil War America 1850 to 1875 rev ed Infobase Publishing 2006 p 352 Blumhofer 2005 p 149 Probably found in Perkins Theodore E ed 1869 The Mount Zion Collection of Sacred and Secular Music New York NY AS Barnes amp Co See Musical American Literary Gazette and Publishers Circular no 13 14 p 302 September 15 1869 Music David W Richardson Paul Akers 2008 I Will Sing the Wondrous Story A History of Baptist Hymnody in North America Mercer University Press p 325 Hall 1914 p 6 Crosby Fanny Doane William Howard 1886 Santa Claus Home or The Christmas Excursion A Christmas Cantata for the Sunday School and Choir Biglow amp Main a b Blumhofer 2006b p 229 Ruffin 1995 pp 43 a b Blumhofer 2005 p 94 a b c d Ralph Hartsock Crosby Frances Jane Fanny 1820 1915 in Women in the American Civil War Vol 2 ed Lisa Tendrich Frank ABC CLIO 2008 193 Spann amp Williams 2008 p 95 Fanny J Crosby An Autobiography Peabody Massachusetts Hendrickson Publishers Marketing 2013 printing p 86 ISBN 978 1 59856 281 1 Hutchison Coleman 2007 Whistling Dixie for the Union Nation Anthem Revision American Literary History 19 3 603 28 doi 10 1093 alh ajm027 S2CID 145289752 Silber Irwin Silverman Jerry 1995 Songs of the Civil War Courier Dover p 52 Crosby Fanny 2009 Dixie for the Union Walkthrough 4 1 ed New York Institute for Special Education Museum and Archive p 24 Dixie For the Union NPR retrieved December 11 2014 Ruffin 1995 p 90 Crosby Fanny Jane 1864 There s A Sound Among the Forest Trees Civil War Wm B Bradbury composer PD music archived from the original on March 4 2016 retrieved March 20 2011 Crosby Fanny 1864 A Sound Among the Forest Trees A New Rallying Song and Chorus Wm B Bradbury composer Neptune 2001 pp 66 New Music The Round Table June 18 1864 p 13 Barnhill Georgia B Mellon Andrew W Poignant Songs and Poems Took the Civil War to the Home Front Ephemera News Ephemera Society of America Blumhofer 2005 p 95 Neptune 2002 pp 67 68 Neptune 2002 pp 68 69 Blumhofer 2005 pp 320 21 Crosby Fanny 1909 Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine vol 35 National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution p 51 Crosby 1909 pp 51 704 1080 Ruffin 1995 p 80 Blumhofer 2005 p 69 Blumhofer 2005 p 90 Blumhofer 2005 p 93 Crosby 1903 p 94 Crosby 1903 pp 92 93 a b Neptune 2001 pp 78 Blumhofer 2005 p 200 Neptune 2001 p 86 For example see Eleanor Charles Fanny Crosby s Day The New York Times August 30 1992 Neptune 2001 pp 86 87 Neptune 2001 pp 79 87 a b c Blumhofer 2005 p 98 Neptune 2001 pp 76 78 For example see three songs in Knapp 1869 and Stay Thee Weary Child in W H Doane and Robert Lowry ed Pure Gold New York NY Biglow and Main 1871 p 44 Music for the Nation American Sheet Music 1870 1885 memory loc gov accessed December 11 2014 Ruffin 1995 pp 107 110 J W Neighbor ed Neighbor s Home Mail The Ex soldiers Reunion and National Camp fire Issue 2 s n 1874 p 62 Blumhofer 2005 p 313 Blumhofer 2005 p 204 Lynn Japinga Crosby Frances Fanny Jane The Westminster Handbook to Women in American Religious History Susan Hill Lindley and Eleanor J Stebner eds Westminster John Knox Press 2008 p 51 a b c Blumhofer 2005 p 310 Ruffin 1995 p 132 a b c d Blumhofer 2005 p 314 A FEW OF THE 7 000 UNDERHILLS They Meet for Their Third Annual Reunion and Honor the Memory of Captain John The New York Times June 16 1895 a b Ray Beeson and Ranelda Mack Hunsicker The Hidden Price of Greatness Tyndale House Publishers 1991 242 Bradley Ian C 1997 Abide with Me The World of Victorian Hymns GIA p 172 asserts that Crosby used 216 different pen names Asner Marie A 1988 Fanny Crosby Music Poet The American Organist American Guild of Organists 22 7 12 19 