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International Brotherhood of Teamsters

September 28, 2023

"Teamsters" redirects here. For truck drivers in general, see Teamster.

The International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) is a labor union in the United States and Canada. Formed in 1903 by the merger of the Team Drivers International Union and the Teamsters National Union,[2] the union now represents a diverse membership of blue-collar and professional workers in both the public and private sectors, totalling about 1.3 million in 2015.[1] The union was formerly called the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America.

International Brotherhood of Teamsters
AbbreviationIBT
Formation1903 (1903)
Merger of
  • Team Drivers International Union
  • Teamsters National Union
TypeTrade union
HeadquartersWashington, DC, US
Location
    • Canada
    • United States
Membership (2015)
1.3 million[1]
President
Sean O'Brien
Secretary-treasurer
Fred Zuckerman
Affiliations
Websiteteamster.org
Formerly called
International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America

History Edit

Early history Edit

The American Federation of Labor (AFL) had helped form local unions of teamsters since 1887. In November 1898, the AFL organized the Team Drivers' International Union (TDIU).[3][4] In 1901, a group of teamsters in Chicago, Illinois, broke from the TDIU and formed the Teamsters National Union.[3] Unlike the TDIU, which permitted large employers to be members, the new Teamsters National Union permitted only employees, teamster helpers, and owner-operators owning only a single team to join, and advocated higher wages and shorter hours more aggressively than the TDIU.[3] Claiming more than 28,000 members in 47 locals, its president, Albert Young, applied for membership in the AFL. The AFL asked the TDIU to merge with Young's union to form a new, AFL-affiliated union and the two groups did so in 1903, forming the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT),[4] and electing Cornelius Shea as the new union's first president.[3][4] The election process proved tumultuous. Shea effectively controlled the convention because the Chicago locals—representing nearly half the IBT's membership[5]—supported his candidacy en bloc. Shea was opposed by John Sheridan, president of the Ice Drivers' Union of Chicago. Sheridan and George Innes, president of the TDIU, accused Shea of embezzlement in an attempt to prevent his election.[6] Shea won the election on August 8, 1903, by a vote of 605 to 480. The new grouping elected Edward L. Turley of Chicago as secretary-treasurer and Albert Young as general organizer.[7][8]

 
Cornelius Shea, first General President of the Teamsters, circa 1905
 
Informal portrait of (left to right) Cornelius P. Shea, John Miller, Fred Mader, and Tim Murphy sitting in a row in a courtroom in Chicago, Illinois, during a labor trial. Murphy was a politician, union organizer, and reputed gangster, and he was murdered in 1928.

The union, like most unions within the American Federation of Labor (AFL) at the time, had a largely decentralized structure, with a number of local unions that governed themselves autonomously and tended to look only after their own interests in the geographical jurisdiction in which they operated.[9][10][11] The teamsters were vitally important to the labor movement, for a strike or sympathy strike by the teamsters could paralyze the movement of goods throughout a city and bring a strike into nearly every neighborhood.[5] It also meant that teamsters leaders were able to demand bribes in order to avoid strikes, and control of a teamsters local could bring organized crime significant revenues. During Shea's presidency, the entire teamsters union was notoriously corrupt.[12][13][14]

Several major strikes occupied the union in its first three years. In November 1903, teamsters employed by the Chicago City Railway went out on strike. Shea attempted to stop sympathy strikes by other teamster locals, but three locals walked out and eventually disaffiliated over the sympathy-strike issue.[15] A sympathy strike in support of 18,000 striking meat cutters in Chicago in July 1904 led to riots before the extensive use of strikebreakers led Shea to force his members back to work (leading to the collapse of the meat cutters' strike).[12][16][17] In the midst of the strife in 1904, the teamsters convention in Cincinnati, Ohio, re-elected Shea by acclamation on August 8, 1904.[17] Under his leadership, the union had expanded to nearly 50,000 members in 821 locals in 300 cities, making the Teamsters one of the largest unions in the United States.[12]

In 1905 10,000 teamsters struck in support of locked-out tailors at Montgomery Ward, and eventually more than 25,000 teamsters manned the picket lines.[18][19][20] But when local newspapers discovered that Shea was living in a local brothel, kept a 19-year-old waitress as a mistress, and had spent the strike hosting parties, public support for the strike collapsed and the strike ended on August 1, 1905.[18][20][21][22] Despite the revelations, Shea won re-election on August 12, 1905, by a vote of 129 to 121.[23]

Shea was re-elected again in 1905 and 1906, although significant challenges to his presidency occurred each time.[24] Shea's first trial on charges stemming from the 1905 Montgomery Ward strike ended in a mistrial.[25] However, during the 1906 re-election Shea had promised that he would resign the presidency once his trial had ended.[26] But he did not, and most union members withdrew their support for him.[26] Daniel J. Tobin of Boston was elected Shea's successor by a vote of 104 to 94 in August 1907.[27]

Organizing and growth during the Great Depression Edit

Tobin was president of the Teamsters from 1907 to 1952. Although he faced opposition in his re-election races in 1908, 1909 and 1910, he never faced opposition again until his retirement in 1952.[28]

The Teamsters began to expand dramatically and mature organizationally under Tobin. He pushed for the development of "joint councils" to which all local unions were forced to affiliate. Varying in geographical and industrial jurisdiction, the joint councils became important incubators for up-and-coming leadership and negotiating master agreements which covered all employers in a given industry. Tobin also actively discouraged strikes in order to bring discipline to the union and encourage employers to sign contracts, and founded and edited the union magazine, the International Teamster.[9][10][11][29][30] Under Tobin, the Teamsters also first developed the "regional conference" system (developed by Dave Beck in Seattle), which provided stability, organizing strength, and leadership to the international union.[10]

Tobin undertook long jurisdictional battles with many unions during this period. Fierce disputes occurred between the Teamsters and the Gasoline State Operators' National Council (an AFL federal union of gas station attendants), the International Longshoremen's Association, the Retail Clerks International Union, and the Brotherhood of Railway Clerks.[10][31] The most significant disagreement, however, was with the United Brewery Workers over the right to represent beer wagon drivers. While the Teamsters lost this battle in 1913, when the AFL awarded jurisdiction to the Brewers, they won when the issue came before the AFL Executive Board again in 1933, when the Brewers were still recovering from their near-elimination during Prohibition.[10][28][32][33] The raids and new member organizing in the 1930s led to significant membership increases. Teamster membership stood at just 82,000 in 1932. Tobin took advantage of the wave of pro-union sentiment engendered by the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act, and by 1935 union membership had increased nearly 65 percent to 135,000. By 1941, Tobin had a dues-paying membership of 530,000—making the Teamsters the fastest-growing labor union in the United States.[10]

One of the most significant events in union history occurred in 1934. A group of radicals in Local 574 in Minneapolis—led by Farrell Dobbs, Carl Skoglund, and the Dunne brothers (Ray, Miles and Grant), all members of the Trotskyist Communist League of America—began successfully organizing coal truck drivers in the winter of 1933.[34] Tobin, an ardent anti-communist,[35] opposed their efforts and refused to support their 1933 strike.[34] Local 574 struck again in 1934, leading to several riots over a nine-day period in May.[34] When the employers' association reneged on the agreement, Local 574 resumed the strike, although it ended again after nine days when martial law was declared by Governor Floyd B. Olson.[34] Although Local 574 won a contract recognizing the union and which broke the back of the anti-union Citizens Alliance in Minneapolis, Tobin expelled Local 574 from the Teamsters. Member outrage was extensive, and in August 1936 he was forced to recharter the local as 544.[10][31][34][36] Within a year the newly formed Local 544 had organized 250,000 truckers in the Midwest and formed the Central Conference of Teamsters.[10][31][34][36]

Extensive organizing also occurred in the West. Harry Bridges, radical leader of the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU), was leading "the march inland"—an attempt to organize warehouse workers away from shipping ports.[10][37] Alarmed by Bridges' radical politics and worried that the ILWU would encroach on Teamster jurisdictions, Dave Beck formed a large regional organization (the Western Conference of Teamsters) to engage in fierce organizing battles and membership raids against the ILWU which led to the establishment of many new locals and the organization of tens of thousands of new members.[10][38]

But corruption became even more widespread in the Teamsters during the Tobin administration. By 1941, the union was considered the most corrupt in the United States, and the most abusive towards its own members. Tobin vigorously defended the union against such accusations, but also instituted many constitutional and organizational changes and practices which made it easier for union officials to engage in criminal offenses.[39]

World War II and the post-war period Edit

By the beginning of World War II, the Teamsters was one of the most powerful unions in the country, and Teamster leaders were influential in the corridors of power. Union membership had risen more than 390 percent between 1935 and 1941 to 530,000.[10] In June 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Tobin to be the official White House liaison to organized labor, and later that year chair of the Labor Division of the Democratic National Committee.[10][40] In 1942, President Roosevelt appointed Tobin special representative to the United Kingdom and charged him with investigating the state of the labor movement there.[41] Tobin was considered three times for Secretary of Labor, and twice refused the post—in 1943 and 1947.[42] On September 23, 1944, Roosevelt gave his famous "Fala speech" while campaigning in the 1944 presidential election. Because of Roosevelt's strong relationship with Tobin and the union's large membership, the President delivered his speech before the Teamster convention.[10]

Nonetheless, Teamsters members were restive. Dissident members of the union accused the leadership of suppressing democracy in the union, a charge Tobin angrily denied.[43] Over the next year, Tobin cracked down on dissidents and several large locals led by his political opponents.[44]

During World War II, The Teamsters strongly endorsed the American labor movement's no-strike pledge. The Teamsters agreed to cease raiding other unions and not strike for the duration of the national emergency. Tobin even ordered Teamsters members to cross picket lines put up by other unions. Nevertheless, the national leadership sanctioned strikes by Midwestern truckers in August 1942, Southern truckers in October 1943, and brewery workers and milk delivery drivers in January 1945.[30][45] The Teamsters did not, however, participate in the great post-war wave of labor strikes. In the two years following the cessation of hostilities, the Teamsters struck only three times: 10,000 truckers in New Jersey struck for two weeks; workers at UPS struck nationwide for three weeks; and workers at Railway Express Agency struck for almost a month.[46]

Teamsters leaders strongly opposed enactment of the Taft–Hartley Act and repeatedly called for its repeal. Tobin, however, was one of the first labor leaders to sign the non-communist affidavit required by the law.[47]

The great wave of organizing which the union engaged in during the Great Depression and the war significantly boosted the political power of a number of regional Teamsters leaders, and the leadership of the union engaged in a number of power struggles in the post-war period. By 1949, the union's membership had topped one million.[48] Dave Beck (elected an international vice-president in 1940) was increasingly influential in the international union, and Tobin attempted to check his growing power but failed.[10] In 1946, Beck successfully overcame Tobin's opposition and won approval of an amendment to the union's constitution creating the post of executive vice-president. Beck then won the 1947 election to fill the position.[29] Beck also successfully opposed in 1947 a Tobin-backed dues increase to fund new organizing.[49] The following year, Beck was able to demand the ouster of the editor of International Teamster magazine and install his own man in the job.[50]

In 1948, Beck allied with his long-time rival Jimmy Hoffa and effectively seized control of the union. He announced a raid on the International Association of Machinists local at Boeing. Although Tobin publicly repudiated Beck's actions, Beck had more than enough support from Hoffa and other members of the executive board to force Tobin to back down.[51] Five months later, Beck won approval of a plan to dissolve the union's four divisions and replace them with 16 divisions organized around each of the major job categories in the union's membership.[52] In 1951, Tom Hickey, reformist leader of the Teamsters in New York City, won election to the Teamsters executive board. Tobin needed Beck's support to prevent Hickey's election, and Beck refused to give it.[53]

On September 4, 1952, Tobin announced he would step down as president of the Teamsters at the end of his term.[54] At the union's 1952 convention, Beck was elected General President and pushed through a number of changes intended to make it harder for a challenger to build the necessary majority to unseat a president or reject his policies.[55]

Influence of organized crime Edit

Beck was elected to the Executive Council of the AFL on August 13, 1953, but his election generated a tremendous political battle between AFL President George Meany, who supported his election, and federation vice presidents who felt Beck was corrupt and should not be elected to the post.[56][57] Beck was the first Teamster president to negotiate a nationwide master contract and a national grievance arbitration plan,[58] established organizing drives in the Deep South[59] and the East,[60] and built the current Teamsters headquarters (the "Marble Palace") in Washington, DC, on Louisiana Avenue NW (across a small plaza from the United States Senate).[61] But his intervention in a construction and a milk strike (both centered in New York City), and refusal to intervene in a Northeastern trucking strike created major political problems for him.[62] Perceiving Beck to be weak, Jimmy Hoffa began challenging Beck on various union decisions and policies in 1956 with an eye to unseating him as General President in the regularly scheduled union elections in 1957.[63]

Infiltration by organized crime dominated the agenda of the Teamsters throughout the 1950s. The Teamsters had suffered from extensive corruption since its formation in 1903.[12][13][14] Although the more extreme, public forms of corruption had been eliminated after General President Cornelius Shea was removed from office, the extent of corruption and control by organized crime increased during Tobin's time in office (1907 to 1952).[10][13][22][64] In 1929, the Teamsters and unions in Chicago even approached gangster Roger Touhy and asked for his protection from Al Capone and his Chicago Outfit, which were seeking to control the area's unions.[65] Evidence of widespread corruption within the Teamsters began emerging shortly after Tobin retired.[66] In Kansas City, corrupt Teamsters locals spent years seeking bribes, embezzling money, and engaging in extensive extortion and labor rackets as well as beatings, vandalism and even bombings in an attempt to control the construction and trucking industries.[22][67] The problem was so serious that the US House of Representatives held hearings on the issue.[68]

Hoffa's attempt to challenge Beck caused a major national scandal which led to two Congressional investigations, several indictments for fraud and other crimes against Beck and Hoffa, strict new federal legislation and regulations regarding labor unions, and even helped launch the political career of Robert F. Kennedy. Believing he needed additional votes to unseat Beck, in October 1956 Hoffa met with mobster Johnny Dio in New York City and the two men conspired to create as many as 15 paper locals[a] to boost Hoffa's delegate totals.[70][71] When the paper locals applied for charters from the international union, Hoffa's political foes were outraged.[63][72] A major battle broke out within the Teamsters over whether to charter the locals, and the media attention led to inquiries by the US Department of Justice and the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the US Senate Committee on Government Operations.[73] Beck and other Teamster leaders challenged the authority of the US Senate to investigate the union,[74][75] which caused the Senate to establish the Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management—a new committee with broad subpoena and investigative powers.[76] Senator John L. McClellan, chair of the select committee, hired Robert F. Kennedy as the subcommittee's chief counsel and investigator.[77]

The Select Committee (also known as the McClellan Committee, after its chairman), exposed widespread corruption in the Teamsters union. Dave Beck fled the country for a month to avoid its subpoenas before returning.[78] Four of the paper locals were dissolved to avoid committee scrutiny, several Teamster staffers were charged with contempt of Congress, and union records were lost or destroyed (allegedly on purpose), and wiretaps were played in public before a national television audience in which Dio and Hoffa discussed the creation of even more paper locals.[79] Evidence was unearthed of a mob-sponsored plot in which Oregon Teamsters unions would seize control of the state legislature, state police, and state attorney general's office through bribery, extortion and blackmail.[80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][excessive citations] Initially, members of the union did not believe the charges, and support for Beck was strong,[90][91] but after three months of continuous allegations of wrongdoing many rank-and-file Teamsters withdrew their support and openly called for Beck to resign.[92] Beck initially refused to address the allegations, but broke his silence and denounced the committee's inquiry on March 6.[93] But even as the committee conducted its investigation, the Teamsters chartered even more paper locals.[94] In mid-March 1957, Jimmy Hoffa was arrested for allegedly trying to bribe a Senate aide.[95] Hoffa denied the charges, but the arrest triggered additional investigations and more arrests and indictments over the following weeks.[96][97][98][99] A week later, Beck admitted to receiving an interest-free $300,000 loan from the Teamsters which he had never repaid, and Senate investigators claimed that loans to Beck and other union officials (and their businesses) had cost the union more than $700,000.[100] Beck appeared before the select committee for the first time on March 25, 1957, and invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination 117 times.[101] The McClellan Committee turned its focus to Hoffa and other Teamsters officials, and presented testimony and evidence alleging widespread corruption in Hoffa-controlled Teamster units.[71][102]

Several historic legal developments came out of the select committee's investigation. The scandals uncovered by the McClellan committee, which affected not only the Teamsters but several other unions, led directly to the passage of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (also known as the Landrum-Griffin Act) in 1959.[103] The right of union officials to exercise their Fifth Amendment rights was upheld and a significant refinement of constitutional law made when the US Supreme Court reaffirmed the right of union officials to not divulge the location of union records in Curcio v. United States, 354 U.S. 118 (1957).[104]

Rank-and-file anger over the McClellan Committee's revelations eventually led Beck to retire from the Teamsters and allowed Jimmy Hoffa to take over. Immediately after his testimony in late March 1957, Beck won approval from the union's executive board to establish a $1 million fund to defend himself and the union from the committee's allegations.[105] But member outrage at the expenditure was significant, and permission to establish the fund was rescinded.[106] Member anger continued to grow throughout the spring,[107] and Beck's majority support on the executive board vanished.[108] Beck was called before the McClellan Committee again in early May 1957, and additional interest-free loans and other potentially illegal and unethical financial transactions exposed.[109] Based on these revelations, Beck was indicted for tax evasion on May 2, 1957.[110]

Beck's legal troubles led him to retire and Hoffa to win election to the union presidency. Support for Beck among the membership evaporated.[111] Beck announced on May 25 he would not run for re-election in October.[112] The announcement created chaos among the union leadership,[113] and despite additional indictments Hoffa announced he would seek the presidency on July 19.[114] Rank-and-file support for Hoffa was strong,[115] although there were some attempts to organize an opposition candidate.[116] Hoffa's opponents asked a federal judge to postpone the election, but the request was granted only temporarily and Hoffa was elected General President of the union on October 4, 1957.[117] Beck offered to retire early to allow Hoffa to take control of the union in December.[118] A federal district court barred Hoffa from taking power unless he was acquitted in his wiretapping trial.[119] The ruling was upheld by a court of appeals, and the trial ended in a hung jury on December 19, 1957. Hoffa assumed the presidency on February 1, 1958.[120]

 
Jimmy Hoffa served as President from 1957 to 1971.

The worsening corruption scandal led the AFL–CIO to eject the Teamsters. AFL–CIO President George Meany, worried that corruption scandals plaguing a number of unions at the time might lead to harsh regulation of unions or even the withdrawal of federal labor law protection, began an anti-corruption drive in April 1956.[121] New rules were enacted by the labor federation's executive council that provided for the removal of vice presidents engaged in corruption as well as the ejection of unions considered corrupt.[122] The McClellan Committee's investigation only worsened the dispute between the AFL–CIO and the Teamsters.[123] In January 1957, the AFL–CIO proposed a new rule which would bar officers of the federation from continuing to hold office if they exercised their Fifth Amendment rights in a corruption investigation.[124] Beck opposed the new rule,[125] but the Ethical Practices Committee of AFL–CIO instituted the rule on January 31, 1957.[126] The Teamsters were given 90 days to reform,[127] but Beck retaliated by promising more raids on AFL–CIO member unions if the union was ousted.[128] Beck's opposition prompted a successful move by Meany to remove Beck from the AFL–CIO executive council on the grounds of corruption.[129] After extensive hearings and appeals which lasted from July to September 1957, the AFL–CIO voted on September 25, 1957, to eject the Teamsters if the union did not institute reforms within 30 days.[130] Beck refused to institute any reforms, and the election of Jimmy Hoffa (whom the AFL–CIO considered as corrupt as Beck) led the labor federation to suspend the Teamsters union on October 24, 1957.[131] Meany offered to keep the Teamsters within the AFL–CIO if Hoffa resigned as president, but Hoffa refused and the formal expulsion occurred on December 6, 1957.[132]

The Teamsters were not the only corrupt union in the AFL–CIO by any means. Another was the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA), which represented stevedores in most East Coast ports. The Teamsters had long desired to bring all shipping and transportation workers into the union, so that no product could be moved anywhere in the US without it being touched by Teamsters hands. As the ILA came under increasing attack for permitting corruption in its locals, Beck sought to bring the ILA into the Teamsters.[133] The AFL ousted the ILA in September 1953, and formed the International Brotherhood of Longshoremen-AFL (IBL-AFL) to represent longshoremen on the Great Lakes and East Coast.[134] The Teamsters planned to raid the expelled union, and may even have hoped to seize control of the IBL-AFL.[135] Beck undertook a campaign to bring the ILA back into the AFL in early 1955,[136] but the election of mob associate Anthony "Tough Tony" Anastasio as an ILA vice president forced Beck to end the effort.[137] But even as Beck backed away from any ILA deal, Jimmy Hoffa secretly negotiated a major package of financial and staff aid to the ILA and then went public with the deal—forcing Beck to accept it as a fait accompli or risk embarrassing Hoffa.[138] The AFL–CIO threatened to expel the Teamsters if it aided the ILA.[139] Beck fought Hoffa over the ILA aid package and won, withdrawing the offer to the ILA in the spring of 1956.[140]

The ILA was not the only union the Teamsters sought to merge with. The union attempted to merge with the Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers in 1955, but the effort failed.[141] The union also sought a merger with the Brewery Workers, but the smaller union rejected the offer.[142] When the overture failed, the Teamsters raided the Brewery Workers, leading to fierce protests by the CIO.[143]

Raiding by the Teamsters was such a serious issue that it prompted the AFL and CIO, which had attempted to sign a no-raid agreement for years, to finally negotiate and implement such a pact in December 1953.[144] Beck initially refused to sign the agreement, and threatened to take the Teamsters out of the AFL if forced to adhere to it.[145] Three months after the pact was signed, the Teamsters agreed to submit to the terms of the no-raid agreement.[146] Shortly thereafter, the AFL adopted Article 20 of its constitution, which prevented its member unions from raiding one another.[147] The union's affection for raiding led it to initially oppose the AFL–CIO merger in January 1955, but it quickly reversed itself.[148]

Rise, fall, and disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa Edit

Hoffa achieved his goal of unifying all freight drivers under a single collective bargaining agreement, the National Master Freight Agreement, in 1964. Hoffa used the grievance procedures of the agreement, which authorized selective strikes against particular employers, to police the agreement or, if Hoffa thought that it served the union's interest, to drive marginal employers out of the industry. The union won substantial gains for its members, fostering a nostalgic image of the Hoffa era as the golden age for Teamster drivers. Hoffa also succeeded where Tobin had failed, concentrating power at the international level, dominating the conferences which Beck and Dobbs had helped build.

