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Wikipedia

Acid attack

April 13, 2023

This article is about the form of violent assault. For other uses, see Acid attack (disambiguation).

An acid attack,[1] also called acid throwing, vitriol attack, or vitriolage, is a form of violent assault[2][3][4] involving the act of throwing acid or a similarly corrosive substance onto the body of another "with the intention to disfigure, maim, torture, or kill".[5] Perpetrators of these attacks throw corrosive liquids at their victims, usually at their faces, burning them, and damaging skin tissue, often exposing and sometimes dissolving the bones. Acid attacks can lead to permanent, partial, or complete blindness.[6]

An Iranian acid-attacked woman under treatment in Tehran, pictured in April 2018

The most common types of acid used in these attacks are sulfuric and nitric acid. Hydrochloric acid is sometimes used but is much less damaging.[7] Aqueous solutions of strongly alkaline materials, such as caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) or ammonia, are used as well, particularly in areas where strong acids are controlled substances.[8][9][10]

The long-term consequences of these attacks may include blindness, as well as eye burns, with severe permanent scarring of the face and body,[11][12][13] along with far-reaching social, psychological, and economic difficulties.[5]

Today, acid attacks are reported in many parts of the world, though more commonly in developing countries. Between 1999 and 2013, a total of 3,512 Bangladeshi people were attacked with acid,[14][15][16] with the rate of cases declining by 15–20% every year since 2002 based on strict legislation against perpetrators and regulation of acid sales.[17][18] In India, acid attacks are at an all-time high and increasing every year, with 250–300 reported incidents every year, while the "actual number could exceed 1,000, according to Acid Survivors' Trust International".[19][20]

Although acid attacks occur all over the world, this type of violence is most common in South Asia.[21] Statistics from Acid Survivors Trust International (ASTI) suggest that 80% of victims worldwide are women.[22]

Health effects

The most notable effect of an acid attack is the lifelong bodily disfigurement. According to the Acid Survivors Foundation in Pakistan, there is a high survival rate amongst victims of acid attacks. Consequently, the victim is faced with physical challenges, which require long-term surgical treatment, as well as psychological challenges, which require in-depth intervention from psychologists and counselors at each stage of physical recovery.[23] These far-reaching effects on their lives impact their psychological, social, and economic viability in communities.[5]

Medical

The medical effects of acid attacks are extensive. As a majority of acid attacks are aimed at the face,[16] several articles thoroughly reviewed the medical implications for these victims. The severity of the damage depends on the concentration of the acid and the time before the acid is thoroughly washed off with water or neutralized with a neutralizing agent. The acid can rapidly eat away skin, the layer of fat beneath the skin, and in some cases even the underlying bone. Eyelids and lips may be completely destroyed and the nose and ears severely damaged.[24] Though not exhaustive, Acid Survivors Foundation Uganda findings included:[25]

  • The skull is partly destroyed/deformed and hair lost.
  • Ear cartilage is usually partly or totally destroyed; deafness may occur.
  • Eyelids may be burned off or deformed, leaving the eyes extremely dry and prone to blindness. Acid directly in the eye also damages sight, sometimes causing blindness in both eyes.
  • The nose can become shrunken and deformed; the nostrils may close off completely due to destroyed cartilage.
  • The mouth becomes shrunken and narrow, and it may lose its full range of motion. Sometimes, the lips may be partly or totally destroyed, exposing the teeth. Eating and speaking can become difficult.
  • Scars can run down from the chin to neck area, shrinking the chin and extremely limiting range of motion in the neck.
  • Inhalation of acid vapors usually creates respiratory problems, exacerbated restricted airway pathways (the esophagus and nostrils) in acid patients.

In addition to these above-mentioned medical effects, acid attack victims face the possibility of sepsis, kidney failure, skin depigmentation, and even death.[26]

A 2015 attack that involved throwing sulfuric acid on a man's face and body while he lay in bed caused him, among other serious injuries, to become paralyzed from the neck down.[27]

Psychological

Acid assault survivors face many mental health issues upon recovery. One study showed that when compared to published Western norms for psychological well-being, non-Caucasian acid attack victims reported higher levels of anxiety, depression, and scored higher on the Derriford appearance scale, which measures psychological distress due to one's concern for their appearance. Additionally, female victims reported lowered self-esteem according to the Rosenberg scale and increased self-consciousness, both in general and in the social sphere.[28]

Social

In addition to medical and psychological effects, many social implications exist for acid survivors, especially women.[25] For example, such attacks usually leave victims handicapped in some way, rendering them dependent on either their spouse or family for everyday activities, such as eating and running errands. These dependencies are increased by the fact that many acid survivors are not able to find suitable work, due to impaired vision and physical handicap. This negatively impacts their economic viability, causing hardships on the families/spouses that care for them. As a result, divorce rates are high, with abandonment by husbands found in 25% of acid assault cases in Uganda (compared to only 3% of wives abandoning their disfigured husbands).[25] Moreover, acid survivors who are single when attacked almost certainly become ostracized from society, effectively ruining marriage prospects.[29] Some media outlets overwhelmingly avoid reporting acid attack violence, or the description of the attack is laconic or often implies that the act was inevitable or even justified.[30]

Treatment and consequences

When acids contact the skin, response time is crucial. If washed away with water or neutralized promptly, burns can be minimized or avoided entirely. However, areas unprotected by skin, such as the cornea of the eye or the lips, may be burned immediately on contact.

Many victims are attacked in an area without immediate access to water, or unable to see due to being blinded or forced to keep their eyes closed to prevent additional burns to the eye. Treatment for burn victims remains inadequate in many developing nations where incidence is high. Medical underfunding has resulted in very few burn centers available for victims in countries such as Uganda,[25] Bangladesh,[31] and Cambodia.,[5] Uganda has one specialized burn center in the entire nation, opening in 2003;[25] Cambodia has only one burn facility for victims,[5] and scholars estimate that only 30% of the Bangladeshi community has access to health care.[31]

In addition to inadequate medical capabilities, many acid assault victims fail to report to the police due to a lack of trust in the force, a sense of hopelessness due to the attackers' impunity, and fear of retribution by the assailant.[29]

These problems are exacerbated by a lack of knowledge of how to treat burns: some victims have applied oil to the acid, rather than rinsing thoroughly and completely with water for 30 minutes or longer to neutralize the acid. Such home remedies only serve to increase the severity of damage, as they do not counteract the acidity.[26]

Motivation of perpetrators

The intention of the attacker is often to humiliate rather than to kill the victim. In Britain, such attacks, particularly those against men, are believed to be underreported, and as a result many of them do not show up in official statistics.[32] Some of the most common motivations of perpetrators include:

  • Personal conflict regarding intimate relationships and sexual rejection[33][25]
  • Sexual-related jealousy and lust[34]
  • Revenge for refusal of sexual advances, proposals of marriage, and demands for dowry[11]
  • Gang violence and rivalry[32]
  • Conflicts over land ownership, farm animals, housing, and property[13]

Acid attacks often occur as revenge against a woman who rejects a proposal of marriage or a sexual advance.[35][28] Gender inequality and women's position in the society, in relation to men, plays a significant role in these types of attacks.[36]

Attacks against individuals based on their religious beliefs or social or political activities also occur. These attacks may be targeted against a specific individual, due to their activities, or may be perpetrated against random persons merely because they are part of a social group or community. In Europe, Konstantina Kouneva, a former member of the European Parliament, had acid thrown on her in 2008, in what was described as "the most severe assault on a trade unionist in Greece for 50 years."[37] Female students have had acid thrown in their faces as a punishment for attending school.[38] Acid attacks due to religious conflicts have been also reported.[39][40] Both males and females have been victims of acid attacks for refusing to convert to another religion.[41]

Conflicts regarding property issues, land disputes, and inheritance have also been reported as motivations of acid attacks.[42][43] Acid attacks related to conflicts between criminal gangs occur in many places, including the UK, Greece, and Indonesia.[44][32]

Epidemiology

According to researchers and activists, countries typically associated with acid assault include Bangladesh,[45] India,[46][47] Nepal, Cambodia,[48] Vietnam, Laos, United Kingdom, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Pakistan,[49] and Afghanistan. Acid attacks have been reported however in countries around the world, including:[7][50]

Additionally, anecdotal evidence for acid attacks exists in other regions of the world such as South America, Central and North Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia.[7] However, South Asian countries maintain the highest incidence of acid attacks.[17]

Police in the United Kingdom have noted that many victims are afraid to come forward to report attacks, meaning the true scale of the problem may be unknown.[79]

Gender

An accurate estimate of the gender ratio of victims and perpetrators is difficult to establish because many acid attacks are not reported or recorded by authorities. For example, a 2010 study in The Lancet described that there are "no reliable statistics" on the prevalence of acid attacks in Pakistan.[33]

A 2007 literature review analyzed 24 studies in 13 countries over the past 40 years, covering 771 cases.[16] According to the London-based charity Acid Survivors Trust International, 80% of acid attacks are on women, and acid assaults are grossly under-estimated. In some regions, assaults perpetrated on female victims by males are often driven by the mentality "If I can't have you, no one shall."[80]

In Bangladesh, throwing acid has been labeled as a "gender crime", as there is a dominance of female victims who are assaulted by males, for the reason of refusing to marry, or refusing sexual advances.[81] In Jamaica, women throwing acid on other women in relation to fights over male partners is a common cause.[81] In the UK, the majority of victims are men, and many of these attacks are related to gang violence.[32]

In India, a female victim was attacked with a knife twice, but no criminal charges were filed against the suspect, and was only given police aid after being hospitalized following an acid attack, raising questions of police apathy in dealing with cases of harassment.[82]

Another factor that puts victims at increased risk for an acid assault is their socioeconomic status, as those living in poverty are more likely to be attacked.[29][17] As of 2013, the three nations with the most noted incidence of acid attacks – Bangladesh, India, and Cambodia – were ranked 75th, 101st, and 104th, respectively, out of 136 countries on the Global Gender Gap Index, a scale that measures equality in opportunities between men and women in nations.[83]

Prevention

Research has prompted many solutions to the increasing incidence of acid attacks in the world. Bangladesh, whose rates of attack have been decreasing, is a model for many countries, and they follow Bangladesh's lead in many legislative reforms.[17] However, several reports highlighted the need for an increased, legal role of NGOs to offer rehabilitation support to acid survivors.[5] Additionally, nearly all research stressed the need for stricter regulation of acid sales to combat this social issue.[5][25][17]

Role of NGOs

Many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been formed in the areas with the highest occurrence of acid attacks to combat such attacks. Bangladesh has its Acid Survivors Foundation, which offers acid victims legal, medical, counseling, and monetary assistance in rebuilding their lives.[17] Similar institutions exist in Uganda, which has its own Acid Survivors Foundation,[25] and in Cambodia which uses the help of Cambodian Acid Survivors Charity.[5] NGOs provide rehabilitation services for survivors while acting as advocates for social reform, hoping to increase support and awareness for acid assault.

In Bangladesh, the Acid Survivors Foundation, Nairpokkho, Action Aid, and the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee's Community Empowerment & Strengthening Local Institutions Programme assist survivors.[84] The Depilex Smileagain Foundation and The Acid Survivors Foundation in Pakistan operates in Islamabad, offering medical, psychological and rehabilitation support.[85] The Acid Survivors Foundation in Uganda operates in Kampala and provides counseling and rehabilitation treatment to victims, as well as their families.[86] The LICADHO, the Association of the Blind in Cambodia, and the Cambodian Acid Survivors Charity assist survivors of acid attacks. The Acid Survivors Foundation India operates from different centres with national headquarters at Kolkata and chapters at Delhi and Mumbai.