a b c Hobbs 1997 p 146 Selcer Richard F ed 2006 Civil War America 1850 to 1875 rev ed Infobase p xix Stowe David Ware 2004 How Sweet the Sound Music in the Spiritual Lives of Americans Harvard University Press p 103 Brown Candy Gunther 2004 The Word in the World Evangelical Writing Publishing and Reading in America 1789 1880 UNC Press Books pp 197 98 Morgan Robert J 2010 100 Bible Verses Everyone Should Know by Heart B amp H p 38 Bowden Henry Warner 1993 Crosby Frances Jane Dictionary of American Religious Biography 2nd ed Greenwood p 132 Blumhofer Edith 2006 Stewart Debra Lee Sonners ed Music in the Ministry of Evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson Master of Arts thesis Fullerton CA US California State University ProQuest pp 149 262 a b Douglas Ann The Feminization of American Culture in Blumhofer 2005 p xiv Bradbury William Batchelder 1864 The Golden Censer A Musical Offering to the Sabbath Schools of Children s Hosannas to the Son of David William B Bradbury McNeil WK 2005 Bradbury William Batchelder in McNeil WK ed Encyclopedia of American Gospel Music Routledge p 48 Neptune 2001 p 91 a b Crosby 1903 p 93 More Love To Thee by Elizabeth Prentiss hymn story Women of Christianity February 18 2011 Blumhofer 2005 p 196 Blumhofer 2005 p 308 Crosby 1906 p 180 Joseph Fairchild Knapp Second President Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Blumhofer 2005 p 226 Women Hymn Writers Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America vol 1 Indiana University Press 2006 p 983 Ruffin 1995 p 96 Koskoff 1989 p 182 Knapp 1869 Knapp 1869 pp 8 29 34 35 54 69 93 101 Blumhofer 2005 p 229 Blumhofer 2005 p 233 Ira D Sankey is blind Slight Hope of Sight for the Singing Evangelist PDF The New York Times front page 6 March 20 1903 retrieved December 11 2014 Blumhofer 2005 pp 333 34 a b Biography Papers of Fanny Crosby Wheaton IL Billy Graham Center Archives Collection 35 archived from the original on August 16 2011 retrieved March 17 2011 Next Sunday Will be Fanny Crosby Day The Pittsburgh Press March 19 1905 40 Carleton 1903 p 137 Crosby 1906 p 198 Ruffin 1976 p 189 Carder 2008 p 32 Edward S Ninde The Story of the American Hymn New York NY Abingdon Press 1921 a b c Blumhofer 2005 p 217 Blumhofer 2005 p 245 a b c Blumhofer 2005 p 286 a b Hobbs 1997 p 100 Reed Rodney L Fall 1997 Worship Relevance and the Preferential Option for the Poor in the Holiness Movement PDF Wesleyan Theological Journal 32 2 98 Shuster Robert May 8 1999 Lord When Did We See You A Stranger Scenes of City Rescue Work from the BGC Archives Wheaton archived from the original on June 6 2011 retrieved March 27 2011 Crosby Fanny December 27 1895 The Rescue Band lyrics on original manuscript archived from the original JPEG on June 7 2011 retrieved March 27 2011 Burger 1997 p 89 Ruffin 1995 p 182 Neptune 2001 pp 76 77 a b Blumhofer 2005 p 285 An Early Member of the Board of Managers of the A F G S Wrecks and Rescues 2nd ed American Female Guardian Society 1859 American Female Guardian Society Annual Report and Interesting Exercise New York Times May 8 1865 Burrage Henry S 1888 William H Doane Baptist Hymn Writers and Their Hymns Portland ME Brown Thurston amp Co Neptune 2001 p 100 Pass Me Not O Gentle Savior Hymntime com archived from the original on December 11 2014 retrieved December 11 2014 Blumhofer 2005 p 256 Fanny J Crosby What is your legacy Cane Creek church archived from the original on September 11 2011 retrieved March 25 2011 The New York Port Society The New York Times April 3 1868 Crosby 1906 p 145 Rescue the Perishing Hymntime com archived from the original on December 11 2014 retrieved December 