In addition, Hoffa was instrumental in using the assets of the Teamsters' pension plans, particularly the Central States plan, to support Mafia projects, such as the development of Las Vegas in the 1950s and 1960s. Pension funds were loaned to finance Las Vegas casinos such as the Stardust Resort & Casino, the Fremont Hotel & Casino, the Desert Inn, the Dunes hotel and casino (which was controlled by Hoffa's attorney, Morris Shenker), the Four Queens, the Aladdin Hotel & Casino, Circus Circus, and Caesars Palace. The pension fund also made a number of loans to associates and relatives of high-ranking Teamster officials. A close associate of Hoffa during this period was Allen Dorfman. Dorfman owned an insurance agency that provided insurance claims processing to the Teamsters' union, and which was the subject of an investigation by the McClellan Committee. Dorfman also had increasing influence over loans made by the Teamsters' pension fund, and after Hoffa went to prison in 1967, Dorfman had primary control over the fund. Dorfman was murdered in January 1983, shortly after his conviction, along with Teamsters' president Roy Lee Williams, in a bribery case.[149]

Hoffa was moreover defiantly unwilling to reform the union or limit his own power in response to the attacks from Robert F. Kennedy, formerly chief counsel to the McClellan Committee, and later Attorney General. Kennedy's Department of Justice tried to convict Hoffa for a variety of offenses during the 1960s, finally succeeding on a witness tampering charge in 1964, with key testimony provided by Teamsters business agent Edward Grady Partin. After exhausting his appeals, Hoffa entered prison in 1967.

Hoffa installed Frank Fitzsimmons, an associate from his days in Local 299 in Detroit, to hold his place for him while he served time. Fitzsimmons, however, began to enjoy the exercise of power in Hoffa's absence; in addition, the organized crime figures around him found that he was more pliant than Hoffa had been. While President Nixon's pardon barred Hoffa from resuming any role in the Teamsters until 1980, Hoffa challenged the legality of that condition and planned to run again for presidency of the union, but disappeared in 1975 under mysterious circumstances. He is presumed dead, although his body has never been found.

Decentralization, deregulation and drift Edit

Under General President Frank Fitzsimmons, authority within the Teamsters was decentralized back into the hands of regional, joint council, and local leaders. While this helped solidify Fitzsimmons' own political position in the union, it also made it more difficult for the union to act decisively on policy issues. Fitzsimmons also slowly moved the union's political stances to the left, supporting universal health care, an immediate end to the Vietnam War, urban renewal, and community organizing. In 1968, Fitzsimmons and United Auto Workers President Walter Reuther formed the Alliance for Labor Action, a new national trade union center which competed with the AFL–CIO. The Alliance dissolved in 1972 after Reuther's death. While the Teamsters won rich national master contracts in trucking and package delivery in the 1970s, it did little to adapt to the changes occurring in the transportation industry.

A major jurisdictional battle with the United Farm Workers (UFW) broke out in 1970, and did not end until 1977. The Teamsters and UFW had both claimed jurisdiction over farm workers for many years, and in 1967 had signed an agreement settling their differences. But decentralization of power within the union led several Teamster leaders in California to repudiate this agreement without Fitzsimmons' permission and organize large numbers of field workers. His hand forced, Fitzsimmons ordered Teamsters contract negotiators to re-open the handful of contracts it had signed with California growers.[150] The UFW sued, the AFL–CIO condemned the action, and many employers negotiated contracts with the Teamsters rather than with the UFW.[151] The Teamsters subsequently signed contracts (which many denounced as sweetheart deals) with more than 375 California growers.[152][153] Although an agreement giving UFW jurisdiction over field workers and the Teamsters jurisdiction over packing and warehouse workers was reached on September 27, 1973, Fitzsimmons reneged on the agreement within a month and moved ahead with forming a farm workers regional union in California.[154][155] The organizing battles even became violent at times.[156] By 1975, the UFW had won 24 elections and the Teamsters 14; UFW membership had plummeted to just 6,000 from nearly 70,000 while the Teamsters farmworker division counted 55,000 workers.[152][154] The UFW signed an agreement with Fitzsimmons in March 1977 in which the UFW agreed to seek to organize only those workers covered by the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act, while the Teamsters retained jurisdiction over some agricultural workers, who had been covered by Teamsters Local Union contracts prior to the formation of the UFW.[157]

In October 1973, Fitzsimmons ended the long-running jurisdictional dispute with the United Brewery Workers, and the Brewery Workers merged with the Teamsters.[158]

In 1979 Congress passed legislation that deregulated the freight industry, removing the Interstate Commerce Commission's power to impose detailed regulatory tariffs on interstate carriers. The union tried to fight deregulation by attempting to bribe Senator Howard Cannon of Nevada. That attempt not only failed, but resulted in the conviction in 1982 of Roy Williams, the General President who had succeeded Fitzsimmons in 1981. Williams subsequently resigned in 1983 as a condition of remaining free on bail while his appeal proceeded.

Deregulation had catastrophic effects on the Teamsters, opening up the industry to competition from non-union companies who sought to cut costs by avoiding unionization and curbing wages. Nearly 200 unionized carriers went out of business in the first few years of deregulation, leaving thirty percent of Teamsters in the freight division unemployed. The remaining unionized carriers demanded concessions in wages, work rules, and hours.

Williams' successor, Jackie Presser, was prepared to grant most of these concessions in the form of a special freight "relief rider" that would cut wages by up to 35 percent and establish two-tier wages. Teamsters for a Democratic Union, which had grown out of efforts to reject the 1976 freight agreement, launched a successful national campaign to defeat the relief rider, which was defeated by a vote of 94,086 to 13,082.

The pressure on the freight industry and the national freight agreement continued, however. By the end of the 1990s the National Master Freight Agreement, which had covered 500,000 drivers in the late 1970s, dropped to fewer than 200,000, with numerous local riders weakening it further in some areas.

Internal and external challenges Edit

The decline in working conditions in the freight industry, combined with long-simmering unhappiness among members employed by the United Parcel Service, led to the development of two nationwide dissident groups within the union in the 1980s: Teamsters for a Democratic Union (TDU), an assemblage of a number of local efforts, and the Professional Drivers Council, better known as PROD, which began as a public interest group affiliated with Ralph Nader that was concerned with worker safety. The two groups merged in 1979.

TDU was able to win some local offices within the union, although the International Union often attempted to make those victories meaningless by marginalizing the officer or the union. TDU acquired greater prominence, however, with the election reforms forced on the union by the consent decree it had entered into in 1989 on the eve of trial on a suit brought by the federal government under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO).

The decree required the direct election of International officers by the membership, as TDU had been demanding for years leading up to the decree, to replace the indirect election by delegates at the union's convention. While the delegates at the union's 1991 convention balked at amending the Constitution, they ultimately capitulated under pressure from the government.

That consent decree might not have been possible, however, if it had not been for the testimony of Roy Williams, who described, in an affidavit he gave the government in return for a delay of his imprisonment, his own dealings with organized crime as the Secretary-Treasurer of a local union in Kansas City and as an officer of the International Union. The decree also gave the government the power to install an Independent Review Board with the power to expel any member of the union for "conduct unbecoming to the union", which the IRB proceeded to exercise far more aggressively than the Teamsters officials who had agreed to the decree had expected.

While the government was pursuing a civil case against the union as an entity, it was also indicting Presser, who had succeeded Williams as General President, for embezzling from two different local unions in Cleveland prior to his election as president. Presser resigned in 1988, but died before his trial was scheduled to begin. He was succeeded by William J. McCarthy, who came from the same local that Dan Tobin had led eighty years earlier.

The Independent Review Board (IRB) is a three-member panel established to investigate and take appropriate action with respect to "any allegations of corruption", "any allegations of domination or control or influence" of any part of the Union by organized crime, and any failure to cooperate fully with the IRB.[159]

Recent history Edit

 
A Teamsters gathering at the YearlyKos 2007 convention
Membership (US records; ×1000)[160]
Finances (US records; ×$1000)[160]
     Assets      Liabilities      Receipts      Disbursements

In 1991, Ron Carey won a surprising victory in the first direct election for General President in the union's history, defeating two "old guard" candidates, R.V. Durham and Walter Shea. Carey's slate, supported by TDU, also won nearly all of the seats on the International Executive Board.

Carey acquired a fair amount of influence within the AFL–CIO, which had readmitted the Teamsters in 1985. Carey was close with the new leadership elected in 1995, particularly Richard Trumka of the United Mine Workers of America, who became Secretary-Treasurer of the AFL–CIO under John Sweeney. Carey had also swung the Teamsters support behind the Democratic Party, a change from past administrations that had supported the Republican Party. The new administration set out to break from the past in other ways, making energetic efforts to head off a vote to oust the union as representative of Northwest Airlines' flight attendants, negotiating a breakthrough agreement covering carhaulers, and supporting local strikes, such as the one against Diamond Walnut, to restore the union's strength.

The Carey administration did not, on the other hand, have much power in the lower reaches of the Teamster hierarchy: all of the large regional conferences were run by "old guard" officers, as were most of the locals. Disagreements between those two camps led the old guard to campaign against the Carey administration's proposed dues increase. The Carey administration retaliated by dissolving the regional conferences, calling them expensive redundancies and fiefdoms for old guard union officers, and rearranging the boundaries of some joint councils that had fought against the dues increase.

The opposition responded by uniting around a single candidate, James P. Hoffa, son of James R. Hoffa, to run against Carey in 1996. Hoffa ran a strong campaign, trading on the mystique still attached to his late father's name and promising to restore those days of glory. Carey appeared, however, to have won a close election.

Shortly afterward in 1997, the union initiated a large and successful strike against UPS. The parcel services department had by that time become the largest division in the union.

Carey was removed from the union's leadership by the IRB shortly thereafter, when evidence that individuals in his office had arranged for transfer of several thousand dollars to an outside contractor, which then arranged for another entity to make an equivalent contribution to the Carey campaign. Carey was indicted for lying to investigators about his campaign funding but was acquitted of all charges in a 2001 trial.

In the 1998 election to succeed Carey, James P. Hoffa was elected handily. He became president of the Teamsters on March 19, 1999, and took the union in a more moderate direction, tempering the union's support for Democrats and attempting to come to terms with powerful Republicans in Congress.

The union has merged in recent years with a number of unions from other industries, including the Graphic Communications International Union, a printing industry union, and the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employes and Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, both from the railway industry.

On July 25, 2005, the Teamsters disaffiliated from the AFL–CIO and became a founding member of the new national trade union center, the Change to Win Federation.[161]

In 2009, UPS, many employees of which are members of the Teamsters, lobbied to have language added to the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2009 (H.R. 915) to change how UPS and FedEx compete with one another. In response, FedEx launched a large, online advertising campaign aimed at UPS and the Teamsters, called 'Stop the Brown Bailout'.

Internal Teamsters politics Edit

Prior to the 1970s, no long-lived caucuses existed within the Teamsters Union. Challengers for office ran on their personal appeal and individual power base, rather than on caucus or "party" platforms and such challenges were infrequent. The Teamster leadership was well-established and somewhat self-perpetuating, and challengers only rarely achieved victories at the local and even less frequently at the regional levels.[162] This changed in the 1970s. A national wildcat strike challenged President Frank Fitzsimmons' control over the union, but failed. After the strike, a reform movement known as "Teamsters United Rank and File" (TURF) formed to continue to challenge against the union's national leadership. But TURF collapsed after a few years due to internal dissent.[163] In 1975, two new caucuses formed: Teamsters for a Decent Contract (TDC) and UPSurge. Both groups pushed the national leadership for a vastly improved contracts at UPS and the freight lines.[163]

In 1976 a new formal caucus, Teamsters for a Democratic Union (TDU), formed when TDC and UPSurge merged. The new caucus' goal was to make internal Teamster governance more transparent and democratic, which included giving rank-and-file more of a say in the terms and approval of contracts.[164]

In the 1980s, TDU occasionally won elections for positions on local councils, but it was not until 1983—when the TDU forced President Jackie Presser to withdraw and make changes to a concession-laden National Master Freight Agreement—that TDU had a national impact.[165] TDU publicized the very centralized and not very transparent national union decision-making process, criticized what it said was lack of member input into these decisions, and published contract, salary, membership, and other data critical of the national union leadership. These criticisms led to another success for TDU, with many TDU proposals finding their way into the 1988 court decree in which the federal government took over of the Teamsters.[164][166] Although the TDU has never won the presidency of the national union as of mid-2013, it strongly supported Ron Carey for the presidency in 1991. Carey, in turn, adopted many of TDU's reform proposals as part of his platform. Carey ran with nearly a full slate (which included a candidate for secretary-treasurer and 13 vice presidencies).[167] R.V. Durham, leader of the Teamsters in North Carolina, was considered the "establishment" candidate and front-runner in the campaign (he had the backing of a majority of the union's executive board). A second candidate in the race, Walter Shea, was a veteran union staffer from Washington, DC. Carey won with 48.5 percent of the vote to Durham's 33.2 percent and Shea's 18.3 percent. (Turnout was low, only about 32 percent of the union's total membership.)[168] Carey's election, sociologist Charlotte Ryan says, was another success for TDU (even though Carey was not a TDU candidate).[164]

Carey won re-election in 1996 in a corrupt election, defeating James P. Hoffa (son of the former union president). Prior to entering the race, Hoffa formed a caucus of his own, the "Hoffa Unity Slate", to counter the grassroots organizing of TDU and Carey.[169] Carey was later ousted as union president by US government officials. A re-run election in 1998 saw Hoffa and the Unity Slate easily defeat TDU candidate Tom Leedham 54.5 percent to 39.3 percent (with 28 percent turnout).[170]

Hoffa was re-elected over Leedham (again running on the TDU platform) in 2001, 64.8 percent to 35.2 percent.[163] Leedham challenged Hoffa and the Hoffa Unity Slate a third time in 2006, losing 65 percent to 35 percent (with 25 percent turnout).[171] Hoffa faced TDU candidate Sandy Pope, a local union president, in 2011.[172] Also running, with a full slate of officer and vice presidential candidates, was former Hoffa supporter and former national vice president Fred Gegare. Hoffa again easily won re-election, earning 60 percent of the vote to Gregare's 23 percent and Pope's 17 percent. The Hoffa Unity Slate also won all five regional vice presidencies, although the slate's support declined across the board.[173] Hoffa won reelection once more in 2016, this time against Teamsters United candidate Fred Zuckerman, but by a much narrower margin of 52 to 48 percent. The 2016 election was also the first time Hoffa-allied candidates lost regional vice presidencies to the Teamsters United reform slate.[174]

In the 2021 election, Hoffa did not run for re-election. The Teamsters United slate, aligned with Teamsters for a Democratic Union, ran against the Teamsters Power Slate, endorsed by Hoffa. The Teamsters United slate, led by Sean O'Brien, won the election.[175] O'Brien and his slate were sworn into office on March 22, 2022, at Teamsters headquarters in Washington, DC.[176] On the day his administration was installed, O'Brien fired more than 80 employees at the headquarters. He did not offer any severance or extension of benefits to the terminated staff. The International Brotherhood of Teamsters currently faces charges with the National Labor Relations Board in connection to the terminations.[177] As of November 10, 2022, the union was required to pay eligible terminated employees more than $175,000 as part of a settlement with the District of Columbia Attorney General's Office for violating D.C. Code 32-1303.[178]

Political donations Edit

 
Teamsters headquarters located beside Capitol Hill in Washington, DC

The Teamsters Union is one of the largest labor unions in the world, as well as the 11th largest campaign contributor in the United States. While they supported Republicans Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush for president in the 1980s, they have begun leaning largely toward the Democrats in recent years; they have donated 92% of their $24,418,589 in contributions since 1990 to the Democratic Party. Though the union opposed former President George W. Bush's agenda to open US highways to Mexican truckers, it did previously support Bush's platform for oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.[179]

The Teamsters Union endorsed Barack Obama for the 2008 Democratic Nomination on February 20, 2008.[180]

The Teamsters Union also makes an annual contribution to Friends of Sinn Féin—the US fundraising arm of Irish republican party Sinn Féin.[181][182]

Organization Edit

General Presidents Edit

General Secretary-Treasurers Edit

1904: Edward L. Turley[183]
1905: Thomas Hughes[183]
1941: John M. Gillespie[184]
1947: John F. English[183]
1969: Thomas Flynn[185]
1972: Murray W. Miller[183]
1975: Raymond Schoessling[183]
1985: Weldon Mathis[183]
1991: Tom Sever[183]
1999: Tom Keegel[186]
2012: Ken Hall[187]
2022: Fred Zuckerman[188]

Membership Edit

  • 1933: 75,000 (Depression-era low)
  • 1935: 146,000
  • 1949: 1 million
  • 1957: 1.5 million
  • 1976: 2 million
  • 1987: 1 million
  • 2003: 1.7 million
  • 2008: 1.4 million
  • 2014: 1.2 million
  • 2019: 1.4 million

Divisions and conferences Edit

Archival collections Edit

  • International Brotherhood of Teamsters Labor History Research Center. At The George Washington University.
  • International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen, and Helpers of America records. 1950–1970. 2.83 cubic feet (4 boxes). At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
  • Samuel B. Bassett Papers. 1926–1965. 3' linear. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
  • Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees Records. 1899–2004. 360 linear feet (353 storage boxes, 2 manuscript boxes, 5 oversize). At the Walter P. Reuther Library.
  • Jimmy Hoffa FBI Files. 1964–2002. 7 linear feet (7 storage boxes). At the Walter P. Reuther Library.

