fbpx
Wikipedia

Honor killing

January 14, 2023

"Honour Killing" redirects here. For the film, see Honour Killing (film).

An honor killing (American English), honour killing (Commonwealth English), or shame killing[1] is the murder of an individual, either an outsider or a member of a family, by someone seeking to protect what they see as the dignity and honor of themselves or their family. Honor killings are often connected to religion, caste and other forms of hierarchical social stratification, or to sexuality. Most often, it involves the murder of a woman or girl by male family members, due to the perpetrators' belief that the victim has brought dishonor or shame upon the family name, reputation or prestige.[2][3][4][5] Honor killings are believed to have originated from tribal customs.[6] They are prevalent in various parts of the world, as well as in immigrant communities in countries which do not otherwise have societal norms that encourage honor killings.[7][8] Honor killings are often associated with rural and tribal areas, but they occur in urban areas too.[9][10]

Although condemned by international conventions and human rights organizations, honor killings are often justified and encouraged by various communities. In cases where the victim is an outsider, not murdering this individual would, in some regions, cause family members to be accused of cowardice, a moral defect, and subsequently be morally stigmatized in their community. In cases when the victim is a family member, the murdering evolves from the perpetrators' perception that the victim has brought shame or dishonor upon the entire family, which could lead to social ostracization, by violating the moral norms of a community. Typical reasons include being in a relationship or having associations with social groups outside the family that may lead to social exclusion of a family (stigma-by-association). Examples are having premarital, extramarital or postmarital sex (in case of divorce or widowship), refusing to enter into an arranged marriage, seeking a divorce or separation, engaging in interfaith relations or relations with persons from a different caste, being the victim of a sexual crime, dressing in clothing, jewelry and accessories that are associated with sexual deviance, engaging in a relationship in spite of moral marriage impediments or bans, and homosexuality.[11][12][13][14][15][16][5][17]

Though both men and women commit and are victims of honor killings, in many communities conformity to moral standards implies different behavior for men and women, including stricter standards for chastity for women. In many families, the honor motive is used by men as a pretext to restrict the rights of women.

Honor killings are primarily associated with countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), but are also rooted in other cultures, including India and the Philippines.[18][19]

Definitions

Human Rights Watch defines "honor killings" as follows:

Honor crimes are acts of violence, usually murder, committed by male family members against female family members who are perceived to have brought dishonor upon the family. A woman can be targeted by her family for a variety of reasons including, refusing to enter into an arranged marriage, being the victim of a sexual assault, seeking a divorce—even from an abusive husband—or committing adultery. The mere perception that a woman has acted in a manner to bring "dishonor" to the family is sufficient to trigger an attack.[20]

Men can also be the victims of honor killings, either committed by members of the family of a woman with whom they are perceived to have an inappropriate relationship; or by the members of their own families, the latter often connected to homosexuality.[21][22]

General characteristics

Many honor killings are planned by multiple members of a family, sometimes through a formal "family council". The threat of murder is used as a means to control behavior, especially concerning sexuality and marriage, which may be seen as a duty for some or all family members to uphold. Family members may feel compelled to act to preserve the reputation of the family in the community and avoid stigma or shunning, particularly in tight-knit communities.[23] Perpetrators often do not face negative stigma within their communities, because their behavior is seen as justified.[24]

Extent

Reliable figures of honor killings are hard to obtain, in large part because "honor" is either improperly defined or is defined in ways other than in Article 12 of the UDHR (block-quoted above) without a clear follow-up explanation. As a result, criteria are hardly ever given for objectively determining whether a given case is an instance of honor killing. Because of the lack of both a clear definition of "honor" and coherent criteria, it is often presupposed that more women than men are victims of honor killings, and victim counts often contain women exclusively.[25]

Honor killings occur in many parts of the world, but are most widely reported in the Middle East, South Asia and North Africa.[26][27][28] Historically, honor killings were also common in Southern Europe, “there have been acts of ‘honour’ killings within living memory within Mediterranean countries such as Italy and Greece."[29]

Methods

Methods of murdering include stoning, stabbing, beating, burning, beheading, hanging, throat slashing, lethal acid attacks, shooting, and strangulation.[30] Sometimes, communities perform murders in public to warn other individuals within the community of possible consequences of engaging in what is seen as illicit behavior.[30]

Use of minors as perpetrators

Often, minor girls and boys are selected by the family to act as the murderers, so that the murderer may benefit from the most favorable legal outcome. Boys and sometimes women in the family are often asked to closely control and monitor the behavior of their sisters or other females in the family, to ensure that the females do not do anything to tarnish the 'honor' and 'reputation' of the family. The boys are often asked to carry out the murder, and if they refuse, they may face serious repercussions from the family and community for failing to perform their "duty".[30][31]

Culture

General cultural features

Further information: Namus

The cultural features which lead to honor killings are complex. Honor killings involve violence and fear as a tool for maintaining control. Honor killings are argued to have their origins among nomadic peoples and herdsmen: such populations carry all their valuables with them and risk having them stolen, and they do not have proper recourse to law. As a result, inspiring fear, using aggression, and cultivating a reputation for violent revenge to protect property is preferable to other behaviors. In societies where there is a weak rule of law, people must build fierce reputations.[32]

In many cultures where honor is of a central value, men are sources, or active generators/agents, of that honor, while the only effect that women can have on honor is to destroy it.[32] Once the family's or clan's honor is considered to have been destroyed by a woman, there is a need for immediate revenge to restore it, for the family to avoid losing face in the community. As Amnesty International statement notes:

The regime of honor is unforgiving: women on whom suspicion has fallen are not allowed to defend themselves, and family members have no socially acceptable alternative but to remove the stain on their honor by attacking the woman.[33]

The relation between social views on female sexuality and honor killings are complex. The way through which women in honor-based societies are considered to bring dishonor to men is often through their sexual behavior. Indeed, violence related to female sexual expression has been documented since Ancient Rome, when the pater familias had the right to kill an unmarried sexually active daughter or an adulterous wife. In medieval Europe, early Jewish law mandated stoning for an adulterous wife and her partner.[32]

Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, an anthropology professor at Rhode Island College, writes that an act, or even alleged act, of any female sexual misconduct, upsets the moral order of the culture, and bloodshed is the only way to remove any shame brought by the actions and restore social equilibrium.[34] However, the relation between honor and female sexuality is a complicated one, and some authors argue that it is not women's sexuality per se that is the 'problem', but rather women's self-determination in regard to it, as well as fertility. Sharif Kanaana, professor of anthropology at Birzeit University, says that honor killing is:

A complicated issue that cuts deep into the history of Islamic society. .. What the men of the family, clan, or tribe seek control of in a patrilineal society is reproductive power. Women for the tribe were considered a factory for making men. Honor killing is not a means to control sexual power or behavior. What's behind it is the issue of fertility or reproductive power.[35]

In some cultures, honor killings are considered less serious than other murders simply because they arise from long-standing cultural traditions and are thus deemed appropriate or justifiable.[34] Additionally, according to a poll done by the BBC's Asian network, 1 in 10 of the 500 young South Asians surveyed said they would condone any murder of someone who threatened their family's honor.[36]

Nighat Taufeeq of the women's resource center Shirkatgah in Lahore, Pakistan says: "It is an unholy alliance that works against women: the killers take pride in what they have done, the tribal leaders condone the act and protect the killers and the police connive the cover-up."[37] The lawyer and human rights activist Hina Jilani says, "The right to life of women in Pakistan is conditional on their obeying social norms and traditions."[38]

A July 2008 Turkish study by a team from Dicle University on honor killings in the Southeastern Anatolia Region, the predominantly Kurdish area of Turkey, has so far shown that little if any social stigma is attached to honor killing. It also comments that the practice is not related to a feudal societal structure, "there are also perpetrators who are well-educated university graduates. Of all those surveyed, 60 percent are either high school or university graduates or at the very least, literate."[39][40]

In contemporary times, the changing cultural and economic status of women has also been used to explain the occurrences of honor killings. Women in largely patriarchal cultures who have gained economic independence from their families go against their male-dominated culture. Some researchers argue that the shift towards greater responsibility for women and less for their fathers may cause their male family members to act in oppressive and sometimes violent manners to regain authority.[41]

Fareena Alam, editor of a Muslim magazine, writes that honor killings which arise in Western cultures such as Britain are a tactic for immigrant families to cope with the alienating consequences of urbanization. Alam argues that immigrants remain close to the home culture and their relatives because it provides a safety net. She writes that

In villages "back home", a man's sphere of control was broader, with a large support system. In our cities full of strangers, there is virtually no control over who one's family members sit, talk or work with.