Acid Survivors Trust International (UK registered charity no. 1079290) provides specialist support to its sister organizations in Africa and Asia.[87][88] Acid Survivors Trust International is the only international organisation whose sole purpose is to end acid violence. The organisation was founded in 2002 and now works with a network of six Acid Survivors Foundations in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Uganda that it has helped to form. Acid Survivors Trust International has helped to provide medical expertise and training to partners, raised valuable funds to support survivors of acid attacks and helped change laws. A key role for ASTI is to raise awareness of acid violence to an international audience so that increased pressure can be applied to governments to introduce stricter controls on the sale and purchase of acid.[89]

Indian acid attack survivor Shirin Juwaley founded the Palash Foundation[90] to help other survivors with psychosocial rehabilitation. She also spearheads research into social norms of beauty and speaks publicly as an advocate for the empowerment of all victims of disfigurement and discrimination.[91] In 2011, the principal of an Indian college refused to have Juwaley speak at her school for fear that Juwaley's story of being attacked by her husband would make students "become scared of marriage".[92]

Regulation of acid sales

A positive correlation has been observed between acid attacks and ease of acid purchase.[17] Sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acid are most commonly used and are all cheap and readily available in many instances. For example, often acid throwers can purchase a liter of concentrated sulfuric acid at motorbike mechanic shops for about 40 U.S. cents. Nitric acid costs around $1.50 per liter and is available for purchase at gold or jewelry shops, as polishers generally use it to purify gold and metals. Hydrochloric acid is also used for polishing jewelry, as well as for making soy sauce, cosmetics, and traditional medicine/amphetamine drugs.[7]

Due to such ease of access, many organizations call for a stricter regulation on the acid economy. Specific actions include required licenses for all acid traders, a ban on concentrated acid in certain areas, and an enhanced system of monitoring for acid sales, such as the need to document all transactions involving acid.[5] However, some scholars have warned that such stringent regulation may result in black market trading of acid, which law enforcements must keep in mind.[5]

By region

Afghanistan

Such attacks or threats against women who failed to wear hijab, dress "modestly" or otherwise threaten traditional norms have been reported in Afghanistan.[93] In November 2008, extremists subjected girls to acid attacks for attending school.[51][94]

Africa

High incidence of acid assaults have been reported in some African countries, including Nigeria,[26] Uganda,[25] and South Africa.[16] Unlike occurrences in South Asia, acid attacks in these countries show less gender discrimination. In Uganda, 57% of acid assault victims were female and 43% were male.[25] A study focusing on chemical burns in Nigeria revealed a reversal in findings: 60% of the acid attack patients were male while 40% were female.[26] In both nations, younger individuals were more likely to suffer from an acid attack: the average age in the Nigeria study was 20.6 years,[26] while Ugandan analysis shows 59% of survivors were 19–34 years of age.[25]

Motivation for acid assault in these African countries is similar to that of Cambodia. Relationship conflicts caused 35% of acid attacks in Uganda in 1985–2011, followed by property conflicts at 8%, and business conflicts at 5%.[25] Disaggregated data was not available in the Nigeria study, but they reported that 71% of acid assaults resulted from an argument with either a jilted lover, family member, or business partner.[26] As with the other nations, researchers believe these statistics to be under-representative of the actual scope and magnitude of acid attacks in African nations.[25]

In August 2013, two Jewish women volunteer teachers – Katie Gee and Kirstie Trup from the UK – were injured by an acid attack by men on a moped near Stone Town in Tanzania.[95]

A few cases also occurred in Ethiopia[96] and Nigeria.[26]

The Balkans

There has recently been a surge in high-profile, public acid attacks in Bulgaria[97] and Greece.[97]

Bangladesh

 
Acid attack victims in Bangladesh

According to the Acid Survivors Foundation in Bangladesh, the country has reported 3000 acid attack victims since 1999, peaking at 262 victims for the year of 2002.[17][45][16] Rates have been steadily decreasing by 15% to 20% since 2002, with the amount of acid attack victims reported at 91 in Bangladesh as recently as 2011.[18] Bangladesh acid attacks shows the most gendered discrimination, with one study citing a male to female victim ratio of 0.15:1[16] and another reporting that 82% of acid attack survivors in Bangladesh are women.[29] Younger women were especially prone to attack, with a recent study reporting that 60% of acid assault survivors are between the ages of 10 and 19.[17] According to Mridula Bandyopadhyay and Mahmuda Rahman Khan, it is a form of violence primarily targeted at women. They describe it as a relatively recent form of violence, with the earliest record in Bangladesh from 1983.[11]

Acid attacks are often referred to as a "crime of passion" because they are usually fueled by revenge or jealously.[16] Cases show that they are usually the result of rage at a woman who rebuffs the advances of a male. For the country of Bangladesh, such passion is often rooted in marriage and relationships. One study showed that refusal of marriage proposals accounted for 55% of acid assaults, with abuse from a husband or other family member (18%), property disputes (11%) and refusal of sexual or romantic advances (2%) as other leading causes.[28] Additionally, the use of acid attacks in dowry arguments has been reported in Bangladesh,[29] with 15% of cases studied by the Acid Survivors Foundation citing dowry disputes as the motive.[17] The chemical agents most commonly used to commit these attacks are hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid.[98]

Cambodia

 
Acid attack victim in Cambodia

Recent studies on acid attacks in Cambodia found the victims were almost equally likely to be men or women (48.4% men, 51.6% women).[17] As with India, rates of acid attacks in Cambodia have generally increased in the past decades, with a high rate of 40 cases reported for 2000 that started the increasing trend.[17] According to the Cambodian Acid Survivors Charity, 216 acid attacks were reported from 1985 to 2009, with 236 reported victims.[5] Jealousy and hate is the biggest motivator for acid attacks in Cambodia, as 28% of attacks reported those emotions as the cause. Such assaults were not only perpetrated by men – some reports suggest women attack other women occur more frequently than men do.[5] Such incidents usually occur between a husband's wife and mistress to attain power and socioeconomic security.[17][99]

A particularly high-profile case of this nature was the attack on Cambodian teenager Tat Marina in 1999, allegedly carried out by the jealous wife of a government official (the incident prompted a rash of copycat crimes that year, raising the number from seven in 1998 to 40 in 1999). One-third of the victims are bystanders.[100] In Cambodia, there is only one support center that is aiming to help acid attack survivors. There they can receive medical and legal support.[101]

Hong Kong

See also: Hong Kong acid attacks

The Mong Kok acid attacks were incidents in 2008, 2009, and 2010 where plastic bottles filled with corrosive liquid (drain cleaner) were thrown onto shoppers on Sai Yeung Choi Street South, Hong Kong, a pedestrian street and popular shopping area. A reward, originally HK$100,000, for information about the perpetrator or perpetrators, was raised to HK$300,000 following the second incident, and cameras were to be installed in the area following the December incident. The third incident occurred the day the cameras were turned on. The fifth incident happened after Hong Kong government announced its new strategies against the incident. 130 people were injured in these attacks.[102]

India

Acid attacks in India, like Bangladesh, have a gendered aspect to them: analyses of news reports revealed at least 72% of reported attacks included at least one female victim.[17] However, unlike Bangladesh, India's incidence rate of chemical assault has been increasing in the past decade, with a high 27 reported cases in 2010.[17] Altogether, from January 2002 to October 2010, 153 cases of acid assault were reported in Indian print media[17] while 174 judicial cases were reported for the year of 2000.[103]

The motivation behind acid attacks in India mirrors those in Bangladesh: a study of Indian news reports from January 2002 to October 2010 uncovered that victims' rejection of sex or marriage proposals motivated attacks in 35% of the 110 news stories providing a motive for the attack. Acid attacks have also been reported among religious minorities or Muslim women as a form of retaliation or qisas.[104] Notable cases are Sonali Mukherjee in 2003 and Laxmi Agarwal in 2005, whose experience on the ban of acid sales was portrayed in the Bollywood film Chhapaak.[105]

Police in India were also accused of using acid on individuals, particularly on their eyes, causing blindness to the victims. A well known such case is the Bhagalpur blindings, where police blinded 31 individuals under trial (or convicted criminals, according to some versions) by pouring acid into their eyes. The incident was widely discussed, debated and acutely criticized by several human rights organizations. The Bhagalpur blinding case had made criminal jurisprudence history by becoming the first in which the Indian Supreme Court ordered compensation for violation of basic human rights.[106]

Iran

Further information: Acid attacks on women in Isfahan

According to Afshin Molavi, in the early years of the revolution and following the mandating of the covering of hair by women in Iran, some women were threatened with acid attacks by Islamic vigilantes for failing to wear hijab.[107]

Recently, acid assault in Iran has been met with increased sanctions. The Sharia code of qisas, or equivalence justice, required a caught perpetrator of acid violence to pay a fine and may be blinded with acid in both eyes.[7] Under Iranian law, victims or their families can ask a court's permission to enact "qisas" either by taking the perpetrator's life in murder cases or inflicting an equivalent injury on his or her body.[108] One victim, Ameneh Bahrami, sentenced her attacker to be blinded in 2008. However, as of July 31, 2011, she pardoned her attacker, thereby absolving Majid Movahedi of his crime and halting the retributive justice of Qisas.[109][110]

In October 2014, a series of acid attacks on women occurred in the city of Isfahan, resulting in demonstrations and arrests of journalists who had covered the attacks. The attacks were thought by many Iranians to be the work of conservative Islamist vigilantes, but the Iranian government denies this.[111][112]

Ireland

In 2017, a Chinese Irish woman was targeted in an attack in Blackrock, Dublin, causing facial scars and eye damage. Another foreign woman was suspected of ordering the attack.[113]

In 2018, Lithuanian criminals threw acid at a Garda (police officer).[114]

In April 2019 in Waterford, three teenagers were attacked by two others, who threw acid at them in a premeditated attack. All three victims suffered severe skin burns in the incident, and one, Tega Agberhiere, suffered severe injuries to his face and body and his eyesight was damaged. Nevertheless, the perpetrators merely got cautions.[115][116][117][118]

On 13 June 2020, a man was attacked with acid in Garryowen, Limerick.[119]

In December 2020, a woman threw acid at three women in a takeaway in Tallaght.[120][121]

On 11 May 2021, a woman had ammonia thrown on her in Garryowen. This was described as an acid attack, although ammonia is actually a base; it has similar burning effects on the human body.[122] Christopher Stokes was jailed for 11+1⁄2 years in 2023 for the crime.[123]

The Levant

In 1983, acid attacks were reported to be carried out by Mujama al-Islamiya against men and women who spoke out against the Mujama in the Islamic University of Gaza.[124] Additional attacks by Mujama al-Islamiya were reported through 1986.[125] During the First Intifada, Hamas and other Islamist factions conducted an organized intimidation of women to dress "modestly" or wear the hijab. Circulars were distributed specifying proper modest dress and behavior. Women who did not conform to these expectations, or to "morality expectations" of secular factions, were vulnerable to attacks which included pouring acid on their bodies, rock pelting, threats, and even rape.[126][127][124][128] B'Tselem has also documented additional attacks with acid in specific attacks involving women in a collaboration context.[128]

In 2006–07, as part of a wider campaign to enforce Islamist moral conduct, the al-Qaida affiliated "Suyuf al-Haq" (Swords of Righteousness) claimed to have thrown acid on the faces of "immodestly" dressed woman in Gaza as well as engaging in intimidation via threats.[129][130][131][132] Following 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict Amnesty International has claimed that Hamas used acid during interrogations as a torture technique. Hamas denies this claim.[133][134][135] In 2016, during a teacher's strike, unknown assailants hurled acid in the face of a striking Palestinian teacher in Hebron.[136]