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ A "paper local" is a local union, chartered by an international union or self-chartered, established for the purposes of fraud. It may have no members; the "members" may be relatives or individuals involved in organized crime rather than workers; or the union may claim to represent workers but in fact no relationship has been established. The holder of the charter for the paper local charter often enters into a sweetheart contract with an employer, or uses it as extortion (threatening to unionize the workers unless he receives a payoff). Paper locals are denounced by the AFL-CIO Code of Ethical Practices.[69]

References Edit

Footnotes Edit

  1. ^ a b US Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management Standards. File number 000-093. Report submitted March 30, 2015.
  2. ^ . Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d Sloane, Hoffa, 1991.
  4. ^ a b c Taft, The A.F. of L. in the Time of Gompers, 1957.
  5. ^ a b Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865-1925, 1987.
  6. ^ Sheridan and Innes alleged that Shea had billed locals in Massachusetts $9.61 for services while charging the national union $19.44 for the same services. "Drivers Bolt Meeting," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 9, 1903.
  7. ^ "Drivers Bolt Meeting," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 9, 1903.
  8. ^ "Shea Chosen," Boston Daily Globe, August 9, 1903.
  9. ^ a b "Daniel Tobin Dies; Labor Leader, 80; Former President of A. F. L. Teamsters Union Succumbs in Indianapolis Hospital". The New York Times. November 15, 1955.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Galenson, The CIO Challenge to the AFL: A History of the American Labor Movement, 1960.
  11. ^ a b Bernstein, The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 1920-1933, 1972.
  12. ^ a b c d Fitch, Solidarity for Sale, 2006.
  13. ^ a b c Witwer, "Unionized Teamsters and the Struggle over the Streets of the Early-Twentieth-Century City," Social Science History, Spring 2000.
  14. ^ a b Tilman, "John R. Commons, the New Deal and the American Tradition of Empirical Collectivism," Journal of Economic Issues, September 2008.
  15. ^ "Teamsters Are For War," Chicago Daily Tribune, November 23, 1903; "Teamsters Split Over Contracts," Chicago Daily Tribune, November 25, 1903; "Labor's Leader Made to Dance," Chicago Daily Tribune, December 18, 1903.
  16. ^ Barrett, Work and Community in the Jungle: Chicago's Packing-House Workers, 1894-1922, 1990; Halpern, Down on the Killing Floor: Black and White Workers in Chicago's Packinghouses, 1904-54, 1997; "Strike Spreads," Chicago Daily Tribune, July 27, 1904; "Riots In Streets After Nightfall Involve Drivers," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 10, 1904; "Mob of 4,000 Men Charges Police," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 19, 1904; "Meet in Secret to End Strike," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 14, 1904; "Meat Supply in Drivers' Power," Chicago Daily Tribune, September 2, 1904.
  17. ^ a b "Shea, Head of the Teamsters, Has Risen From A Tip-Cart Man," Boston Daily Globe, December 2, 1906; "Strike Spreads Among Drivers," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 9, 1904.
  18. ^ a b Cohen, The Racketeer's Progress: Chicago and the Struggle for the Modern American Economy, 1900-1940, 2004.
  19. ^ "Gigantic Strike Is In Full Swing," Chicago Daily Tribune, April 28, 1905; "Big Strike Has Small Beginning," Chicago Daily Tribune, May 20, 1905; "To Test Union Sympathy," Chicago Daily Tribune, April 6, 1905.
  20. ^ a b "History of Great Teamsters' Strike Filled with Sensational Incidents," Chicago Daily Tribune, July 21, 1905.
  21. ^ "Women Betray Labor Leaders," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 12, 1905.
  22. ^ a b c Witwer, Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union, 2003.
  23. ^ "Teamsters Re-Elect Shea," The New York Times, August 13, 1905.
  24. ^ "Fight to Defeat Teamster Chief," Chicago Daily Tribune, July 7, 1906; "Teamsters Re-Elect Shea," The New York Times, August 10, 1906.
  25. ^ "Jury In Deadlock In the Shea Case," Chicago Daily Tribune, January 20, 1907.
  26. ^ a b "Shea's Scepter About to Fall?", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 22, 1907.
  27. ^ "Shea Beaten By 10 Votes," Boston Daily Globe, August 10, 1907.
  28. ^ a b Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States: The Policies and Practices of the American Federation of Labor, 1900-1909, 1964.
  29. ^ a b Fink, Biographical Dictionary of American Labor, 1984.
  30. ^ a b Phelan, William Green: Biography of a Labor Leader, 1989.
  31. ^ a b c Bernstein, The Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker, 1933-1941, 1970.
  32. ^ Taft, The A.F. of L. From the Death of Gompers to the Merger, 1959.
  33. ^ "Craft Unionists Win in Federation," The New York Times, October 11, 1933.
  34. ^ a b c d e f Korth, Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934, 1995.
  35. ^ Dubofsky and Van Tine, John L. Lewis: A Biography, 1992.
  36. ^ a b Schlesinger, The Age of Roosevelt: The Coming of the New Deal, 1933-1935, 1959.
  37. ^ Nelson, Workers on the Waterfront: Seamen, Longshoremen and Unionism in the 1930s, 1988.
  38. ^ Garnel, The Rise of Teamster Power in the West, 1972.
  39. ^ Galenson claims that Tobin's "personal honesty was never challenged..." See: Galenson, The CIO Challenge to the AFL: A History of the American Labor Movement, 1960, p. 471. Other historians challenge this conclusion, but conclude any misdeeds Tobin engaged in are minor compared to those of some Teamsters leaders. See: Garnel, The Rise of Teamster Power in the West, 1972; Witwer, Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union, 2003; Phelan, William Green: Biography of a Labor Leader, 1989.
  40. ^ Stark, "White House Link to Conciliate A.F.L.," The New York Times, June 11, 1940; "Tobin, to Aid Flynn, Quits White House," The New York Times, August 27, 1940.
  41. ^ "English Labor in War Described By Tobin," The New York Times, September 27, 1942.
  42. ^ Stark, "Successor Sought for Miss Perkins," The New York Times, December 11, 1944; "Tobin Endorsed for Labor Post," The New York Times, January 18, 1945; Hulen, "Successors Named," The New York Times, May 24, 1945; "Dan Tobin Refused 2 Cabinet Offers," The New York Times, August 12, 1948.
  43. ^ Stark, "Dictatorship Issue Stirs Teamsters," The New York Times, September 14, 1940.
  44. ^ "Teamsters Order 2d Ouster in Jersey," Associated Press, March 12, 1941; "Seceding Drivers Face Union Strife," The New York Times, June 11, 1941.
  45. ^ "President Summons 'Labor War Board'," The New York Times, February 5, 1942; "President Meets Joint Labor Group," The New York Times, February 7, 1942; "WLB Demands End of Trucking Strike," The New York Times, August 25, 1942; "Tobin Demands Unions Punish Strikers," The New York Times, March 6, 1943; "Tobin Bids Public Insist Work Go On," The New York Times, June 7, 1943; "Truck Tie-Up Halts Freight in South," Associated Press, October 11, 1943; "3 Breweries Face Seizure In Strike," The New York Times, January 14, 1945; "Deliveries Halted on Certified Milk," The New York Times, January 15, 1945; "Tobin Tells Union to Ignore Pickets," Associated Press, May 31, 1945.
  46. ^ Raskin, "Union Vote Today," The New York Times, September 12, 1946; Raskin, "Situation Is Eased," The New York Times, September 13, 1946; Lissner, "Tobin Bids Union End Parcel Strike," The New York Times, September 19, 1946; Raskin, "Express Strikers Picket Airfield," The New York Times, October 10, 1947; "Union Head Scores Express Walkout," The New York Times, October 13, 1947; "Tobin Warns Union On Wage Demands," The New York Times, June 4, 1948.
  47. ^ Signing the affidavit provided the Teamsters with the protection of the NLRA, which was an important tool in the Teamsters' fight with the Brewery Workers. "Tobin Opposes Law On Labor Disputes," The New York Times, January 19, 1947; "Tobin Signs Affidavit," The New York Times, September 16, 1947; Davies, "Tobin Again Heads Teamsters' Union," The New York Times, August 16, 1947.
  48. ^ . Time. March 28, 1949. Archived from the original on October 28, 2008. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
  49. ^ Davies, "Teamsters Defeat Tobin On Tax Rise," The New York Times, August 15, 1947.
  50. ^ "Union Editor Is Ousted," Associated Press, September 3, 1948.
  51. ^ The NLRB subsequently held an election to determine who should represent the workers at Boeing. The Machinists won the 1949 election by a 2-to-1 margin. See "Beck Said to Top Tobin in Teamsters," The New York Times, September 19, 1948; McCann, Blood in the Water: A History of District Lodge 751, International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, 1989; Rodden, The Fighting Machinists: A Century of Struggle, 1984; Raskin, "Union Leader-And Big Business Man," The New York Times, November 15, 1953.
  52. ^ "AFL Teamsters Begin Drastic Revamping," The New York Times, January 18, 1949.
  53. ^ "Hickey In New Union Post," Associated Press, August 28, 1951.
  54. ^ "D.J. Tobin Set to Retire," The New York Times, September 5, 1952; "Battle for Control of Union Is Revealed," The New York Times, October 7, 1952.
  55. ^ Changes to the union constitution included expanding the number of vice-presidents, expanding the number of seats on the executive board, expanding the number of delegates, and enhancing the powers and authority of the president. "Teamsters Raise Tobin's Pay $20,000," The New York Times, October 15, 1952; "Teamster Chiefs Defeat Opposition," The New York Times, October 16, 1952; "Curbs On Officers Rejected By Teamsters," The New York Times, October 17, 1952; "Teamsters Elect Beck As President," Associated Press, October 18, 1952.
  56. ^ Levey (August 14, 1953). "A. F. L. Elects Beck to Post In Council". The New York Times.
  57. ^ Loftus, Joseph A. (August 19, 1953). "Battle for Power Expected in A.F.L.". The New York Times.
  58. ^ "Teamsters to Ask Nation-Wide Pacts," The New York Times, September 22, 1953; "Peace Plan Set Up In Truck Industry," The New York Times, August 18, 1955.
  59. ^ Raskin, "Teamsters Set Up Big Union Drives," The New York Times, February 11, 1956; "Teamsters Map Southern Drive," Associated Press, April 8, 1956.
  60. ^ Raskin, "Teamsters Plan Big Drive In East," The New York Times, January 10, 1957.
  61. ^ Loftus, "Union Buildings Rising in Capital," The New York Times, April 3, 1955; "A.F.L. Teamsters' Union Moves to $5,000,000 Offices," The New York Times, July 6, 1955.
  62. ^ Loftus, Joseph A. (October 22, 1954). "Beck Denies Surrender". The New York Times.
  63. ^ a b Katz, "Teamsters' Union in Control Fight," The New York Times, January 10, 1956.
  64. ^ Garnel, The Rise of Teamster Power in the West, 1972; Phelan, William Green: Biography of a Labor Leader, 1989.
  65. ^ Touhy, The Stolen Years, 1959; Touhy, When Capone's Mob Murdered Roger Touhy: The Strange Case of "Jake the Barber" and the Kidnapping That Never Happened, 2001; "Touhy Accuses Cop in $40,000 Capone Payoff," Chicago Daily Tribune, May 10, 1949; "Touhy Relates How Syndicate Invaded Unions," Chicago Daily Tribune, September 20, 1952; "Cites Gilbert Link to Labor Rackets," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 10, 1954; "Gangster Says Unions Paid to Fight Capone," United Press International, September 20, 1952.
  66. ^ Grutzner, "Racket in Produce By Trucking Union Is Bared At Inquiry," The New York Times, January 27, 1953; Raskin, "A.F.L. Heads Tell Dockers to Clean Union or Get Out," The New York Times, February 4, 1953; "5 Teamster Heads Suspended By Beck," The New York Times, October 23, 1953; "Unionists Held for Trial," Associated Press, October 28, 1953; "7 Bound Over for Trial," The New York Times, October 29, 1953; Loftus, "Beck Takes Over Westchester Unit," The New York Times, December 11, 1953; "Labor Inquiries Pushed," United Press International, December 27, 1953; "Inquiry Accuses Teamster Local," United Press International, February 20, 1954; "Monopoly Is Seen In Garment Wear," The New York Times, April 19, 1955; Ranzal, "U.S. Will Investigate Teamster Rule Here," The New York Times, March 24, 1956.
  67. ^ Lee, Farmers Vs. Wage Earners: Organized Labor in Kansas, 1860-1960, 2005; Hyde, The Mafia and the Machine: The Story of the Kansas City Mob, 2008; "Witnesses Tell of Union Threats," Associated Press, June 30, 1953; "Terrorism Laid to Union," Associated Press, July 3, 1953; "Kansas City Labor Held Gang-Ruled," Associated Press, July 4, 1953.
  68. ^ "House Blasts Kansas City Tie-Up," The New York Times, September 2, 1953.
  69. ^ See: Doherty, Industrial and Labor Relations Terms: A Glossary, 1989; "The Conglomerate of Crime," Time, August 22, 1969.
  70. ^ "No Ordinary Hoodlum," The New York Times, August 30, 1956.
  71. ^ a b Loftus, Joseph A. (August 20, 1957). "Top Beck Aide Links Hoffa to 'Phony' Teamster Locals". The New York Times.
  72. ^ Raskin, "Teamster Units Stir New Storm," The New York Times, February 4, 1956; Raskin, "Hoffa of the Teamsters Forcing Labor Showndown," The New York Times, March 4, 1956.
  73. ^ Ranzal, "7 Teamster Units Face U.S. Inquiry," The New York Times, March 30, 1956; Kihss, Peter. "Local Chartered With No Members," The New York Times, April 25, 1956; Kihss, "Teamsters' Rules Appall U.S. Judge," The New York Times, April 26, 1956; "Racketeer Is Guilty of Contempt," The New York Times, May 10, 1956; Levey, "Writ Restores Lacey As Teamster Leader," The New York Times, May 13, 1956; "Dio Indicted Here In Union Sell-Out," The New York Times, June 20, 1956; "Dio's Locals Face Charter Reviews," The New York Times, June 21, 1956; Raskin, "Senators Study Dio Union Tie-In," The New York Times, September 14, 1956; Roth, "Dio and Unionist Named Extorters," The New York Times, October 30, 1956; "Teamsters Spurn 'Dio Local' Order," The New York Times, December 5, 1956; "Lacey Will Defy Teamster Chief," The New York Times, December 6, 1956; Raskin, "Dio 'Paper' Unions Offer First Dues," The New York Times, December 13, 1956; Raskin, "O'Rourke Wins Post," The New York Times, January 9, 1957.
  74. ^ Loftus, Joseph A. (January 19, 1957). "Teamsters Aide Balks at Inquiry on Union Rackets". The New York Times.
  75. ^ Raskin, "Teamsters Avoid Challenge to U.S.," The New York Times, January 24, 1957; Raskin, "Teamsters Seek Way to Avoid a Showdown," The New York Times, January 27, 1957.
  76. ^ "New Senate Unit to Widen Inquiry In Labor Rackets," The New York Times, January 24, 1957; "Teamster Study Is 3 Months Old," The New York Times, May 26, 1957; "Senate Votes Inquiry on Labor Rackets," The New York Times, January 31, 1957.
  77. ^ "Chapter 18. Records of Senate Select Committees, 1789-1988," in Guide to the Records of the United States Senate at the National Archives, 1789-1989: Bicentennial Edition, 1989.
  78. ^ "Beck Visiting in the Bahamas," The New York Times, February 6, 1957; "Citation Is Asked for 3 Teamsters," The New York Times, February 7, 1957; "Beck On Airliner Bound for London," The New York Times, February 8, 1957; Love, "Beck Denies Aim to Dodge Inquiry," The New York Times, February 9, 1957; "Tourist Beck," The New York Times, February 10, 1957; Raskin, "Beck Slips Back to U.S. and Faces Senate Subpoena," The New York Times, March 11, 1957.
  79. ^ Raskin, "Union Dissolves Four Dio Locals," The New York Times, February 15, 1957; Loftus, "Senators Study Two Unions Here," The New York Times, February 16, 1957; "4 Teamsters' Aides Cited for Contempt In Balking Inquiry," The New York Times, February 20, 1957; "Records Destroyed, M'Clellan Charges," The New York Times, February 22, 1957; "More Data of Union Reported Missing," Associated Press, February 23, 1957; "Teamster Admits Destroying Data," The New York Times, March 14, 1957; "A Teamster Local, Under Fire, Robbed," United Press International, March 17, 1957; "Wiretaps on Dio and Hoffa Cited," The New York Times, February 23, 1957; "Labor Inquiry Gets Secret Tape Talks," The New York Times, February 24, 1957; Mooney, "M'Clellan Hunts Auditor of Union and Son of Beck," The New York Times, April 28, 1957.
  80. ^ Loftus, Joseph A. (February 27, 1957). "Witnesses Link Teamsters Union to Underworld". The New York Times.
  81. ^ Loftus, Joseph A. (February 28, 1957). "Teamsters Chiefs Tied to Vice Plot and to Gambling". The New York Times.
  82. ^ Loftus, Joseph A. (March 2, 1957). "Teamsters Chiefs Charged With Plot to Rule Oregon, Sought All Law Enforcement Powers". The New York Times.
  83. ^ Loftus, Joseph A. (March 7, 1957). "Oregon Gambler Tells of Pay-Off". The New York Times.
  84. ^ Loftus, Joseph A. (March 8, 1957). "Portland Mayor Accused of Bribe". The New York Times.
  85. ^ Loftus, Joseph A. (March 9, 1957). "Portland Called Vice-Ridden Now". The New York Times.
  86. ^ Loftus, Joseph A. (March 13, 1957). "Teamsters Paid Gamblers' Bills". The New York Times.
  87. ^ "Holmes Denies Charge". The New York Times. March 14, 1957.
  88. ^ Loftus, Joseph A. (March 16, 1957). "Brewster Denies Teamsters' Plot to Rule Rackets". The New York Times.
  89. ^ "Portland Mayor Seized In Racket, Prosecutor Held". The New York Times. March 29, 1957.
  90. ^ Davies, Lawrence (March 3, 1957). "Teamster Rally on Coast Backs Accused Leaders; 11-State Parley Urges Unity to Meet Senate Inquiry's 'Anti-Union' Attacks STAR WITNESS ASSAILED Labor Heads Assert Hearings Are Being Used in Drive to Thwart Bargaining". The New York Times.
  91. ^ "Beck Asks Members to Support Leaders". The New York Times. March 20, 1957.
  92. ^ Raskin, "Teamsters Stir Against Leaders," The New York Times, March 22, 1957; "Protests Rise Among Teamsters Against Leaders Now Under Fire," The New York Times, March 23, 1957; Raskin, "Teamster Sentiment Grows to Remove Beck and Aides," The New York Times, March 28, 1957; "Beck Effigy Hanged By Union In Yakima," Associated Press, March 29, 1957; "Portland Teamsters Fight Leaders," Associated Press, March 29, 1957.
  93. ^ Raskin, "Teamsters Hear From Their Chief," The New York Times, March 7, 1957.
  94. ^ Raskin, "More Dio Locals Join Teamsters," The New York Times, March 13, 1957; Raskin, "Teamsters Delay Vote on Dio Units," The New York Times, May 10, 1957.
  95. ^ Loftus, Joseph A. (March 14, 1957). "F.B.I. Seizes Hoffa In A Plot To Bribe Senate Staff Aide". The New York Times.
  96. ^ Loftus, Joseph A. (March 15, 1957). "Unionist Denies Bribery". The New York Times.
  97. ^ Loftus, Joseph A. (March 19, 1957). "U.S. Jury Indicts 4 Teamster Aides Silent In Inquiry". The New York Times.
  98. ^ Loftus, Joseph A. (March 20, 1957). "U.S. Jury Indicts Hoffa, Attorney". The New York Times.
  99. ^ "8 Hoffa Aides in Detroit Get Subpoenas to Appear Before U.S. Rackets Jury Here," The New York Times, March 20, 1957; "Hoffa, Attorney Plead Not Guilty," The New York Times, March 30, 1957; Loftus, "Hoffa Urges Court to Quash Charges," The New York Times, April 23, 1957; Ranzal, "Jury Here Indicts Hoffa On Wiretap," The New York Times, May 15, 1957.
  100. ^ "Beck Says Union Lent Him $300,000 Without Interest," The New York Times, March 18, 1957; Drury, "Teamster Loss Put At $709,420," The New York Times, March 23, 1957; Morris, "Inquiry Tracing Funds Beck Used," The New York Times, March 24, 1957; "Million Teamster Loan To Tracks Under Study," The New York Times, March 30, 1957.
  101. ^ Loftus, "Beck Appearance Today Indicated," The New York Times, March 26, 1957; Loftus, "Beck Uses 5th Amendment to Balk Senate Questions About Teamsters' $322,000," The New York Times, March 27, 1957; Loftus, "M'Clellan Scores Beck for 'Theft' of Union's Funds," The New York Times, March 28, 1957.
