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Airline alliance

An airline alliance is an aviation industry arrangement between two or more airlines agreeing to cooperate on a substantial level. Alliances may provide marketing branding to facilitate travelers making inter-airline codeshare connections within countries. This branding may involve unified aircraft liveries of member aircraft.[1]

The 3 major airline alliances and the current fleet size of their home carriers (excluding subsidiaries, cargo and connecting partners) - from May 2020

In 2015, Star Alliance was the largest with 23% of total scheduled traffic in Revenue passenger kilometres (RPKs)/revenue passenger miles (RPMs), followed by SkyTeam with 20.4% and Oneworld with 17.8%, leaving 38.8% for others.[2] In 2019, by number of passengers, Star Alliance was leading 762 million,[3] followed by SkyTeam (630 million)[4] and Oneworld (535 million).[5]

Rationale

Benefits can consist of an extended network, often realised through codeshare agreements. Many alliances started as only codeshare networks. Cost reductions come from sharing operation facilities (e.g. catering or computer systems), operation staff (e.g. ground handling personnel, at check-in and boarding desks), investments and purchases (e.g. in order to negotiate extra volume discounts).[6] Traveller benefits can include lower prices due to lowered operational costs for a given route, different times to choose from, more destinations within easy reach, shorter travel times, more options of airport lounges shared with alliance members, fast track access on all alliance members if having frequent flyer status, faster mileage rewards by earning miles for a single account on several different carriers, round-the-world tickets, enabling travellers to fly over the world for a relatively low price.[7][8]

Airline alliances may also create disadvantages for the traveller, such as higher prices when competition is erased on a certain route or less frequent flights; for instance, if two airlines separately fly three and two times a day respectively on a shared route, their alliance might fly less than 5 (3+2) times a day on the same route. This might be especially true between hub cities for each airline. e.g., flights between Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (a Delta Air Lines fortress hub) and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (a KLM fortress hub).[9][10][11]

History

The first airline alliance was formed in the 1930s, when Panair do Brasil and its parent company Pan American World Airways agreed to exchange routes to Latin America. In 1990, the African Joint Air Services (AJAS) Accord between Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia led to the launch of Alliance Air in 1994, with South African Airways, Air Tanzania, Uganda Airlines and the governments of Uganda and Tanzania as shareholders.[citation needed]

The first large alliance began in 1989, when Northwest Airlines and KLM agreed to large-scale codesharing. In 1992, the Netherlands signed the first open skies agreement with the United States, in spite of objections from the European Union, which gave both countries unrestricted landing rights on the other's soil. Normally landing rights are granted for a fixed number of flights per week to a fixed destination. Each adjustment requires negotiations, often between governments rather than between the companies involved. In return, the United States granted antitrust immunity to the alliance between Northwest Airlines and KLM. Other alliances would struggle for years to overcome the transnational barriers and lack of antitrust immunity, and still do so.[citation needed]

Star Alliance was founded in 1997,[12] which brought competing airlines to form Oneworld in 1999 and SkyTeam in 2000.[citation needed]

In 2007 Tai Tung Alliance was founded. There are three airlines, Korean based City Express, Japan based Super Flyer and Spain based Vacation Line.

In 2010 Richard Branson, chairman of the Virgin Group, announced his intention to form a fourth alliance among Virgin branded airlines (Virgin Atlantic; Virgin America; and the Virgin Australia Holdings group of airlines).[13] Then in September 2011, Branson said that Virgin Atlantic would join one of the existing alliances;[14] this idea was repeated in October 2012.[15] In December 2012, Delta Air Lines purchased Singapore Airlines' 49% stake in Virgin Atlantic for £224 million.[citation needed] Virgin America was absorbed into Alaska Airlines, which joined the Oneworld alliance in 2021.[16][17]