There have also been recorded incidents of acid use against Israelis. In December 2014, a Palestinian hurled acid (concentrated vinegar which contains a high percentage of acetic acid and can cause burns) into a car containing a Jewish family of six and a hitchhiker at a checkpoint between Beitar Illit and Husan in the West Bank, causing serious face injuries to the father and lightly injuring other occupants, including children.[137][138][139] In September 2008 a Palestinian woman carried out two separate acid attacks against soldiers at Huwwara checkpoint, blinding a soldier in one eye.[140][141][142]

Moshe Hirsch was the leader of the anti-Zionist Neturei Karta group in Jerusalem. Hirsch had one glass eye due to an injury sustained when someone threw acid in his face. According to his cousin, journalist Abraham Rabinovich, the incident had no link with Hirsch's political activities but was connected to a real estate dispute.[143]

Mexico

Drug cartels such as the Los Zetas are known to use acid on civilians. For example, In the 2011 San Fernando massacre, Los Zetas members took away children from their mothers, and shot the rest of the civilians in a bus. The women were taken to a warehouse where many other women were held captive. Inside a dark room, the women were reportedly raped and beaten. Screams of the women and of the children being put in acid were also heard.[144]

Pakistan

See also: Women in Pakistan § Acid Attacks

According to The New York Times reporter Nicholas D. Kristof, acid attacks are at an all-time high in Pakistan. The Pakistani attacks are typically the work of husbands against their wives who have "dishonored them".[19] Statistics compiled by the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) show that 46 acid attacks occurred in Pakistan during 2004 and decreased with only 33 acid assaults reported for 2007.[7] According to a New York Times article, in 2011 there were 150 acid attacks in Pakistan, up from 65 in 2010.[145] However, estimates by the Human Rights Watch and the HRCP cite the number of acid attack victims to be as high 40–70 per year.[7] Motivation behind acid assaults range from marriage proposal rejections to religious fundamentalism.[7] Acid attacks have been dropped by half in 2019[146]

Acid attacks in Pakistan came to international attention after the release of a documentary by Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy called Saving Face (2012).[147] According to Shahnaz Bukhari, the majority of these attacks occur in the summer when acid is used extensively to soak certain seeds to induce germination.[148] Various reasons have been given for such attacks, such as a woman dressing inappropriately or rejecting a proposal of marriage. The first known instance of an acid attack occurred in East Pakistan in 1967.[149] According to the Acid Survivors Foundation, up to 150 attacks occur every year. The foundation reports that the attacks are often the result in an escalation of domestic abuse, and the majority of victims are female.[147]

In 2019, the Acid Survivors Foundation Pakistan (ASFP) have said that the reported cases of acid attacks on women have dropped by around 50 per cent compared to the last five years.[150]

Russia

On January 17, 2013, Russian ballet dancer Sergei Filin was attacked with acid by an unknown assailant, who cornered him outside of his home in Moscow. He suffered third-degree burns to his face and neck. While it was initially reported that he was in danger of losing his eyesight, his physicians stated on January 21, 2013, that he would retain eyesight in one eye.[151] Three men, including dancer Dmitrichenko, were subsequently sentenced to 4–10 years of prison each for orchestrating and executing the crime.[152]

South America

 
Natalia Ponce de León (right), survivor of a 2014 acid attack, receiving an award for her activism for other survivors

Though comprehensive statistics on acid attacks in South America are sparse, a recent study investigating acid assault in Bogota, Colombia, provides some insight for this region. According to the article, the first identified survivor of acid violence in Bogota was attacked in 1998. Since then reported cases have been increasing with time. The study also cited the Colombian Forensics Institute, which reported that 56 women complained of aggression by acid in 2010, 46 in 2011, and 16 during the first trimester of 2012. The average age of survivors was about 23 years old, but ranged from 13 to 41 years.[58]

The study reported a male-to-female victim ratio of 1:30 for acid assault in Bogota, Colombia, although recent reports show the ratio is closer to 1:1.[153] Reasons behind these attacks usually stemmed from poor interpersonal relationships and domestic intolerance toward women. Moreover, female victims usually came from low socioeconomic classes and had low education. The authors state that the prevalence of acid attacks in other areas of South America remains unknown due to significant underreporting.[58]

On March 27, 2014, a woman named Natalia Ponce de León was assaulted by Jonathan Vega, who threw a liter of sulphuric acid on her face and body. Vega, a former neighbor, was reported to have been "obsessed" with Ponce de León and had been making death threats against her after she turned down his proposal for a relationship.[57] 24% of her body was severely burned as a result of the attack.[154] Ponce de León has undergone 15 reconstruction surgeries on her face and body since the attack.[59][155]

Three years before the attack took place, Colombia reported one of the highest rates of acid attacks per capita in the world.[156] However, there was not an effective law in place until Ponce de León's campaign took off in the months after her attack. The new law, which is named after her, defines acid attacks as a specific crime and increases maximum sentences to 50 years in prison for convicted offenders.[59] The law also seeks to provide victims with better state medical care including reconstructive surgery and psychological therapy. Ponce de León expressed hope that the new law would act as a deterrent against future attacks.[59]

South Asia

In South Asia, acid attacks have been used as a form of revenge for refusal of sexual advances, proposals of marriage and demands for dowry.[11] Scholars Taru Bahl and M.H. Syed say that land and property disputes are another leading cause.[13]

Ukraine

On July 31, 2018, Kateryna Handziuk, an anti-corruption activist and political advisor from the southern Ukrainian city of Kherson, was attacked with sulfuric acid outside her home by an unknown attacker. She died of her injuries on November 3, 2018. She was 33 years old.[157][158]

United Kingdom

The UK at times has had one of the highest rates of acid attacks per capita in the world, though recent studies suggest that this is down to gang-related violence and possession offences, rather than traditional attacks found in lower middle-income countries,[159][160] according to Acid Survivors Trust International (ASTI).[161] NHS hospital figures record 144 assaults in 2011–2012 involving corrosive substances, which can include petrol, bleach and kerosene. Six years earlier, 56 such episodes were noted.[162][163][164] The official records for 2017–2018 shows 150 patients in the UK admitted to hospital for "Assault by corrosive substance".[165] In 2016, the Metropolitan Police in London recorded 454 attacks involving corrosive fluids in the city, with 261 in the previous year, indicating a rise of 36%. A rise of 30% was also recorded in the UK as a whole.[166][167] Between 2005–2006 and 2011–2012 the number of assaults involving acid throwing and other corrosive substances tripled in England, official records show.[citation needed] According to London's Metropolitan Police, 2017 was the worst year for acid attacks in London, with 465 attacks recorded, up from 395 the previous year and 255 in 2015.[168] Acid attacks in London continued to rise in 2017.[169] In July 2017, the BBC's George Mann reported that police statistics showed that: "Assaults involving corrosive substances have more than doubled in England since 2012. The vast majority of cases were in London."[170] According to Time magazine, motives included organized crime, revenge, and domestic violence.[citation needed] According to Newham police, there is no trend of using acid in hate crimes.[171][172]

According to data London's Metropolitan Police,[173][174] a demographic breakdown of known suspects in London attacks for the period (2002–2016) showed White Europeans comprising 32% of suspects, Black Caribbeans 38% and Asian 6%. Victims for the same period were 45% White Europeans, 25% Black Caribbeans and 19% Asian. Of the total population, whites constitute 60%, blacks 13%, and Asians 18% as per the 2011 census of London.[175] Known suspects were overwhelmingly male, 77% of known suspects were male and just 2% of suspects female. Four out of five victims in 2016 were male.[172] In January 2018, CNN reported that acid attacks in London increased six-fold between 2012 and 2017 and that 71% of attackers and 72% of victims were male.[176]

On 3 October 2017, the UK government announced that sales of acids to under 18s would be banned.[177]

Mark van Dongen chose to undergo euthanasia months after he was attacked by his ex-girlfriend Berlinah Wallace during the early hours of 23 September 2015.[178][73][179] He was left paralysed, scarred, had his lower left leg amputated and lost the sight in his left eye, as well as most of the sight in his right eye, following the incident. Wallace was found guilty of "throwing a corrosive substance with intent" and received a life sentence with a minimum term of 12 years.[180][181][182]

In April 2017, a man named Arthur Collins, the ex-boyfriend of Ferne McCann, threw acid inside a nightclub across terrified clubbers in east London forcing a mass evacuation of 600 partygoers flooding into the street. 22 people were injured in the attack. Collins was sentenced to 20 years for the attack.[183] Another similar attack is the 2017 Beckton acid attack.[184] Katie Piper was also attacked in 2008 with acid by her ex-boyfriend Daniel Lynch and an accomplice Stefan Sylvestre.[185][186]

In April 2019, a teenage girl, 13, and a woman, 63, were attacked by a man driving a white car, who poured sulphuric acid on them in Thornton Heath, South London.[187]

The UK has subsequently banned possession of concentrated Sulpuric Acid without a licence and incidents of acid attacks have dropped substantially.[188]

United States

Victor Riesel was a broadcast journalist, specializing in labor issues, who was attacked while leaving Lindy's restaurant in midtown Manhattan in the early morning of 5 April 1956.[189][190] Riesel was left blind as a result.[189] The attack was motivated by Riesel's reporting on the influence of organized crime on certain corrupt labor unions.[189]

In 1959, American attorney Burt Pugach hired a man to throw lye (an alkaline rather than acid substance, but with similar corrosive effects) in the face of his ex-girlfriend Linda Riss. Riss suffered blindness and permanent scarring. Pugach served 14 years in prison for the incident.[191]

Gabrielle White, a 22-year-old single mother living in Detroit, was attacked on 26 August 2006 by a stranger.[192] She was left with third and fourth degree burns on her face, throat, and arms, leaving her blind and without one ear.[192] She also miscarried her unborn child.[192] A 25-year-old nursing student at Merritt College was the victim of an acid attack.[193]

Esperanza Medina walked out of her Logan Square apartment in Chicago, Illinois, on a July morning in 2008, heading to her job as a social worker. Three teenagers poured cups of battery acid on the head of Medina, a 48-year-old mother of four.[194][195]

On August 30, 2010, Bethany Storro, 28, of Vancouver, Washington made national headlines after she claimed a stranger, whom she described as an African American woman, approached her on a walk and threw a cup of acid in her face, resulting in serious burns. Two weeks later, Storro admitted that she herself had lied about the attack and had, in fact, poured the acid on herself. She attributed her actions to untreated body dysmorphic disorder and pleaded guilty to lying to police, a misdemeanor. She also charged with three counts of second-degree theft in regards to donations she'd received to help aid her in her recovery but these charges were dropped after she repaid the money. It was reported in February 2013 that she spent one year in a mental health facility and had written a book, Facing the Truth.[196][197][198]

In 2017, a 17-year-old girl was permanently scarred by an acid attack in Dallas.[199] In November 2019, a man in Milwaukee was attacked and sustained multiple burns.[200]

In April 2021, a student at Hofstra University suffered severe injuries to her face, arms, and throat from an acid attack carried out with battery acid. The assailant remains at large.[201]

Vietnam

Acid attacks are rare in Vietnam. An example of an acid attack in Vietnam is the Ho Chi Minh City acid attack where four people were injured.[202] Most of Vietnam's acid attack victims spend their lives isolated and ignored and also blamed for their condition.[203]

History

 
"La Vitrioleuse" (The Acid-Thrower, Eugène Grasset, c. 1894)
 
Tragique épilogue d'une idylle: Le Petit Journal cover of 1901, showing a woman throwing acid in the face of a man leaving his wedding.