  102. ^ "Inquiry to Stress History of Hoffa," Associated Press, August 11, 1957; Drury, "Two Racketeers Tied to O'Rourke," The New York Times, August 16, 1957; Mooney, "Inquiry Set to Press Hoffa on Role Here," The New York Times, August 18, 1957; Loftus, "Hoffa Says He Got $120,000 In Loans Without Security," The New York Times, August 21, 1957; Loftus, "Senators Reveal Hoffa Bid to Get Dio In Teamsters," The New York Times, August 22, 1957; Loftus, "Hoffa Is Accused of Using Dio in Bid for Control Here," The New York Times, August 23, 1957; "M'Clellan Seeks A Perjury Check On Hoffa Replies," The New York Times, August 25, 1957; Drury, "New Fund Abuses Charged to Hoffa," The New York Times, September 24, 1957; Drury, "M'Clellan Seeks Teamsters' Files," The New York Times, October 11, 1957; "Hoffa Called Ruler of Hoodlum Empire," The New York Times, March 26, 1958.
  103. ^ "Union Curbs Foreseen," The New York Times, May 13, 1957; "M'Clellan Sees Stiff Labor Law," The New York Times, May 18, 1957; Loftus, "Congress Disclosures Forecast New Labor Legislation," The New York Times, June 2, 1957; Raskin, "White House Gives Program to Curb Abuses in Unions," The New York Times, December 6, 1957; Higgins and Janus, The Developing Labor Law: The Board, the Courts, and the National Labor Relations Act, 2006; Wilson, "Conquering the Enemy Within: The Case for Reform of the Landrum-Griffin Act," Journal of Labor Research, December 2005; Lee, Eisenhower & Landrum-Griffin: A Study in Labor-Management Politics, 1990; Jacobs, Mobsters, Unions, and Feds: The Mafia and the American Labor Movement, 2006.
  104. ^ "Teamster Wins Contempt Test," The New York Times, June 11, 1957.
  105. ^ "Beck To Use Fund To Tell His Story," The New York Times, March 29, 1957; "Beck Insists Board Approve Publicity," The New York Times, March 30, 1957.
  106. ^ Loftus, "Union Said to Bar 5-Year Beck Plan," The New York Times, April 2, 1957; Loftus, "Union Curbs Beck in Publicity Plan," The New York Times, April 3, 1957; "Collusion Check Set By Senators," The New York Times, April 7, 1957.
  107. ^ "Beck Asked to Resign," The New York Times, March 30, 1957; Raskin, "Teamster Leadership Strongly Entrenched," The New York Times, March 31, 1957; Perlmutter, "Teamsters Here Bar $1 Increase in Dues, Vent Anger on Beck," The New York Times, April 1, 1957; Raskin, "Beck Is Rebuffed By Union's Board," The New York Times, April 5, 1957; "Teamsters In Protest," The New York Times, April 7, 1957; "Teamsters In Protest," The New York Times, April 15, 1957; "1,000 Teamsters Ask Inquiry," The New York Times, April 29, 1957.
  108. ^ Loftus, "Teamster Board to Meet In Texas," The New York Times, April 12, 1957; Loftus, "Teamsters Start New Fight On Foes," The New York Times, April 13, 1957; Raskin, "Beck 'Taking Rap' On Funds, He Says," The New York Times, April 16, 1957; Raskin, "Beck No Longer Sure of Teamster Control," The New York Times, April 21, 1957; Loftus, "Teamsters Map Fighting Defense," The New York Times, May 6, 1957.
  109. ^ Loftus, "Beck Called Back By Senate Inquiry," The New York Times, May 2, 1957; Loftus, "Beck Again Fails to Give Answers," The New York Times, May 9, 1957; Loftus, "Kickback to Beck On Loan Charged," The New York Times, May 10, 1957; Loftus, "Loan of $200,000 to Beck Revealed at Senate Inquiry," The New York Times, May 14, 1957; Drury, "Inquiry Is Told Shefferman Sought $71,500 in Sale of Land to Teamsters," The New York Times, May 16, 1957; Loftus, "$100,000 Repaid By Beck to Union in Last 2 Weeks," The New York Times, May 17, 1957; Loftus, "Beck Aide Pleads the 5th 71 Times," The New York Times, May 18, 1957.
  110. ^ "Beck Is Indicted," The New York Times, May 3, 1957; Loftus, "Beck Posts A Bond," The New York Times, May 4, 1957; "Becks Indicted In Sale of Cars," The New York Times, July 13, 1957.
  111. ^ Loftus, "Teamster Ouster of Beck Foreseen Before Fall Vote," The New York Times, May 12, 1957; "Oust-Beck Drive Gaining In West," The New York Times, May 19, 1957; "Beck Is Denounced In Teamster Local," The New York Times, May 21, 1957; Raskin, "Teamsters Here Ask Beck Ouster," The New York Times, May 23, 1957.
  112. ^ Walz, "Beck Won't Run For Re-Election," The New York Times, May 26, 1957.
  113. ^ "Teamster Chiefs Clashing Over a Successor to Beck," The New York Times, May 27, 1957; "Meany Says Beck Should Quit Now," The New York Times, June 8, 1957; "Beck Said to Make Union Short of Cash," The New York Times, June 12, 1957.
  114. ^ Loftus, "Hoffa Acquitted of Bribery Plot, Seeks Beck Post," The New York Times, July 20, 1957.
  115. ^ "Union's Support for Hoffa Grows," The New York Times, July 21, 1957; Raskin, "Teamsters Set to 'Draft' Hoffa," The New York Times, July 25, 1957; Johnston, "Hoffa Will Run For Beck's Post," The New York Times, July 27, 1957; Davies, "Hoffa Maps Drive For Wider Power," The New York Times, August 3, 1957.
  116. ^ Hill, "Hoffa Says Rival Failed Union Duty," The New York Times, August 27, 1957; Raskin, "6 Dio Locals Face Teamster Inquiry," The New York Times, September 5, 1957; "Hoffa Bid Facing A Snag In Chicago," Associated Press, September 13, 1957.
  117. ^ Hoffa's support was so strong that he did not need the votes of the paper locals. See: Huston, "U.S. Judge Blocks Teamsters' Vote," The New York Times, September 28, 1957; Raskin, "Hoffa's Election Now Is Held Sure," The New York Times, September 29, 1957; Huston, "Teamsters' Poll Upheld In Appeal," The New York Times, September 29, 1957; Raskin, "Hoffa Men Begin A Drive to Purge His Foes In Union," The New York Times, October 1, 1957; Raskin, "Coast Delegates Switch to Hoffa," The New York Times. October 2, 1957; Raskin, "Hoffa Is Elected Teamsters Head," The New York Times, October 5, 1957.
  118. ^ Raskin, "Beck Will Retire Early For Hoffa," The New York Times, October 4, 1957.
  119. ^ "Hoffa Foes Plan A New Road Block," The New York Times, October 14, 1957; Lewis, "Court Bars Hoffa and New Officers From Union Posts," The New York Times, October 15, 1957; "U.S. Judge Blocks Hoffa Ascent to Presidency of the Teamsters," The New York Times, October 23, 1957.
  120. ^ "Teamsters Seek to Void Hoffa Ban," United Press International, October 27, 1957; "Hoffa Ban Upheld By Court Pending Vote Legality Trial," The New York Times, November 5, 1957; "Hoffa Trial Ends in 11-1 Deadlock," The New York Times, December 20, 1957; Raskin, "Hoffa Takes the Wheel of Outcast Teamsters," The New York Times, February 2, 1958.
  121. ^ Raskin, "Teamsters Facing Meany Showdown," The New York Times. April 7, 1956.
  122. ^ Loftus, "Meany Summons Council to Weigh Beck Suspension," The New York Times, April 17, 1956; Raskin, "Meany Wins Round Against Underworld," The New York Times, April 29, 1956; Loftus, "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Votes to Curb Rackets," The New York Times, August 30, 1956; Loftus, "Union Questioned On Hiding of Data," The New York Times, January 18, 1957.
  123. ^ Raskin, "Teamsters Clash Disturbs Meany," The New York Times, January 22, 1957.
  124. ^ "Union Would Bar Silent Witnesses," The New York Times, January 27, 1957; Raskin, "Labor Council Tells Unions to Oust Chiefs Using Fifth," The New York Times, January 29, 1957.
  125. ^ "Free-Wheeling Teamster," The New York Times, January 29, 1957.
  126. ^ Raskin, "Anti-Crime Code Backed By Labor," The New York Times, January 30, 1957; Raskin, "Labor Votes to Curb Rackets," The New York Times, February 1, 1957.
  127. ^ Raskin, "3 Unions Ordered to Speed Reforms," The New York Times, February 6, 1957.
  128. ^ "Expansion Talks Set By Teamsters," The New York Times, February 21, 1957; "Carey Denounces Beck," The New York Times, March 5, 1957.
  129. ^ Drury, "2 Union Leaders Hint Beck Ouster," The New York Times, March 25, 1957; "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Calls Parley on Beck," The New York Times, March 27, 1957; Loftus, "Beck Suspended From 2 Key Jobs By Labor Chiefs," The New York Times, March 30, 1957; Raskin, "Teamsters Brand A.F.L.-C.I.O. Action On Beck Illegal," The New York Times, April 17, 1957; "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Bars Deal With Beck," The New York Times, April 18, 1957; "Beck Opens Fight On Labor Ouster," The New York Times, April 20, 1957; Loftus, "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Unit Lays Corruption to Beck's Union," The New York Times, May 7, 1957; Katz, "Teamster Ouster Hinted By Meany," The New York Times, May 8, 1957; Spiegel, "Meany Arraigns Labor 'Traitors'," The New York Times, May 11, 1957; Loftus, "Labor-Union Tradition Limits Action on Beck," The New York Times, May 12, 1957; Loftus, "Meany Will Listen to Teamsters' Woe," The New York Times, May 15, 1957; Loftus, "Beck Is Expelled By Labor Council for Fund Misuse," The New York Times, May 21, 1957.
  130. ^ Loftus, "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Doubts Teamster Reform," The New York Times, July 7, 1957; Loftus, "Labor Ethics Unit Recalls 2 Unions," The New York Times, July 19, 1957; Loftus, "Teamsters Defy A.F.L.-C.I.O. 'Court'," The New York Times, July 26, 1957; Loftus, "Top Labor Body Sets Showdown With Hoffa," The New York Times, August 11, 1957; Loftus, "Meany Silent on Hoffa Status," The New York Times, August 16, 1957; Hill, "Teamsters Draft A.F.L.-C.I.O. Reply," The New York Times, August 29, 1957; "Teamster Chiefs, At Labor Hearing, Deny Corruption," The New York Times, September 6, 1957; Raskin, "Ouster of Teamsters Now Appears Likely," The New York Times, September 8, 1957; Raskin, "Meany Demands Hoffa Rejection," The New York Times, September 10, 1957; "Meany Set to Bar Corrupt Unions," Associated Press, September 12, 1957; Raskin, "Labor Prepares Teamster Ouster," The New York Times, September 17, 1957; Raskin, "Teamster Union 'Indicted' By Ethical Practices Group," The New York Times, September 18, 1957; Raskin, "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Accuses Hoffa of Aiding Union Criminals," The New York Times, September 19, 1957; Raskin, "Teamster Board Fights A.F.L.-C.I.O.," The New York Times, September 20, 1957; Raskin, "Teamsters Seek A.F.L.-C.I.O. Delay," The New York Times, September 21, 1957; "Teamsters Bar Answer to Labor," Associated Press, September 22, 1957; Raskin, "Deadline Is Set For Teamsters," The New York Times, September 24, 1957; Raskin, "Teamsters Given Month to Reform By Labor Chiefs," The New York Times, September 26, 1957.
  131. ^ Loftus, "Labor Suspends Teamster Union," The New York Times, October 25, 1957.
  132. ^ "A.F.L.-C.I.O. to Go Ahead With Expulsion of Teamsters," The New York Times, December 4, 1957; Raskin, "Meany Will Drop Teamster Ouster If Hoffa Gets Out," The New York Times, December 5, 1957; "Teamsters Await Expulsion Today," The New York Times, December 6, 1957; Raskin, "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Ousts Teamsters Union By Vote of 5 to 1," The New York Times, December 7, 1957.
  133. ^ Raskin, "Dock Local Bolts to A.F.L. Teamsters in First Secession," The New York Times, September 3, 1953.
  134. ^ Raskin, "New Docker Union Free of Gang Rule Planned by A.F.L.," The New York Times, September 19, 1953; Raskin, "A.F.L. Council Votes Dock Union Ouster," The New York Times, September 21, 1953; Raskin, "Ryan's Dock Union Expelled by A.F.L.," The New York Times, September 23, 1953.
  135. ^ Raskin, "Pier Jury Seeking to Question Beck," The New York Times, October 23, 1953.
  136. ^ "Beck Urges A.F.L. Regain Pier Union," The New York Times, January 29, 1955.
  137. ^ "Anastasia Is Elected to High I.L.A. Post," The New York Times, March 19, 1955; "Teamsters Cooling Toward I.L.A. Deal," The New York Times, March 22, 1955.
  138. ^ "I.L.A. Pact Defined By Teamster Aide," The New York Times, December 1, 1955.
  139. ^ Raskin, "Teamsters Union Faces Suspension," The New York Times, March 1, 1956; Raskin, "Beck Set to Fight Any Ouster Move," The New York Times, March 22, 1956.
  140. ^ Raskin, "Teamster Leaders Seeking To Restrict Hoffa's Power," The New York Times, March 23, 1956; Raskin, "Teamsters Drop Dock Union Loan," The New York Times, March 27, 1956; Nevard, "I.L.A. Drops Pacts With Teamsters," April 28, 1956.
  141. ^ "Teamsters Agree to Mine, Mill Pact," The New York Times, December 4, 1955; Raskin, "Teamsters Drop Tie With Miners," The New York Times, March 9, 1956.
  142. ^ "A. F. L. Teamsters Ask C.I.O. Union to Merge," The New York Times, June 24, 1953; "A. F. L. Merger Rejected," The New York Times, July 3, 1953.
  143. ^ "7 Brewery Locals Vote to Quit C.I.O.," The New York Times, July 7, 1953; "3 More Brewery Locals Switch to A. F. L.," The New York Times, July 9, 1953; "C.I.O. Calls Beck Threat to Unions," The New York Times, November 17, 1953.
  144. ^ Raskin, "A. F. L. Drafts Plan for Ban on Raiding," The New York Times, December 11, 1953; Loftus, "Labor Still Seeks Union Raiding Ban," The New York Times, December 15, 1953; Loftus, "A.F.L. and C.I.O. Sign No-Raiding Accord," The New York Times, December 17, 1953.
  145. ^ Raskin, "Teamsters Gird for A.F.L. Battle," The New York Times, February 14, 1954; Raskin, "Teamsters Reject No-Raid Pact," The New York Times, February 19, 1954; Raskin, "Beck Hints Move to End A.F.L. Tie," The New York Times, February 20, 1954; Raskin, "Beck Bars No-Raiding Pact," The New York Times, February 21, 1954.
  146. ^ Raskin, "Plan to Aid Peace in A.F.L. Advances," The New York Times, May 14, 1954; Raskin, "Labor Unity Pacts Sealed By Unions," The New York Times, May 15, 1954; Loftus, "Unions Will Sign Non-Raiding Pact," The New York Times, June 7, 1954; "94 Unions Accept No-Raiding Pact," The New York Times, June 10, 1954.
  147. ^ Levey, "Union Raiding Ban Drafted By A.F.L.," The New York Times, August 14, 1954.
  148. ^ Raskin, "Beck Puts Brake on Labor Merger," The New York Times, January 28, 1955; Raskin, "Beck Joins Move for Labor Unity," The New York Times, February 11, 1955.
  149. ^ The Teamsters by Steven Brill; 1978 Simon and Schuster; New York, New York ISBN 978-0-671-22771-5
  150. ^ According to the Teamsters, but disputed by UFW, these contracts had purposefully low wages and benefits so as not to make the UFW contracts look bad. See: "Teamsters End a Truce With Chavez's United Farm Workers." The New York Times. December 15, 1972.
  151. ^ Turner, Wallace. "Teamsters Sued by Chavez's Union." The New York Times. January 5, 1973; Shabecoff, Philip. "Meany Criticizes Teamsters' Drive." The New York Times. April 19, 1973; "Chavez Tackles the Teamsters." The New York Times. April 22, 1973; Shabecoff, Philip. "Chavez Union Struggling for Survival." The New York Times. June 27, 1973; "Teamsters Repudiate Contracts As Chavez Quits Grape Talks." The New York Times. August 11, 1973.
  152. ^ a b . Time. September 22, 1975. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2013.
  153. ^ Bacon, David. The Children of NAFTA: Labor Wars on the U.S./Mexico Border. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-520-23778-0; Rosales, Francisco Arturo. Chicano!: The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. Houston, Tex.: Arte Publico Press, 1997. ISBN 978-1-55885-201-3; Lifsher, Marc. "UFW Seeks New Way to Organize." Los Angeles Times. September 14, 2007.
  154. ^ a b Shabecoff, Philip. "Chavez Reaches Tentative Accord." The New York Times. September 28, 1973.
  155. ^ "Chavez Says Pact Means Teamsters Will Leave Fields." The New York Times. September 29, 1973; "Meany Hints Teamster Accord With Chavez May Be Near End." The New York Times. October 16, 1973; Shabecoff, Philip. "Teamsters Shift Stand on Coast." The New York Times. November 8, 1973; "Meany Says Teamsters Renege On a Farm Labor Peace Accord." The New York Times. November 17, 1973; "Teamsters Start Farm Union Local." The New York Times. June 7, 1974; "Teamsters Local Termed in 'Chaos'." The New York Times. November 10, 1974.
  156. ^ Caldwell, Earl. "Picket Shot, Many More Arrested in Grape Strike." The New York Times. August 3, 1973; "New Strife Nears in Grape Dispute." The New York Times. September 16, 1973.
  157. ^ Turner, Wallace. "Chavez and Teamsters Sign Accord." The New York Times. March 11, 1977.
  158. ^ "Brewery Workers Merger With Teamsters Is Backed." The New York Times. October 24, 1973.
  159. ^ . March 18, 2005. Archived from the original on March 18, 2005.
  160. ^ a b US Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management Standards. File number 000-093. (Search)
  161. ^ Amber and Bologna, "Departure of SEIU, Teamsters Creates Split Within AFL-CIO on Convention's Opening Day," Labor Relations Week, July 28, 2005.
  162. ^ Tillman, p. 139-140.
  163. ^ a b c Jacobs, p. 111.
  164. ^ a b c Ryan, p. 418.
  165. ^ Tillman, p. 140.
  166. ^ "Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers". July 19, 2023.
  167. ^ Only 10 of the 13 candidates running on Carey's slate were members of TDU. The Carey slate did not contest three of the seats on the Teamsters executive board. See: Kilborn, Peter T. "Carey Takes the Wheel." The New York Times. June 21, 1992. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
  168. ^ McFadden, Robert D. "New Teamster Chief's Motto: Honest Work for Honest Pay." The New York Times. December 15, 1991. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
  169. ^ Jacobs and Cooperman, p. 146.
  170. ^ West, Jim. "Can Hoffa 'Restore the Power'?" Labor Notes. January 7, 1999. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
  171. ^ "Hoffa Re-Elected Teamsters President." Labor Notes. November 27, 2006. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
  172. ^ Greenhouse, Steven. "In the Teamsters, a Candidate Tries to Break the Mold." The New York Times. June 27, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
  173. ^ Moberg, David. "Hoffa Re-elected as Teamsters President, Easily Beating Two Challengers." In These Times. November 19, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
  174. ^ "Hoffa wins Teamsters election". Politico. November 21, 2016.
  175. ^ Scheiber, Noam (November 19, 2021). "A Hoffa Ally, Then a Foe, and Soon the Teamsters President". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
  176. ^ "O'brien-Zuckerman, General Executive Board Begin Five-Year Term".
  177. ^ https://www.nlrb.gov/case/05-CA-303660%7Ctitle = NLRB Case 05-CA-303660
  178. ^ https://www.mediafire.com/file/k6dzrgq8bpiw2rg/11.10.22+IBT+Settlement+Agreement+-+Fully+Executed.pdf/file%7Ctitle = IBT Settlement with the Attorney General for the District of Columbia
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  180. ^ "Teamsters endorse Obama for president" May 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Cnn.com ElectionCenter2008
  181. ^ "Sinn Fein war chest swells as global ties pay big dividends" Irish Independent
  182. ^ "Banker with Lehman links among SF donors" Irish Times
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  184. ^ "A Gathering of Teamsters: A Look at the First Five Decades of Convention History" (PDF). International Brotherhood of Teamsters. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
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  186. ^ Moore, Janet (December 7, 2020). "Tom Keegel, U.S. Teamsters leader, dies at 79". Star Tribune. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
  187. ^ "West Virginia Labor Leader Ken Hall Retires as General Secretary-treasurer of the Teamsters". PR Newswire. March 18, 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
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External links Edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teamsters.
  • Official website
  • Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employes
  • Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen November 2, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  • Official site of the Independent Review Board
  • The Washington Teamster (1940-1943) September 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, from the Labor Press Project
  • 1934 Minneapolis Strike Reprinted from Revolutionary History, Vol.2 No.1, Spring 1989. Marxist Internet Archive. Retrieved April 3, 2004.
  • Trotskyist Work in the Trade Unions, by Chris Knox May 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  • TDU history