11 2014 Sankey Ira D 1907 My Life and the Story of the Gospel Hymns pp 258 59 Burger 1997 p 86 Ruffin 1995 pp 132 158 Joyce Mendelsohn 2009 The Lower East Side Remembered and Revisited A History and Guide p 261 ISBN 9780231519434 The Bowery Mission opened by Reverend and Mrs A G Ruliffson at 36 Bowery in 1879 is the third rescue mission established in America Jerry McAuley s Water Street Mission dating to 1872 is the first and as the New York Rescue Burger 1997 p 87 Ewing George W 1977 The Well Tempered Lyre Songs amp Verse of the Temperance Movement SMU Press p 123 Blumhofer 2005 p 294 Blumhofer 2005 p 291 Citygate Network Home www citygatenetwork org City Vision University Online Library library cityvision edu https timesmachine nytimes com timesmachine 1886 01 04 109311820 pdf bare URL PDF New York City Rescue Mission Archived from the original on November 7 2011 Duane V Maxey ed The Story of Jerry McAuley His Conversion Establishment in Grace and His Water Street Mission Work By Jerry McAuley Holiness Data Ministry 2000 p 7 Carl Watner The Most Generous Nation on Earth Voluntaryism and American Philanthropy The Voluntaryist 61 April 1993 p 4 a b Fanny Crosby s Wonderful Life Ended The Christian Herald March 3 1915 p 205 Crosby 1906 p 161 Victor H Benke 1872 1904 Archived May 9 2012 at the Wayback Machine hymntime com accessed December 11 2014 Blumhofer 2005 pp 286 287 JERRY M AULEY S WORK THE SUCCESS OF THE CREMORNE MISSION IN THIRTY SECOND STREET The New York Times January 8 1883 a b John Wilbur Chapman S H Hadley of Water Street A Miracle of Grace New York NY Fleming H Revell 1906 p 45 Cremorne Mission Celebration of the Fifteenth Anniversary of Its Founding The New York Times January 11 1897 a b Blumhofer 2005 pp 291 293 Duane V Maxey ed The Story of Jerry McAuley His Conversion Establishment in Grace and His Water Street Mission Work By Jerry McAuley Holiness Data Ministry 2000 p 7 Dan Graves October 25 1890 Emma Whittemore Opened Door of Hope October 2006 accessed December 11 2014 Emma M Whittemore Records of Modern Miracles F A Robinson ed Toronto Ontario Canada Missions of Biblical Education 1947 Emma Whittemore and Door of Hope christianity com 2 Norris Magnuson Salvation in the Slums Metuchen NJ Scarecrow Press 1977 p 82 Emma Whittemore Record of Modern Miracles pp 18 31 Mae Elise Cannon Social Justice Handbook Small Steps for a Better World InterVarsity Press 2009 pp 64 65 Diamond Dust Socialite Lands on Skid Row Emma Whittemore and Door of Hope Glimpses of Christian History p 196 Blumhofer 2006b p 215 Blumhofer 2005 pp 213 223 a b Blumhofer 2005 p 321 Blumhofer 2005 pp 321 c 325 Ruffin 1995 p 193 a b c Fanny Crosby Still Living The Pittsburg Press July 10 1904 p 28 Ross James H March 18 1905 Fanny Crosby Boston Evening Transcript p 26 Crosby 1903 p 183 Blumhofer 2005 pp 319 320 Neptune 2001 p 81 a b c Blumhofer 2005 p 320 Blumhofer 2005 p 311 Blumhofer 2005 pp 313 314 Blumhofer 2005 pp 332 342 Ira D Sankey Dies a Song on his Lips The New York Times August 15 1908 5 000 Sing with blind hymn writer Fanny Crosby Now 91 Rouses Evangelistic Rally in Carnegie Hall PDF The New York Times May 3 1911 Thrift and Beauty in the Home The Washington Post March 24 1914 p 7 Ruffin 1995 p 231 Hannan Caryn ed 1998 Carleton Will Michigan Biographical Dictionary vol A I rev ed North American Book Dist pp 123 24 Corning Amos Elwood 1917 Will Carleton A Biographical Study Lanmere p 75 Carleton Will 1902 Songs of Two Centuries Harper pp 142f Kimball Lillian Snow July 25 1903 Fanny Crosby s Life Story PDF Saturday Review of Books and Art The New York Times p BR10 Baptist Missionary Magazine