Acid has been used in metallurgy and for etching since ancient times. The rhetorical and theatrical term "La Vitrioleuse" was coined in France after a "wave of vitriolage" occurred according to the popular press where, in 1879, 16 cases of vitriol attacks were widely reported as crimes of passion perpetrated predominantly by women against other women.[7] Much was made of the idea that women, no matter how few, had employed such violent means to an end. On October 17, 1915, acid was fatally thrown on Prince Leopold Clement of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, heir to the House of Koháry, by his distraught mistress, Camilla Rybicka, who then killed herself. Sensationalizing such incidents made for lucrative newspaper sales.[204] Similarly, multiple acid attacks were reported in the UK in the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. Again, these were seen as a crime carried out by women, although in practice perpetrators were as likely to be male as female.[205]

The use of acid as a weapon began to rise in many developing nations, specifically those in South Asia.[31] The first recorded acid attacks in South Asia occurred in Bangladesh in 1967,[17] India in 1982, and Cambodia in 1993.[7] Since then, research has witnessed an increase in the quantity and severity of acid attacks in the region. However, this can be traced to significant underreporting in the 1980s and 1990s, along with a general lack of research on this phenomenon during that period.[29]

Research shows acid attacks increasing in many developing nations, with the exception of Bangladesh which has observed a decrease in incidence in the past few years.[17]

Legislation

Many countries have begun pushing for legislation addressing acid attacks, and a few have recently employed new laws against this crime.[17] Under the Qisas law of Pakistan, the perpetrator may suffer the same fate as the victim, and may be punished by having drops of acid placed in their eyes.[206] This law is not binding and is rarely enforced according to a report in The New York Times.[19] In Pakistan, the Lower House of Parliament unanimously passed the Acid Control and Acid Crime Prevention Bill on May 10, 2011. As punishment, according to the bill individuals held responsible for acid attacks face harsh fines and life in prison. However, the country with the most specific, effective legislation against acid attacks is Bangladesh, and such legal action has resulted in a steady 20–30% decrease in acid violence for the past few years.[17] In 2013, India introduced an amendment to the Indian Penal Code through the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, making acid attacks a specific offence with a punishment of imprisonment not less than 10 years and which can extend to life imprisonment and with fine.[207]

India

India's top court ruled that authorities must regulate the sale of acid. The Supreme Court's ruling on July 16, 2013, came after an incident in which four sisters suffered severe burns after being attacked with acid by two men on a motorbike. Acid which is designed to clean rusted tools is often used in the attacks can be bought across the counter. But the judges said the buyer of such acids should in future have to provide a photo identity card to any retailer when they make a purchase. The retailers must register the name and address of the buyer.[208] In 2013, section 326 A of Indian Penal Code was enacted by the Indian Parliament to ensure enhanced punishment for acid throwing.

Bangladesh

In 2002, Bangladesh introduced the death penalty for acid attacks and laws strictly controlling the sale, use, storage, and international trade of acids. The acids are used in traditional trades carving marble nameplates, conch bangles, goldsmiths, tanneries, and other industries, which have largely failed to comply with the legislation. Salma Ali of the Bangladesh National Women Lawyers' Association derided these laws as ineffective.[209] The names of these laws are the Acid Crime Control Act (ACCA) and the Acid Control Act (ACA), respectively.[17]

The ACCA directly impacts the criminal aspect of acid attacks, and allows for the death penalty or a level of punishment corresponding to the area of the body affected. If the attack results in a loss of hearing or sight or damages the victim's face, breasts, or sex organs then the perpetrator faces either the death penalty or life sentencing. If any other part of the body is maimed, then the criminal faces 7–14 years of imprisonment in addition to a fine of US$700. Additionally, throwing or attempting to throw acid without causing any physical or mental harm is punishable by this law and could result in a prison term of 3–7 years along with a US$700 fine. Furthermore, conspirators that aid in such attacks assume the same liability as those actually committing the crime.[17]

The ACA regulates the sale, usage, and storing of acid in Bangladesh through the creation of the National Acid Control Council (NACC). The law requires that the NACC implement policies regarding the trade, misuse, and disposal of acid, while also undertaking initiatives that raise awareness about the dangers of acid and improve victim treatment and rehabilitation. The ACA calls for district-level committees responsible for enacting local measures that enforce and further regulate acid use in towns and cities.[17]

Pakistan

Under the Qisas (eye-for-an-eye) law of Pakistan, the perpetrator could suffer the same fate as the victim, if the victim or the victim's guardian chooses. The perpetrator may be punished by having drops of acid placed in their eyes.[67][210]

Section 336B of Pakistan Penal Code states: "Whoever causes hurt by corrosive substance shall be punished with imprisonment for life or imprisonment of either description which shall not be less than fourteen years and a minimum fine of one million rupees."[210] Additionally, section 299 defines Qisas and states: "Qisas means punishment by causing similar hurt at the same part of the body of the convict as he has caused to the victim or by causing his death if he has committed qatl-iamd (intentional manslaughter) in exercise of the right of the victim or a Wali (the guardian of the victim)."[210]

United Kingdom

After a spate of attacks in London in 2017, the Home Office said it would consider changes in laws and measures regarding sales of acid, as well as changes in prosecution and sentencing guidelines. As of 2017, it is unlawful to carry acid with the intent to cause harm. Attacks are prosecuted as acts of actual bodily harm and grievous bodily harm.[211][212] Three quarters of police investigations do not end in prosecution, either because the attacker could not be found, or because the victim is unwilling to press charges.[79] According to ASTI, of the 2,078 acid attack crimes recorded for the years 2011–2016 in UK, only 414 of those crimes resulted in charges being brought. Most acid attack crimes happened in London, where over 1,200 cases were recorded over the past five years. From 2011 to 2016 there were 1,464 crimes involving acid or corrosive substance. Northumbria recorded the second highest with 109 recorded attacks, Cambridgeshire had 69 attacks, Hertfordshire 67, Greater Manchester 57 and Humberside 52.

The Offensive Weapons Act 2019 made provisions for crimes related to acid attacks, including bringing in greater regulation of the sale of corrosive products and making it an offence to carry a corrosive substance in a public place without good reason.

Portrayals in media

  • A fake acid attack between rivals for a husband appears in Cecil B. DeMille's film Why Change Your Wife? (1920).
  • In "The Adventure of the Illustrious Client" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the villainous Baron Adelbert Gruner has oil of vitriol thrown in his face by a wronged former mistress, disfiguring him. She is prosecuted for this but given the minimum sentence due to extenuating circumstances.
  • DC Comics supervillain Two-Face's origin stories feature half his face disfigured with acid.
  • In the 2002 series of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, Skeletor owes his namesake skeletal face to an acid attack.
  • Saving Face – A 2012 documentary film by Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy and Daniel Junge that follows Pakistani/British plastic surgeon Dr. Mohammad Jawad to his native Pakistan to aid women who were victims of acid attacks, and examines the Pakistani parliament's exercise in banning the act of acid burning. The film won the 2012 Academy Award for best Documentary Short.[213][214][215]
  • In Emmerdale, one of the characters, Ross Barton, is a victim of an acid attack (as depicted in a 2018 episode). The actor who portrayed Ross Barton has said that it was his idea that the character should be a victim of an acid attack, as he wanted to create an awareness campaign about this problem.
  • Surkh Chandni – A 2019 Pakistani television series directed by Shahid Shafaat that follows the story of a girl who survived an acid attack and the harshness of society she has to face there after.[216]
  • Dirty God – a 2019 English film starring Vicky Knight as an acid attack victim seeking justice and healing. Knight is a real burn victim, although from a domestic fire rather than an acid attack.
  • Infinite Jest – a 1996 novel featuring a scene in which Joelle Van Dyne's mother tries to throw acid in her husband's face after he confesses his love for their daughter, Joelle, but instead misses and hits her.
  • Uyare – a 2019 Indian Malayalam-language film focuses on an aspiring pilot, who is a victim of an acid attack and how the situation changes around her.
  • Chhapaak – a 2020 Indian Hindi-language film based on the life of Laxmi Agarwal, an acid attack survivor.
  • In Coronation Street in 2023, two characters, Daisy Midgeley and Ryan Connor are victims of an acid attack when Daisy’s stalker, Justin attacks her with acid. Ryan jumps in between Daisy and Justin and receives more severe burns to his face while Daisy only receives moderate burns on her body.

Terms

Vitriolage is the deliberate splashing of a person or object with acid, also known as vitriol, in order to deface or kill. A female who engages in such an act is known as a vitrioleuse. There are instances of this act throughout history and in modern times, often in places where honor killings are also common.[217]

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acid attacks.

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Further reading

  • Dasgupta, Shamita Das (2008). "Acid Attacks". In Renzetti, Claire M.; Edleson, Jeffrey L. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Violence. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-1-4129-1800-8.
  • Breaking the Silence: Addressing Acid Attacks in Cambodia 2020-11-04 at the Wayback Machine – The Cambodian Acid Survivors Charity