Alam argues that it is thus the attempt to regain control and the feelings of alienation that ultimately leads to an honor killing.[42]

Specific triggers of honor killings

Refusal of an arranged or forced marriage

Main article: Forced marriage

Refusal of an arranged marriage or forced marriage is often a cause of an honor killing. The family that has prearranged the marriage risks disgrace if the marriage does not proceed,[43][44][45] and the betrothed is indulged in a relationship with another individual without prior knowledge of the family members.

Seeking a divorce

A woman attempting to obtain a divorce or separation without the consent of the husband/extended family can also be a trigger for honor killings. In cultures where marriages are arranged and goods are often exchanged between families, a woman's desire to seek a divorce is often viewed as an insult to the men who negotiated the deal.[46] By making their marital problems known outside the family, the women are seen as exposing the family to public dishonor.[23]

Allegations and rumors about a family member

In certain cultures, an allegation against a woman can be enough to tarnish her family's reputation, and to trigger an honor killing: the family's fear of being ostracized by the community is enormous.[47][48][49]

Victims of rape

Main article: Victim blaming

In many cultures, victims of rape face severe violence, including honor killings, from their families and relatives. In many parts of the world, women who have been raped are considered to have brought 'dishonor' or 'disgrace' to their families.[50] This is especially the case if the victim becomes pregnant.[51]

Central to the code of honor, in many societies, is a woman's virginity, which must be preserved until marriage.[52] Suzanne Ruggi writes, "A woman's virginity is the property of the men around her, first her father, later a gift for her husband; a virtual dowry as she graduates to marriage."[53]

Homosexuality

Further information: Violence against LGBT people

There is evidence that homosexuality can also be perceived as grounds for honor killing by relatives. It is not only same-sex sexual acts that trigger violence—behaviors that are regarded as inappropriate gender expression (e.g. male acting or dressing in a "feminine way") can also raise suspicion and lead to honor violence.[31]

In one case, a gay Jordanian man was shot and wounded by his brother.[54] In another case, in 2008, a homosexual Turkish-Kurdish student, Ahmet Yildiz, was shot outside a cafe and later died in the hospital. Sociologists have called this Turkey's first publicized gay honor killing.[55][56][57][58][59] In 2012, a 17-year-old gay youth was murdered by his father in Turkey in the southeastern province of Diyarbakır.[60][61]

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees states that "claims made by LGBT persons often reveal exposure to physical and sexual violence, extended periods of detention, medical abuse, the threat of execution and honor killing."[62]

A 2019 study found that antigay "honor" abuse found more support in four surveyed Asian countries (India, Iran, Malaysia, and Pakistan) and among Asian British people than in a White British sample. The study also found that women and younger people were less likely to support such "honor" abuse. Muslims and Hindus were substantially more likely to approve of "honor" abuse than Christians or Buddhists, who scored lowest of the examined religious groups.[63]

Forbidden male partners

In many honor-based cultures, a woman maintains her honor through her modesty. If a man disrupts a woman's modesty, through dating her, having sex with her (especially if her virginity was lost), the man has dishonored the woman, even if the relationship is consensual. Thus to restore the woman's lost honor, the male members of her family will often beat and murder the offender. Sometimes, violence extends to the offender's family members, since honor feud attacks are seen as family conflicts.[64]

Interfaith and outside the caste relations

Further information: Interfaith marriage and Caste

Some cultures have very strong caste social systems, based on social stratification characterized by endogamy, hereditary transmission of a style of life which often includes an occupation, ritual status in a hierarchy, customary social interaction, and exclusion based on cultural notions of purity and pollution. The caste system in India is such an example. In such cultures, it is often expected that one marries and forms closed associations only within one's caste, and avoids lower castes. When these rules are violated, including relations with people of a different religion, this can result in violence, including honor killings.[65][17][66][67][68]

Socializing outside the home

Further information: Purdah

In some cultures, women are expected to have a primarily domestic role. Such ideas are often based on practices like purdah. Purdah is a religious and social practice of female seclusion prevalent among some Muslim and Hindu communities; it often requires having women stay indoors, the avoiding of socialization between men and women, and full body covering of women, including burqa. When these rules are violated, including by dressing in a way deemed inappropriate or displaying behavior seen as disobedient, the family may respond with violence up to honor killings.[69][70][71]

Renouncing or changing religion

Further information: Apostasy, Blasphemy, and Heresy

Violating religious dogma, such as changing or renouncing religion can trigger honor killings.[72][73][74][75] Such ideas are supported by laws in some countries: blasphemy is punishable by death in Afghanistan, Iran, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Somalia; and punishable by prison in many other countries.[76] Apostasy is also illegal in 25 countries,[77] in some punishable with the death penalty.[78]

Causes

There are multiple causes for which honor killings occur, and numerous factors interact with each other.

Views on women

Honor killings are often a result of strongly misogynistic views towards women and the position of women in society. In these traditionally male-dominated societies, women are dependent first on their father and then on their husbands, whom they are expected to obey. Women are viewed as property and not as individuals with their own agency. As such, they must submit to male authority figures in the family—failure to do so can result in extreme violence as punishment. Violence is seen as a way of ensuring compliance and preventing rebellion.[79][80] According to Shahid Khan, a professor at the Aga Khan University in Pakistan: "Women are considered the property of the males in their family irrespective of their class, ethnic, or religious group. The owner of the property has the right to decide its fate. The concept of ownership has turned women into a commodity which can be exchanged, bought and sold".[81] In such cultures, women are not allowed to take control over their bodies and sexuality: these are the property of the males of the family, the father (and other male relatives) who must ensure virginity until marriage; and then the husband to whom his wife's sexuality is subordinated—a woman must not undermine the ownership rights of her guardian by engaging in premarital sex or adultery.[31]

Cultures of honor and shame

The concept of family honor is extremely important in many communities worldwide. The UN estimates that 5,000 women and girls are murdered each year in honor killings, which are widely reported in the Middle East and South Asia, but they occur in countries as varied as Brazil, Canada, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Egypt, Sweden, Syria, Uganda, United Kingdom, the United States, and other countries.[82][83] In honor cultures, managing reputation is an important social ethic. Men are expected to act tough and be intolerant of disrespect and women are expected to be loyal to the family and be chaste.[84] An insult to your personal or family honor must be met with a response, or the stain of dishonor can affect many others in the family and the wider community. Such acts often include female behaviors that are related to sex outside marriage or way of dressing, but may also include male homosexuality (like the emo killings in Iraq). The family may lose respect in the community and may be shunned by relatives. The only way they perceive that shame can be erased is through an honor killing.[79][80] The cultures in which honor killings take place are usually considered "collectivist cultures", where the family is more important than the individual, and individual autonomy is seen as a threat to the family and its honor.[85]

Though it may seem in a modern context that honor killings are tied to certain religious traditions, the data does not support this claim.[86][84] Research in Jordan found that teenagers who strongly endorsed honor killings in fact did not come from more religious households than teens who rejected it.[84] The ideology of honor is a cultural phenomenon that does not appear to be related to religion, be it Middle Eastern or Western countries, and honor killings likely have a long history in human societies which predate many modern religions.[87] In the US, a rural trend known as the "small-town effect" exhibit elevated incidents of argument-related homicides among white males, particularly in honor-oriented states in the South and the West, where everyone "knows your name and knows your shame." This is similarly observed in rural areas in other parts of the world.[84]

Honor cultures pervade in places of economic vulnerability and with the absence of the rule of law, where law enforcement cannot be counted on to protect them.[87] People then resort to their reputations to protect them from social exploitation and a man must "stand up for himself" and not rely on others to do so.[87] To lose your honor is to lose this protective barrier. Possessing honor in such a society can grant social status and economic and social opportunities. When honor is ruined, a person or family in an honor culture can be socially ostracized, face restricted economic opportunities, and have a difficult time finding a mate.[84][87]

Laws and European colonialism

 
Imperial powers in 1898

Legal frameworks can encourage honor killings. Such laws include on one side leniency towards such murdering, and on the other side criminalization of various behaviors, such as extramarital sex, "indecent" dressing in public places, or homosexual sexual acts, with these laws acting as a way of reassuring perpetrators of honor killings that people engaging in these behaviors deserve punishment.[88][89]