vol 83 American Baptist Missionary Union 1903 Crosby 1903 Ruffin 1985 p 211 Carleton 1903 p 79 a b Blumhofer 2005 p 325 Blumhofer 2005 pp 325 326 Ruffin 1976 p 182 Will Carleton sued Miss Fanny Crosby Demands an Accounting of Book Sales PDF The New York Times p 2 April 7 1904 a b Blumhofer 2005 pp 324 325 Ruffin 1995 p 212 Carleton Will April 8 1904 Mr Carleton s side of the Crosby affair Blind Poetess Was Really Poor Ballad Poet Says PDF The New York Times letter to the editor p 8 a b Ruffin 1976 p 210 a b Ruffin 1976 p 213 a b Blumhofer 2005 p 323 Fanny Crosby Does Not Need Aid Newburgh Daily Journal Newburgh NY July 2 1904 p 2 Ruffin 1976 pp 212 213 The Christian Advocate Hunt amp Eaton 79 1111 1904 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a Missing or empty title help Michigan History Magazine Michigan Dept of State Bureau of History Michigan Historical Commission 65 66 39 1981 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a Missing or empty title help Carleton Will ed 1905 Every Where vol 17 18 Every Where Publishing Co pp 123 187 381 Miss Fanny Crosby Protests The New York Times December 5 1905 Carleton Will ed 1911 Every Where vol 29 30 Every Where p 248 An Afternoon with Fanny Crosby Carleton 1911 pp 283 299 Blumhofer 2005 p 326 Blumhofer 2005 pp 324 332 333 Writers of the Federal Writers Project of the Works Progress Administration of the State of Connecticut Connecticut A Guide to Its Roads Lore and People Boston MA Houghton Mifflin 1938 p 124 For Fanny Crosby s tombstone see Neptune 2001 p 222 Frances J Fanny Crosby 1820 1915 findagrave com accessed December 11 2014 Crosby Autobiography pp 91 92 Fanny Crosby Day PDF The New York Times March 27 1905 Blumhofer 2005 p 328 Fanny Crosby Day coverage The New York Times March 20 1925 Connecticut State Senate Finance Committee Hearing Transcript for March 18 2003 Familiar Names Appear In Social News of 1877 Bridgeport Sunday Post January 9 1977 p D 6 Lewis Carlisle Granniss Connecticut Composers Connecticut State Federation of Music Clubs 1935 p 23 Fanny Crosby Home To Be Refuge For Old People The Norwalk Hour October 20 1925 p 5 a b Blumhofer 2005 p 342 Fanny Crosby and Chancellor Kent Markers Dedicated Monday The Putnam County Courier October 12 1934 pp 1 12 Blumhofer 2005 p 343 Fanny Crosby Monument Comes 40 Years Too Late Sunday Herald April 17 1955 p 48 Frances J Fanny Crosby 1820 1915 Findagrave com October 8 2001 Retrieved August 20 2013 Frances Jane Crosby Fanny Crosby 1820 1915 Archived July 12 2011 at the Wayback Machine hymntime com accessed December 11 2014 Horace Boyer ed Life Every Voice and Sing II An African American Hymnal New York Church Hymnal Corporation 1993 ISBN 978 0 89869 194 8 Delores Carpenter ed African American Heritage Hymnal Chicago GIA Publications 2001 ISBN 978 1579991241 Sources Edit Blumhofer Edith L 2005 Her Heart Can See The Hymns and Life of Fanny Crosby Grand Rapids MI Wm B Eerdmans ISBN 978 0 8028 4253 4 2006a Fanny Crosby William Doane and the Making of Gospel Hymns in the Late Nineteenth Century In Noll Mark A Blumhofer Edith L eds Sing Them Over Again to Me Hymns and Hymnbooks in America University of Alabama Press ISBN 9780817352929 2006b Fanny Crosby in Protestant Hymnody In Bohlman Philip Vilas Blumhofer Edith Waldvogel Chow Maria M eds Music in American Religious Experience Oxford University Press Burger Delores T 1997 Home Missionary Fanny Crosby Women Who Changed the Heart of the City The Untold Story of the City Rescue Mission Movement Kregel ISBN 9780825421464 Carder Polly 2008 George F Root Civil War Songwriter A Biography McFarland Carleton Will 1903 Fanny Crosby