On February 14, 2013, it was announced that American Airlines and US Airways would merge, retaining the American Airlines name and would remain in the Oneworld alliance. US Airways' participation in Star Alliance lapsed. In 2012, in South America, LAN Airlines and TAM Airlines began their merger. In March 2014, with the merger complete, TAM left Star Alliance and became part of LAN in Oneworld.[citation needed]

On September 21, 2015, the Vanilla Alliance was formed between several airlines based in the Indian Ocean region, in order to improve air connectivity within the region. The founding members are Air Austral, Air Mauritius, Air Madagascar, Air Seychelles, and Int'Air Îles.[citation needed]

On January 18, 2016, the first alliance of low-cost carriers was formed, U-FLY Alliance. The founding members—HK Express, Lucky Air, Urumqi Air, and West Air—are all affiliated with HNA Group, although the alliance is also seeking airlines not within the group.[18]

On May 16, 2016, the world's largest alliance of low-cost carriers was formed, Value Alliance. The founding members were Cebu Pacific, Cebgo, Jeju Air, Nok Air, NokScoot, Scoot Airlines, Tigerair, Tigerair Australia, and Vanilla Air.[19]

Current alliances

Star Alliance

 
Four members of Star Alliance at Tokyo Narita Airport: Thai, United, Swiss and Scandinavian Airlines (SAS)
 
Boeing 787-9 of All Nippon Airways

Star Alliance, founded in 1997, currently has 26 members:[20]

  Aegean Airlines, 2010
  Air Canada, founder
  Air China, 2007
  Air India, 2014
  Air New Zealand, 1999
  All Nippon Airways, 1999
  Asiana Airlines, 2003
  Austrian Airlines, 2000
  Avianca, 2012
  Brussels Airlines, 2009
  Copa Airlines, 2012
  Croatia Airlines, 2004
  EgyptAir, 2008
  Ethiopian Airlines, 2011
  EVA Air, 2013
  LOT Polish Airlines, 2003
  Lufthansa, founder
      Scandinavian Airlines, founder
  Shenzhen Airlines, 2012
  Singapore Airlines, 2000
  South African Airways, 2006
  Swiss International Air Lines, 2006
  TAP Air Portugal, 2005
  Thai Airways International, founder
  Turkish Airlines, 2008
  United Airlines, founder

Former members:

Star Alliance Connecting Partners

Oneworld

Oneworld, founded in 1999, currently has 13 members:[22]

  Alaska Airlines, 2021
  American Airlines, founder
  British Airways, founder
  Cathay Pacific, founder
  Finnair, 1999
  Iberia Airlines, 1999
  Japan Airlines, 2007
  Malaysia Airlines, 2013
  Qantas, founder
  Qatar Airways, 2013
  Royal Air Maroc, 2020
  Royal Jordanian, 2007
  SriLankan Airlines, 2014

Former members:

Future member:

Oneworld Connect Partners

Oneworld Transatlantic Joint Venture members

SkyTeam

SkyTeam, founded in 2000, currently has 18 members:[23]

  Aerolíneas Argentinas, 2012
  Aeroméxico, founder
  Air Europa, 2007
  Air France, founder
  China Airlines, 2011
  China Eastern Airlines, 2011
  Czech Airlines, 2001
  Delta Air Lines, founder
  Garuda Indonesia, 2014
  ITA Airways, 2021
  Kenya Airways, 2007
  KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, 2004
  Korean Air, founder
  Middle East Airlines, 2012
  Saudia, 2012
  TAROM, 2010
  Vietnam Airlines, 2010
  XiamenAir, 2012

Former members:

Future members:

Vanilla Alliance

Vanilla Alliance, founded in 2015, currently has 5 members:[25]

  Air Austral, founder
  Air Madagascar, founder
  Air Mauritius, founder
  Air Seychelles, founder
  Int'Air Îles, founder

U-FLY Alliance

U-FLY Alliance, founded in 2016, currently has 4 members:[26]

  Eastar Jet, 2016
  Lucky Air, founder
  Urumqi Air, founder
  West Air, founder

Former members:

Value Alliance

Value Alliance, founded in 2016, currently has 5 members:[27]

  Cebu Pacific, founder
  Cebgo, founder
  Jeju Air, founder
  Nok Air, founder
  Scoot, founder

Former members:

Statistics

Alliance Members Passengers
/year
Countries
served
Destination Fleet Employees Revenue
/year (US$)
Flights
/day
RPK[2]
Star Alliance[28] 26 642.1 Mn 195 1,360 5,000 432,603 179.05 Bn 19,000 1536 Bn 23%
SkyTeam[29] 19 665.4 Mn 175 1,062 3,937 481,691[30] 140.98 Bn[30] 17,343 1362 Bn 20.4%
Oneworld[31] 14 557.4 Mn 161 1,016 3,560 382,913 130.92 Bn 13,814 1189 Bn 17.8%
Value Alliance[32] 7 180 Mn 30 183 554 - - 400 107 Bn 1.6%
U-FLY Alliance 8 200 Mn 18 149 593 - - 420 40 Bn 0.6%
Vanilla Alliance 5 2.3 Mn 26 89 46 - - - -
 
Airline Alliance Market Share by Network Capacity 2007

Notes and references

  1. ^ Fernandez de la Torre, Pablo E. (1999). "Airline alliances : the airline perspective". DSpace@MIT. hdl:1721.1/68159. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
  2. ^ a b "Scheduled Passengers Carried". World Air Transport Statistics 60th Edition. IATA.
  3. ^ "backgrounder". Star Alliance. 18 Oct 2019. from the original on 22 December 2019.
  4. ^ "Fact Sheet" (PDF). SkyTeam. 2019. (PDF) from the original on 2019-08-29.
  5. ^ . OneWorld. 2019-02-01. Archived from the original on 2019-11-30. Retrieved 2019-12-22.
  6. ^ Crail, Chauncey (2021-02-10). "What Is An Airline Alliance?". Forbes Advisor. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  7. ^ "Why Do Airlines Join Alliances? What Are The Benefits?". Simple Flying. 2019-11-03. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  8. ^ Gaggero, Alberto A.; Bartolini, David (2012). "The Determinants of Airline Alliances". Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. 46 (3): 399–414. ISSN 0022-5258.
  9. ^ Flores-Fillol, Ricardo; Moner-Colonques, Rafael (2007). "Strategic Formation of Airline Alliances". Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. 41 (3): 427–449. ISSN 0022-5258.
  10. ^ Armantier, Olivier; Richard, Oliver (2008). "Domestic Airline Alliances and Consumer Welfare". The RAND Journal of Economics. 39 (3): 875–904. ISSN 0741-6261.
  11. ^ "Airline Alliance's Benefits and Drawbacks Explained". www.aerotime.aero. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  12. ^ BRYANT, ADAM (14 May 1997). "United and 4 Others to Detail Air Alliance Today". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2010.
  13. ^ Perman, Stacy (2010-09-05). . Time. Archived from the original on 2 November 2010. Retrieved 2011-03-04.
  14. ^ Bruner, Jon (2011-09-14). "Virgin Atlantic Will Join an Alliance Soon, Says Richard Branson". Forbes.
  15. ^ Quinn, James (2012-10-26). "Virgin Atlantic to join global airline alliance, says Branson". Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2013-05-05.
  16. ^ "Virgin America flights become Alaska next April". Flightglobal.com. 2017-10-05. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
  17. ^ "Alaska Airlines Officially Joins oneworld". 2021-03-31. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
  18. ^ "HNA Group: four airlines form U-FLY Alliance, world's first LCC grouping, showing HNA consolidation". CAPA - Centre for Aviation. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  19. ^ "Singapore Airlines’ Low-Cost Carriers, Others Start Alliance". Bloomberg. 16 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  20. ^ . Star Alliance. June 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-03-04.
  21. ^ . Star Alliance. 2012-05-31. Archived from the original on 2012-10-16. Retrieved 2012-10-15.
  22. ^ "Member Airlines". Oneworld.
  23. ^ "Facts and Figures". Amsterdam: SkyTeam. 5 March 2014.
  24. ^ "We will soon be joining SkyTeam". Crawley: Virgin Atlantic. Retrieved 2023-01-07.
  25. ^ "Vanilla Alliance agreements signed in Antananarivo". ch-aviation. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
  26. ^ . www.uflyalliance.com. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
  27. ^ "Value Alliance". www.valuealliance.com/. Retrieved 2016-05-16.
  28. ^ . Star Alliance. 2 July 2015. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016.
  29. ^ "Factsheet" (PDF). SkyTeam. Summer 2016. (PDF) from the original on 2016-07-17.
  30. ^ a b (PDF). SkyTeam. March 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-05-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  31. ^ "oneworld at a glance". Oneworld. July 2016.
  32. ^ "About". Value Alliance.