In the Roman Empire the Roman law Lex Julia de adulteriis coercendis implemented by Augustus Caesar permitted the murder of daughters and their lovers who committed adultery at the hands of their fathers and also permitted the murder of the adulterous wife's lover at the hand of her husband.[90]

Provocation in English law and related laws on adultery in English law, as well as Article 324 of the French penal code of 1810 were legal concepts which allowed for reduced punishment for the murder committed by a husband against his wife and her lover if the husband had caught them in the act of adultery.[91] On 7 November 1975, Law no. 617/75 Article 17 repealed the 1810 French Penal Code Article 324. The 1810 penal code Article 324 passed by Napoleon was copied by Middle Eastern Arab countries. It inspired Jordan's Article 340 which permitted the murder of a wife and her lover if caught in the act at the hands of her husband (today the article provides for mitigating circumstances).[92] France's 1810 Penal Code Article 324 also inspired the 1858 Ottoman Penal Code's Article 188, both the French Article 324 and Ottoman article 188 were drawn on to create Jordan's Article 340 which was retained even after a 1944 revision of Jordan's laws which did not touch public conduct and family law;[93][94][95] article 340 still applies to this day in a modified form.[92] France's Mandate over Lebanon resulted in its penal code being imposed there in 1943–1944, with the French-inspired Lebanese law for adultery allowing the mere accusation of adultery against women resulting in a maximum punishment of two years in prison while men have to be caught in the act and not merely accused, and are punished with only one year in prison.

France's Article 324 inspired laws in other Arab countries such as:

  • Algeria's 1991 Penal Code Article 279
  • Egypt's 1937 Penal Code no. 58 Article 237
  • Iraq's 1966 Penal Code Article 409
  • Jordan's 1960 Penal Code no. 16 Article 340
  • Kuwait's Penal Code Article 153
  • Lebanon's Penal Code Articles 193, 252, 253 and 562
    • These were amended in 1983, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1999 and were eventually repealed by the Lebanese Parliament on 4 August 2011
  • Libya's Penal Code Article 375
  • Morocco's 1963 amended Penal Code Article 418
  • Oman's Penal Code Article 252
  • Palestine, which had two codes: Jordan's 1960 Penal Code 1960 in the West Bank and British Mandate Criminal Code Article 18 in the Gaza Strip
    • These were respectively repealed by Article 1 and Article 2 and both by Article 3 of the 2011 Law no. 71 which was signed on 5 May 2011 by president Mahmoud Abbas into the 10 October 2011 Official Gazette no. 91 applying in the Criminal Code of Palestine's Northern Governorates and Southern Governorates
  • Syria's 1953 amended 1949 Penal Code Article 548
  • Tunisia's 1991 Penal Code Article 207 (which was repealed)
  • United Arab Emirate's law no.3/1978 Article 334
  • Yemen's law no. 12/1994 Article 232

In Pakistan, the law was based upon on the 1860 Indian Penal Code (IPC) implemented by the colonial authorities in British India, which allowed for mitigation of punishment for charges of assault or criminal force in the case of a "grave and sudden provocation". This clause was used to justify the legal status of honor killing in Pakistan, although the IPC makes no mention of it.[96] In 1990, the Pakistani government reformed this law to bring it in terms with the Shari'a, and the Pakistani Federal Shariat Court declared that "according to the teachings of Islam, provocation, no matter how grave and sudden it is, does not lessen the intensity of crime of murder". However, Pakistani judges still sometimes hand down lenient sentences for honor killings, justified by still citing the IPC's mention of a "grave and sudden provocation."[97][98]

Forced suicide as a substitute

Main article: Forced suicide

A forced suicide may be a substitute for an honor killing. In this case, the family members do not directly murder the victim themselves, but force him or her to commit suicide, in order to avoid punishment. Such suicides are reported to be common in southeastern Turkey.[99][100] It was reported that in 2001, 565 women lost their lives in honor-related crimes in Ilam, Iran, of which 375 were reportedly staged as self-immolation.[101][102] In 2008, self-immolation "occurred in all the areas of Kurdish settlement (in Iran), where it was more common than in other parts of Iran".[101] It is claimed that in Iraqi Kurdistan many deaths are reported as "female suicides" in order to conceal honor-related crimes.[103]

Restoring honor through a forced marriage

Main article: Forced marriage

In the case of an unmarried woman or girl associating herself with a man, losing virginity, or being raped, the family may attempt to restore its 'honor' with a 'shotgun wedding'. The groom will usually be the man who has 'dishonored' the woman or girl, but if this is not possible the family may try to arrange a marriage with another man, often a man who is part of the extended family of the one who has committed the acts with the woman or girl. This being an alternative to an honor killing, the woman or girl has no choice but to accept the marriage. The family of the man is expected to cooperate and provide a groom for the woman.[32][104][105]

Religion

Widney Brown, the advocacy director of Human Rights Watch, said that the practice "goes across cultures and religions".[46]

Resolution 1327 (2003) of the Council of Europe states that:[106]

The Assembly notes that whilst so-called "honor crimes" emanate from cultural and not religious roots and are perpetrated worldwide (mainly in patriarchal societies or communities), the majority of reported cases in Europe have been among Muslim or migrant Muslim communities (although Islam itself does not support the death penalty for honor-related misconduct).

Many Muslim commentators and organizations condemn honor killings as an un-Islamic cultural practice.[107] There is no mention of honor killing (extrajudicial killing by a woman's family) in the Qur'an,[108] and the practice violates Islamic law.[108][109] Tahira Shaid Khan, a professor of women's issues at Aga Khan University, blames such murdering on attitudes (across different classes, ethnic, and religious groups) that view women as property with no rights of their own as the motivation for honor killings.[46] Ali Gomaa, Egypt's former Grand Mufti, has also spoken out forcefully against honor killings.[107]

As a more generic statement reflecting the wider Islamic scholarly trend, Jonathan A. C. Brown says that "questions about honor killings have regularly found their way into the inboxes of muftis like Yusuf Qaradawi or the late scholar Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah. Their responses reflect a rare consensus. No Muslim scholar of any note, either medieval or modern, has sanctioned a man killing his wife or sister for tarnishing her or the family's honor. If a woman or man found together were to deserve the death penalty for fornication, this would have to be established by the evidence required by the Koran: either a confession or the testimony of four male witnesses, all upstanding in the eyes of the court, who actually saw penetration occur."[110]

Further, while honor killings are common in Muslim countries like Pakistan and the Arab nation, it is a practically unknown practice in other Muslim countries, such as Indonesia, Bangladesh, and Senegal. This fact supports the idea that honor killings are to do with culture rather than religion.[111][112]

The late Yemeni Muslim scholar Muḥammad Shawkānī wrote that one reason the Shari'a stipulates execution as a potential punishment for men who murder women is to counter honor killings for alleged slights of honor. He wrote, "There is no doubt that laxity on this matter is one of the greatest means leading to women's lives being destroyed, especially in the Bedouin regions, which are characterized by harsh-hardheartedness and a strong sense of honor and shame stemming from Pre-Islamic times".[113][86]

In history

Matthew A. Goldstein, J.D. (Arizona), has noted that honor killings were encouraged in ancient Rome, where male family members who did not take action against the female adulterers in their families were "actively persecuted".[114]

The origin of honor killings and the control of women is evidenced throughout history in the cultures and traditions of many regions. The Roman law of pater familias gave complete control to the men of the family over both their children and wives. Under these laws, the lives of children and wives were at the discretion of the men in their families. Ancient Roman Law also justified honor killings by stating that women who were found guilty of adultery could be killed by their husbands. During the Qing dynasty in China, fathers and husbands had the right to kill daughters who were deemed to have dishonored the family.[115]

Among the Indigenous Aztecs and Incas, adultery was punishable by death.[114] During John Calvin's rule of Geneva, women found guilty of adultery were punished by being drowned in the Rhône river.[115]

Honor killings have a long tradition in Mediterranean Europe.[115][116][117] According to the Honour Related Violence – European Resource Book and Good Practice (page 234): "Honor in the Mediterranean world is a code of conduct, a way of life and an ideal of the social order, which defines the lives, the customs and the values of many of the peoples in the Mediterranean moral".[118]

By region

Main article: Honor killings by region

According to the UN in 2002:

The report of the Special Rapporteur... concerning cultural practices in the family that are violent towards women (E/CN.4/2002/83), indicated that honor killings had been reported in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon (the Lebanese Parliament abolished the Honor killing in August 2011), Morocco, Pakistan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, Yemen, and other Mediterranean and Persian Gulf countries, and that they had also taken place in western countries such as France, Germany and the United Kingdom, within migrant communities.[119][120]

In addition, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights gathered reports from several countries and considering only the countries that submitted reports it was shown that honor killings have occurred in Bangladesh, Great Britain, Brazil, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Pakistan, Morocco, Sweden, Turkey, and Uganda.[46][121]

According to Widney Brown, advocacy director for Human Rights Watch, the practice of honor killing "goes across cultures and religions."[46]

International response

 
The Istanbul Convention, the first legally binding international instrument on violence against women, prohibits honor killings. Countries listed in green on the map are members to this convention, and, as such, have the obligation to outlaw honor killings.