External links

  • Acid Survivors Trust International

April 13, 2023
acid, attack, this, article, about, form, violent, assault, other, uses, disambiguation, acid, attack, also, called, acid, throwing, vitriol, attack, vitriolage, form, violent, assault, involving, throwing, acid, similarly, corrosive, substance, onto, body, an. This article is about the form of violent assault For other uses see Acid attack disambiguation An acid attack 1 also called acid throwing vitriol attack or vitriolage is a form of violent assault 2 3 4 involving the act of throwing acid or a similarly corrosive substance onto the body of another with the intention to disfigure maim torture or kill 5 Perpetrators of these attacks throw corrosive liquids at their victims usually at their faces burning them and damaging skin tissue often exposing and sometimes dissolving the bones Acid attacks can lead to permanent partial or complete blindness 6 An Iranian acid attacked woman under treatment in Tehran pictured in April 2018 The most common types of acid used in these attacks are sulfuric and nitric acid Hydrochloric acid is sometimes used but is much less damaging 7 Aqueous solutions of strongly alkaline materials such as caustic soda sodium hydroxide or ammonia are used as well particularly in areas where strong acids are controlled substances 8 9 10 The long term consequences of these attacks may include blindness as well as eye burns with severe permanent scarring of the face and body 11 12 13 along with far reaching social psychological and economic difficulties 5 Today acid attacks are reported in many parts of the world though more commonly in developing countries Between 1999 and 2013 a total of 3 512 Bangladeshi people were attacked with acid 14 15 16 with the rate of cases declining by 15 20 every year since 2002 based on strict legislation against perpetrators and regulation of acid sales 17 18 In India acid attacks are at an all time high and increasing every year with 250 300 reported incidents every year while the actual number could exceed 1 000 according to Acid Survivors Trust International 19 20 Although acid attacks occur all over the world this type of violence is most common in South Asia 21 Statistics from Acid Survivors Trust International ASTI suggest that 80 of victims worldwide are women 22 Contents 1 Health effects 1 1 Medical 1 2 Psychological 1 3 Social 2 Treatment and consequences 3 Motivation of perpetrators 4 Epidemiology 5 Gender 6 Prevention 6 1 Role of NGOs 6 2 Regulation of acid sales 7 By region 7 1 Afghanistan 7 2 Africa 7 3 The Balkans 7 4 Bangladesh 7 5 Cambodia 7 6 Hong Kong 7 7 India 7 8 Iran 7 9 Ireland 7 10 The Levant 7 11 Mexico 7 12 Pakistan 7 13 Russia 7 14 South America 7 15 South Asia 7 16 Ukraine 7 17 United Kingdom 7 18 United States 7 19 Vietnam 8 History 9 Legislation 9 1 India 9 2 Bangladesh 9 3 Pakistan 9 4 United Kingdom 10 Portrayals in media 11 Terms 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External linksHealth effects EditThe most notable effect of an acid attack is the lifelong bodily disfigurement According to the Acid Survivors Foundation in Pakistan there is a high survival rate amongst victims of acid attacks Consequently the victim is faced with physical challenges which require long term surgical treatment as well as psychological challenges which require in depth intervention from psychologists and counselors at each stage of physical recovery 23 These far reaching effects on their lives impact their psychological social and economic viability in communities 5 Medical Edit The medical effects of acid attacks are extensive As a majority of acid attacks are aimed at the face 16 several articles thoroughly reviewed the medical implications for these victims The severity of the damage depends on the concentration of the acid and the time before the acid is thoroughly washed off with water or neutralized with a neutralizing agent The acid can rapidly eat away skin the layer of fat beneath the skin and in some cases even the underlying bone Eyelids and lips may be completely destroyed and the nose and ears severely damaged 24 Though not exhaustive Acid Survivors Foundation Uganda findings included 25 The skull is partly destroyed deformed and hair lost Ear cartilage is usually partly or totally destroyed deafness may occur Eyelids may be burned off or deformed leaving the eyes extremely dry and prone to blindness Acid directly in the eye also damages sight sometimes causing blindness in both eyes The nose can become shrunken and deformed the nostrils may close off completely due to destroyed cartilage The mouth becomes shrunken and narrow and it may lose its full range of motion Sometimes the lips may be partly or totally destroyed exposing the teeth Eating and speaking can become difficult Scars can run down from the chin to neck area shrinking the chin and extremely limiting range of motion in the neck Inhalation of acid vapors usually creates respiratory problems exacerbated restricted airway pathways the esophagus and nostrils in acid patients In addition to these above mentioned medical effects acid attack victims face the possibility of sepsis kidney failure skin depigmentation and even death 26 A 2015 attack that involved throwing sulfuric acid on a man s face and body while he lay in bed caused him among other serious injuries to become paralyzed from the neck down 27 Psychological Edit Acid assault survivors face many mental health issues upon recovery One study showed that when compared to published Western norms for psychological well being non Caucasian acid attack victims reported higher levels of anxiety depression and scored higher on the Derriford appearance scale which measures psychological distress due to one s concern for their appearance Additionally female victims reported lowered self esteem according to the Rosenberg scale and increased self consciousness both in general and in the social sphere 28 Social Edit In addition to medical and psychological effects many social implications exist for acid survivors especially women 25 For example such attacks usually leave victims handicapped in some way rendering them dependent on either their spouse or family for everyday activities such as eating and running errands These dependencies are increased by the fact that many acid survivors are not able to find suitable work due to impaired vision and physical handicap This negatively impacts their economic viability causing hardships on the families spouses that care for them As a result divorce rates are high with abandonment by husbands found in 25 of acid assault cases in Uganda compared to only 3 of wives abandoning their disfigured husbands 25 Moreover acid survivors who are single when attacked almost certainly become ostracized from society effectively ruining marriage prospects 29 Some media outlets overwhelmingly avoid reporting acid attack violence or the description of the attack is laconic or often implies that the act was inevitable or even justified 30 Treatment and consequences EditWhen acids contact the skin response time is crucial If washed away with water or neutralized promptly burns can be minimized or avoided entirely However areas unprotected by skin such as the cornea of the eye or the lips may be burned immediately on contact Many victims are attacked in an area without immediate access to water or unable to see due to being blinded or forced to keep their eyes closed to prevent additional burns to the eye Treatment for burn victims remains inadequate in many developing nations where incidence is high Medical underfunding has resulted in very few burn centers available for victims in countries such as Uganda 25 Bangladesh 31 and Cambodia 5 Uganda has one specialized burn center in the entire nation opening in 2003 25 Cambodia has only one burn facility for victims 5 and scholars estimate that only 30 of the Bangladeshi community has access to health care 31 In addition to inadequate medical capabilities many acid assault victims fail to report to the police due to a lack of trust in the force a sense of hopelessness due to the attackers impunity and fear of retribution by the assailant 29 These problems are exacerbated by a lack of knowledge of how to treat burns some victims have applied oil to the acid rather than rinsing thoroughly and completely with water for 30 minutes or longer to neutralize the acid Such home remedies only serve to increase the severity of damage as they do not counteract the acidity 26 Motivation of perpetrators EditThe intention of the attacker is often to humiliate rather than to kill the victim In Britain such attacks particularly those against men are believed to be underreported and as a result many of them do not show up in official statistics 32 Some of the most common motivations of perpetrators include Personal conflict regarding intimate relationships and sexual rejection 33 25 Sexual related jealousy and lust 34 Revenge for refusal of sexual advances proposals of marriage and demands for dowry 11 Gang violence and rivalry 32 Conflicts over land ownership farm animals housing and property 13 Acid attacks often occur as revenge against a woman who rejects a proposal of marriage or a sexual advance 35 28 Gender inequality and women s position in the society in relation to men plays a significant role in these types of attacks 36 Attacks against individuals based on their religious beliefs or social or political activities also occur These attacks may be targeted against a specific individual due to their activities or may be perpetrated against random persons merely because they are part of a social group or community In Europe Konstantina Kouneva a former member of the European Parliament had acid thrown on her in 2008 in what was described as the most severe assault on a trade unionist in Greece for 50 years 37 Female students have had acid thrown in their faces as a punishment for attending school 38 Acid attacks due to religious conflicts have been also reported 39 40 Both males and females have been victims of acid attacks for refusing to convert to another religion 41 Conflicts regarding property issues land disputes and inheritance have also been reported as motivations of acid attacks 42 43 Acid attacks related to conflicts between criminal gangs occur in many places including the UK Greece and Indonesia 44 32 Epidemiology EditAccording to researchers and activists countries typically associated with acid assault include Bangladesh 45 India 46 47 Nepal Cambodia 48 Vietnam Laos United Kingdom Kenya South Africa Uganda Pakistan 49 and Afghanistan Acid attacks have been reported however in countries around the world including 7 50 Afghanistan 51 Australia Bangladesh 45 52 34 Belgium Bulgaria Cambodia 17 53 China 54 Hong Kong S A R 55 56 Colombia 57 58 59 France Gabon Germany India 60 61 Indonesia 62 Iran 63 64 Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica 34 Kenya Laos Mexico 65 Myanmar Nepal Nigeria 26 25 Philippines 66 Pakistan 67 68 Russia 69 Sri Lanka Sweden South Africa 16 Taiwan Tanzania 70 Thailand 71 Uganda 25 United Kingdom 72 73 74 75 United States 76 77 Vietnam 78 Additionally anecdotal evidence for acid attacks exists in other regions of the world such as South America Central and North Africa the Middle East and Central Asia 7 However South Asian countries maintain the highest incidence of acid attacks 17 Police in the United Kingdom have noted that many victims are afraid to come forward to report attacks meaning the true scale of the problem may be unknown 79 Gender EditAn accurate estimate of the gender ratio of victims and perpetrators is difficult to establish because many acid attacks are not reported or recorded by authorities For example a 2010 study in The Lancet described that there are no reliable statistics on the prevalence of acid attacks in Pakistan 33 A 2007 literature review analyzed 24 studies in 13 countries over the past 40 years covering 771 cases 16 According to the London based charity Acid Survivors Trust International 80 of acid attacks are on women and acid assaults are grossly under estimated In some regions assaults perpetrated on female victims by males are often driven by the mentality If I can t have you no one shall 80 In Bangladesh throwing acid has been labeled as a gender crime as there is a dominance of female victims who are assaulted by males for the reason of refusing to marry or refusing sexual advances 81 In Jamaica women throwing acid on other women in relation to fights over male partners is a common cause 81 In the UK the majority of victims are men and many of these attacks are related to gang violence 32 In India a female victim was attacked with a knife twice but no criminal charges were filed against the suspect and was only given police aid after being hospitalized following an acid attack raising questions of police apathy in dealing with cases of harassment 82 Another factor that puts victims at increased risk for an acid assault is their socioeconomic status as those living in poverty are more likely to be attacked 29 17 As of 2013 update the three nations with the most noted incidence of acid attacks Bangladesh India and Cambodia were ranked 75th 101st and 104th respectively out of 136 countries on the Global Gender Gap Index a scale that measures equality in opportunities between men and women in nations 83 Prevention EditResearch has prompted many solutions to the increasing incidence of acid attacks in the world Bangladesh whose rates of attack have been decreasing is a model for many countries and they follow Bangladesh s lead in many legislative reforms 17 However several reports highlighted the need for an increased legal role of NGOs to offer rehabilitation support to acid survivors 5 Additionally nearly all research stressed the need for stricter regulation of acid sales to combat this social issue 5 25 17 Role of NGOs Edit Many non governmental organizations NGOs have been formed in the areas with the highest occurrence of acid attacks to combat such attacks Bangladesh has its Acid Survivors Foundation which offers acid victims legal medical counseling and monetary assistance in rebuilding their lives 17 Similar institutions exist in Uganda which has its own Acid Survivors Foundation 25 and in Cambodia which uses the help of Cambodian Acid Survivors Charity 5 NGOs provide rehabilitation