External links

  • Oneworld
  • SkyTeam
  • Star Alliance
  • Value Alliance
  • Graham Dunn (15 May 2017). "The 20-year history of global airline alliances". Flightglobal.

airline, alliance, airline, alliance, aviation, industry, arrangement, between, more, airlines, agreeing, cooperate, substantial, level, alliances, provide, marketing, branding, facilitate, travelers, making, inter, airline, codeshare, connections, within, cou. An airline alliance is an aviation industry arrangement between two or more airlines agreeing to cooperate on a substantial level Alliances may provide marketing branding to facilitate travelers making inter airline codeshare connections within countries This branding may involve unified aircraft liveries of member aircraft 1 The 3 major airline alliances and the current fleet size of their home carriers excluding subsidiaries cargo and connecting partners from May 2020 Star Alliance SkyTeam Oneworld In 2015 Star Alliance was the largest with 23 of total scheduled traffic in Revenue passenger kilometres RPKs revenue passenger miles RPMs followed by SkyTeam with 20 4 and Oneworld with 17 8 leaving 38 8 for others 2 In 2019 by number of passengers Star Alliance was leading 762 million 3 followed by SkyTeam 630 million 4 and Oneworld 535 million 5 Contents 1 Rationale 2 History 3 Current alliances 3 1 Star Alliance 3 1 1 Star Alliance Connecting Partners 3 2 Oneworld 3 2 1 Oneworld Connect Partners 3 3 SkyTeam 3 4 Vanilla Alliance 3 5 U FLY Alliance 3 6 Value Alliance 4 Statistics 5 Notes and references 6 External linksRationale EditBenefits can consist of an extended network often realised through codeshare agreements Many alliances started as only codeshare networks Cost reductions come from sharing operation facilities e g catering or computer systems operation staff e g ground handling personnel at check in and boarding desks investments and purchases e g in order to negotiate extra volume discounts 6 Traveller benefits can include lower prices due to lowered operational costs for a given route different times to choose from more destinations within easy reach shorter travel times more options of airport lounges shared with alliance members fast track access on all alliance members if having frequent flyer status faster mileage rewards by earning miles for a single account on several different carriers round the world tickets enabling travellers to fly over the world for a relatively low price 7 8 Airline alliances may also create disadvantages for the traveller such as higher prices when competition is erased on a certain route or less frequent flights for instance if two airlines separately fly three and two times a day respectively on a shared route their alliance might fly less than 5 3 2 times a day on the same route This might be especially true between hub cities for each airline e g flights between Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport a Delta Air Lines fortress hub and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol a KLM fortress hub 9 10 11 History EditThe first airline alliance was formed in the 1930s when Panair do Brasil and its parent company Pan American World Airways agreed to exchange routes to Latin America In 1990 the African Joint Air Services AJAS Accord between Tanzania Uganda and Zambia led to the launch of Alliance Air in 1994 with South African Airways Air Tanzania Uganda Airlines and the governments of Uganda and Tanzania as shareholders citation needed The first large alliance began in 1989 when Northwest Airlines and KLM agreed to large scale codesharing In 1992 the Netherlands