Honor killings are condemned as a serious human rights violation and are addressed by several international instruments.

Honor killings are opposed by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 55/66 (adopted in 2000) and subsequent resolutions, which have generated various reports.[122]

The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence addresses this issue. Article 42 reads:[123]

Article 42 – Unacceptable justifications for crimes, including crimes committed in the name of so-called honor

1. Parties shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to ensure that, in criminal proceedings initiated following the commission of any of the acts of violence covered by the scope of this Convention, culture, custom, religion, tradition, or so-called honor shall not be regarded as justification for such acts. This covers, in particular, claims that the victim has transgressed cultural, religious, social, or traditional norms or customs of appropriate behavior.

2. Parties shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to ensure that incitement by any person of a child to commit any of the acts referred to in paragraph 1 shall not diminish the criminal liability of that person for the acts committed.

The World Health Organization (WHO) addressed the issue of honor killings and stated: "Murders of women to 'save the family honor' are among the most tragic consequences and explicit illustrations of embedded, culturally accepted discrimination against women and girls."[124] According to the UNODC: "Honour crimes, including killing, are one of history's oldest forms of gender-based violence. It assumes that a woman's behavior casts a reflection on the family and the community. ... In some communities, a father, brother, or cousin will publicly take pride in a murder committed to preserving the 'honor' of a family. In some such cases, local justice officials may side with the family and take no formal action to prevent similar deaths."[125]

In national legal codes

Legislation on this issue varies, but today the vast majority of countries no longer allow a husband to legally murder a wife for adultery (although adultery itself continues to be punishable by death in some countries) or to commit other forms of honor killings. However, in many places, adultery and other "immoral" sexual behaviors by female family members can be considered mitigating circumstances in the case when they are murdered, leading to significantly shorter sentences.

Contemporary laws which allow for mitigating circumstances or acquittals for men who murder female family members to due sexual behaviors are, for the most part, inspired by the French Napoleonic Code (France's crime of passion law, which remained in force until 1975).[126] The Middle East, including the Arab countries of North Africa, Iran and non-Arab minorities within Arabic countries, have high recorded level of honor crimes, and these regions are the most likely to have laws offering complete or partial defenses to honor killings. However, with the exception of Iran, laws which provide leniency for honor killings are not derived from Islamic law, but from the penal codes of the Napoleonic Empire.[127] French culture shows a higher level of toleration of such crimes among the public, compared to other Western countries; and indeed, recent surveys have shown the French public to be more accepting of these practices than the public in other countries. One 2008 Gallup survey compared the views of the French, German and British public and those of French, German and British Muslims on several social issues: 4% of the French public said "honor killings" were "morally acceptable" and 8% of the French public said "crimes of passion" were "morally acceptable"; honor killings were seen as acceptable by 1% of German public and also 1% of the British public; crimes of passion were seen as acceptable by 1% of German public and 2% of the British public. Among Muslims, 5% in Paris, 3% in Berlin, and 3% in London saw honor killings as acceptable, and 4% in Paris (less than the French public), 1% in Berlin, and 3% in London saw crimes of passion as acceptable.[128]

According to the report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur submitted to the 58th session of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in 2002 concerning cultural practices in the family that reflect violence against women (E/CN.4/2002/83):

The Special Rapporteur indicated that there had been contradictory decisions with regard to the honor defense in Brazil, and that legislative provisions allowing for partial or complete defence in that context could be found in the penal codes of Argentina, Ecuador, Egypt, Guatemala, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Peru, Syria, Venezuela and the Palestinian National Authority.[119]

As of 2022, most countries with complete or partial defenses for killings due to sexual behaviors or parental disobedience are MENA countries, but there are some notable exceptions, namely Philippines. The legal aspects of honor killings in different countries are discussed below:

  • Yemen: laws effectively exonerate fathers who murder their children;[129] also the blood money paid for females that are murdered is less than that for males that are murdered.[130]
  • Iran: Article 630 exempts a husband from punishment if he murders his wife or her lover upon discovering them in the act of adultery; article 301 stipulates that a father and paternal grandfather are not to be retaliated against for murdering their child/grandchild.[131]
  • Jordan: In recent years, Jordan has amended its Code to modify its laws which used to offer a complete defense for honor killings.[132]
  • Syria: In 2009, Article 548 of the Syrian Law code was amended. Beforehand, the article waived any punishment for males who murdered a female family member for inappropriate sexual acts.[133] Article 548 states that "He who catches his wife or one of his ascendants, descendants or sister committing adultery (flagrante delicto) or illegitimate sexual acts with another and he killed or injured one or both of them benefits from a reduced penalty, that should not be less than two years in prison in case of killing." Article 192 states that a judge may opt for reduced punishments (such as short-term imprisonment) if the killing was done with an honorable intent. In addition to this, Article 242 says that a judge may reduce a sentence for murders that were done in rage and caused by an illegal act committed by the victim.[133]
  • In Brazil, an explicit defense to murder in case of adultery has never been part of the criminal code, but a defense of "honor" (not part of the criminal code) has been widely used by lawyers in such cases to obtain acquittals. Although this defense has been generally rejected in modern parts of the country (such as big cities) since the 1950s, it has been very successful in the interior of the country. In 1991 Brazil's Supreme Court explicitly rejected the "honor" defense as having no basis in Brazilian law.[134]
  • Turkey: In Turkey, persons found guilty of this crime are sentenced to life in prison.[135] There are well documented cases, where Turkish courts have sentenced whole families to life imprisonment for an honor killing. The most recent was on 13 January 2009, where a Turkish Court sentenced five members of the same Kurdish family to life imprisonment for the honor killing of Naile Erdas, 16, who got pregnant as a result of rape.[136]
  • Pakistan: Honor killings are known as karo kari (Sindhi: ڪارو ڪاري) (Urdu: کاروکاری). The practice is supposed to be prosecuted under the ordinary killing, but in practice police and prosecutors often ignore it.[137] Often a man must simply claim the murdering was for his honor and he will go free. Nilofar Bakhtiar, advisor to Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, stated that in 2003, as many as 1,261 women were murdered in honor killings.[138] The Hudood Ordinances of Pakistan, enacted in 1979 by then ruler General Zia-ul-Haq. The law had the effect of reducing the legal protections for women, especially regarding sex outside of the marriage. This law made it that much riskier for women to come forward with accusations of rape. In 2006, the Women's Protection Bill amended these Hudood Ordinances.[139] On 8 December 2004, under international and domestic pressure, Pakistan enacted a new law that made honor killings punishable by a prison term of seven years, or by the death penalty in the most extreme cases.[140] In 2016, Pakistan repealed the loophole which allowed the perpetrators of honor killings to avoid punishment by seeking forgiveness for the crime from another family member, and thus be legally pardoned.[141]
  • Egypt: Several studies on honor crimes by The Centre of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law, at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, includes one which reports on Egypt's legal system, noting a gender bias in favor of men in general, and notably article 17 of the Penal Code: judicial discretion to allow reduced punishment in certain circumstance, often used in honor killings case.[142]
  • Haiti: In 2005, the laws were changed, abolishing the right of a husband to be excused for murdering his wife due to adultery. Adultery was also decriminalized.[143][144]
  • Uruguay: until December 2017,[145] article 36 of the Penal Code provided for the exoneration for murder of a spouse due to "the passion provoked by adultery".[146] The case of violence against women in Uruguay has been debated in the context that it is otherwise a liberal country;[147] nevertheless domestic violence is a very serious problem; according to a 2018 United Nations study, Uruguay has the second-highest rate of killings of women by current or former partners in Latin America, after Dominican Republic.[148] Despite having a reputation of being a progressive country, Uruguay has lagged behind with regard to its approach to domestic violence;[149] for example, in Chile, considered one of the most socially conservative countries of the region, similar legislation permitting such honor killings was repealed in 1953.[150]
  • Philippines: murdering one's spouse upon being caught in the act of adultery or one's daughter upon being caught in the act of premarital sex is punished by destierro (Art. 247[151])(destierro is banishment from a geographical area for a period of time). Philippine maintains several other traditionalist laws: it is the only country in the world (except Vatican City) that bans divorce; it is one of 20 countries that still has a marry-your-rapist law (that is, a law that exonerates a rapist from punishment if he marries the victim after the attack);[152][153] and Philippine is also one of the few non-Muslim majority countries to have a criminal law against adultery (Philippine's adultery law also differentiates by gender defining and punishing adultery more severely if committed by women - see articles Articles 333 and 334)[151]