September 28, 2023
international, brotherhood, teamsters, teamsters, redirects, here, truck, drivers, general, teamster, labor, union, united, states, canada, formed, 1903, merger, team, drivers, international, union, teamsters, national, union, union, represents, diverse, membe. Teamsters redirects here For truck drivers in general see Teamster The International Brotherhood of Teamsters IBT is a labor union in the United States and Canada Formed in 1903 by the merger of the Team Drivers International Union and the Teamsters National Union 2 the union now represents a diverse membership of blue collar and professional workers in both the public and private sectors totalling about 1 3 million in 2015 1 The union was formerly called the International Brotherhood of Teamsters Chauffeurs Warehousemen and Helpers of America International Brotherhood of TeamstersAbbreviationIBTFormation1903 1903 Merger ofTeam Drivers International UnionTeamsters National UnionTypeTrade unionHeadquartersWashington DC USLocationCanadaUnited StatesMembership 2015 1 3 million 1 PresidentSean O BrienSecretary treasurerFred ZuckermanAffiliationsIndustriALL Global UnionInternational Transport Workers FederationNorth America s Building Trades UnionsWebsiteteamster wbr orgFormerly calledInternational Brotherhood of Teamsters Chauffeurs Warehousemen and Helpers of America Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1 2 Organizing and growth during the Great Depression 1 3 World War II and the post war period 1 4 Influence of organized crime 1 5 Rise fall and disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa 1 6 Decentralization deregulation and drift 1 7 Internal and external challenges 1 8 Recent history 2 Internal Teamsters politics 3 Political donations 4 Organization 4 1 General Presidents 4 2 General Secretary Treasurers 4 3 Membership 4 4 Divisions and conferences 5 Archival collections 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8 1 Footnotes 8 2 Bibliography 9 External linksHistory EditEarly history EditThe American Federation of Labor AFL had helped form local unions of teamsters since 1887 In November 1898 the AFL organized the Team Drivers International Union TDIU 3 4 In 1901 a group of teamsters in Chicago Illinois broke from the TDIU and formed the Teamsters National Union 3 Unlike the TDIU which permitted large employers to be members the new Teamsters National Union permitted only employees teamster helpers and owner operators owning only a single team to join and advocated higher wages and shorter hours more aggressively than the TDIU 3 Claiming more than 28 000 members in 47 locals its president Albert Young applied for membership in the AFL The AFL asked the TDIU to merge with Young s union to form a new AFL affiliated union and the two groups did so in 1903 forming the International Brotherhood of Teamsters IBT 4 and electing Cornelius Shea as the new union s first president 3 4 The election process proved tumultuous Shea effectively controlled the convention because the Chicago locals representing nearly half the IBT s membership 5 supported his candidacy en bloc Shea was opposed by John Sheridan president of the Ice Drivers Union of Chicago Sheridan and George Innes president of the TDIU accused Shea of embezzlement in an attempt to prevent his election 6 Shea won the election on August 8 1903 by a vote of 605 to 480 The new grouping elected Edward L Turley of Chicago as secretary treasurer and Albert Young as general organizer 7 8 nbsp Cornelius Shea first General President of the Teamsters circa 1905 nbsp Informal portrait of left to right Cornelius P Shea John Miller Fred Mader and Tim Murphy sitting in a row in a courtroom in Chicago Illinois during a labor trial Murphy was a politician union organizer and reputed gangster and he was murdered in 1928 The union like most unions within the American Federation of Labor AFL at the time had a largely decentralized structure with a number of local unions that governed themselves autonomously and tended to look only after their own interests in the geographical jurisdiction in which they operated 9 10 11 The teamsters were vitally important to the labor movement for a strike or sympathy strike by the teamsters could paralyze the movement of goods throughout a city and bring a strike into nearly every neighborhood 5 It also meant that teamsters leaders were able to demand bribes in order to avoid strikes and control of a teamsters local could bring organized crime significant revenues During Shea s presidency the entire teamsters union was notoriously corrupt 12 13 14 Several major strikes occupied the union in its first three years In November 1903 teamsters employed by the Chicago City Railway went out on strike Shea attempted to stop sympathy strikes by other teamster locals but three locals walked out and eventually disaffiliated over the sympathy strike issue 15 A sympathy strike in support of 18 000 striking meat cutters in Chicago in July 1904 led to riots before the extensive use of strikebreakers led Shea to force his members back to work leading to the collapse of the meat cutters strike 12 16 17 In the midst of the strife in 1904 the teamsters convention in Cincinnati Ohio re elected Shea by acclamation on August 8 1904 17 Under his leadership the union had expanded to nearly 50 000 members in 821 locals in 300 cities making the Teamsters one of the largest unions in the United States 12 In 1905 10 000 teamsters struck in support of locked out tailors at Montgomery Ward and eventually more than 25 000 teamsters manned the picket lines 18 19 20 But when local newspapers discovered that Shea was living in a local brothel kept a 19 year old waitress as a mistress and had spent the strike hosting parties public support for the strike collapsed and the strike ended on August 1 1905 18 20 21 22 Despite the revelations Shea won re election on August 12 1905 by a vote of 129 to 121 23 Shea was re elected again in 1905 and 1906 although significant challenges to his presidency occurred each time 24 Shea s first trial on charges stemming from the 1905 Montgomery Ward strike ended in a mistrial 25 However during the 1906 re election Shea had promised that he would resign the presidency once his trial had ended 26 But he did not and most union members withdrew their support for him 26 Daniel J Tobin of Boston was elected Shea s successor by a vote of 104 to 94 in August 1907 27 Organizing and growth during the Great Depression Edit Tobin was president of the Teamsters from 1907 to 1952 Although he faced opposition in his re election races in 1908 1909 and 1910 he never faced opposition again until his retirement in 1952 28 The Teamsters began to expand dramatically and mature organizationally under Tobin He pushed for the development of joint councils to which all local unions were forced to affiliate Varying in geographical and industrial jurisdiction the joint councils became important incubators for up and coming leadership and negotiating master agreements which covered all employers in a given industry Tobin also actively discouraged strikes in order to bring discipline to the union and encourage employers to sign contracts and founded and edited the union magazine the International Teamster 9 10 11 29 30 Under Tobin the Teamsters also first developed the regional conference system developed by Dave Beck in Seattle which provided stability organizing strength and leadership to the international union 10 Tobin undertook long jurisdictional battles with many unions during this period Fierce disputes occurred between the Teamsters and the Gasoline State Operators National Council an AFL federal union of gas station attendants the International Longshoremen s Association the Retail Clerks International Union and the Brotherhood of Railway Clerks 10 31 The most significant disagreement however was with the United Brewery Workers over the right to represent beer wagon drivers While the Teamsters lost this battle in 1913 when the AFL awarded jurisdiction to the Brewers they won when the issue came before the AFL Executive Board again in 1933 when the Brewers were still recovering from their near elimination during Prohibition 10 28 32 33 The raids and new member organizing in the 1930s led to significant membership increases Teamster membership stood at just 82 000 in 1932 Tobin took advantage of the wave of pro union sentiment engendered by the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act and by 1935 union membership had increased nearly 65 percent to 135 000 By 1941 Tobin had a dues paying membership of 530 000 making the Teamsters the fastest growing labor union in the United States 10 One of the most significant events in union history occurred in 1934 A group of radicals in Local 574 in Minneapolis led by Farrell Dobbs Carl Skoglund and the Dunne brothers Ray Miles and Grant all members of the Trotskyist Communist League of America began successfully organizing coal truck drivers in the winter of 1933 34 Tobin an ardent anti communist 35 opposed their efforts and refused to support their 1933 strike 34 Local 574 struck again in 1934 leading to several riots over a nine day period in May 34 When the employers association reneged on the agreement Local 574 resumed the strike although it ended again after nine days when martial law was declared by Governor Floyd B Olson 34 Although Local 574 won a contract recognizing the union and which broke the back of the anti union Citizens Alliance in Minneapolis Tobin expelled Local 574 from the Teamsters Member outrage was extensive and in August 1936 he was forced to recharter the local as 544 10 31 34 36 Within a year the newly formed Local 544 had organized 250 000 truckers in the Midwest and formed the Central Conference of Teamsters 10 31 34 36 Extensive organizing also occurred in the West Harry Bridges radical leader of the International Longshoremen s and Warehousemen s Union ILWU was leading the march inland an attempt to organize warehouse workers away from shipping ports 10 37 Alarmed by Bridges radical politics and worried that the ILWU would encroach on Teamster jurisdictions Dave Beck formed a large regional organization the Western Conference of Teamsters to engage in fierce organizing battles and membership raids against the ILWU which led to the establishment of many new locals and the organization of tens of thousands of new members 10 38 But corruption became even more widespread in the Teamsters during the Tobin administration By 1941 the union was considered the most corrupt in the United States and the most abusive towards its own members Tobin vigorously defended the union against such accusations but also instituted many constitutional and organizational changes and practices which made it easier for union officials to engage in criminal offenses 39 World War II and the post war period Edit By the beginning of World War II the Teamsters was one of the most powerful unions in the country and Teamster leaders were influential in the corridors of power Union membership had risen more than 390 percent between 1935 and 1941 to 530 000 10 In June 1940 President Franklin D Roosevelt appointed Tobin to be the official White House liaison to organized labor and later that year chair of the Labor Division of the Democratic National Committee 10 40 In 1942 President Roosevelt appointed Tobin special representative to the United Kingdom and charged him with investigating the state of the labor movement there 41 Tobin was considered three times for Secretary of Labor and twice refused the post in 1943 and 1947 42 On September 23 1944 Roosevelt gave his famous Fala speech while campaigning in the 1944 presidential election Because of Roosevelt s strong relationship with Tobin and the union s large membership the President delivered his speech before the Teamster convention 10 Nonetheless Teamsters members were restive Dissident members of the union accused the leadership of suppressing democracy in the union a charge Tobin angrily denied 43 Over the next year Tobin cracked down on dissidents and several large locals led by his political opponents 44 During World War II The Teamsters strongly endorsed the American labor movement s no strike pledge The Teamsters agreed to cease raiding other unions and not strike for the duration of the national emergency Tobin even ordered Teamsters members to cross picket lines put up by other unions Nevertheless the national leadership sanctioned strikes by Midwestern truckers in August 1942 Southern truckers in October 1943 and brewery workers and milk delivery drivers in January 1945 30 45 The Teamsters did not however participate in the great post war wave of labor strikes In the two years following the cessation of hostilities the Teamsters struck only three times 10 000 truckers in New Jersey struck for two weeks workers at UPS struck nationwide for three weeks and workers at Railway Express Agency struck for almost a month 46 Teamsters leaders strongly opposed enactment of the Taft Hartley Act and repeatedly called for its repeal Tobin however was one of the first labor leaders to sign the non communist affidavit required by the law 47 The great wave of organizing which the union engaged in during the Great Depression and the war significantly boosted the political power of a number of regional Teamsters leaders and the leadership of the union engaged in a number of power struggles in the post war period By 1949 the union s membership had topped one million 48 Dave Beck elected an international vice president in 1940 was increasingly influential in the international union and Tobin attempted to check his growing power but failed 10 In 1946 Beck successfully overcame Tobin s opposition and won approval of an amendment to the union s constitution creating the post of executive vice president Beck then won the 1947 election to fill the position 29 Beck also successfully opposed in 1947 a Tobin backed dues increase to fund new organizing 49 The following year Beck was able to demand the ouster of the editor of International Teamster magazine and install his own man in the job 50 In 1948 Beck allied with his long time rival Jimmy Hoffa and effectively seized control of the union He announced a raid on the International Association of Machinists local at Boeing Although Tobin publicly repudiated Beck s actions Beck had more than enough support from Hoffa and other members of the executive board to force Tobin to back down 51 Five months later Beck won approval of a plan to dissolve the union s four divisions and replace them with 16 divisions organized around each of the major job categories in the union s membership 52 In 1951 Tom Hickey reformist leader of the Teamsters in New York City won election to the Teamsters executive board Tobin needed Beck s support to prevent Hickey s election and Beck refused to give it 53 On September 4 1952 Tobin announced he would step down as president of the Teamsters at the end of his term 54 At the union s 1952 convention Beck was elected General President and pushed through a number of changes intended to make it harder for a challenger to build the necessary majority to unseat a president or reject his policies 55 Influence of organized crime Edit Beck was elected to the Executive Council of the AFL on August 13 1953 but his election generated a tremendous political battle between AFL President George Meany who supported his election and federation vice presidents who felt Beck was corrupt and should not be elected to the post 56 57 Beck was the first Teamster president to negotiate a nationwide master contract and a national grievance arbitration plan 58 established organizing drives in the Deep South 59 and the East 60 and built the current Teamsters headquarters the Marble Palace in Washington DC on Louisiana Avenue NW across a small plaza from the United States Senate 61 But his intervention in a construction and a milk strike both centered in New York City and refusal to intervene in a Northeastern trucking strike created major political problems for him 62 Perceiving Beck to be weak Jimmy Hoffa began challenging Beck on various union decisions and policies in 1956 with an eye to unseating him as General President in the regularly scheduled union elections in 1957 63 Infiltration by organized crime dominated the agenda of the Teamsters throughout the 1950s The Teamsters had suffered from extensive corruption since its formation in 1903 12 13 14 Although the more extreme public forms of corruption had been eliminated after General President Cornelius Shea was removed from office the extent of corruption and control by organized crime increased during Tobin s time in office 1907 to 1952 10 13 22 64 In 1929 the Teamsters and unions in Chicago even approached gangster Roger Touhy and asked for his protection from Al Capone and his Chicago Outfit which were seeking to control the area s unions 65 Evidence of widespread corruption within the Teamsters began emerging shortly after Tobin retired 66 In Kansas City corrupt Teamsters locals spent years seeking bribes embezzling money and engaging in extensive extortion and labor rackets as well as beatings vandalism and even bombings in an attempt to control the construction and trucking industries 22 67 The problem was so serious that the US House of Representatives held hearings on the issue 68 Hoffa s attempt to challenge Beck caused a major national scandal which led to two Congressional investigations several indictments for fraud and other crimes against Beck and Hoffa strict new federal legislation and regulations regarding labor unions and even helped launch the political career of Robert F Kennedy Believing he needed additional votes to unseat Beck in October 1956 Hoffa met with mobster Johnny Dio in New York City and the two men conspired to create as many as 15 paper locals a to boost Hoffa s delegate totals 70 71 When the paper locals applied for charters from the international union Hoffa s political foes were outraged 63 72 A major battle broke out within the Teamsters over whether to charter the locals and the media attention led to inquiries by the US Department of Justice and the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the US Senate Committee on Government Operations 73 Beck and other Teamster leaders challenged the authority of the US Senate to investigate the union 74 75 which caused the Senate to establish the Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management a new committee with broad subpoena and investigative powers 76 Senator John L McClellan chair of the select committee hired Robert F Kennedy as the subcommittee s chief counsel and investigator 77 The Select Committee also known as the McClellan Committee after its chairman exposed widespread corruption in the Teamsters union Dave Beck fled the country for a month to avoid its subpoenas before returning 78 Four of the paper locals were dissolved to avoid committee scrutiny several Teamster staffers were charged with contempt of Congress and union records were lost or destroyed allegedly on purpose and wiretaps were played in public before a national television audience in which Dio and Hoffa discussed the creation of even more paper locals 79 Evidence was unearthed of a mob sponsored plot in which Oregon Teamsters unions would seize control of the state legislature state police and state attorney general s office through bribery extortion and blackmail 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 excessive citations Initially members of the union did not believe the charges and support for Beck was strong 90 91 but after three months of continuous allegations of wrongdoing many rank and file Teamsters withdrew their support and openly called for Beck to resign 92 Beck initially refused to address the allegations but broke his silence and denounced the committee s inquiry on March 6 93 But even as the committee conducted its investigation the Teamsters chartered even more paper locals 94 In mid March 1957 Jimmy Hoffa was arrested for allegedly trying to bribe a Senate aide 95 Hoffa denied the charges but the arrest triggered additional investigations and more arrests and indictments over the following weeks 96 97 98 99 A week later Beck admitted to receiving an interest free 300 000 loan from the Teamsters which he had never repaid and Senate investigators claimed that loans to Beck and other union officials and their businesses had cost the union more than 700 000 100 Beck appeared before the select committee for the first time on March 25 1957 and invoked his Fifth Amendment right against self incrimination 117 times 101 The McClellan Committee turned its focus to Hoffa and other Teamsters officials and presented testimony and evidence alleging widespread corruption in Hoffa controlled Teamster units 71 102 Several historic legal developments came out of the select committee s investigation The scandals uncovered by the McClellan committee which affected not only the Teamsters but several other unions led directly to the passage of the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act also known as the Landrum Griffin Act in 1959 103 The right of union officials to exercise their Fifth Amendment rights was upheld and a significant refinement of constitutional law made when the US Supreme Court reaffirmed the right of union officials to not divulge the location of union records in Curcio v United States 354 U S 118 1957 104 Rank and file anger over the McClellan Committee s revelations eventually led Beck to retire from the Teamsters and allowed Jimmy Hoffa to take over Immediately after his testimony in late March 1957 Beck won approval from the union s executive board to establish a 1 million fund to defend himself and the union from the committee s allegations 105 But member outrage at the expenditure was significant and permission to establish the fund was rescinded 106 Member anger continued to grow throughout the spring 107 and Beck s majority support on the executive board vanished 108 Beck was called before the McClellan Committee again in early May 1957 and additional interest free loans and other potentially illegal and unethical financial transactions exposed 109 Based on these revelations Beck was indicted for tax evasion on May 2 1957 110 Beck s legal troubles led him to retire and Hoffa to win election to the union presidency Support for Beck among the membership evaporated 111 Beck announced on May 25 he would not run for re election in October 112 The announcement created chaos among the union leadership 113 and despite additional indictments Hoffa announced he would seek the presidency on July 19 114 Rank and file support for Hoffa was strong 115 although there were some attempts to organize an opposition candidate 116 Hoffa s opponents asked a federal judge to postpone the election but the request was granted only temporarily and Hoffa was elected General President of the union on October 4 1957 117 Beck offered to retire early to allow Hoffa to take control of the union in December 118 A federal district court barred Hoffa from taking power unless he was acquitted in his wiretapping trial 119 The ruling was upheld by a court of appeals and the trial ended in a hung jury on December 19 1957 Hoffa assumed the presidency on February 1 1958 120 nbsp Jimmy Hoffa served as President from 1957 to 1971 The worsening corruption scandal led the AFL CIO to eject the Teamsters AFL CIO President George Meany worried that corruption scandals plaguing a number of unions at the time might lead to harsh regulation of unions or even the withdrawal of federal labor law protection began an anti corruption drive in April 1956 121 New rules were enacted by the labor federation s executive council that provided for the removal of vice presidents engaged in corruption as well as the ejection of unions considered corrupt 122 The McClellan Committee s investigation only worsened the dispute between the AFL CIO and the Teamsters 123 In January 1957 the AFL CIO proposed a new rule which would bar officers of the federation from continuing to hold