services for survivors while acting as advocates for social reform hoping to increase support and awareness for acid assault In Bangladesh the Acid Survivors Foundation Nairpokkho Action Aid and the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee s Community Empowerment amp Strengthening Local Institutions Programme assist survivors 84 The Depilex Smileagain Foundation and The Acid Survivors Foundation in Pakistan operates in Islamabad offering medical psychological and rehabilitation support 85 The Acid Survivors Foundation in Uganda operates in Kampala and provides counseling and rehabilitation treatment to victims as well as their families 86 The LICADHO the Association of the Blind in Cambodia and the Cambodian Acid Survivors Charity assist survivors of acid attacks The Acid Survivors Foundation India operates from different centres with national headquarters at Kolkata and chapters at Delhi and Mumbai Acid Survivors Trust International UK registered charity no 1079290 provides specialist support to its sister organizations in Africa and Asia 87 88 Acid Survivors Trust International is the only international organisation whose sole purpose is to end acid violence The organisation was founded in 2002 and now works with a network of six Acid Survivors Foundations in Bangladesh Cambodia India Nepal Pakistan and Uganda that it has helped to form Acid Survivors Trust International has helped to provide medical expertise and training to partners raised valuable funds to support survivors of acid attacks and helped change laws A key role for ASTI is to raise awareness of acid violence to an international audience so that increased pressure can be applied to governments to introduce stricter controls on the sale and purchase of acid 89 Indian acid attack survivor Shirin Juwaley founded the Palash Foundation 90 to help other survivors with psychosocial rehabilitation She also spearheads research into social norms of beauty and speaks publicly as an advocate for the empowerment of all victims of disfigurement and discrimination 91 In 2011 the principal of an Indian college refused to have Juwaley speak at her school for fear that Juwaley s story of being attacked by her husband would make students become scared of marriage 92 Regulation of acid sales Edit A positive correlation has been observed between acid attacks and ease of acid purchase 17 Sulfuric nitric and hydrochloric acid are most commonly used and are all cheap and readily available in many instances For example often acid throwers can purchase a liter of concentrated sulfuric acid at motorbike mechanic shops for about 40 U S cents Nitric acid costs around 1 50 per liter and is available for purchase at gold or jewelry shops as polishers generally use it to purify gold and metals Hydrochloric acid is also used for polishing jewelry as well as for making soy sauce cosmetics and traditional medicine amphetamine drugs 7 Due to such ease of access many organizations call for a stricter regulation on the acid economy Specific actions include required licenses for all acid traders a ban on concentrated acid in certain areas and an enhanced system of monitoring for acid sales such as the need to document all transactions involving acid 5 However some scholars have warned that such stringent regulation may result in black market trading of acid which law enforcements must keep in mind 5 By region EditAfghanistan Edit Such attacks or threats against women who failed to wear hijab dress modestly or otherwise threaten traditional norms have been reported in Afghanistan 93 In November 2008 extremists subjected girls to acid attacks for attending school 51 94 Africa Edit High incidence of acid assaults have been reported in some African countries including Nigeria 26 Uganda 25 and South Africa 16 Unlike occurrences in South Asia acid attacks in these countries show less gender discrimination In Uganda 57 of acid assault victims were female and 43 were male 25 A study focusing on chemical burns in Nigeria revealed a reversal in findings 60 of the acid attack patients were male while 40 were female 26 In both nations younger individuals were more likely to suffer from an acid attack the average age in the Nigeria study was 20 6 years 26 while Ugandan analysis shows 59 of survivors were 19 34 years of age 25 Motivation for acid assault in these African countries is similar to that of Cambodia Relationship conflicts caused 35 of acid attacks in Uganda in 1985 2011 followed by property conflicts at 8 and business conflicts at 5 25 Disaggregated data was not available in the Nigeria study but they reported that 71 of acid assaults resulted from an argument with either a jilted lover family member or business partner 26 As with the other nations researchers believe these statistics to be under representative of the actual scope and magnitude of acid attacks in African nations 25 In August 2013 two Jewish women volunteer teachers Katie Gee and Kirstie Trup from the UK were injured by an acid attack by men on a moped near Stone Town in Tanzania 95 A few cases also occurred in Ethiopia 96 and Nigeria 26 The Balkans Edit There has recently been a surge in high profile public acid attacks in Bulgaria 97 and Greece 97 Bangladesh Edit Acid attack victims in Bangladesh According to the Acid Survivors Foundation in Bangladesh the country has reported 3000 acid attack victims since 1999 peaking at 262 victims for the year of 2002 17 45 16 Rates have been steadily decreasing by 15 to 20 since 2002 with the amount of acid attack victims reported at 91 in Bangladesh as recently as 2011 18 Bangladesh acid attacks shows the most gendered discrimination with one study citing a male to female victim ratio of 0 15 1 16 and another reporting that 82 of acid attack survivors in Bangladesh are women 29 Younger women were especially prone to attack with a recent study reporting that 60 of acid assault survivors are between the ages of 10 and 19 17 According to Mridula Bandyopadhyay and Mahmuda Rahman Khan it is a form of violence primarily targeted at women They describe it as a relatively recent form of violence with the earliest record in Bangladesh from 1983 11 Acid attacks are often referred to as a crime of passion because they are usually fueled by revenge or jealously 16 Cases show that they are usually the result of rage at a woman who rebuffs the advances of a male For the country of Bangladesh such passion is often rooted in marriage and relationships One study showed that refusal of marriage proposals accounted for 55 of acid assaults with abuse from a husband or other family member 18 property disputes 11 and refusal of sexual or romantic advances 2 as other leading causes 28 Additionally the use of acid attacks in dowry arguments has been reported in Bangladesh 29 with 15 of cases studied by the Acid Survivors Foundation citing dowry disputes as the motive 17 The chemical agents most commonly used to commit these attacks are hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid 98 Cambodia Edit Acid attack victim in Cambodia Recent studies on acid attacks in Cambodia found the victims were almost equally likely to be men or women 48 4 men 51 6 women 17 As with India rates of acid attacks in Cambodia have generally increased in the past decades with a high rate of 40 cases reported for 2000 that started the increasing trend 17 According to the Cambodian Acid Survivors Charity 216 acid attacks were reported from 1985 to 2009 with 236 reported victims 5 Jealousy and hate is the biggest motivator for acid attacks in Cambodia as 28 of attacks reported those emotions as the cause Such assaults were not only perpetrated by men some reports suggest women attack other women occur more frequently than men do 5 Such incidents usually occur between a husband s wife and mistress to attain power and socioeconomic security 17 99 A particularly high profile case of this nature was the attack on Cambodian teenager Tat Marina in 1999 allegedly carried out by the jealous wife of a government official the incident prompted a rash of copycat crimes that year raising the number from seven in 1998 to 40 in 1999 One third of the victims are bystanders 100 In Cambodia there is only one support center that is aiming to help acid attack survivors There they can receive medical and legal support 101 Hong Kong Edit See also Hong Kong acid attacks The Mong Kok acid attacks were incidents in 2008 2009 and 2010 where plastic bottles filled with corrosive liquid drain cleaner were thrown onto shoppers on Sai Yeung Choi Street South Hong Kong a pedestrian street and popular shopping area A reward originally HK 100 000 for information about the perpetrator or perpetrators was raised to HK 300 000 following the second incident and cameras were to be installed in the area following the December incident The third incident occurred the day the cameras were turned on The fifth incident happened after Hong Kong government announced its new strategies against the incident 130 people were injured in these attacks 102 India Edit Acid attacks in India like Bangladesh have a gendered aspect to them analyses of news reports revealed at least 72 of reported attacks included at least one female victim 17 However unlike Bangladesh India s incidence rate of chemical assault has been increasing in the past decade with a high 27 reported cases in 2010 17 Altogether from January 2002 to October 2010 153 cases of acid assault were reported in Indian print media 17 while 174 judicial cases were reported for the year of 2000 103 The motivation behind acid attacks in India mirrors those in Bangladesh a study of Indian news reports from January 2002 to October 2010 uncovered that victims rejection of sex or marriage proposals motivated attacks in 35 of the 110 news stories providing a motive for the attack Acid attacks have also been reported among religious minorities or Muslim women as a form of retaliation or qisas 104 Notable cases are Sonali Mukherjee in 2003 and Laxmi Agarwal in 2005 whose experience on the ban of acid sales was portrayed in the Bollywood film Chhapaak 105 Police in India were also accused of using acid on individuals particularly on their eyes causing blindness to the victims A well known such case is the Bhagalpur blindings where police blinded 31 individuals under trial or convicted criminals according to some versions by pouring acid into their eyes The incident was widely discussed debated and acutely criticized by several human rights organizations The Bhagalpur blinding case had made criminal jurisprudence history by becoming the first in which the Indian Supreme Court ordered compensation for violation of basic human rights 106 Iran Edit Further information Acid attacks on women in Isfahan According to Afshin Molavi in the early years of the revolution and following the mandating of the covering of hair by women in Iran some women were threatened with acid attacks by Islamic vigilantes for failing to wear hijab 107 Recently acid assault in Iran has been met with increased sanctions The Sharia code of qisas or equivalence justice required a caught perpetrator of acid violence to pay a fine and may be blinded with acid in both eyes 7 Under Iranian law victims or their families can ask a court s permission to enact qisas either by taking the perpetrator s life in murder cases or inflicting an equivalent injury on his or her body 108 One victim Ameneh Bahrami sentenced her attacker to be blinded in 2008 However as of July 31 2011 she pardoned her attacker thereby absolving Majid Movahedi of his crime and halting the retributive justice of Qisas 109 110 In October 2014 a series of acid attacks on women occurred in the city of Isfahan resulting in demonstrations and arrests of journalists who had covered the attacks The attacks were thought by many Iranians to be the work of conservative Islamist vigilantes but the Iranian government denies this 111 112 Ireland Edit In 2017 a Chinese Irish woman was targeted in an attack in Blackrock Dublin causing facial scars and eye damage Another foreign woman was suspected of ordering the attack 113 In 2018 Lithuanian criminals threw acid at a Garda police officer 114 In April 2019 in Waterford three teenagers were attacked by two others who threw acid at them in a premeditated attack All three victims suffered severe skin burns in the incident and one Tega Agberhiere suffered severe injuries to his face and body and his eyesight was damaged Nevertheless the perpetrators merely got cautions 115 116 117 118 On 13 June 2020 a man was attacked with acid in Garryowen Limerick 119 In December 2020 a woman threw acid at three women in a takeaway in Tallaght 120 121 On 11 May 2021 a woman had ammonia thrown on her in Garryowen This was described as an acid attack although ammonia is actually a base it has similar burning effects on the human body 122 Christopher Stokes was jailed for 11 1 2 years in 2023 for the crime 123 The Levant Edit In 1983 acid attacks were reported to be carried out by Mujama al Islamiya against men and women who spoke out against the Mujama in the Islamic University of Gaza 124 Additional attacks by Mujama al Islamiya were reported through 1986 125 During the First Intifada Hamas and other Islamist factions conducted an organized intimidation of women to dress modestly or wear the hijab Circulars were distributed specifying proper modest dress and behavior Women who did not conform to these expectations or to morality expectations of secular factions were vulnerable to attacks which included pouring acid on their bodies rock pelting threats and even rape 126 127 124 128 B Tselem has also documented additional attacks with acid in specific attacks involving women in a collaboration context 128 In 2006 07 as part of a wider campaign to enforce Islamist moral conduct the al Qaida affiliated Suyuf al Haq Swords of Righteousness claimed to have thrown acid on the faces of immodestly dressed woman in Gaza as well as engaging in intimidation via threats 129 130 131 132 Following 2014 Israel Gaza conflict Amnesty International has claimed that Hamas used acid during interrogations as a torture technique Hamas denies this claim 133 134 135 In 2016 during a teacher s strike unknown assailants hurled acid in the face of a striking Palestinian teacher in Hebron 136 There have also been recorded incidents of acid use against Israelis In