Support and sanction

Actions of Pakistani police officers and judges (particularly at the lower level of the judiciary[154]) have, in the past, seemed to support the act of honor killings in the name of family honor. Police enforcement, in situations of admitted murder, does not always take action against the perpetrator. Also, judges in Pakistan (particularly at the lower level of the judiciary[154]), rather than ruling cases with gender equality in mind, also seem to reinforce inequality and in some cases sanction the murder of women considered dishonorable.[154] Often, a suspected honor killing never even reaches court, but in cases where they do, the alleged killer is often not charged or is given a reduced sentence of three to four years in jail. In a case study of 150 honor killings, the proceeding judges rejected only eight claims that the women were murdered for the honor. The rest were sentenced lightly.[155] In many cases in Pakistan, one of the reasons honor killing cases never make it to the courts, is because, according to some lawyers and women's right activists, Pakistani law enforcement do not get involved. Under the encouragement of the killer, police often declare the killing as a domestic case that warrants no involvement. In other cases, the women and victims are too afraid to speak up or press charges. Police officials, however, claim that these cases are never brought to them, or are not major enough to be pursued on a large scale.[156] The general indifference to the issue of honor killing within Pakistan is due to a deep-rooted gender bias in law, the police force, and the judiciary. In its report, "Pakistan: Honor Killings of Girls and Women",[157] published in September 1999, Amnesty International criticized governmental indifference and called for state responsibility in protecting human rights of female victims. To elaborate, Amnesty strongly requested the Government of Pakistan to take 1) legal, 2) preventive, and 3) protective measures. First of all, legal measures refer to a modification of the government's criminal laws to guarantee equal legal protection of females. On top of that, Amnesty insisted the government assure legal access for the victims of crime in the name of honor. When it comes to preventive measures, Amnesty underlined the critical need to promote public awareness through the means of media, education, and public announcements. Finally, protective measures include ensuring a safe environment for activists, lawyers, and women's groups to facilitate the eradication of honor killings. Also, Amnesty argued for the expansion of victim support services such as shelters.

Kremlin-appointed Chechen president Ramzan Kadyrov said that honor killings were perpetrated on those who deserved to die. He said that those who are killed have "loose morals" and are rightfully shot by relatives in honor killings. He did not vilify women alone but added that "If a woman runs around and if a man runs around with her, both of them are killed."[158][159]

In 2007, a famous Norwegian Supreme Court advocate stated that he wanted the punishment for the killing reduced from 17 years in prison to 15 years in the case of honor killings practiced in Norway. He explained that the Norwegian public did not understand other cultures who practiced honor killings, or understand their thinking, and that Norwegian culture "is self-righteous".[160]

In 2008, Israr Ullah Zehri, a Pakistani politician in Balochistan, defended the honor killings of five women belonging to the Umrani tribe by a relative of a local Umrani politician.[161] Zehri defended the murdering in Parliament and asked his fellow legislators not to make a fuss about the incident. He said, "These are centuries-old traditions, and I will continue to defend them. Only those who indulge in immoral acts should be afraid."[162][163]

Nilofar Bakhtiar, Minister for Tourism and Advisor to Pakistan Prime Minister on Women's Affairs, who had struggled against the honor killing in Pakistan, resigned in April 2007 after the clerics accused her of bringing shame to Pakistan by para-jumping with a male and hugging him after landing.[164]

Victims

This is an incomplete list of notable victims of Honor killing. See also Category:Victims of honor killing

Comparison to other forms of murdering

Honor killings are, along with dowry killings (most of which are committed in South Asia), gang-related murderings of women as revenge (killings of female members of rival gang members' families—most of which are committed in Latin America) and witchcraft accusation killings (most of which are committed in Africa and Oceania) are some of the most recognized forms of femicide.[30][124]

Human rights advocates have compared "honor killings" to "crimes of passion" in Latin America (which are sometimes treated extremely leniently) and the murdering of women for lack of dowry in India.[46]

Some commentators have stressed the point that the focus on honor killings should not lead people to ignore other forms of gender-based murdering of women, in particular, those which occur in Latin America ("crimes of passion" and gang-related killings); the murder rate of women in this region is extremely high, with El Salvador being reported as the country with the highest rate of murders of women in the world.[167] In 2002, Widney Brown, advocacy director for Human Rights Watch, stated that "crimes of passion have a similar dynamic in that the women are murdered by male family members and the crimes are perceived as excusable or understandable".[46]