office if they exercised their Fifth Amendment rights in a corruption investigation 124 Beck opposed the new rule 125 but the Ethical Practices Committee of AFL CIO instituted the rule on January 31 1957 126 The Teamsters were given 90 days to reform 127 but Beck retaliated by promising more raids on AFL CIO member unions if the union was ousted 128 Beck s opposition prompted a successful move by Meany to remove Beck from the AFL CIO executive council on the grounds of corruption 129 After extensive hearings and appeals which lasted from July to September 1957 the AFL CIO voted on September 25 1957 to eject the Teamsters if the union did not institute reforms within 30 days 130 Beck refused to institute any reforms and the election of Jimmy Hoffa whom the AFL CIO considered as corrupt as Beck led the labor federation to suspend the Teamsters union on October 24 1957 131 Meany offered to keep the Teamsters within the AFL CIO if Hoffa resigned as president but Hoffa refused and the formal expulsion occurred on December 6 1957 132 The Teamsters were not the only corrupt union in the AFL CIO by any means Another was the International Longshoremen s Association ILA which represented stevedores in most East Coast ports The Teamsters had long desired to bring all shipping and transportation workers into the union so that no product could be moved anywhere in the US without it being touched by Teamsters hands As the ILA came under increasing attack for permitting corruption in its locals Beck sought to bring the ILA into the Teamsters 133 The AFL ousted the ILA in September 1953 and formed the International Brotherhood of Longshoremen AFL IBL AFL to represent longshoremen on the Great Lakes and East Coast 134 The Teamsters planned to raid the expelled union and may even have hoped to seize control of the IBL AFL 135 Beck undertook a campaign to bring the ILA back into the AFL in early 1955 136 but the election of mob associate Anthony Tough Tony Anastasio as an ILA vice president forced Beck to end the effort 137 But even as Beck backed away from any ILA deal Jimmy Hoffa secretly negotiated a major package of financial and staff aid to the ILA and then went public with the deal forcing Beck to accept it as a fait accompli or risk embarrassing Hoffa 138 The AFL CIO threatened to expel the Teamsters if it aided the ILA 139 Beck fought Hoffa over the ILA aid package and won withdrawing the offer to the ILA in the spring of 1956 140 The ILA was not the only union the Teamsters sought to merge with The union attempted to merge with the Mine Mill amp Smelter Workers in 1955 but the effort failed 141 The union also sought a merger with the Brewery Workers but the smaller union rejected the offer 142 When the overture failed the Teamsters raided the Brewery Workers leading to fierce protests by the CIO 143 Raiding by the Teamsters was such a serious issue that it prompted the AFL and CIO which had attempted to sign a no raid agreement for years to finally negotiate and implement such a pact in December 1953 144 Beck initially refused to sign the agreement and threatened to take the Teamsters out of the AFL if forced to adhere to it 145 Three months after the pact was signed the Teamsters agreed to submit to the terms of the no raid agreement 146 Shortly thereafter the AFL adopted Article 20 of its constitution which prevented its member unions from raiding one another 147 The union s affection for raiding led it to initially oppose the AFL CIO merger in January 1955 but it quickly reversed itself 148 Rise fall and disappearance of Jimmy Hoffa Edit Hoffa achieved his goal of unifying all freight drivers under a single collective bargaining agreement the National Master Freight Agreement in 1964 Hoffa used the grievance procedures of the agreement which authorized selective strikes against particular employers to police the agreement or if Hoffa thought that it served the union s interest to drive marginal employers out of the industry The union won substantial gains for its members fostering a nostalgic image of the Hoffa era as the golden age for Teamster drivers Hoffa also succeeded where Tobin had failed concentrating power at the international level dominating the conferences which Beck and Dobbs had helped build In addition Hoffa was instrumental in using the assets of the Teamsters pension plans particularly the Central States plan to support Mafia projects such as the development of Las Vegas in the 1950s and 1960s Pension funds were loaned to finance Las Vegas casinos such as the Stardust Resort amp Casino the Fremont Hotel amp Casino the Desert Inn the Dunes hotel and casino which was controlled by Hoffa s attorney Morris Shenker the Four Queens the Aladdin Hotel amp Casino Circus Circus and Caesars Palace The pension fund also made a number of loans to associates and relatives of high ranking Teamster officials A close associate of Hoffa during this period was Allen Dorfman Dorfman owned an insurance agency that provided insurance claims processing to the Teamsters union and which was the subject of an investigation by the McClellan Committee Dorfman also had increasing influence over loans made by the Teamsters pension fund and after Hoffa went to prison in 1967 Dorfman had primary control over the fund Dorfman was murdered in January 1983 shortly after his conviction along with Teamsters president Roy Lee Williams in a bribery case 149 Hoffa was moreover defiantly unwilling to reform the union or limit his own power in response to the attacks from Robert F Kennedy formerly chief counsel to the McClellan Committee and later Attorney General Kennedy s Department of Justice tried to convict Hoffa for a variety of offenses during the 1960s finally succeeding on a witness tampering charge in 1964 with key testimony provided by Teamsters business agent Edward Grady Partin After exhausting his appeals Hoffa entered prison in 1967 Hoffa installed Frank Fitzsimmons an associate from his days in Local 299 in Detroit to hold his place for him while he served time Fitzsimmons however began to enjoy the exercise of power in Hoffa s absence in addition the organized crime figures around him found that he was more pliant than Hoffa had been While President Nixon s pardon barred Hoffa from resuming any role in the Teamsters until 1980 Hoffa challenged the legality of that condition and planned to run again for presidency of the union but disappeared in 1975 under mysterious circumstances He is presumed dead although his body has never been found Decentralization deregulation and drift Edit Under General President Frank Fitzsimmons authority within the Teamsters was decentralized back into the hands of regional joint council and local leaders While this helped solidify Fitzsimmons own political position in the union it also made it more difficult for the union to act decisively on policy issues Fitzsimmons also slowly moved the union s political stances to the left supporting universal health care an immediate end to the Vietnam War urban renewal and community organizing In 1968 Fitzsimmons and United Auto Workers President Walter Reuther formed the Alliance for Labor Action a new national trade union center which competed with the AFL CIO The Alliance dissolved in 1972 after Reuther s death While the Teamsters won rich national master contracts in trucking and package delivery in the 1970s it did little to adapt to the changes occurring in the transportation industry A major jurisdictional battle with the United Farm Workers UFW broke out in 1970 and did not end until 1977 The Teamsters and UFW had both claimed jurisdiction over farm workers for many years and in 1967 had signed an agreement settling their differences But decentralization of power within the union led several Teamster leaders in California to repudiate this agreement without Fitzsimmons permission and organize large numbers of field workers His hand forced Fitzsimmons ordered Teamsters contract negotiators to re open the handful of contracts it had signed with California growers 150 The UFW sued the AFL CIO condemned the action and many employers negotiated contracts with the Teamsters rather than with the UFW 151 The Teamsters subsequently signed contracts which many denounced as sweetheart deals with more than 375 California growers 152 153 Although an agreement giving UFW jurisdiction over field workers and the Teamsters jurisdiction over packing and warehouse workers was reached on September 27 1973 Fitzsimmons reneged on the agreement within a month and moved ahead with forming a farm workers regional union in California 154 155 The organizing battles even became violent at times 156 By 1975 the UFW had won 24 elections and the Teamsters 14 UFW membership had plummeted to just 6 000 from nearly 70 000 while the Teamsters farmworker division counted 55 000 workers 152 154 The UFW signed an agreement with Fitzsimmons in March 1977 in which the UFW agreed to seek to organize only those workers covered by the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act while the Teamsters retained jurisdiction over some agricultural workers who had been covered by Teamsters Local Union contracts prior to the formation of the UFW 157 In October 1973 Fitzsimmons ended the long running jurisdictional dispute with the United Brewery Workers and the Brewery Workers merged with the Teamsters 158 In 1979 Congress passed legislation that deregulated the freight industry removing the Interstate Commerce Commission s power to impose detailed regulatory tariffs on interstate carriers The union tried to fight deregulation by attempting to bribe Senator Howard Cannon of Nevada That attempt not only failed but resulted in the conviction in 1982 of Roy Williams the General President who had succeeded Fitzsimmons in 1981 Williams subsequently resigned in 1983 as a condition of remaining free on bail while his appeal proceeded Deregulation had catastrophic effects on the Teamsters opening up the industry to competition from non union companies who sought to cut costs by avoiding unionization and curbing wages Nearly 200 unionized carriers went out of business in the first few years of deregulation leaving thirty percent of Teamsters in the freight division unemployed The remaining unionized carriers demanded concessions in wages work rules and hours Williams successor Jackie Presser was prepared to grant most of these concessions in the form of a special freight relief rider that would cut wages by up to 35 percent and establish two tier wages Teamsters for a Democratic Union which had grown out of efforts to reject the 1976 freight agreement launched a successful national campaign to defeat the relief rider which was defeated by a vote of 94 086 to 13 082 The pressure on the freight industry and the national freight agreement continued however By the end of the 1990s the National Master Freight Agreement which had covered 500 000 drivers in the late 1970s dropped to fewer than 200 000 with numerous local riders weakening it further in some areas Internal and external challenges Edit The decline in working conditions in the freight industry combined with long simmering unhappiness among members employed by the United Parcel Service led to the development of two nationwide dissident groups within the union in the 1980s Teamsters for a Democratic Union TDU an assemblage of a number of local efforts and the Professional Drivers Council better known as PROD which began as a public interest group affiliated with Ralph Nader that was concerned with worker safety The two groups merged in 1979 TDU was able to win some local offices within the union although the International Union often attempted to make those victories meaningless by marginalizing the officer or the union TDU acquired greater prominence however with the election reforms forced on the union by the consent decree it had entered into in 1989 on the eve of trial on a suit brought by the federal government under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act RICO The decree required the direct election of International officers by the membership as TDU had been demanding for years leading up to the decree to replace the indirect election by delegates at the union s convention While the delegates at the union s 1991 convention balked at amending the Constitution they ultimately capitulated under pressure from the government That consent decree might not have been possible however if it had not been for the testimony of Roy Williams who described in an affidavit he gave the government in return for a delay of his imprisonment his own dealings with organized crime as the Secretary Treasurer of a local union in Kansas City and as an officer of the International Union The decree also gave the government the power to install an Independent Review Board with the power to expel any member of the union for conduct unbecoming to the union which the IRB proceeded to exercise far more aggressively than the Teamsters officials who had agreed to the decree had expected While the government was pursuing a civil case against the union as an entity it was also indicting Presser who had succeeded Williams as General President for embezzling from two different local unions in Cleveland prior to his election as president Presser resigned in 1988 but died before his trial was scheduled to begin He was succeeded by William J McCarthy who came from the same local that Dan Tobin had led eighty years earlier The Independent Review Board IRB is a three member panel established to investigate and take appropriate action with respect to any allegations of corruption any allegations of domination or control or influence of any part of the Union by organized crime and any failure to cooperate fully with the IRB 159 Recent history Edit nbsp A Teamsters gathering at the YearlyKos 2007 conventionMembership US records 1000 160 Graphs are temporarily unavailable due to technical issues Finances US records 1000 160 Graphs are temporarily unavailable due to technical issues Assets Liabilities Receipts Disbursements In 1991 Ron Carey won a surprising victory in the first direct election for General President in the union s history defeating two old guard candidates R V Durham and Walter Shea Carey s slate supported by TDU also won nearly all of the seats on the International Executive Board Carey acquired a fair amount of influence within the AFL CIO which had readmitted the Teamsters in 1985 Carey was close with the new leadership elected in 1995 particularly Richard Trumka of the United Mine Workers of America who became Secretary Treasurer of the AFL CIO under John Sweeney Carey had also swung the Teamsters support behind the Democratic Party a change from past administrations that had supported the Republican Party The new administration set out to break from the past in other ways making energetic efforts to head off a vote to oust the union as representative of Northwest Airlines flight attendants negotiating a breakthrough agreement covering carhaulers and supporting local strikes such as the one against Diamond Walnut to restore the union s strength The Carey administration did not on the other hand have much power in the lower reaches of the Teamster hierarchy all of the large regional conferences were run by old guard officers as were most of the locals Disagreements between those two camps led the old guard to campaign against the Carey administration s proposed dues increase The Carey administration retaliated by dissolving the regional conferences calling them expensive redundancies and fiefdoms for old guard union officers and rearranging the boundaries of some joint councils that had fought against the dues increase The opposition responded by uniting around a single candidate James P Hoffa son of James R Hoffa to run against Carey in 1996 Hoffa ran a strong campaign trading on the mystique still attached to his late father s name and promising to restore those days of glory Carey appeared however to have won a close election Shortly afterward in 1997 the union initiated a large and successful strike against UPS The parcel services department had by that time become the largest division in the union Carey was removed from the union s leadership by the IRB shortly thereafter when evidence that individuals in his office had arranged for transfer of several thousand dollars to an outside contractor which then arranged for another entity to make an equivalent contribution to the Carey campaign Carey was indicted for lying to investigators about his campaign funding but was acquitted of all charges in a 2001 trial In the 1998 election to succeed Carey James P Hoffa was elected handily He became president of the Teamsters on March 19 1999 and took the union in a more moderate direction tempering the union s support for Democrats and attempting to come to terms with powerful Republicans in Congress The union has merged in recent years with a number of unions from other industries including the Graphic Communications International Union a printing industry union and the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employes and Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers both from the railway industry On July 25 2005 the Teamsters disaffiliated from the AFL CIO and became a founding member of the new national trade union center the Change to Win Federation 161 In 2009 UPS many employees of which are members of the Teamsters lobbied to have language added to the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2009 H R 915 to change how UPS and FedEx compete with one another In response FedEx launched a large online advertising campaign aimed at UPS and the Teamsters called Stop the Brown Bailout Internal Teamsters politics EditPrior to the 1970s no long lived caucuses existed within the Teamsters Union Challengers for office ran on their personal appeal and individual power base rather than on caucus or party platforms and such challenges were infrequent The Teamster leadership was well established and somewhat self perpetuating and challengers only rarely achieved victories at the local and even less frequently at the regional levels 162 This changed in the 1970s A national wildcat strike challenged President Frank Fitzsimmons control over the union but failed After the strike a reform movement known as Teamsters United Rank and File TURF formed to continue to challenge against the union s national leadership But TURF collapsed after a few years due to internal dissent 163 In 1975 two new caucuses formed Teamsters for a Decent Contract TDC and UPSurge Both groups pushed the national leadership for a vastly improved contracts at UPS and the freight lines 163 In 1976 a new formal caucus Teamsters for a Democratic Union TDU formed when TDC and UPSurge merged The new caucus goal was to make internal Teamster governance more transparent and democratic which included giving rank and file more of a say in the terms and approval of contracts 164 In the 1980s TDU occasionally won elections for positions on local councils but it was not until 1983 when the TDU forced President Jackie Presser to withdraw and make changes to a concession laden National Master Freight Agreement that TDU had a national impact 165 TDU publicized the very centralized and not very transparent national union decision making process criticized what it said was lack of member input into these decisions and published contract salary membership and other data critical of the national union leadership These criticisms led to another success for TDU with many TDU proposals finding their way into the 1988 court decree in which the federal government took over of the Teamsters 164 166 Although the TDU has never won the presidency of the national union as of mid 2013 it strongly supported Ron Carey for the presidency in 1991 Carey in turn adopted many of TDU s reform proposals as part of his platform Carey ran with nearly a full slate which included a candidate for secretary treasurer and 13 vice presidencies 167 R V Durham leader of the Teamsters in North Carolina was considered the establishment candidate and front runner in the campaign he had the backing of a majority of the union s executive board A second candidate in the race Walter Shea was a veteran union staffer from Washington DC Carey won with 48 5 percent of the vote to Durham s 33 2 percent and Shea s 18 3 percent Turnout was low only about 32 percent of the union s total membership 168 Carey s election sociologist Charlotte Ryan says was another success for TDU even though Carey was not a TDU candidate 164 Carey won re election in 1996 in a corrupt election defeating James P Hoffa son of the former union president Prior to entering the race Hoffa formed a caucus of his own the Hoffa Unity Slate to counter the grassroots organizing of TDU and Carey 169 Carey was later ousted as union president by US government officials A re run election in 1998 saw Hoffa and the Unity Slate easily defeat TDU candidate Tom Leedham 54 5 percent to 39 3 percent with 28 percent turnout 170 Hoffa was re elected over Leedham again running on the TDU platform in 2001 64 8 percent to 35 2 percent 163 Leedham challenged Hoffa and the Hoffa Unity Slate a third time in 2006 losing 65 percent to 35 percent with 25 percent turnout 171 Hoffa faced TDU candidate Sandy Pope a local union president in 2011 172 Also running with a full slate of officer and vice presidential candidates was former Hoffa supporter and former national vice president Fred Gegare Hoffa again easily won re election earning 60 percent of the vote to Gregare s 23 percent and Pope s 17 percent The Hoffa Unity Slate also won all five regional vice presidencies although the slate s support declined across the board 173 Hoffa won reelection once more in 2016 this time against Teamsters United candidate Fred Zuckerman but by a much narrower margin of 52 to 48 percent The 2016 election was also the first time Hoffa allied candidates lost regional vice presidencies to the Teamsters United reform slate 174 In the 2021 election Hoffa did not run for re election The Teamsters United slate aligned with Teamsters for a Democratic Union ran against the Teamsters Power Slate endorsed by Hoffa The Teamsters United slate led by Sean O Brien won the election 175 O Brien and his slate were sworn into office on March 22 2022 at Teamsters headquarters in Washington DC 176 On the day his administration was installed O Brien fired more than 80 employees at the headquarters He did not offer any severance or extension of benefits to the terminated staff The International Brotherhood of Teamsters currently faces charges with the National Labor Relations Board in connection to the terminations 177 As of November 10 2022 the union was required to pay eligible terminated employees more than 175 000 as part of a settlement with the District of Columbia Attorney General s Office for violating D C Code 32 1303 178 Political donations Edit nbsp Teamsters headquarters located beside Capitol Hill in Washington DCThe Teamsters Union is one of the largest labor unions in the world as well as the 11th largest campaign contributor in the United States While they supported Republicans Ronald Reagan and George H W Bush for president in the 1980s they have begun leaning largely toward the Democrats in recent years they have donated 92 of their 24 418 589 in contributions since 1990 to the Democratic Party Though the union opposed former President George W Bush s agenda to open US highways to Mexican truckers it did previously support Bush s platform for oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 179 The Teamsters Union endorsed Barack Obama for the 2008 Democratic Nomination on February 20 2008 180 The Teamsters Union also makes an annual contribution to Friends of Sinn Fein the US fundraising arm of Irish republican party Sinn Fein 181 182 Organization EditGeneral Presidents Edit 1903 Cornelius Shea 1907 Daniel J Tobin 1952 Dave Beck 1957 James R Hoffa 1971 Frank Fitzsimmons 1981 George Mock interim 1981 Roy Williams 1983 Jackie Presser 1988 Weldon Mathis interim 1989 William J