signed the first open skies agreement with the United States in spite of objections from the European Union which gave both countries unrestricted landing rights on the other s soil Normally landing rights are granted for a fixed number of flights per week to a fixed destination Each adjustment requires negotiations often between governments rather than between the companies involved In return the United States granted antitrust immunity to the alliance between Northwest Airlines and KLM Other alliances would struggle for years to overcome the transnational barriers and lack of antitrust immunity and still do so citation needed Star Alliance was founded in 1997 12 which brought competing airlines to form Oneworld in 1999 and SkyTeam in 2000 citation needed In 2007 Tai Tung Alliance was founded There are three airlines Korean based City Express Japan based Super Flyer and Spain based Vacation Line In 2010 Richard Branson chairman of the Virgin Group announced his intention to form a fourth alliance among Virgin branded airlines Virgin Atlantic Virgin America and the Virgin Australia Holdings group of airlines 13 Then in September 2011 Branson said that Virgin Atlantic would join one of the existing alliances 14 this idea was repeated in October 2012 15 In December 2012 Delta Air Lines purchased Singapore Airlines 49 stake in Virgin Atlantic for 224 million citation needed Virgin America was absorbed into Alaska Airlines which joined the Oneworld alliance in 2021 16 17 On February 14 2013 it was announced that American Airlines and US Airways would merge retaining the American Airlines name and would remain in the Oneworld alliance US Airways participation in Star Alliance lapsed In 2012 in South America LAN Airlines and TAM Airlines began their merger In March 2014 with the merger complete TAM left Star Alliance and became part of LAN in Oneworld citation needed On September 21 2015 the Vanilla Alliance was formed between several airlines based in the Indian Ocean region in order to improve air connectivity within the region The founding members are Air Austral Air Mauritius Air Madagascar Air Seychelles and Int Air Iles citation needed On January 18 2016 the first alliance of low cost carriers was formed U FLY Alliance The founding members HK Express Lucky Air Urumqi Air and West Air are all affiliated with HNA Group although the alliance is also seeking airlines not within the group 18 On May 16 2016 the world s largest alliance of low cost carriers was formed Value Alliance The founding members were Cebu Pacific Cebgo Jeju Air Nok Air NokScoot Scoot Airlines Tigerair Tigerair Australia and Vanilla Air 19 Current alliances EditStar Alliance Edit Four members of Star Alliance at Tokyo Narita Airport Thai United Swiss and Scandinavian Airlines SAS Boeing 787 9 of All Nippon Airways Main article Star Alliance Star Alliance founded in 1997 currently has 26 members 20 Aegean Airlines 2010 Air Canada founder Air China 2007 Air India 2014 Air New Zealand 1999 All Nippon Airways 1999 Asiana Airlines 2003 Austrian Airlines 2000 Avianca 2012 Brussels Airlines 2009 Copa Airlines 2012 Croatia Airlines 2004 EgyptAir 2008 Ethiopian Airlines 2011 EVA Air 2013 LOT Polish Airlines 2003 Lufthansa founder Scandinavian Airlines founder Shenzhen Airlines 2012 Singapore Airlines 2000 South African Airways 2006 Swiss International Air Lines 2006 TAP Air Portugal 2005 Thai Airways International founder Turkish Airlines 2008 United Airlines founderFormer members Adria Airways 2004 2019 defunct Ansett Australia 1999 2001 defunct Blue1 2004 2012 defunct BMI 2000 2012 absorbed