See also

References

  1. ^ "SECRETARY-GENERAL, IN ADDRESS TO "WOMEN 2000" SPECIAL SESSION, SAYS FUTURE OF PLANET DEPENDS UPON WOMEN". United Nations. from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  2. ^ "Honor killing | sociology". from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  3. ^ "Honor killing Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster". from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  4. ^ Oberwittler, Dietrich; Kasselt, Julia (2014). "Honor Killings". In Gartner, Rosemary; McCarthy, Bill (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Gender, Sex, and Crime. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838707.013.0033. ISBN 978-0-19-983870-7.
  5. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ "BBC - Ethics - Honour crimes". from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  7. ^ "'Honour-based' offences soared by 81% in last five years". the Guardian. 31 October 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  8. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  9. ^ "'Honour killings increasing in urban areas'". 22 December 2016. from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  10. ^ "Urban honour killings: Backlash against change - Times of India". The Times of India. from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  11. ^ "Ethics: Honour Crimes". BBC. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  12. ^ "Honor killing: Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". merriam-webster.com. 31 August 2012. from the original on 22 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  13. ^ "Honor killing definition". dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  14. ^ "Shocking gay honor killing inspires movie". CNN. from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  15. ^ "Iraqi immigrant convicted in Arizona 'honor killing' awaits sentence". CNN. 23 February 2011. from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  16. ^ "Why do families kill their daughters?". BBC News. 29 May 2014. from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  17. ^ a b Team, Delhi City (12 February 2018). "Love in the time of honour killings". The Hindu. from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  18. ^ "India 'honour killings': Paying the price for falling in love". BBC News. 20 September 2013.
  19. ^ De Guzman, Joseph; Jamias, Janica Keiths (January 2016). The daughter clause: A study of Article 247 of the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines (Bachelor's thesis). De La Salle University.
  20. ^ "Violence Against Women and "Honor" Crimes". Human Rights Watch. from the original on 28 October 2004. Retrieved 6 April 2001.
  21. ^ Razzall, Katie; Khan, Yasminara (11 April 2017). "Male 'honour' cases 'underreported'". from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  22. ^ Afghan couple stoned to death – Central & South Asia 4 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Al Jazeera English (16 August 2010). Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  23. ^ a b "FAQ". Hbv-awareness.com. from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  24. ^ "Introduction – Preliminary Examination of so-called Honour Killings in Canada". Justice.gc.ca. 24 September 2013. from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  25. ^ Malik, I.H. (2005). Culture and Customs of Pakistan. Greenwood Press, Westport; Çakır, R., Yavuz, M. F., and Demircan, T. (2004). Türkiye'de, Namus Saikiyle İşlenen Adam Öldürme Suçlarının Değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of Honor Related Homicides in Turkey] Adli Tıp Dergisi [Journal of Forensic Medicine], 18(3-4):27–33. Öztürk,M.and Demirdağ, M.A. (2013). Namusunu Kanla Temizleyenler: Mardin Cezaevi'nde Namus Davası Nedeniyle Yatan Mahkûmlar Üzerine bir Araştırma [The Ones Who Restored Their Honour With Blood: A Sociological Research On Prisoners Convicted for Honour Related Issues in the Mardin Jailhouse]. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları, 7(30):117–135. See also Ermers, R., 2018. Honor Related Violence. A New Social Psychological Perspective, Routledge, p. 196-197.
  26. ^ "The Horror of 'Honor Killings', Even in US". 10 April 2012. from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  27. ^ "'Honor killings': 5 things to know". from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  28. ^ "Honor killings – UAB Institute for Human Rights Blog". from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  29. ^ "Honour Killings By Region". from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  30. ^ a b c d "Femicide: A Global Issue that demands Action" (PDF). Genevadeclaration.org. Academic Council on the United Nations System. p. 60. (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  31. ^ a b c (PDF). Humanrights.ch. Kvinnoforum. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  32. ^ a b c d "Historical Context – Origins of Honour Killing / Honour Killing – Worldwide / Honour Killing – In Countries with Islamic Law – Preliminary Examination of so-called Honour Killings in Canada". Justice.gc.ca. 24 September 2013. from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  33. ^ . Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2001.
  34. ^ a b Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  35. ^ Suzanne Ruggi (8 June 1998). "Commodifying Honor in Female Sexuality: Honor Killings in Palestine". Middle East Research and Information Project. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
  36. ^ "One in 10 'backs honor killings'". BBC News. from the original on 30 November 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2001.
  37. ^ Culture of Discrimination: A Fact Sheet on "Honor" Killings 19 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Amnesty International. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  38. ^ . Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2008.
  39. ^ Murat Gezer. . Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
  40. ^ AYSAN SEV'ER. "Feminist Analysis of Honor Killings in Rural Turkey" (PDF). University of Toronto. Retrieved 2 January 2015.[permanent dead link]
  41. ^ Hilal Onur Ince, Aysun Yarali and Dogancan Ozsel (2009). "Customary Killings in Turkey and Turkish Modernization". Middle Eastern Studies. 45 (4): 537–551. doi:10.1080/00263200903009593. S2CID 144871658.
  42. ^ Fareena Alam (6 July 2004). "Take the Honor Out of Killing". The Guardian. London. from the original on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  43. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  44. ^ "Ethics: Honour crimes". BBC. 1 January 1970. from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  45. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  46. ^ a b c d e f g Mayell, Hillary (12 February 2002). "Thousands of Women Killed for Family "Honor"". National Geographic News. National Geographic Society. from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2019. Pdf via unl.edu 13 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ "Ethics: Honour crimes". BBC. 1 January 1970. from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  48. ^ Bhaskar Dasgupta (21 February 2004). "No Honour in Honour Killings". countercurrents.org. from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  49. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  50. ^ "Ethics – Honour crimes". BBC. 1 January 1970. from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  51. ^ Harter, Pascale (14 June 2011). "Libya rape victims 'face honour killings'". BBC. from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  52. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  53. ^ . Dafka. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  54. ^ Marina Jimenez. . The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2004.
  55. ^ Bilefsky, Dan (25 November 2009). "Soul-Searching in Turkey After a Gay Man Is Killed". The New York Times. from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  56. ^ Yücel, Deniz (7 September 2009). "Ehrenmord in der Türkei: "Jeder soll wissen, ich bin schwul"". die Tageszeitung. from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  57. ^ The German Democratic Turkey Forum (DTF) has prepared a report with details on the killing 8 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine and the subsequent court case. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  58. ^ Bilefsky, Dan (26 November 2009). "Soul-Searching in Turkey After a Gay Man Is Killed". The New York Times. pp. A16. from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
  59. ^ Nicholas Birch (19 July 2008). "Was Ahmet Yildiz the victim of Turkey's first gay honor killing?". The Independent. London. from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2008.
  60. ^ "Father confesses to killing his own son in landmark homosexual murder case – LOCAL". Hürriyet Daily News. 13 September 2011. from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  61. ^ . Lgbtqnation.com. 2 July 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  62. ^ UNHCR Guidance Note on Refugee Claims Relating to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, II, B. para 14 7 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine. United Nations High Commission for Refugees.org (21 November 2008). Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  63. ^ Lowe, Michelle; Khan, Roxanne; Thanzami, Vanlal; Barzy, Mahsa; Karmaliani, Rozina (2021). "Anti-gay "Honor" Abuse: A Multinational Attitudinal Study of Collectivist- Versus Individualist-Orientated Populations in Asia and England" (PDF). Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 36 (15–16): 7866–7885. doi:10.1177/0886260519838493. PMID 30924715. S2CID 85566154. (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  64. ^ "Male Asylum Applicants Who Fear Becoming the Victims of Honor Killings: The Case for Gender Equality". from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  65. ^ "In south India, a 20-year-old survivor of honor killing turns crusader". Reuters. 29 December 2017. from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021 – via www.reuters.com.
  66. ^ "In Tamil Nadu, anatomy of a caste crime: Families devastated by honour killings speak of the scourge". from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  67. ^ "Caste kills more in India than coronavirus". 15 March 2020. from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  68. ^ "India killing: 'My father ordered my husband's murder'". BBC News. 20 September 2018. from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  69. ^ "In Pakistan, five girls were killed for having fun. Then the story took an even darker twist". The Washington Post. from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  70. ^ "Pakistani women murdered after leaked video circulates online". 18 May 2020. from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  71. ^ "Why do families kill their daughters?". BBC News. 29 May 2014. from the original on 23 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  72. ^ "About – Stop Honour Killings". Stophonourkillings.com. from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  73. ^ "Honor Killings Fuel Tensions in Iraq's Kurdish North". Voanews.com. 27 October 2009. from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  74. ^ "Honour killing: Couple who converted to Islam 'killed by family'". Tribune.com.pk. 21 October 2012. from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  75. ^ Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com). "When Muslims renounce their faith | Germany | News and in-depth reporting from Berlin and beyond | DW | 17.04.2014". DW. from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  76. ^ Text by: Sophie GORMAN (31 October 2018). "Blasphemy is a crime not only in Pakistan, but Europe too". France24.com. from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  77. ^ Virginia Villa (30 September 2021). "40% of world's countries and territories had blasphemy laws in 2019 | Pew Research Center". Pewresearch.org. from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  78. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  79. ^ a b (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  80. ^ a b Krishan Bir Singh (1 January 1970). "Honour Killing – A Study of the Causes and Remedies in its SocioLegal Aspect". Academia. from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  81. ^ . Sanctuary for Families. 15 October 2008. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  82. ^ "The Horror of 'Honor Killings', Even in US". Amnesty International USA. 10 April 2012. from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  83. ^ "Indian Society and Ways of Living". Asia Society. from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  84. ^ a b c d e Brown, Ryan. "How to Understand Honor Killings". Psychology Today. from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  85. ^ "FAQ". Hbv-awareness.com. from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  86. ^ a b Brown, Jonathan (25 October 2016). "Islam is not the Cause of Honor Killings. It's part of the Solution". Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research. from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  87. ^ a b c d Cooney, Mark. "Honor Cultures and Violence". Oxford Bibliographies. from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  88. ^ Women of the Jordan: Islam, Labor, and the Law. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  89. ^ 'Honour': Crimes, Paradigms and Violence Against Women. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  90. ^ Greg Woolf (2007). Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art. Barnes & Noble. p. 386. ISBN 978-1-4351-0121-0. from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  91. ^ "France: Penal Code of 1810". napoleon-series.org. from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  92. ^ a b "Until When?! Honor Killings and Other Domestic Violence Against Women in Jordan – POMED". Pomed.org. from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  93. ^ . centerforinquiry.net. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  94. ^ "Archived copy". from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  95. ^ . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  96. ^ "Section 352 in The Indian Penal Code". indiankanoon.org. from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  97. ^ Welchman, Lynn; Hossain, Sara (2013). 'Honour': Crimes, Paradigms, and Violence Against Women. Zed Books Ltd. pp. 84–97. ISBN 978-1-84813-698-4. from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  98. ^ Idzikowski, Lisa (2017). Honor Killings. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-5345-0133-1. from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  99. ^ . unicef.org.tr. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  100. ^ "UN probes Turkey 'forced suicide'". BBC News. 24 May 2006. from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  101. ^ a b Amnesty International (July 2008). Human Rights Abuses against the Kurdish Minority. London: Amnesty International. 8 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Available at [downloaded 15 July 2009]
  102. ^ "Document". Amnesty International. from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  103. ^ Kurdish Human Rights Project European Parliament Project: The Increase in Kurdish Women Committing Suicide Final Report 27 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  104. ^ (PDF). UNFPA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  105. ^ "FAQ". Hbv-awareness.com. from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  106. ^ "Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly". from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  107. ^ a b John Esposito (2011), What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam, p. 177. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-979413-3.
  108. ^ a b "Preliminary Examination of so-called 'Honour Killings' in Canada". Ottawa: Department of Justice of Canada. 24 September 2013. § Honour Killing – In Countries with Islamic Law. from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  109. ^ Clarke, Donald C.; et al. "Punishment". Encyclopedia Britannica. § Punishment in Islamic law. from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  110. ^ Jonathan A.C. Brown, Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy, Oneworld Publications (2014), p. 180
  111. ^ "The History of Honor Killings in Asia". www.thoughtco.com. from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  112. ^ "Preliminary Examination of so-called "Honour Killings" in Canada". 24 September 2013. from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  113. ^ Muḥammad b.ʿAlī al-Shawkānī, Nayl al-Awṭār, ed. ʿIzz al-Dīn Khaṭṭāb, 8 vols. (Beirut: Dār Iḥyā' al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 2001), 7:24
  114. ^ a b Matthew A. Goldstein (September 2002). (PDF). Politics and the Life Sciences. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  115. ^ a b c "Historical Overview". from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
  116. ^ . Reuters. 3 February 2012. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  117. ^ "Explainer: Why Is It So Hard To Stop 'Honor Killings'?". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  118. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  119. ^ a b "Working towards the elimination of crimes against women committed in the name of honour" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
  120. ^ "Abu-Ghanem women speak out against serial 'honor killings'". Haaretz. from the original on 25 February 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2007.
  121. ^ . Sanctuary For Families. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  122. ^ "UN Division for the Advancement of Women - Reports and resolutions on violence against women". United Nations. from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  123. ^ "Council of Europe – Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (CETS No. 210)". from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  124. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  125. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  126. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  127. ^ "Honour Killings By Region". Hbv-awareness.com. 18 March 2012. from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  128. ^ "Common Ground for Europeans and Muslims Among Them". Gallup.com. 28 May 2008. from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  129. ^ ""Honour" Killings in Yemen: Tribal Tradition and the Law". Daraj. 19 December 2019. from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  130. ^ ""Honour" Killings in Yemen: Tribal Tradition and the Law". Daraj. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  131. ^ "Iranian women campaign to stop the rise in "honor killings" | Middle East Institute". Mei.edu. from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  132. ^ . University of Cambridge. 20 June 2013. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  133. ^ a b "Syria: No Exceptions for Honor Killings". Human Rights Watch. 28 July 2009. from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  134. ^ "Decriminalization of adultery and defenses". Endvawnow.org. from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  135. ^ Dan Bilefsky. . International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 17 July 2006. Retrieved 12 July 2006.
  136. ^ Daughter pregnant by rape, killed by family – World 12 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine. BrisbaneTimes (13 January 2009). Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  137. ^ "Pakistan's honor killings enjoy high-level support". Taipei Times. 24 July 2004. from the original on 5 August 2004. Retrieved 24 July 2004.
  138. ^ Masood, Salman (27 October 2004). "Pakistan Tries to Curb 'Honor Killings'". The New York Times. from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2004.
  139. ^ Kwame Anthony Appiah. The Honor Code: How Moral Revolutions Happen. W.W. Norton and Company.
  140. ^ Shahid Qazi; Carol Grisanti. . MSNBC. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2008.
  141. ^ "'Honour killings': Pakistan closes loophole allowing killers to go free". BBC News. 6 October 2016. from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  142. ^ . School of Oriental and African Studies. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2008.
  143. ^ . Sgdatabase.unwomen.org. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  144. ^ (PDF). Sgdatabase.unwomen.org. 11 August 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  145. ^ "Ley N° 19580". from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  146. ^ "Uruguay no condena el homicidio por adulterio - Infobae". from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  147. ^ "Uruguay's 'shadow pandemic' of violence against women is out of control | openDemocracy". from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  148. ^ "Muerte de mujeres ocasionada por su pareja o ex-pareja íntima | Observatorio de Igualdad de Género". 11 January 2016. from the original on 23 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  149. ^ "Uruguay's 'shadow pandemic' of violence against women is out of control". openDemocracy.
  150. ^ Ratiboo (20 May 2022). "Noticiero Judicial: El origen del delito – Femicidio | Poder Judicial". Poderjudicialtv.cl. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  151. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  152. ^ Ordinario, Cai (16 April 2021). "'Marry-your-rapist' practice, laws exist in PHL, 20 other nations – UNFA report". BusinessMirror. from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  153. ^ "'Marry your rapist' laws in 20 countries still allow perpetrators to escape justice". TheGuardian.com. 14 April 2021. from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  154. ^ a b c "Honor Killings in Pakistan" 13 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Amnesty International. Retrieved 10/19/11.
  155. ^ Suzanne Goldberg (27 May 1999). "A Question of Honor". The Guardian. London. from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
  156. ^ Pamela Constable. "In Pakistan, Women Pay the Price of Honor". The Washington Post. from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  157. ^ . Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  158. ^ . Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). Associated Press.
  159. ^ "President Kadyrov defends honour killings". The Belfast Telegraph. 1 March 2009. from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2009.
  160. ^ . Aftenposten (in Norwegian). 29 November 2007. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  161. ^ "PAKISTAN: Five women buried alive, allegedly by the brother of a minister". Asian Human Rights Commission. from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  162. ^ Hussain, Zahid (5 September 2008). "Three teenagers buried alive in 'honour killings'". The Times. London. from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  163. ^ Foreign, Our (1 September 2008). "Pakistani women buried alive 'for choosing husbands'". The Telegraph. London. from the original on 18 March 2011. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  164. ^ David, Ruth (10 April 2007). . Forbes. Archived from the original on 25 May 2007. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
  165. ^ . justiceforjassi.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2008.
  166. ^ [Usurped!]. Hinduonnet.com. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  167. ^ "Femicide in Latin America". headQuarters. from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2015.