McCarthy 1991 Ron Carey 1997 Tom Sever interim 1998 James P Hoffa 2022 Sean O Brien General Secretary Treasurers Edit 1904 Edward L Turley 183 1905 Thomas Hughes 183 1941 John M Gillespie 184 1947 John F English 183 1969 Thomas Flynn 185 1972 Murray W Miller 183 1975 Raymond Schoessling 183 1985 Weldon Mathis 183 1991 Tom Sever 183 1999 Tom Keegel 186 2012 Ken Hall 187 2022 Fred Zuckerman 188 Membership Edit 1933 75 000 Depression era low 1935 146 000 1949 1 million 1957 1 5 million 1976 2 million 1987 1 million 2003 1 7 million 2008 1 4 million 2014 1 2 million 2019 1 4 million Divisions and conferences Edit Brewery and Soft Drink Conference formerly the International Union of United Brewery Flour Cereal Soft Drink and Distillery Workers Graphic Communications Conference Newspaper Magazine and Electronic Media Workers Division including some Mailers locals from the International Typographical Union Rail Conference Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way EmployesArchival collections EditInternational Brotherhood of Teamsters Labor History Research Center At The George Washington University International Brotherhood of Teamsters Chauffeurs Warehousemen and Helpers of America records 1950 1970 2 83 cubic feet 4 boxes At the Labor Archives of Washington University of Washington Libraries Special Collections Samuel B Bassett Papers 1926 1965 3 linear At the Labor Archives of Washington University of Washington Libraries Special Collections Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees Records 1899 2004 360 linear feet 353 storage boxes 2 manuscript boxes 5 oversize At the Walter P Reuther Library Jimmy Hoffa FBI Files 1964 2002 7 linear feet 7 storage boxes At the Walter P Reuther Library See also Edit nbsp Organized labour portal nbsp Transport portal2009 10 Federal Aviation Administration Reauthorization Act dispute 1938 New York City truckers strike Teamsters CanadaNotes Edit A paper local is a local union chartered by an international union or self chartered established for the purposes of fraud It may have no members the members may be relatives or individuals involved in organized crime rather than workers or the union may claim to represent workers but in fact no relationship has been established The holder of the charter for the paper local charter often enters into a sweetheart contract with an employer or uses it as extortion threatening to unionize the workers unless he receives a payoff Paper locals are denounced by the AFL CIO Code of Ethical Practices 69 References EditFootnotes Edit a b US Department of Labor Office of Labor Management Standards File number 000 093 Report submitted March 30 2015 Teamster History Visual Timeline Archived from the original on December 16 2019 Retrieved December 1 2017 a b c d Sloane Hoffa 1991 a b c Taft The A F of L in the Time of Gompers 1957 a b Montgomery The Fall of the House of Labor The Workplace the State and American Labor Activism 1865 1925 1987 Sheridan and Innes alleged that Shea had billed locals in Massachusetts 9 61 for services while charging the national union 19 44 for the same services Drivers Bolt Meeting Chicago Daily Tribune August 9 1903 Drivers Bolt Meeting Chicago Daily Tribune August 9 1903 Shea Chosen Boston Daily Globe August 9 1903 a b Daniel Tobin Dies Labor Leader 80 Former President of A F L Teamsters Union Succumbs in Indianapolis Hospital The New York Times November 15 1955 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Galenson The CIO Challenge to the AFL A History of the American Labor Movement 1960 a b Bernstein The Lean Years A History of the American Worker 1920 1933 1972 a b c d Fitch Solidarity for Sale 2006 a b c Witwer Unionized Teamsters and the Struggle over the Streets of the Early Twentieth Century City Social Science History Spring 2000 a b Tilman John R Commons the New Deal and the American Tradition of Empirical Collectivism Journal of Economic Issues September 2008 Teamsters Are For War Chicago Daily Tribune November 23 1903 Teamsters Split Over Contracts Chicago Daily Tribune November 25 1903 Labor s Leader Made to Dance Chicago Daily Tribune December 18 1903 Barrett Work and Community in the Jungle Chicago s Packing House Workers 1894 1922 1990 Halpern Down on the Killing Floor Black and White Workers in Chicago s Packinghouses 1904 54 1997 Strike Spreads Chicago Daily Tribune July 27 1904 Riots In Streets After Nightfall Involve Drivers Chicago Daily Tribune August 10 1904 Mob of 4 000 Men Charges Police Chicago Daily Tribune August 19 1904 Meet in Secret to End Strike Chicago Daily Tribune August 14 1904 Meat Supply in Drivers Power Chicago Daily Tribune September 2 1904 a b Shea Head of the Teamsters Has Risen From A Tip Cart Man Boston Daily Globe December 2 1906 Strike Spreads Among Drivers Chicago Daily Tribune August 9 1904 a b Cohen The Racketeer s Progress Chicago and the Struggle for the Modern American Economy 1900 1940 2004 Gigantic Strike Is In Full Swing Chicago Daily Tribune April 28 1905 Big Strike Has Small Beginning Chicago Daily Tribune May 20 1905 To Test Union Sympathy Chicago Daily Tribune April 6 1905 a b History of Great Teamsters Strike Filled with Sensational Incidents Chicago Daily Tribune July 21 1905 Women Betray Labor Leaders Chicago Daily Tribune June 12 1905 a b c Witwer Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union 2003 Teamsters Re Elect Shea The New York Times August 13 1905 Fight to Defeat Teamster Chief Chicago Daily Tribune July 7 1906 Teamsters Re Elect Shea The New York Times August 10 1906 Jury In Deadlock In the Shea Case Chicago Daily Tribune January 20 1907 a b Shea s Scepter About to Fall Chicago Daily Tribune March 22 1907 Shea Beaten By 10 Votes Boston Daily Globe August 10 1907 a b Foner History of the Labor Movement in the United States The Policies and Practices of the American Federation of Labor 1900 1909 1964 a b Fink Biographical Dictionary of American Labor 1984 a b Phelan William Green Biography of a Labor Leader 1989 a b c Bernstein The Turbulent Years A History of the American Worker 1933 1941 1970 Taft The A F of L From the Death of Gompers to the Merger 1959 Craft Unionists Win in Federation The New York Times October 11 1933 a b c d e f Korth Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934 1995 Dubofsky and Van Tine John L Lewis A Biography 1992 a b Schlesinger The Age of Roosevelt The Coming of the New Deal 1933 1935 1959 Nelson Workers on the Waterfront Seamen Longshoremen and Unionism in the 1930s 1988 Garnel The Rise of Teamster Power in the West 1972 Galenson claims that Tobin s personal honesty was never challenged See Galenson The CIO Challenge to the AFL A History of the American Labor Movement 1960 p 471 Other historians challenge this conclusion but conclude any misdeeds Tobin engaged in are minor compared to those of some Teamsters leaders See Garnel The Rise of Teamster Power in the West 1972 Witwer Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union 2003 Phelan William Green Biography of a Labor Leader 1989 Stark White House Link to Conciliate A F L The New York Times June 11 1940 Tobin to Aid Flynn Quits White House The New York Times August 27 1940 English Labor in War Described By Tobin The New York Times September 27 1942 Stark Successor Sought for Miss Perkins The New York Times December 11 1944 Tobin Endorsed for Labor Post The New York Times January 18 1945 Hulen Successors Named The New York Times May 24 1945 Dan Tobin Refused 2 Cabinet Offers The New York Times August 12 1948 Stark Dictatorship Issue Stirs Teamsters The New York Times September 14 1940 Teamsters Order 2d Ouster in Jersey Associated Press March 12 1941 Seceding Drivers Face Union Strife The New York Times June 11 1941 President Summons Labor War Board The New York Times February 5 1942 President Meets Joint Labor Group The New York Times February 7 1942 WLB Demands End of Trucking Strike The New York Times August 25 1942 Tobin Demands Unions Punish Strikers The New York Times March 6 1943 Tobin Bids Public Insist Work Go On The New York Times June 7 1943 Truck Tie Up Halts Freight in South Associated Press October 11 1943 3 Breweries Face Seizure In Strike The New York Times January 14 1945 Deliveries Halted on Certified Milk The New York Times January 15 1945 Tobin Tells Union to Ignore Pickets Associated Press May 31 1945 Raskin Union Vote Today The New York Times September 12 1946 Raskin Situation Is Eased The New York Times September 13 1946 Lissner Tobin Bids Union End Parcel Strike The New York Times September 19 1946 Raskin Express Strikers Picket Airfield The New York Times October 10 1947 Union Head Scores Express Walkout The New York Times October 13 1947 Tobin Warns Union On Wage Demands The New York Times June 4 1948 Signing the affidavit provided the Teamsters with the protection of the NLRA which was an important tool in the Teamsters fight with the Brewery Workers Tobin Opposes Law On Labor Disputes The New York Times January 19 1947 Tobin Signs Affidavit The New York Times September 16 1947 Davies Tobin Again Heads Teamsters Union The New York Times August 16 1947 Just a Few Polite Questions Time March 28 1949 Time March 28 1949 Archived from the original on October 28 2008 Retrieved January 7 2013 Davies Teamsters Defeat Tobin On Tax Rise The New York Times August 15 1947 Union Editor Is Ousted Associated Press September 3 1948 The NLRB subsequently held an election to determine who should represent the workers at Boeing The Machinists won the 1949 election by a 2 to 1 margin See Beck Said to Top Tobin in Teamsters The New York Times September 19 1948 McCann Blood in the Water A History of District Lodge 751 International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers 1989 Rodden The Fighting Machinists A Century of Struggle 1984 Raskin Union Leader And Big Business Man The New York Times November 15 1953 AFL Teamsters Begin Drastic Revamping The New York Times January 18 1949 Hickey In New Union Post Associated Press August 28 1951 D J Tobin Set to Retire The New York Times September 5 1952 Battle for Control of Union Is Revealed The New York Times October 7 1952 Changes to the union constitution included expanding the number of vice presidents expanding the number of seats on the executive board expanding the number of delegates and enhancing the powers and authority of the president Teamsters Raise Tobin s Pay 20 000 The New York Times October 15 1952 Teamster Chiefs Defeat Opposition The New York Times October 16 1952 Curbs On Officers Rejected By Teamsters The New York Times October 17 1952 Teamsters Elect Beck As President Associated Press October 18 1952 Levey August 14 1953 A F L Elects Beck to Post In Council The New York Times Loftus Joseph A August 19 1953 Battle for Power Expected in A F L The New York Times Teamsters to Ask Nation Wide Pacts The New York Times September 22 1953 Peace Plan Set Up In Truck Industry The New York Times August 18 1955 Raskin Teamsters Set Up Big Union Drives The New York Times February 11 1956 Teamsters Map Southern Drive Associated Press April 8 1956 Raskin Teamsters Plan Big Drive In East The New York Times January 10 1957 Loftus Union Buildings Rising in Capital The New York Times April 3 1955 A F L Teamsters Union Moves to 5 000 000 Offices The New York Times July 6 1955 Loftus Joseph A October 22 1954 Beck Denies Surrender The New York Times a b Katz Teamsters Union in Control Fight The New York Times January 10 1956 Garnel The Rise of Teamster Power in the West 1972 Phelan William Green Biography of a Labor Leader 1989 Touhy The Stolen Years 1959 Touhy When Capone s Mob Murdered Roger Touhy The Strange Case of Jake the Barber and the Kidnapping That Never Happened 2001 Touhy Accuses Cop in 40 000 Capone Payoff Chicago Daily Tribune May 10 1949 Touhy Relates How Syndicate Invaded Unions Chicago Daily Tribune September 20 1952 Cites Gilbert Link to Labor Rackets Chicago Daily Tribune August 10 1954 Gangster Says Unions Paid to Fight Capone United Press International September 20 1952 Grutzner Racket in Produce By Trucking Union Is Bared At Inquiry The New York Times January 27 1953 Raskin A F L Heads Tell Dockers to Clean Union or Get Out The New York Times February 4 1953 5 Teamster Heads Suspended By Beck The New York Times October 23 1953 Unionists Held for Trial Associated Press October 28 1953 7 Bound Over for Trial The New York Times October 29 1953 Loftus Beck Takes Over Westchester Unit The New York Times December 11 1953 Labor Inquiries Pushed United Press International December 27 1953 Inquiry Accuses Teamster Local United Press International February 20 1954 Monopoly Is Seen In Garment Wear The New York Times April 19 1955 Ranzal U S Will Investigate Teamster Rule Here The New York Times March 24 1956 Lee Farmers Vs Wage Earners Organized Labor in Kansas 1860 1960 2005 Hyde The Mafia and the Machine The Story of the Kansas City Mob 2008 Witnesses Tell of Union Threats Associated Press June 30 1953 Terrorism Laid to Union Associated Press July 3 1953 Kansas City Labor Held Gang Ruled Associated Press July 4 1953 House Blasts Kansas City Tie Up The New York Times September 2 1953 See Doherty Industrial and Labor Relations Terms A Glossary 1989 The Conglomerate of Crime Time August 22 1969 No Ordinary Hoodlum The New York Times August 30 1956 a b Loftus Joseph A August 20 1957 Top Beck Aide Links Hoffa to Phony Teamster Locals The New York Times Raskin Teamster Units Stir New Storm The New York Times February 4 1956 Raskin Hoffa of the Teamsters Forcing Labor Showndown The New York Times March 4 1956 Ranzal 7 Teamster Units Face U S Inquiry The New York Times March 30 1956 Kihss Peter Local Chartered With No Members The New York Times April 25 1956 Kihss Teamsters Rules Appall U S Judge The New York Times April 26 1956 Racketeer Is Guilty of Contempt The New York Times May 10 1956 Levey Writ Restores Lacey As Teamster Leader The New York Times May 13 1956 Dio Indicted Here In Union Sell Out The New York Times June 20 1956 Dio s Locals Face Charter Reviews The New York Times June 21 1956 Raskin Senators Study Dio Union Tie In The New York Times September 14 1956 Roth Dio and Unionist Named Extorters The New York Times October 30 1956 Teamsters Spurn Dio Local Order The New York Times December 5 1956 Lacey Will Defy Teamster Chief The New York Times December 6 1956 Raskin Dio Paper Unions Offer First Dues The New York Times December 13 1956 Raskin O Rourke Wins Post The New York Times January 9 1957 Loftus Joseph A January 19 1957 Teamsters Aide Balks at Inquiry on Union Rackets The New York Times Raskin Teamsters Avoid Challenge to U S The New York Times January 24 1957 Raskin Teamsters Seek Way to Avoid a Showdown The New York Times January 27 1957 New Senate Unit to Widen Inquiry In Labor Rackets The New York Times January 24 1957 Teamster Study Is 3 Months Old The New York Times May 26 1957 Senate Votes Inquiry on Labor Rackets The New York Times January 31 1957 Chapter 18 Records of Senate Select Committees 1789 1988 in Guide to the Records of the United States Senate at the National Archives 1789 1989 Bicentennial Edition 1989 Beck Visiting in the Bahamas The New York Times February 6 1957 Citation Is Asked for 3 Teamsters The New York Times February 7 1957 Beck On Airliner Bound for London The New York Times February 8 1957 Love Beck Denies Aim to Dodge Inquiry The New York Times February 9 1957 Tourist Beck The New York Times February 10 1957 Raskin Beck Slips Back to U S and Faces Senate Subpoena The New York Times March 11 1957 Raskin Union Dissolves Four Dio Locals The New York Times February 15 1957 Loftus Senators Study Two Unions Here The New York Times February 16 1957 4 Teamsters Aides Cited for Contempt In Balking Inquiry The New York Times February 20 1957 Records Destroyed M Clellan Charges The New York Times February 22 1957 More Data of Union Reported Missing Associated Press February 23 1957 Teamster Admits Destroying Data The New York Times March 14 1957 A Teamster Local Under Fire Robbed United Press International March 17 1957 Wiretaps on Dio and Hoffa Cited The New York Times February 23 1957 Labor Inquiry Gets Secret Tape Talks The New York Times February 24 1957 Mooney M Clellan Hunts Auditor of Union and Son of Beck The New York Times April 28 1957 Loftus Joseph A February 27 1957 Witnesses Link Teamsters Union to Underworld The New York Times Loftus Joseph A February 28 1957 Teamsters Chiefs Tied to Vice Plot and to Gambling The New York Times Loftus Joseph A March 2 1957 Teamsters Chiefs Charged With Plot to Rule Oregon Sought All Law Enforcement Powers The New York Times Loftus Joseph A March 7 1957 Oregon Gambler Tells of Pay Off The New York Times Loftus Joseph A March 8 1957 Portland Mayor Accused of Bribe The New York Times Loftus Joseph A March 9 1957 Portland Called Vice Ridden Now The New York Times Loftus Joseph A March 13 1957 Teamsters Paid Gamblers Bills The New York Times Holmes Denies Charge The New York Times March 14 1957 Loftus Joseph A March 16 1957 Brewster Denies Teamsters Plot to Rule Rackets The New York Times Portland Mayor Seized In Racket Prosecutor Held The New York Times March 29 1957 Davies Lawrence March 3 1957 Teamster Rally on Coast Backs Accused Leaders 11 State Parley Urges Unity to Meet Senate Inquiry s Anti Union Attacks STAR WITNESS ASSAILED Labor Heads Assert Hearings Are Being Used in Drive to Thwart Bargaining The New York Times Beck Asks Members to Support Leaders The New York Times March 20 1957 Raskin Teamsters Stir Against Leaders The New York Times March 22 1957 Protests Rise Among Teamsters Against Leaders Now Under Fire The New York Times March 23 1957 Raskin Teamster Sentiment Grows to Remove Beck and Aides The New York Times March 28 1957 Beck Effigy Hanged By Union In Yakima Associated Press March 29 1957 Portland Teamsters Fight Leaders Associated Press March 29 1957 Raskin Teamsters Hear From Their Chief The New York Times March 7 1957 Raskin More Dio Locals Join Teamsters The New York Times March 13 1957 Raskin Teamsters Delay Vote on Dio Units The New York Times May 10 1957 Loftus Joseph A March 14 1957 F B I Seizes Hoffa In A Plot To Bribe Senate Staff Aide The New York Times Loftus Joseph A March 15 1957 Unionist Denies Bribery The New York Times Loftus Joseph A March 19 1957 U S Jury Indicts 4 Teamster Aides Silent In Inquiry The New York Times Loftus Joseph A March 20 1957 U S Jury Indicts Hoffa Attorney The New York Times 8 Hoffa Aides in Detroit Get Subpoenas to Appear Before U S Rackets Jury Here The New York Times March 20 1957 Hoffa Attorney Plead Not Guilty The New York Times March 30 1957 Loftus Hoffa Urges Court to Quash Charges The New York Times April 23 1957 Ranzal Jury Here Indicts Hoffa On Wiretap The New York Times May 15 1957 Beck Says Union Lent Him 300 000 Without Interest The New York Times March 18 1957 Drury Teamster Loss Put At 709 420 The New York Times March 23 1957 Morris Inquiry Tracing Funds Beck Used The New York Times March 24 1957 Million Teamster Loan To Tracks Under Study The New York Times March 30 1957 Loftus Beck Appearance Today Indicated The New York Times March 26 1957 Loftus Beck Uses 5th Amendment to Balk Senate Questions About Teamsters 322 000 The New York Times March 27 1957 Loftus M Clellan Scores Beck for Theft of Union s Funds The New York Times March 28 1957 Inquiry to Stress History of Hoffa Associated Press August 11 1957 Drury Two Racketeers Tied to O Rourke The New York Times August 16 1957 Mooney Inquiry Set to Press Hoffa on Role Here The New York Times August 18 1957 Loftus Hoffa Says He Got 120 000 In Loans Without Security The New York Times August 21 1957 Loftus Senators Reveal Hoffa Bid to Get Dio In Teamsters The New York Times August 22 1957 Loftus Hoffa Is Accused of Using Dio in Bid for Control Here The New York Times August 23 1957 M Clellan Seeks A Perjury Check On Hoffa Replies The New York Times August 25 1957 Drury New Fund Abuses Charged to Hoffa The New York Times September 24 1957 Drury M Clellan Seeks Teamsters Files The New York Times October 11 1957 Hoffa Called Ruler of Hoodlum Empire The New York Times March 26 1958 Union Curbs Foreseen The New York Times May 13 1957 M Clellan Sees Stiff Labor Law The New York Times May 18 1957 Loftus Congress Disclosures Forecast New Labor Legislation The New York Times June 2 1957 Raskin White House Gives Program to Curb Abuses in Unions The New York Times December 6 1957 Higgins and Janus The Developing Labor Law The Board the Courts and the National Labor Relations Act 2006 Wilson Conquering the Enemy Within The Case for Reform of the Landrum Griffin Act Journal of Labor Research December 2005 Lee Eisenhower amp Landrum Griffin A Study in Labor Management Politics 1990 Jacobs Mobsters Unions and Feds The Mafia and the American Labor Movement 2006 Teamster Wins Contempt Test The New York Times June 11 1957 Beck To Use Fund To Tell His Story The New York Times March 29 1957 Beck Insists Board Approve Publicity The New York Times March 30 1957 Loftus Union Said to Bar 5 Year Beck Plan The New York Times April 2 1957 Loftus Union Curbs Beck in Publicity Plan The New York Times April 3 1957 Collusion Check Set By Senators The New York Times April 7 1957 Beck Asked to Resign The New York Times March 30 1957 Raskin Teamster Leadership Strongly Entrenched The New York Times March 31 1957 Perlmutter Teamsters Here Bar 1 Increase in Dues Vent Anger on Beck The New York Times April 1 1957 Raskin Beck Is Rebuffed By Union s Board The New York Times April 5 1957 Teamsters In Protest The New York Times April 7 1957 Teamsters In Protest The New York Times April 15 1957 1 000 Teamsters Ask Inquiry The New York Times April 29 1957 Loftus Teamster Board to Meet In Texas The New York Times April 12 1957 Loftus Teamsters Start New Fight On Foes The New York Times April 13 1957 Raskin Beck Taking Rap On Funds He Says The New York Times April 16 1957 Raskin Beck No Longer Sure of Teamster Control The New York Times April 21 1957 Loftus Teamsters Map Fighting Defense The New York Times May 6 1957 Loftus Beck Called Back By Senate Inquiry The New York Times May 2 1957 Loftus Beck Again Fails to Give Answers The New York Times May 9 1957 Loftus Kickback to Beck On Loan Charged The New York Times May 10 1957 Loftus Loan of 200 000 to Beck Revealed at Senate Inquiry The New York Times May 14 1957 Drury Inquiry Is Told Shefferman Sought 71 500 in Sale of Land to Teamsters The New York Times May 16 1957 Loftus 100 000 Repaid By Beck to Union in Last 2 Weeks The New York Times May 17 1957 Loftus Beck Aide Pleads the 5th 71 Times The New York Times May 18 1957 Beck Is Indicted The New York Times May 3 1957 Loftus Beck Posts A Bond The New York Times May 4 1957 Becks Indicted In Sale of Cars The New York Times July 13 1957 Loftus Teamster Ouster of Beck Foreseen Before Fall Vote The New York Times May 12 1957 Oust Beck Drive Gaining In West The New York Times May 19 1957 Beck Is Denounced In Teamster Local The New York Times May 21 1957 Raskin Teamsters Here Ask Beck Ouster The New York Times May 23 1957 Walz Beck Won t Run For Re Election The New York Times May 26 1957 Teamster Chiefs Clashing Over a Successor to Beck The New York Times May 27 1957 Meany Says Beck Should Quit Now The New York Times June 8 1957 Beck Said to Make Union Short of Cash The New York Times June 12 1957 Loftus Hoffa Acquitted of Bribery Plot Seeks Beck Post The New York Times July 20 1957 Union s Support for Hoffa Grows The New York Times July 21 1957 Raskin Teamsters Set to Draft Hoffa The New York Times July 25 1957 Johnston Hoffa Will Run For Beck s Post The New York Times July 27 1957 Davies Hoffa Maps Drive For Wider Power The New York Times August 3 1957 Hill Hoffa Says Rival Failed Union Duty The New York Times August 27 1957 Raskin 6 Dio Locals Face Teamster Inquiry The New York Times September 5 1957 Hoffa Bid Facing A Snag In Chicago Associated Press September 13 1957 Hoffa s support was so strong that he did not need the votes of the paper locals See Huston U S Judge Blocks Teamsters Vote The New York Times September 28 1957 Raskin Hoffa s Election Now Is Held Sure