December 2014 a Palestinian hurled acid concentrated vinegar which contains a high percentage of acetic acid and can cause burns into a car containing a Jewish family of six and a hitchhiker at a checkpoint between Beitar Illit and Husan in the West Bank causing serious face injuries to the father and lightly injuring other occupants including children 137 138 139 In September 2008 a Palestinian woman carried out two separate acid attacks against soldiers at Huwwara checkpoint blinding a soldier in one eye 140 141 142 Moshe Hirsch was the leader of the anti Zionist Neturei Karta group in Jerusalem Hirsch had one glass eye due to an injury sustained when someone threw acid in his face According to his cousin journalist Abraham Rabinovich the incident had no link with Hirsch s political activities but was connected to a real estate dispute 143 Mexico Edit Drug cartels such as the Los Zetas are known to use acid on civilians For example In the 2011 San Fernando massacre Los Zetas members took away children from their mothers and shot the rest of the civilians in a bus The women were taken to a warehouse where many other women were held captive Inside a dark room the women were reportedly raped and beaten Screams of the women and of the children being put in acid were also heard 144 Pakistan Edit See also Women in Pakistan Acid Attacks According to The New York Times reporter Nicholas D Kristof acid attacks are at an all time high in Pakistan The Pakistani attacks are typically the work of husbands against their wives who have dishonored them 19 Statistics compiled by the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan HRCP show that 46 acid attacks occurred in Pakistan during 2004 and decreased with only 33 acid assaults reported for 2007 7 According to a New York Times article in 2011 there were 150 acid attacks in Pakistan up from 65 in 2010 145 However estimates by the Human Rights Watch and the HRCP cite the number of acid attack victims to be as high 40 70 per year 7 Motivation behind acid assaults range from marriage proposal rejections to religious fundamentalism 7 Acid attacks have been dropped by half in 2019 146 Acid attacks in Pakistan came to international attention after the release of a documentary by Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy called Saving Face 2012 147 According to Shahnaz Bukhari the majority of these attacks occur in the summer when acid is used extensively to soak certain seeds to induce germination 148 Various reasons have been given for such attacks such as a woman dressing inappropriately or rejecting a proposal of marriage The first known instance of an acid attack occurred in East Pakistan in 1967 149 According to the Acid Survivors Foundation up to 150 attacks occur every year The foundation reports that the attacks are often the result in an escalation of domestic abuse and the majority of victims are female 147 In 2019 the Acid Survivors Foundation Pakistan ASFP have said that the reported cases of acid attacks on women have dropped by around 50 per cent compared to the last five years 150 Russia Edit On January 17 2013 Russian ballet dancer Sergei Filin was attacked with acid by an unknown assailant who cornered him outside of his home in Moscow He suffered third degree burns to his face and neck While it was initially reported that he was in danger of losing his eyesight his physicians stated on January 21 2013 that he would retain eyesight in one eye 151 Three men including dancer Dmitrichenko were subsequently sentenced to 4 10 years of prison each for orchestrating and executing the crime 152 South America Edit Natalia Ponce de Leon right survivor of a 2014 acid attack receiving an award for her activism for other survivors Though comprehensive statistics on acid attacks in South America are sparse a recent study investigating acid assault in Bogota Colombia provides some insight for this region According to the article the first identified survivor of acid violence in Bogota was attacked in 1998 Since then reported cases have been increasing with time The study also cited the Colombian Forensics Institute which reported that 56 women complained of aggression by acid in 2010 46 in 2011 and 16 during the first trimester of 2012 The average age of survivors was about 23 years old but ranged from 13 to 41 years 58 The study reported a male to female victim ratio of 1 30 for acid assault in Bogota Colombia although recent reports show the ratio is closer to 1 1 153 Reasons behind these attacks usually stemmed from poor interpersonal relationships and domestic intolerance toward women Moreover female victims usually came from low socioeconomic classes and had low education The authors state that the prevalence of acid attacks in other areas of South America remains unknown due to significant underreporting 58 On March 27 2014 a woman named Natalia Ponce de Leon was assaulted by Jonathan Vega who threw a liter of sulphuric acid on her face and body Vega a former neighbor was reported to have been obsessed with Ponce de Leon and had been making death threats against her after she turned down his proposal for a relationship 57 24 of her body was severely burned as a result of the attack 154 Ponce de Leon has undergone 15 reconstruction surgeries on her face and body since the attack 59 155 Three years before the attack took place Colombia reported one of the highest rates of acid attacks per capita in the world 156 However there was not an effective law in place until Ponce de Leon s campaign took off in the months after her attack The new law which is named after her defines acid attacks as a specific crime and increases maximum sentences to 50 years in prison for convicted offenders 59 The law also seeks to provide victims with better state medical care including reconstructive surgery and psychological therapy Ponce de Leon expressed hope that the new law would act as a deterrent against future attacks 59 South Asia Edit In South Asia acid attacks have been used as a form of revenge for refusal of sexual advances proposals of marriage and demands for dowry 11 Scholars Taru Bahl and M H Syed say that land and property disputes are another leading cause 13 Ukraine Edit On July 31 2018 Kateryna Handziuk an anti corruption activist and political advisor from the southern Ukrainian city of Kherson was attacked with sulfuric acid outside her home by an unknown attacker She died of her injuries on November 3 2018 She was 33 years old 157 158 United Kingdom Edit The UK at times has had one of the highest rates of acid attacks per capita in the world though recent studies suggest that this is down to gang related violence and possession offences rather than traditional attacks found in lower middle income countries 159 160 according to Acid Survivors Trust International ASTI 161 NHS hospital figures record 144 assaults in 2011 2012 involving corrosive substances which can include petrol bleach and kerosene Six years earlier 56 such episodes were noted 162 163 164 The official records for 2017 2018 shows 150 patients in the UK admitted to hospital for Assault by corrosive substance 165 In 2016 the Metropolitan Police in London recorded 454 attacks involving corrosive fluids in the city with 261 in the previous year indicating a rise of 36 A rise of 30 was also recorded in the UK as a whole 166 167 Between 2005 2006 and 2011 2012 the number of assaults involving acid throwing and other corrosive substances tripled in England official records show citation needed According to London s Metropolitan Police 2017 was the worst year for acid attacks in London with 465 attacks recorded up from 395 the previous year and 255 in 2015 168 Acid attacks in London continued to rise in 2017 169 In July 2017 the BBC s George Mann reported that police statistics showed that Assaults involving corrosive substances have more than doubled in England since 2012 The vast majority of cases were in London 170 According to Time magazine motives included organized crime revenge and domestic violence citation needed According to Newham police there is no trend of using acid in hate crimes 171 172 According to data London s Metropolitan Police 173 174 a demographic breakdown of known suspects in London attacks for the period 2002 2016 showed White Europeans comprising 32 of suspects Black Caribbeans 38 and Asian 6 Victims for the same period were 45 White Europeans 25 Black Caribbeans and 19 Asian Of the total population whites constitute 60 blacks 13 and Asians 18 as per the 2011 census of London 175 Known suspects were overwhelmingly male 77 of known suspects were male and just 2 of suspects female Four out of five victims in 2016 were male 172 In January 2018 CNN reported that acid attacks in London increased six fold between 2012 and 2017 and that 71 of attackers and 72 of victims were male 176 On 3 October 2017 the UK government announced that sales of acids to under 18s would be banned 177 Mark van Dongen chose to undergo euthanasia months after he was attacked by his ex girlfriend Berlinah Wallace during the early hours of 23 September 2015 178 73 179 He was left paralysed scarred had his lower left leg amputated and lost the sight in his left eye as well as most of the sight in his right eye following the incident Wallace was found guilty of throwing a corrosive substance with intent and received a life sentence with a minimum term of 12 years 180 181 182 In April 2017 a man named Arthur Collins the ex boyfriend of Ferne McCann threw acid inside a nightclub across terrified clubbers in east London forcing a mass evacuation of 600 partygoers flooding into the street 22 people were injured in the attack Collins was sentenced to 20 years for the attack 183 Another similar attack is the 2017 Beckton acid attack 184 Katie Piper was also attacked in 2008 with acid by her ex boyfriend Daniel Lynch and an accomplice Stefan Sylvestre 185 186 In April 2019 a teenage girl 13 and a woman 63 were attacked by a man driving a white car who poured sulphuric acid on them in Thornton Heath South London 187 The UK has subsequently banned possession of concentrated Sulpuric Acid without a licence and incidents of acid attacks have dropped substantially 188 United States Edit Victor Riesel was a broadcast journalist specializing in labor issues who was attacked while leaving Lindy s restaurant in midtown Manhattan in the early morning of 5 April 1956 189 190 Riesel was left blind as a result 189 The attack was motivated by Riesel s reporting on the influence of organized crime on certain corrupt labor unions 189 In 1959 American attorney Burt Pugach hired a man to throw lye an alkaline rather than acid substance but with similar corrosive effects in the face of his ex girlfriend Linda Riss Riss suffered blindness and permanent scarring Pugach served 14 years in prison for the incident 191 Gabrielle White a 22 year old single mother living in Detroit was attacked on 26 August 2006 by a stranger 192 She was left with third and fourth degree burns on her face throat and arms leaving her blind and without one ear 192 She also miscarried her unborn child 192 A 25 year old nursing student at Merritt College was the victim of an acid attack 193 Esperanza Medina walked out of her Logan Square apartment in Chicago Illinois on a July morning in 2008 heading to her job as a social worker Three teenagers poured cups of battery acid on the head of Medina a 48 year old mother of four 194 195 On August 30 2010 Bethany Storro 28 of Vancouver Washington made national headlines after she claimed a stranger whom she described as an African American woman approached her on a walk and threw a cup of acid in her face resulting in serious burns Two weeks later Storro admitted that she herself had lied about the attack and had in fact poured the acid on herself She attributed her actions to untreated body dysmorphic disorder and pleaded guilty to lying to police a misdemeanor She also charged with three counts of second degree theft in regards to donations she d received to help aid her in her recovery but these charges were dropped after she repaid the money It was reported in February 2013 that she spent one year in a mental health facility and had written a book Facing the Truth 196 197 198 In 2017 a 17 year old girl was permanently scarred by an acid attack in Dallas 199 In November 2019 a man in Milwaukee was attacked and sustained multiple burns 200 In April 2021 a student at Hofstra University suffered severe injuries to her face arms and throat from an acid attack carried out with battery acid The assailant remains at large 201 Vietnam Edit Acid attacks are rare in Vietnam An example of an acid attack in Vietnam is the Ho Chi Minh City acid attack where four people were injured 202 Most of Vietnam s acid attack victims spend their lives isolated and ignored and also blamed for their condition 203 History Edit La Vitrioleuse The Acid Thrower Eugene Grasset c 1894 Tragique epilogue d une idylle Le Petit Journal cover of 1901 showing a woman throwing acid in the face of a man leaving his wedding Acid has been used in metallurgy and for etching since ancient times The rhetorical and theatrical term La Vitrioleuse was coined in France after a wave of vitriolage occurred according to the popular press where in 1879 16 cases of vitriol attacks were widely reported as crimes of passion perpetrated predominantly by women against other women 7 Much was made of the idea that women no matter how few had employed such violent means to an end On October 17 1915 acid was fatally thrown on Prince Leopold Clement of Saxe Coburg and Gotha heir to the House of Kohary by his distraught mistress Camilla Rybicka who then killed herself Sensationalizing such incidents made for lucrative newspaper sales 204 Similarly multiple acid attacks were reported in the UK in the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century Again these were seen as a crime carried out by women although in practice perpetrators were as likely to be male as female 205 The use of acid as a weapon began to rise in many developing nations specifically those in South Asia 31 The first recorded acid attacks in South Asia occurred in Bangladesh in 1967 17 India in 1982 and Cambodia in 1993 7 Since then research has witnessed an increase in the quantity and severity of acid attacks in the region However this can be traced to significant