Further reading

  • Keiner, Robert (2012). "Honor Killings". Issues in Comparative Politics. pp. 397–424. doi:10.4135/9781483349275.n14. ISBN 9781608718313.
  • NDTV. Honour killing in Delhi 4 Sep 2012. 3 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  • Burke, Jason. The Guardian. Triple murder in India highlights increase in 'honour killings' 20 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. 25 June 2010.
  • Emery, James. Reputation is Everything: Honor Killing among the Palestinians 11 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. 2003.
  • "Jordan Parliament Supports Impunity for Honor Killing", Washington, D.C.: Human Rights Watch news release, January 2000.
  • Burned Alive: A Victim of the Law of Men. (ISBN 0-446-53346-7) Alleged first-person account of Souad, a victim of an attempted honor killing. The authenticity of this work has been questioned, as it is based on a repressed memory report.[citation needed]
    • Knox, Malcolm (13 April 2005). "Historian challenges Palestinian bestseller". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 April 2005.
  • Schulze, Kirsten, Martin Stokes and Colm Campbell (1996) (eds.), Nationalism, Minorities and Diasporas: Identities and Rights in the Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris)
  • Tintori, Karen, 2007. Unto the Daughters: The Legacy of an Honor Killing in a Sicilian-American Family. St. Martin's Press.
  • Wikan, Unni, 2002. Generous Betrayal: Politics of Culture in the New Europe. University of Chicago Press.
  • Yavuz, Ercan. . Today's Zaman. 1 August 2010.
  • Sanghera, Jasvinder, 2009. "Daughters of shame"
  • Ermers Robert. 2018. "Honor Related Violence. A New Social Psychological Perspective", Routledge. Honor Related Violence: A New Social Psychological Perspective 9 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  • Ercan, Selen A., 2014. 'Same Problem, Different Solutions: The Case of 'Honour Killing' in Germany and Britain', In: Gill, Aisha K., Carolyn Strange, and Karl Roberts, 'Honour' Killing and Violence. Theory, Policy and Practice, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 199–218.
  • Ercan, Selen A., 2014. Dangerous silence: Debating ' honor killings'. Open Democracy, 1 July 2014[permanent dead link]
  • Robert Fisk The crimewave that shames the world 19 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine The Independent, 7 September 2010