into British Airways 21 Continental Airlines 2009 2012 merged with United Airlines Mexicana de Aviacion 2000 2004 joined Oneworld in 2009 Shanghai Airlines 2007 2010 merged with China Eastern Airlines and joined SkyTeam in 2011 Spanair 2003 2012 defunct TACA 2012 2013 merged with Avianca Avianca Brazil 2015 2019 defunct TAM Airlines 2010 2014 merged with LAN Airlines and joined Oneworld in 2014 US Airways 2004 2014 joined Oneworld as an affiliate member of American Airlines Varig 1997 2007 defunct Star Alliance Connecting Partners Edit Juneyao Airlines 2017 Thai Smile 2020Oneworld Edit Royal Air Maroc Boeing 787 8 Main article Oneworld Oneworld founded in 1999 currently has 13 members 22 Alaska Airlines 2021 American Airlines founder British Airways founder Cathay Pacific founder Finnair 1999 Iberia Airlines 1999 Japan Airlines 2007 Malaysia Airlines 2013 Qantas founder Qatar Airways 2013 Royal Air Maroc 2020 Royal Jordanian 2007 SriLankan Airlines 2014Former members Air Berlin 2010 2017 defunct Canadian Airlines founder 1999 2000 acquired by Air Canada LATAM Brasil 2014 2020 LATAM Chile 2000 2020 Malev Hungarian Airlines 2007 2012 defunct Mexicana de Aviacion 2009 ceased operations in 2010 S7 Airlines 2010 2022 suspended from alliance US Airways 2014 2015 merged with American AirlinesFuture member Oman Air joining in 2024Oneworld Connect Partners Edit Fiji Airways 2018Oneworld Transatlantic Joint Venture members Aer LingusSkyTeam Edit Airbus A350 900 of Vietnam Airlines Main article SkyTeam SkyTeam founded in 2000 currently has 18 members 23 Aerolineas Argentinas 2012 Aeromexico founder Air Europa 2007 Air France founder China Airlines 2011 China Eastern Airlines 2011 Czech Airlines 2001 Delta Air Lines founder Garuda Indonesia 2014 ITA Airways 2021 Kenya Airways 2007 KLM Royal Dutch Airlines 2004 Korean Air founder Middle East Airlines 2012 Saudia 2012 TAROM 2010 Vietnam Airlines 2010 XiamenAir 2012Former members Aeroflot 2006 2022 suspended from alliance Alitalia 2001 2021 defunct China Southern Airlines 2007 2018 Continental Airlines 2004 2009 joined Star Alliance in 2009 Copa Airlines 2007 2009 joined Star Alliance in 2012 Northwest Airlines 2004 2010 merged with Delta Air LinesFuture members Virgin Atlantic joining in 2023 24 Vanilla Alliance Edit Main article Vanilla Alliance Vanilla Alliance founded in 2015 currently has 5 members 25 Air Austral founder Air Madagascar founder Air Mauritius founder Air Seychelles founder Int Air Iles founder U FLY Alliance Edit Main article U FLY Alliance U FLY Alliance founded in 2016 currently has 4 members 26 Eastar Jet 2016 Lucky Air founder Urumqi Air founder West Air founderFormer members HK Express 2016 2019 founderValue Alliance Edit Main article Value Alliance Value Alliance founded in 2016 currently has 5 members 27 Cebu Pacific founder Cebgo founder Jeju Air founder Nok Air founder Scoot founderFormer members NokScoot 2016 2020 defunct Tigerair 2016 2017 merged with Scoot Tigerair Australia 2016 2018 founder Vanilla Air 2016 2018 founder merged with Peach AviationStatistics EditAlliance Members Passengers year Countriesserved Destination Fleet Employees Revenue year US Flights day RPK 2 Star Alliance 28 26 642 1 Mn 195 1 360 5 000 432 603 179 05 Bn 19 000 1536 Bn 23 SkyTeam 29 19 665 4 Mn 175 1 062 3 937 481 691 30 140 98 Bn 30 17 343 1362 Bn 20 4 Oneworld 31 14 557 4 Mn 161 1 016 3 560 382 913 130 92 Bn 13 814 1189 Bn 17 8 Value Alliance 32 7 180 Mn 30 183 554 400 107 Bn 1 6 U FLY Alliance 8 200 Mn 18 149 593 420 40 Bn 0 6 Vanilla Alliance 5 2 3 Mn 26 89 46 Airline Alliance Market Share by Network Capacity 