s Life Story New York NY Every Where Publishing Co Holy Women Holy Men Celebrating the Saints Church Publishing Inc January 1 2010 ISBN 978 0 89869 678 3 Crawford Richard 2000 George Frederick Root 1820 1895 and American Vocal Music The American Musical Landscape The Business of Musicianship from Billings to Gershwin University of California Press Crosby Fanny 1844 The Blind Girl And Other Poems New York Wiley amp Putnam Crosby Fanny 1905 Fanny Crosby s Life Story New York NY Every Where Publishing Co 1906 Memories of Eighty Years Boston MA James H Earle amp Co Lowry Robert 1899 Bells at Evening and Other Verses with Biographical Sketch by Robert Lowry 3rd ed New York NY Chicago IL Biglow amp Main Dunlap David W 2004 From Abyssinian to Zion A Guide to Manhattan s Houses of Worship Columbia University Press Hobbs June Hadden 1997 I Sing for I Cannot Be Silent The Feminization of American Hymnody 1870 1920 University of Pittsburgh Press Hall Jacob Henry 1914 Dr W H Doane Composer of Hymns Biography of Gospel Song and Hymn Writers New York NY Fleming H Revell Knapp Phoebe Palmer Mrs Jos K Knapp 1869 Notes of Joy New York NY W C Palmer Jr hdl 2027 mdp 39015024127469 Koskoff Ellen 1989 1987 Women and Music in Cross cultural Perspective University of Illinois Press ISBN 978 0 252 06057 1 Morgan Robert J 2003 Then Sings My Soul 150 of the World s Greatest Hymn Stories Thomas Nelson ISBN 978 1 41857824 4 Neptune Darlene 2001 Fanny Crosby Still Lives Pelican ISBN 978 1 931600 00 2 2002 2001 Fanny Crosby Still Lives Pelican Osbeck Kenneth W August 1999 Amazing Grace Illustrated Stories of Favorite Hymns Kregel Publications ISBN 978 0 8254 3433 4 Phillips Philip ed 1870 Hallowed Songs Newly Revised for Prayer and Social Meetings Containing Hymns and Tunes Carefully Selected from All Sources Both Old and New rev ed Philip Phillips Root George Frederick 1891 The Story of a Musical Life An Autobiography John Church Co Ruffin Bernard 1976 Fanny Crosby United Church Press 1995 Fanny Crosby The Hymn Writer Barbour ISBN 978 1 55748 731 5 Sawyer Caroline Mehetabel 1853 The History of the Blind Vocalists New York NY J W Harrison Smucker David Joseph Rempel 1981 Philip Paul Bliss and the Musical Cultural and Religious Sources of the Gospel Music Tradition in the United States 1850 1876 Boston University Spann C Edward Williams Michael Edward 2008 Presidential Praise Our Presidents and their Hymns Mercer University Press Wilhoff Mel R 2005 Crosby Fanny Jane In McNeil W K ed Encyclopedia of American Gospel Music Routledge External links EditFanny Crosby at Wikipedia s sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Wikisource has original works by or about Fanny Crosby Papers of Fanny CrosbyArticlesFanny Crosby at HymnTime Archived February 9 2010 at the Wayback Machine Fanny Crosby at the Hymnary Fanny Crosby at Find a GraveBooksWorks by or about Fanny Crosby at Internet Archive Works by Fanny Crosby at LibriVox public domain audiobooks DiscographyFanny Crosby recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings Sheet musicFanny Crosby at Duke University Fanny Crosby at Indiana University Fanny Crosby 01 permanent dead link at the Library of Congress Fanny Crosby 02 permanent dead link at the Library of Congress Free scores by Fanny Crosby at the International Music Score Library Project IMSLP Streaming audioFanny Crosby on Victor Records Fanny Crosby on Edison Records Portals Biography Christianity Poetry Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fanny Crosby amp oldid 1149560295, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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