underreporting in the 1980s and 1990s along with a general lack of research on this phenomenon during that period 29 Research shows acid attacks increasing in many developing nations with the exception of Bangladesh which has observed a decrease in incidence in the past few years 17 Legislation EditMany countries have begun pushing for legislation addressing acid attacks and a few have recently employed new laws against this crime 17 Under the Qisas law of Pakistan the perpetrator may suffer the same fate as the victim and may be punished by having drops of acid placed in their eyes 206 This law is not binding and is rarely enforced according to a report in The New York Times 19 In Pakistan the Lower House of Parliament unanimously passed the Acid Control and Acid Crime Prevention Bill on May 10 2011 As punishment according to the bill individuals held responsible for acid attacks face harsh fines and life in prison However the country with the most specific effective legislation against acid attacks is Bangladesh and such legal action has resulted in a steady 20 30 decrease in acid violence for the past few years 17 In 2013 India introduced an amendment to the Indian Penal Code through the Criminal Law Amendment Act 2013 making acid attacks a specific offence with a punishment of imprisonment not less than 10 years and which can extend to life imprisonment and with fine 207 India Edit India s top court ruled that authorities must regulate the sale of acid The Supreme Court s ruling on July 16 2013 came after an incident in which four sisters suffered severe burns after being attacked with acid by two men on a motorbike Acid which is designed to clean rusted tools is often used in the attacks can be bought across the counter But the judges said the buyer of such acids should in future have to provide a photo identity card to any retailer when they make a purchase The retailers must register the name and address of the buyer 208 In 2013 section 326 A of Indian Penal Code was enacted by the Indian Parliament to ensure enhanced punishment for acid throwing Bangladesh Edit In 2002 Bangladesh introduced the death penalty for acid attacks and laws strictly controlling the sale use storage and international trade of acids The acids are used in traditional trades carving marble nameplates conch bangles goldsmiths tanneries and other industries which have largely failed to comply with the legislation Salma Ali of the Bangladesh National Women Lawyers Association derided these laws as ineffective 209 The names of these laws are the Acid Crime Control Act ACCA and the Acid Control Act ACA respectively 17 The ACCA directly impacts the criminal aspect of acid attacks and allows for the death penalty or a level of punishment corresponding to the area of the body affected If the attack results in a loss of hearing or sight or damages the victim s face breasts or sex organs then the perpetrator faces either the death penalty or life sentencing If any other part of the body is maimed then the criminal faces 7 14 years of imprisonment in addition to a fine of US 700 Additionally throwing or attempting to throw acid without causing any physical or mental harm is punishable by this law and could result in a prison term of 3 7 years along with a US 700 fine Furthermore conspirators that aid in such attacks assume the same liability as those actually committing the crime 17 The ACA regulates the sale usage and storing of acid in Bangladesh through the creation of the National Acid Control Council NACC The law requires that the NACC implement policies regarding the trade misuse and disposal of acid while also undertaking initiatives that raise awareness about the dangers of acid and improve victim treatment and rehabilitation The ACA calls for district level committees responsible for enacting local measures that enforce and further regulate acid use in towns and cities 17 Pakistan Edit Under the Qisas eye for an eye law of Pakistan the perpetrator could suffer the same fate as the victim if the victim or the victim s guardian chooses The perpetrator may be punished by having drops of acid placed in their eyes 67 210 Section 336B of Pakistan Penal Code states Whoever causes hurt by corrosive substance shall be punished with imprisonment for life or imprisonment of either description which shall not be less than fourteen years and a minimum fine of one million rupees 210 Additionally section 299 defines Qisas and states Qisas means punishment by causing similar hurt at the same part of the body of the convict as he has caused to the victim or by causing his death if he has committed qatl iamd intentional manslaughter in exercise of the right of the victim or a Wali the guardian of the victim 210 United Kingdom Edit After a spate of attacks in London in 2017 the Home Office said it would consider changes in laws and measures regarding sales of acid as well as changes in prosecution and sentencing guidelines As of 2017 it is unlawful to carry acid with the intent to cause harm Attacks are prosecuted as acts of actual bodily harm and grievous bodily harm 211 212 Three quarters of police investigations do not end in prosecution either because the attacker could not be found or because the victim is unwilling to press charges 79 According to ASTI of the 2 078 acid attack crimes recorded for the years 2011 2016 in UK only 414 of those crimes resulted in charges being brought Most acid attack crimes happened in London where over 1 200 cases were recorded over the past five years From 2011 to 2016 there were 1 464 crimes involving acid or corrosive substance Northumbria recorded the second highest with 109 recorded attacks Cambridgeshire had 69 attacks Hertfordshire 67 Greater Manchester 57 and Humberside 52 The Offensive Weapons Act 2019 made provisions for crimes related to acid attacks including bringing in greater regulation of the sale of corrosive products and making it an offence to carry a corrosive substance in a public place without good reason Portrayals in media EditA fake acid attack between rivals for a husband appears in Cecil B DeMille s film Why Change Your Wife 1920 In The Adventure of the Illustrious Client by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle the villainous Baron Adelbert Gruner has oil of vitriol thrown in his face by a wronged former mistress disfiguring him She is prosecuted for this but given the minimum sentence due to extenuating circumstances DC Comics supervillain Two Face s origin stories feature half his face disfigured with acid In the 2002 series of He Man and the Masters of the Universe Skeletor owes his namesake skeletal face to an acid attack Saving Face A 2012 documentary film by Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy and Daniel Junge that follows Pakistani British plastic surgeon Dr Mohammad Jawad to his native Pakistan to aid women who were victims of acid attacks and examines the Pakistani parliament s exercise in banning the act of acid burning The film won the 2012 Academy Award for best Documentary Short 213 214 215 In Emmerdale one of the characters Ross Barton is a victim of an acid attack as depicted in a 2018 episode The actor who portrayed Ross Barton has said that it was his idea that the character should be a victim of an acid attack as he wanted to create an awareness campaign about this problem Surkh Chandni A 2019 Pakistani television series directed by Shahid Shafaat that follows the story of a girl who survived an acid attack and the harshness of society she has to face there after 216 Dirty God a 2019 English film starring Vicky Knight as an acid attack victim seeking justice and healing Knight is a real burn victim although from a domestic fire rather than an acid attack Infinite Jest a 1996 novel featuring a scene in which Joelle Van Dyne s mother tries to throw acid in her husband s face after he confesses his love for their daughter Joelle but instead misses and hits her Uyare a 2019 Indian Malayalam language film focuses on an aspiring pilot who is a victim of an acid attack and how the situation changes around her Chhapaak a 2020 Indian Hindi language film based on the life of Laxmi Agarwal an acid attack survivor In Coronation Street in 2023 two characters Daisy Midgeley and Ryan Connor are victims of an acid attack when Daisy s stalker Justin attacks her with acid Ryan jumps in between Daisy and Justin and receives more severe burns to his face while Daisy only receives moderate burns on her body Terms EditVitriolage is the deliberate splashing of a person or object with acid also known as vitriol in order to deface or kill A female who engages in such an act is known as a vitrioleuse There are instances of this act throughout history and in modern times often in places where honor killings are also common 217 See also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acid attacks Caste system Dowry death Femicide Islam and domestic violence Sangita Magar Sati Zelyonka attack Category Acid 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in Britain Daily Mirror 2013 08 09 Retrieved 2013 09 21 Rogers Jon 1 September 2017 GRAPHIC WARNING Horror as mother unable to speak as mouth MELTED SHUT in acid attack Express co uk a b Welsh Jane 2009 It was like a burning hell A Comparative Exploration of Acid Attack Violence PDF Center for Global Initiatives Archived from the original PDF on 23 January 2013 Retrieved 31 March 2013 Anwary Afroza 2002 Acid Violence And Medical Care In Bangladesh Women s Activism as Carework Gender amp Society 17 2 305 313 doi 10 1177 0891243202250851 S2CID 73403974 Mydans Seth 2001 07 22 Vengeance Destroys Faces and Souls in Cambodia The New York Times Retrieved 2008 08 29 Living in the Shadows Acid attacks in Cambodia PDF LICADHO Project Against Torture 2003 Retrieved 2013 03 01 Cambodia Reclaiming Life after Acid Attacks UN Women 2011 11 18 Archived from the original on 2013 04 17 Retrieved 2013 03 18 Eimer David 2010 Hong Kong acid attack man arrested after tourists targeted The Daily Telegraph 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International report 27 May 2015 Index number MDE 21 1643 2015 HAMAS AND FATAH PLAY THE BLAME GAME FOLLOWING ACID ATTACK ON PALESTINIAN TEACHER Jerusalem Post Maayan Groisman March 2016 Palestinian attacks family of 6 including young children with acid Times of Israel December 2014 Palestinian wounds five Israelis in suspected acid attack Reuters December 2014 Israeli military Jewish family injured in attack carried out by Palestinian Washington Post Ruth Eglash 12th December 2014 amended Palestinian woman pours acid on soldier YNET September 2008 Second acid attack at Huwwarah Palestinian woman arrested three shot in aftermath Ma an September 2008 Renovations of Notorious Hawara Checkpoint Meant to Benefit Soldiers and Palestinians Ha aretz November 2008 Hevesi Dennis 2010 05 04 Rabbi Moshe Hirsch Israel Opponent Dies at 86 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2018 04 04 De frente y de perfil El Informador Noticias de Jalisco Mexico Deportes amp Entretenimiento in Spanish Archived from the original on 2013 08 04 Retrieved 2018 04 04 Walsh Declan 2012 04 10 After Suicide New Focus on Acid Attacks in Pakistan The New York Times subscription required Pakistan Cases of acid attacks on women drop by half gulfnews com Retrieved 2020 02 15 a b Rodriguez Alex May 29 2012 Pakistan offers little justice for victims of acid attacks Los Angeles Times Ali Sahar July 28 2003 Acid attack victim demands justice BBC Weightman Barbara A 2012 Dragons and Tigers A Geography of South East and Southeast Asia 3rd ed Wiley p 77 ISBN 978 0470876282 Pakistan Cases of acid attacks on women drop by half Gulf News 4 August 2019 Retrieved 15 April 2020 TimesLIVE Timeslive co za Retrieved 2018 03 29 Atika Shubert and Alla Eshchenko 2013 12 03 3 men sentenced in Bolshoi Ballet acid attack case CNN Retrieved 2021 04 26 Hay 456 hombres en Colombia que tambien son Natalia Ponce las2orillas 2014 04 10 Retrieved 2015 12 02 Colombia Man accused of high profile Bogota acid attack arrested 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school accountant victim of acid attack in Ho Chi Minh City Tuoi Tre News in Vietnamese Retrieved 2018 03 29 Vietnam s brutal acid attack epidemic VnExpress International Retrieved 2018 03 29 Royal Love Tragedy The Colonist Papers Past National Library of New Zealand 1916 01 07 Watson Cassie 2017 09 13 Acid Attacks in Nineteenth Century Britain Legal History Miscellany Retrieved 2021 01 03 Juliette Terzieff July 13 2004 Pakistan s Acid Attack Victims Press for Justice Women s eNews Archived from the original on 2008 06 12 Retrieved 2008 05 30 Criminal Law Amendment Act 2013 PDF Government of India Archived from the original PDF on 17 April 2013 Retrieved 11 April 2013 India s top court moves to curb acid attacks Al Jazeera English 2013 07 18 Retrieved 2013 09 21 Roland Buerk 28 July 2006 Bangladesh s acid attack problem BBC News Retrieved 2008 06 14 a b c Pakistan Penal Code Act XLV of 1860 www pakistani org Retrieved 2018 12 03 Acid attack punishments assessed in government review BBC News 16 July 2017 Theresa May hints at changing law after horrific acid attacks in London Independent co uk 14 July 2017 Archived from the original on 2017 07 14 Retrieved 15 July 2017 A world of heartbreak and hope in Oscar short docs Washington Examiner Oscar nominated film features pioneering Pakistani surgeon Archived July 15 2015 at the Wayback Machine Pakistan Observer Pakistani nominee has Oscar dream Bbc co uk 29 February 2012 Retrieved 8 November 2017 Images Staff 2019 05 30 Sohai Ali Abro plays an acid attack survivor in drama Surkh Chandni DAWN Retrieved 2019 05 30 V Day Acid Attacks Archived from the original on 2008 07 25 Retrieved 2017 11 08 Further reading EditDasgupta Shamita Das 2008 Acid Attacks In Renzetti Claire M Edleson Jeffrey L eds Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Violence Vol 1 1st ed Thousand Oaks CA SAGE Publications pp 5 6 ISBN 978 1 4129 1800 8 Breaking the Silence Addressing Acid Attacks in Cambodia Archived 2020 11 04 at the Wayback Machine The Cambodian Acid Survivors CharityExternal links EditAcid Survivors Trust International Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Acid attack amp oldid 1147653926, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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