2007Notes and references Edit Fernandez de la Torre Pablo E 1999 Airline alliances the airline perspective DSpace MIT hdl 1721 1 68159 Retrieved April 15 2014 a b Scheduled Passengers Carried World Air Transport Statistics 60th Edition IATA backgrounder Star Alliance 18 Oct 2019 Archived from the original on 22 December 2019 Fact Sheet PDF SkyTeam 2019 Archived PDF from the original on 2019 08 29 20 years 20 facts oneworld OneWorld 2019 02 01 Archived from the original on 2019 11 30 Retrieved 2019 12 22 Crail Chauncey 2021 02 10 What Is An Airline Alliance Forbes Advisor Retrieved 2022 02 07 Why Do Airlines Join Alliances What Are The Benefits Simple Flying 2019 11 03 Retrieved 2022 02 07 Gaggero Alberto A Bartolini David 2012 The Determinants of Airline Alliances Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 46 3 399 414 ISSN 0022 5258 Flores Fillol Ricardo Moner Colonques Rafael 2007 Strategic Formation of Airline Alliances Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 41 3 427 449 ISSN 0022 5258 Armantier Olivier Richard Oliver 2008 Domestic Airline Alliances and Consumer Welfare The RAND Journal of Economics 39 3 875 904 ISSN 0741 6261 Airline Alliance s Benefits and Drawbacks Explained www aerotime aero Retrieved 2022 02 07 BRYANT ADAM 14 May 1997 United and 4 Others to Detail Air Alliance Today The New York Times Archived from the original on 30 January 2013 Retrieved 16 October 2010 Perman Stacy 2010 09 05 Virgin s Richard Branson Circles His Wagons Time Archived from the original on 2 November 2010 Retrieved 2011 03 04 Bruner Jon 2011 09 14 Virgin Atlantic Will Join an Alliance Soon Says Richard Branson Forbes Quinn James 2012 10 26 Virgin Atlantic to join global airline alliance says Branson Telegraph Archived from the original on 2013 05 05 Virgin America flights become Alaska next April Flightglobal com 2017 10 05 Retrieved January 2 2018 Alaska Airlines Officially Joins oneworld 2021 03 31 Retrieved July 5 2021 HNA Group four airlines form U FLY Alliance world s first LCC grouping showing HNA consolidation CAPA Centre for Aviation 22 January 2016 Retrieved 11 February 2016 Singapore Airlines Low Cost Carriers Others Start Alliance Bloomberg 16 May 2016 Retrieved 16 May 2016 Member airline Star Alliance June 2013 Archived from the original on 2013 03 04 Bmi Formally Leaves Star Alliance 2012 05 31 Archived from the original on 2012 10 16 Retrieved 2012 10 15 Member Airlines Oneworld Facts and Figures Amsterdam SkyTeam 5 March 2014 We will soon be joining SkyTeam Crawley Virgin Atlantic Retrieved 2023 01 07 Vanilla Alliance agreements signed in Antananarivo ch aviation Retrieved 2016 04 09 UFLY Alliance www uflyalliance com Archived from the original on August 25 2018 Retrieved April 9 2016 Value Alliance www valuealliance com Retrieved 2016 05 16 Facts and Figures Star Alliance 2 July 2015 Archived from the original on 15 April 2016 Factsheet PDF SkyTeam Summer 2016 Archived PDF from the original on 2016 07 17 a b Factsheet PDF SkyTeam March 2015 Archived from the original on 2015 05 30 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link oneworld at a glance Oneworld July 2016 About Value Alliance External links Edit Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Airline alliances Oneworld SkyTeam Star Alliance Value Alliance Graham Dunn 15 May 2017 The 20 year history of global airline alliances Flightglobal Portal Aviation Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Airline alliance amp oldid 1134576129, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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