The New York Times September 29 1957 Huston Teamsters Poll Upheld In Appeal The New York Times September 29 1957 Raskin Hoffa Men Begin A Drive to Purge His Foes In Union The New York Times October 1 1957 Raskin Coast Delegates Switch to Hoffa The New York Times October 2 1957 Raskin Hoffa Is Elected Teamsters Head The New York Times October 5 1957 Raskin Beck Will Retire Early For Hoffa The New York Times October 4 1957 Hoffa Foes Plan A New Road Block The New York Times October 14 1957 Lewis Court Bars Hoffa and New Officers From Union Posts The New York Times October 15 1957 U S Judge Blocks Hoffa Ascent to Presidency of the Teamsters The New York Times October 23 1957 Teamsters Seek to Void Hoffa Ban United Press International October 27 1957 Hoffa Ban Upheld By Court Pending Vote Legality Trial The New York Times November 5 1957 Hoffa Trial Ends in 11 1 Deadlock The New York Times December 20 1957 Raskin Hoffa Takes the Wheel of Outcast Teamsters The New York Times February 2 1958 Raskin Teamsters Facing Meany Showdown The New York Times April 7 1956 Loftus Meany Summons Council to Weigh Beck Suspension The New York Times April 17 1956 Raskin Meany Wins Round Against Underworld The New York Times April 29 1956 Loftus A F L C I O Votes to Curb Rackets The New York Times August 30 1956 Loftus Union Questioned On Hiding of Data The New York Times January 18 1957 Raskin Teamsters Clash Disturbs Meany The New York Times January 22 1957 Union Would Bar Silent Witnesses The New York Times January 27 1957 Raskin Labor Council Tells Unions to Oust Chiefs Using Fifth The New York Times January 29 1957 Free Wheeling Teamster The New York Times January 29 1957 Raskin Anti Crime Code Backed By Labor The New York Times January 30 1957 Raskin Labor Votes to Curb Rackets The New York Times February 1 1957 Raskin 3 Unions Ordered to Speed Reforms The New York Times February 6 1957 Expansion Talks Set By Teamsters The New York Times February 21 1957 Carey Denounces Beck The New York Times March 5 1957 Drury 2 Union Leaders Hint Beck Ouster The New York Times March 25 1957 A F L C I O Calls Parley on Beck The New York Times March 27 1957 Loftus Beck Suspended From 2 Key Jobs By Labor Chiefs The New York Times March 30 1957 Raskin Teamsters Brand A F L C I O Action On Beck Illegal The New York Times April 17 1957 A F L C I O Bars Deal With Beck The New York Times April 18 1957 Beck Opens Fight On Labor Ouster The New York Times April 20 1957 Loftus A F L C I O Unit Lays Corruption to Beck s Union The New York Times May 7 1957 Katz Teamster Ouster Hinted By Meany The New York Times May 8 1957 Spiegel Meany Arraigns Labor Traitors The New York Times May 11 1957 Loftus Labor Union Tradition Limits Action on Beck The New York Times May 12 1957 Loftus Meany Will Listen to Teamsters Woe The New York Times May 15 1957 Loftus Beck Is Expelled By Labor Council for Fund Misuse The New York Times May 21 1957 Loftus A F L C I O Doubts Teamster Reform The New York Times July 7 1957 Loftus Labor Ethics Unit Recalls 2 Unions The New York Times July 19 1957 Loftus Teamsters Defy A F L C I O Court The New York Times July 26 1957 Loftus Top Labor Body Sets Showdown With Hoffa The New York Times August 11 1957 Loftus Meany Silent on Hoffa Status The New York Times August 16 1957 Hill Teamsters Draft A F L C I O Reply The New York Times August 29 1957 Teamster Chiefs At Labor Hearing Deny Corruption The New York Times September 6 1957 Raskin Ouster of Teamsters Now Appears Likely The New York Times September 8 1957 Raskin Meany Demands Hoffa Rejection The New York Times September 10 1957 Meany Set to Bar Corrupt Unions Associated Press September 12 1957 Raskin Labor Prepares Teamster Ouster The New York Times September 17 1957 Raskin Teamster Union Indicted By Ethical Practices Group The New York Times September 18 1957 Raskin A F L C I O Accuses Hoffa of Aiding Union Criminals The New York Times September 19 1957 Raskin Teamster Board Fights A F L C I O The New York Times September 20 1957 Raskin Teamsters Seek A F L C I O Delay The New York Times September 21 1957 Teamsters Bar Answer to Labor Associated Press September 22 1957 Raskin Deadline Is Set For Teamsters The New York Times September 24 1957 Raskin Teamsters Given Month to Reform By Labor Chiefs The New York Times September 26 1957 Loftus Labor Suspends Teamster Union The New York Times October 25 1957 A F L C I O to Go Ahead With Expulsion of Teamsters The New York Times December 4 1957 Raskin Meany Will Drop Teamster Ouster If Hoffa Gets Out The New York Times December 5 1957 Teamsters Await Expulsion Today The New York Times December 6 1957 Raskin A F L C I O Ousts Teamsters Union By Vote of 5 to 1 The New York Times December 7 1957 Raskin Dock Local Bolts to A F L Teamsters in First Secession The New York Times September 3 1953 Raskin New Docker Union Free of Gang Rule Planned by A F L The New York Times September 19 1953 Raskin A F L Council Votes Dock Union Ouster The New York Times September 21 1953 Raskin Ryan s Dock Union Expelled by A F L The New York Times September 23 1953 Raskin Pier Jury Seeking to Question Beck The New York Times October 23 1953 Beck Urges A F L Regain Pier Union The New York Times January 29 1955 Anastasia Is Elected to High I L A Post The New York Times March 19 1955 Teamsters Cooling Toward I L A Deal The New York Times March 22 1955 I L A Pact Defined By Teamster Aide The New York Times December 1 1955 Raskin Teamsters Union Faces Suspension The New York Times March 1 1956 Raskin Beck Set to Fight Any Ouster Move The New York Times March 22 1956 Raskin Teamster Leaders Seeking To Restrict Hoffa s Power The New York Times March 23 1956 Raskin Teamsters Drop Dock Union Loan The New York Times March 27 1956 Nevard I L A Drops Pacts With Teamsters April 28 1956 Teamsters Agree to Mine Mill Pact The New York Times December 4 1955 Raskin Teamsters Drop Tie With Miners The New York Times March 9 1956 A F L Teamsters Ask C I O Union to Merge The New York Times June 24 1953 A F L Merger Rejected The New York Times July 3 1953 7 Brewery Locals Vote to Quit C I O The New York Times July 7 1953 3 More Brewery Locals Switch to A F L The New York Times July 9 1953 C I O Calls Beck Threat to Unions The New York Times November 17 1953 Raskin A F L Drafts Plan for Ban on Raiding The New York Times December 11 1953 Loftus Labor Still Seeks Union Raiding Ban The New York Times December 15 1953 Loftus A F L and C I O Sign No Raiding Accord The New York Times December 17 1953 Raskin Teamsters Gird for A F L Battle The New York Times February 14 1954 Raskin Teamsters Reject No Raid Pact The New York Times February 19 1954 Raskin Beck Hints Move to End A F L Tie The New York Times February 20 1954 Raskin Beck Bars No Raiding Pact The New York Times February 21 1954 Raskin Plan to Aid Peace in A F L Advances The New York Times May 14 1954 Raskin Labor Unity Pacts Sealed By Unions The New York Times May 15 1954 Loftus Unions Will Sign Non Raiding Pact The New York Times June 7 1954 94 Unions Accept No Raiding Pact The New York Times June 10 1954 Levey Union Raiding Ban Drafted By A F L The New York Times August 14 1954 Raskin Beck Puts Brake on Labor Merger The New York Times January 28 1955 Raskin Beck Joins Move for Labor Unity The New York Times February 11 1955 The Teamsters by Steven Brill 1978 Simon and Schuster New York New York ISBN 978 0 671 22771 5 According to the Teamsters but disputed by UFW these contracts had purposefully low wages and benefits so as not to make the UFW contracts look bad See Teamsters End a Truce With Chavez s United Farm Workers The New York Times December 15 1972 Turner Wallace Teamsters Sued by Chavez s Union The New York Times January 5 1973 Shabecoff Philip Meany Criticizes Teamsters Drive The New York Times April 19 1973 Chavez Tackles the Teamsters The New York Times April 22 1973 Shabecoff Philip Chavez Union Struggling for Survival The New York Times June 27 1973 Teamsters Repudiate Contracts As Chavez Quits Grape Talks The New York Times August 11 1973 a b Rendering to Cesar Time September 22 1975 Time September 22 1975 Archived from the original on October 26 2012 Retrieved January 7 2013 Bacon David The Children of NAFTA Labor Wars on the U S Mexico Border Berkeley Calif University of California Press 2004 ISBN 978 0 520 23778 0 Rosales Francisco Arturo Chicano The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement Houston Tex Arte Publico Press 1997 ISBN 978 1 55885 201 3 Lifsher Marc UFW Seeks New Way to Organize Los Angeles Times September 14 2007 a b Shabecoff Philip Chavez Reaches Tentative Accord The New York Times September 28 1973 Chavez Says Pact Means Teamsters Will Leave Fields The New York Times September 29 1973 Meany Hints Teamster Accord With Chavez May Be Near End The New York Times October 16 1973 Shabecoff Philip Teamsters Shift Stand on Coast The New York Times November 8 1973 Meany Says Teamsters Renege On a Farm Labor Peace Accord The New York Times November 17 1973 Teamsters Start Farm Union Local The New York Times June 7 1974 Teamsters Local Termed in Chaos The New York Times November 10 1974 Caldwell Earl Picket Shot Many More Arrested in Grape Strike The New York Times August 3 1973 New Strife Nears in Grape Dispute The New York Times September 16 1973 Turner Wallace Chavez and Teamsters Sign Accord The New York Times March 11 1977 Brewery Workers Merger With Teamsters Is Backed The New York Times October 24 1973 Background of the IRB March 18 2005 Archived from the original on March 18 2005 a b US Department of Labor Office of Labor Management Standards File number 000 093 Search Amber and Bologna Departure of SEIU Teamsters Creates Split Within AFL CIO on Convention s Opening Day Labor Relations Week July 28 2005 Tillman p 139 140 a b c Jacobs p 111 a b c Ryan p 418 Tillman p 140 Chicago Tribune Historical Newspapers July 19 2023 Only 10 of the 13 candidates running on Carey s slate were members of TDU The Carey slate did not contest three of the seats on the Teamsters executive board See Kilborn Peter T Carey Takes the Wheel The New York Times June 21 1992 Retrieved July 25 2013 McFadden Robert D New Teamster Chief s Motto Honest Work for Honest Pay The New York Times December 15 1991 Retrieved July 25 2013 Jacobs and Cooperman p 146 West Jim Can Hoffa Restore the Power Labor Notes January 7 1999 Retrieved July 25 2013 Hoffa Re Elected Teamsters President Labor Notes November 27 2006 Retrieved July 25 2013 Greenhouse Steven In the Teamsters a Candidate Tries to Break the Mold The New York Times June 27 2011 Retrieved July 25 2013 Moberg David Hoffa Re elected as Teamsters President Easily Beating Two Challengers In These Times November 19 2011 Retrieved July 25 2013 Hoffa wins Teamsters election Politico November 21 2016 Scheiber Noam November 19 2021 A Hoffa Ally Then a Foe and Soon the Teamsters President The New York Times Retrieved November 21 2021 O brien Zuckerman General Executive Board Begin Five Year Term https www nlrb gov case 05 CA 303660 7Ctitle NLRB Case 05 CA 303660 https www mediafire com file k6dzrgq8bpiw2rg 11 10 22 IBT Settlement Agreement Fully Executed pdf file 7Ctitle IBT Settlement with the Attorney General for the District of Columbia Donor Profiles Opensecrets org Archived from the original on May 4 2008 Retrieved January 7 2013 Teamsters endorse Obama for president Archived May 8 2008 at the Wayback Machine Cnn com ElectionCenter2008 Sinn Fein war chest swells as global ties pay big dividends Irish Independent Banker with Lehman links among SF donors Irish Times a b c d e f g Teamsters History and Timeline George Washington University Retrieved February 6 2023 A Gathering of Teamsters A Look at the First Five Decades of Convention History PDF International Brotherhood of Teamsters Retrieved February 6 2023 THOMAS FLYNN 64 TEAMSTER OFFICIAL The New York Times March 11 1972 Retrieved February 6 2023 Moore Janet December 7 2020 Tom Keegel U S Teamsters leader dies at 79 Star Tribune Retrieved February 6 2023 West Virginia Labor Leader Ken Hall Retires as General Secretary treasurer of the Teamsters PR Newswire March 18 2022 Retrieved February 6 2023 Cypress KC March 22 2022 O BRIEN ZUCKERMAN GENERAL EXECUTIVE BOARD BEGIN FIVE YEAR TERM International Brotherhood of Teamsters Retrieved February 6 2023 Bibliography Edit AFL Teamsters Begin Drastic Revamping The New York Times January 18 1949 Allen Joe The Package King A Rank and File History of United Parcel Service Chicago Haymarket Books 2020 ISBN 978 1 64259 164 4 Amber Michelle and Bologna Michael Departure of SEIU Teamsters Creates Split Within AFL CIO on Convention s Opening Day Labor Relations Week July 28 2005 Barrett James R Work and Community in the Jungle Chicago s Packing House Workers 1894 1922 Champaign Ill University of Illinois Press 1990 ISBN 978 0 252 01378 2 Battle for Control of Union Is Revealed The New York Times October 7 1952 Beck Said to Top Tobin in Teamsters The New York Times September 19 1948 Bernstein Irving The Lean Years A History of the American Worker 1920 1933 Paperback ed Baltimore Penguin Books 1972 ISBN 978 0 395 13657 7 Originally published 1960 Bernstein Irving The Turbulent Years A History of the American Worker 1933 1941 Paperback edition Boston Houghton Mifflin Co 1970 ISBN 978 0 395 11778 1 Originally published 1969 Big Strike Has Small Beginning Chicago Daily Tribune May 20 1905 Brill Steven The Teamsters Paperback ed New York Simon amp Schuster 1979 ISBN 978 0 671 82905 6 Bruno Robert Reforming the Chicago Teamsters The Story of Local 705 Chicago Northern Illinois University Press 2003 ISBN 978 0 87580 596 2 Cohen Andrew Wender The Racketeer s Progress Chicago and the Struggle for the Modern American Economy 1900 1940 New York Cambridge University Press 2004 ISBN 978 0 521 83466 7 Commons John R The Teamsters of Chicago In Trade Unionism and Labor Problems John R Commons ed Boston Ginn and Co 1905 Craft Unionists Win in Federation The New York Times October 11 1933 Curbs On Officers Rejected By Teamsters The New York Times October 17 1952 D J Tobin Set to Retire The New York Times September 5 1952 Dan Tobin Refused 2 Cabinet Offers The New York Times August 12 1948 Daniel Tobin Dies The New York Times November 15 1955 Davies Lawrence E Teamsters Defeat Tobin On Tax Rise The New York Times August 15 1947 Davies Lawrence E Tobin Again Heads Teamsters Union The New York Times August 16 1947 Deliveries Halted on Certified Milk The New York Times January 15 1945 Dobbs Farrell Teamster Bureaucracy Paperback 1st ed New York Pathfinder Press 1977 ISBN 978 0 913460 53 5 Dobbs Farrell Teamster Politics New York Pathfinder Press 1975 ISBN 978 0 87348 862 4 Dobbs Farrell Teamster Power New York Pathfinder Press 1973 ISBN 978 0 913460 20 7 Dobbs Farrell Teamster Rebellion Paperback ed New York Pathfinder Press 1998 ISBN 978 0 87348 845 7 Drivers Bolt Meeting Chicago Daily Tribune August 9 1903 Dubofsky Warren and Van Tine Warren John L Lewis A Biography Reprint ed Champaign Ill University of Illinois Press 1992 ISBN 978 0 8129 0673 8 English Labor in War Described By Tobin The New York Times September 27 1942 Fight to Defeat Teamster Chief Chicago Daily Tribune July 7 1906 Fink Gary M ed Biographical Dictionary of American Labor Westport Ct Greenwood Press 1984 ISBN 978 0 313 22865 0 Fitch Robert Solidarity for Sale Cambridge Massachusetts Perseus Books Group 2006 ISBN 978 1 891620 72 0 Foner Philip S History of the Labor Movement in the United States Vol 3 The Policies and Practices of the American Federation of Labor 1900 1909 Paperback ed New York International Publishers 1964 ISBN 978 0 7178 0389 7 Friedman Allen and Schwarz Ted Power and Greed Inside the Teamsters Empire of Corruption New York Scholastic Library Publishing 1989 ISBN 978 0 531 15105 1 Friedman Samuel Teamster Rank and File Power Bureaucracy and Rebellion at Work and in a Union New York Columbia University Press 1982 ISBN 978 0 231 05372 3 Galenson Walter The CIO Challenge to the AFL A History of the American Labor Movement Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press 1960 ISBN 978 0 674 13150 7 Garnel Donald The Rise of Teamster Power in the West Berkeley Calif University of California Press 1972 ISBN 978 0 520 01733 7 Gigantic Strike Is In Full Swing Chicago Daily Tribune April 28 1905 Halpern Rick Down on the Killing Floor Black and White Workers in Chicago s Packinghouses 1904 54 Champaign Ill University of Illinois Press 1997 ISBN 978 0 252 02337 8 Hickey In New Union Post Associated Press August 28 1951 History of Great Teamsters Strike Filled with Sensational Incidents Chicago Daily Tribune July 21 1905 Hulen Bertram D Successors Named The New York Times May 24 1945 Jacobs James B Mobsters Unions and Feds The Mafia and the American Labor Movement New York NYU Press 2006 Jacobs James B and Cooperman Kerry T Breaking the Devil s Pact The Battle to Free the Teamsters From the Mob New York NYU Press 2011 James Ralph C and James Estelle Dinerstein Hoffa and the Teamsters A Study of Union Power New York D Van Nostrand 1965 Jury In Deadlock In the Shea Case Chicago Daily Tribune January 20 1907 Just a Few Polite Questions Time March 28 1949 Katz Ralph Teamsters Union in Control Fight The New York Times January 10 1956 Korth Philip Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934 East Lansing Mich Michigan State University Press 1995 ISBN 978 0 87013 385 5 Kumar Deepa McChesney Robert W and Nerone John C eds Outside the Box Corporate Media Globalization and the UPS Strike Chicago University of Illinois Press 2007 ISBN 978 0 252 03172 4 La Botz Dan Rank and File Rebellion Teamsters for a Democratic Union San Francisco Analytical Psychology Club of San Francisco 1990 ISBN 978 0 86091 289 7 Labor s Leader Made to Dance Chicago Daily Tribune December 18 1903 Lissner Will Tobin Bids Union End Parcel Strike The New York Times September 19 1946 McCann John 1989 Blood in the Water A History of District Lodge 751 International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers Seattle District Lodge 751 OCLC 20416860 Meat Supply in Drivers Power Chicago Daily Tribune September 2 1904 Meet in Secret to End Strike Chicago Daily Tribune August 14 1904 Mob of 4 000 Men Charges Police Chicago Daily Tribune August 19 1904 Montgomery David The Fall of the House of Labor The Workplace the State and American Labor Activism 1865 1925 New York University of Cambridge Press 1987 ISBN 978 0 521 22579 3 Neff James Mobbed up Jackie Presser s High Wire Life in the Teamsters the Mafia and the FBI New York Grove Atlantic Inc 1989 ISBN 978 0 87113 344 1 Nelson Bruce Workers on the Waterfront Seamen Longshoremen and Unionism in the 1930s Champaign Ill University of Illinois Press 1988 ISBN 978 0 252 01487 1 Phelan Craig William Green Biography of a Labor Leader Albany N Y State University of New York Press 1989 ISBN 978 0 88706 870 6 President Meets Joint Labor Group The New York Times February 7 1942 President Summons Labor War Board The New York Times February 5 1942 Raab Selwyn Five Families The Rise Decline and Resurgence of America s Most Powerful Mafia Empires New York Macmillan 2006 ISBN 978 0 312 36181 5 Raskin A H Express Strikers Picket Airfield The New York Times October 10 1947 Raskin A H Situation Is Eased The New York Times September 13 1946 Raskin A H Union Leader And Big Business Man The New York Times November 15 1953 Raskin A H Union Vote Today The New York Times September 12 1946 Riots In Streets After Nightfall Involve Drivers Chicago Daily Tribune August 10 1904 Rodden Robert G The Fighting Machinists A Century of Struggle Washington DC Kelly Press Inc 1984 Ryan Charlotte It Takes A Movement to Raise an Issue Media Lessons From the 1997 U P S Strike In Culture Power and History Studies in Critical Sociology Stephen J Pfohl Aimee Van Wagenen Patricia Arend Abigail Brooks and Denise Leckenby eds Boston Brill 2005 Seceding Drivers Face Union Strife The New York Times June 11 1941 Shea Beaten By 10 Votes Boston Daily Globe August 10 1907 Shea Chosen Boston Daily Globe August 9 1903 Shea Head of the Teamsters Has Risen From A Tip Cart Man Boston Daily Globe December 2 1906 Shea s Scepter About to Fall Chicago Daily Tribune March 22 1907 Sloane Arthur A Hoffa Cambridge Massachusetts MIT Press 1991 ISBN 978 0 262 19309 2 Stark Louis Dictatorship Issue Stirs Teamsters The New York Times September 14 1940 Stark Louis Successor Sought for Miss Perkins The New York Times December 11 1944 Stark Louis White House Link to Conciliate A F L The New York Times June 11 1940 Strike Spreads Chicago Daily Tribune July 27 1904 Strike Spreads Among Drivers Chicago Daily Tribune August 9 1904 Taft Philip The A F of L in the Time of Gompers Hardback reprint New York Harper amp Brothers 1957 ISBN 978 0 374 97734 4 Taft Philip The A F of L From the Death of Gompers to the Merger Hardback reprint ed New York Harper amp Brothers 1959 ISBN 978 0 374 97714 6 Teamster Chiefs Defeat Opposition The New York Times October 16 1952 Teamsters Are For War Chicago Daily Tribune November 23 1903 Teamsters Elect Beck As President Associated Press October 18 1952 Teamsters Order 2d Ouster in Jersey Associated Press March 12 1941 Teamsters Re Elect Shea The New York Times August 13 1905 Teamsters Re Elect Shea The New York Times August 10 1906 Teamsters Split Over Contracts Chicago Daily Tribune November 25 1903 3 Breweries Face Seizure In Strike The New York Times January 14 1945 Tilman Rick John R Commons the New Deal and the American Tradition of Empirical Collectivism Journal of Economic Issues September 2008 Tillman Ray M Reform Movement in the Teamsters and United Auto Workers In The Transformation of U S Unions Voices Visions and Strategies from the Grassroots Ray M Tillman and Michael S Cummings eds Boulder Colo Lynne Rienner Publishers 1999 ISBN 978 1 55587 812 2 To Test Union Sympathy Chicago Daily Tribune April 6 1905 Tobin Bids Public Insist Work Go On The New York Times June 7 1943 Tobin Demands Unions Punish Strikers The New York Times March 6 1943 Tobin Endorsed for Labor Post The New York Times January 18 1945 Tobin Opposes Law On Labor Disputes The New York Times January 19 1947 Tobin Signs Affidavit The New York Times September 16 1947 Tobin Tells Union to Ignore Pickets Associated Press May 31 1945 Tobin to Aid Flynn Quits White House The New York Times August 27 1940 Truck Tie Up Halts Freight in South Associated Press October 11 1943 Tobin Warns Union On Wage Demands The New York Times June 4 1948 Union Editor Is Ousted Associated Press September 3 1948 Union Head Scores Express Walkout The New York Times October 13 1947 WLB Demands End of Trucking Strike The New York Times August 25 1942 Witwer David Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union Champaign Ill University of Illinois Press 2003 ISBN 978 0 252 02825 0 Witwer David Unionized Teamsters and the Struggle over the Streets of the Early Twentieth Century City Social Science History 24 1 Spring 2000 Women Betray Labor Leaders Chicago Daily Tribune June 12 1905 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teamsters Official website TeamsterNet 10 Years of Teamsters Forums Roaddrivers org Official history of the IBT Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employes Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen Archived November 2 2006 at the Wayback Machine Official site of the Independent Review Board Teamsters involvement in the City Front Federation strike in San Francisco in 1901 The Washington Teamster 1940 1943 Archived September 13 2012 at the Wayback Machine from the Labor Press Project 1934 Minneapolis Strike Reprinted from Revolutionary History Vol 2 No 1 Spring 1989 Marxist Internet Archive Retrieved April 3 2004 Trotskyist Work in the Trade Unions by Chris Knox Archived May 16 2007 at the Wayback Machine Report on organized crime influence in the Teamsters and other unions TDU history Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title International Brotherhood of Teamsters amp oldid 1173703624, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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