January 14, 2023
honor, killing, honour, killing, redirects, here, film, honour, killing, film, honor, killing, american, english, honour, killing, commonwealth, english, shame, killing, murder, individual, either, outsider, member, family, someone, seeking, protect, what, the. Honour Killing redirects here For the film see Honour Killing film An honor killing American English honour killing Commonwealth English or shame killing 1 is the murder of an individual either an outsider or a member of a family by someone seeking to protect what they see as the dignity and honor of themselves or their family Honor killings are often connected to religion caste and other forms of hierarchical social stratification or to sexuality Most often it involves the murder of a woman or girl by male family members due to the perpetrators belief that the victim has brought dishonor or shame upon the family name reputation or prestige 2 3 4 5 Honor killings are believed to have originated from tribal customs 6 They are prevalent in various parts of the world as well as in immigrant communities in countries which do not otherwise have societal norms that encourage honor killings 7 8 Honor killings are often associated with rural and tribal areas but they occur in urban areas too 9 10 Although condemned by international conventions and human rights organizations honor killings are often justified and encouraged by various communities In cases where the victim is an outsider not murdering this individual would in some regions cause family members to be accused of cowardice a moral defect and subsequently be morally stigmatized in their community In cases when the victim is a family member the murdering evolves from the perpetrators perception that the victim has brought shame or dishonor upon the entire family which could lead to social ostracization by violating the moral norms of a community Typical reasons include being in a relationship or having associations with social groups outside the family that may lead to social exclusion of a family stigma by association Examples are having premarital extramarital or postmarital sex in case of divorce or widowship refusing to enter into an arranged marriage seeking a divorce or separation engaging in interfaith relations or relations with persons from a different caste being the victim of a sexual crime dressing in clothing jewelry and accessories that are associated with sexual deviance engaging in a relationship in spite of moral marriage impediments or bans and homosexuality 11 12 13 14 15 16 5 17 Though both men and women commit and are victims of honor killings in many communities conformity to moral standards implies different behavior for men and women including stricter standards for chastity for women In many families the honor motive is used by men as a pretext to restrict the rights of women Honor killings are primarily associated with countries in the Middle East and North Africa MENA but are also rooted in other cultures including India and the Philippines 18 19 Contents 1 Definitions 2 General characteristics 3 Extent 4 Methods 5 Use of minors as perpetrators 6 Culture 6 1 General cultural features 6 2 Specific triggers of honor killings 6 2 1 Refusal of an arranged or forced marriage 6 2 2 Seeking a divorce 6 2 3 Allegations and rumors about a family member 6 2 4 Victims of rape 6 2 5 Homosexuality 6 2 6 Forbidden male partners 6 2 7 Interfaith and outside the caste relations 6 2 8 Socializing outside the home 6 2 9 Renouncing or changing religion 7 Causes 7 1 Views on women 7 2 Cultures of honor and shame 7 3 Laws and European colonialism 8 Forced suicide as a substitute 9 Restoring honor through a forced marriage 10 Religion 11 In history 12 By region 13 International response 14 In national legal codes 15 Support and sanction 15 1 Victims 16 Comparison to other forms of murdering 17 See also 18 References 19 Further readingDefinitions EditHuman Rights Watch defines honor killings as follows Honor crimes are acts of violence usually murder committed by male family members against female family members who are perceived to have brought dishonor upon the family A woman can be targeted by her family for a variety of reasons including refusing to enter into an arranged marriage being the victim of a sexual assault seeking a divorce even from an abusive husband or committing adultery The mere perception that a woman has acted in a manner to bring dishonor to the family is sufficient to trigger an attack 20 Men can also be the victims of honor killings either committed by members of the family of a woman with whom they are perceived to have an inappropriate relationship or by the members of their own families the latter often connected to homosexuality 21 22 General characteristics EditMany honor killings are planned by multiple members of a family sometimes through a formal family council The threat of murder is used as a means to control behavior especially concerning sexuality and marriage which may be seen as a duty for some or all family members to uphold Family members may feel compelled to act to preserve the reputation of the family in the community and avoid stigma or shunning particularly in tight knit communities 23 Perpetrators often do not face negative stigma within their communities because their behavior is seen as justified 24 Extent EditReliable figures of honor killings are hard to obtain in large part because honor is either improperly defined or is defined in ways other than in Article 12 of the UDHR block quoted above without a clear follow up explanation As a result criteria are hardly ever given for objectively determining whether a given case is an instance of honor killing Because of the lack of both a clear definition of honor and coherent criteria it is often presupposed that more women than men are victims of honor killings and victim counts often contain women exclusively 25 Honor killings occur in many parts of the world but are most widely reported in the Middle East South Asia and North Africa 26 27 28 Historically honor killings were also common in Southern Europe there have been acts of honour killings within living memory within Mediterranean countries such as Italy and Greece 29 Methods EditMethods of murdering include stoning stabbing beating burning beheading hanging throat slashing lethal acid attacks shooting and strangulation 30 Sometimes communities perform murders in public to warn other individuals within the community of possible consequences of engaging in what is seen as illicit behavior 30 Use of minors as perpetrators EditOften minor girls and boys are selected by the family to act as the murderers so that the murderer may benefit from the most favorable legal outcome Boys and sometimes women in the family are often asked to closely control and monitor the behavior of their sisters or other females in the family to ensure that the females do not do anything to tarnish the honor and reputation of the family The boys are often asked to carry out the murder and if they refuse they may face serious repercussions from the family and community for failing to perform their duty 30 31 Culture EditGeneral cultural features Edit Further information Namus The cultural features which lead to honor killings are complex Honor killings involve violence and fear as a tool for maintaining control Honor killings are argued to have their origins among nomadic peoples and herdsmen such populations carry all their valuables with them and risk having them stolen and they do not have proper recourse to law As a result inspiring fear using aggression and cultivating a reputation for violent revenge to protect property is preferable to other behaviors In societies where there is a weak rule of law people must build fierce reputations 32 In many cultures where honor is of a central value men are sources or active generators agents of that honor while the only effect that women can have on honor is to destroy it 32 Once the family s or clan s honor is considered to have been destroyed by a woman there is a need for immediate revenge to restore it for the family to avoid losing face in the community As Amnesty International statement notes The regime of honor is unforgiving women on whom suspicion has fallen are not allowed to defend themselves and family members have no socially acceptable alternative but to remove the stain on their honor by attacking the woman 33 The relation between social views on female sexuality and honor killings are complex The way through which women in honor based societies are considered to bring dishonor to men is often through their sexual behavior Indeed violence related to female sexual expression has been documented since Ancient Rome when the pater familias had the right to kill an unmarried sexually active daughter or an adulterous wife In medieval Europe early Jewish law mandated stoning for an adulterous wife and her partner 32 Carolyn Fluehr Lobban an anthropology professor at Rhode Island College writes that an act or even alleged act of any female sexual misconduct upsets the moral order of the culture and bloodshed is the only way to remove any shame brought by the actions and restore social equilibrium 34 However the relation between honor and female sexuality is a complicated one and some authors argue that it is not women s sexuality per se that is the problem but rather women s self determination in regard to it as well as fertility Sharif Kanaana professor of anthropology at Birzeit University says that honor killing is A complicated issue that cuts deep into the history of Islamic society What the men of the family clan or tribe seek control of in a patrilineal society is reproductive power Women for the tribe were considered a factory for making men Honor killing is not a means to control sexual power or behavior What s behind it is the issue of fertility or reproductive power 35 In some cultures honor killings are considered less serious than other murders simply because they arise from long standing cultural traditions and are thus deemed appropriate or justifiable 34 Additionally according to a poll done by the BBC s Asian network 1 in 10 of the 500 young South Asians surveyed said they would condone any murder of someone who threatened their family s honor 36 Nighat Taufeeq of the women s resource center Shirkatgah in Lahore Pakistan says It is an unholy alliance that works against women the killers take pride in what they have done the tribal leaders condone the act and protect the killers and the police connive the cover up 37 The lawyer and human rights activist Hina Jilani says The right to life of women in Pakistan is conditional on their obeying social norms and traditions 38 A July 2008 Turkish study by a team from Dicle University on honor killings in the Southeastern Anatolia Region the predominantly Kurdish area of Turkey has so far shown that little if any social stigma is attached to honor killing It also comments that the practice is not related to a feudal societal structure there are also perpetrators who are well educated university graduates Of all those surveyed 60 percent are either high school or university graduates or at the very least literate 39 40 In contemporary times the changing cultural and economic status of women has also been used to explain the occurrences of honor killings Women in largely patriarchal cultures who have gained economic independence from their families go against their male dominated culture Some researchers argue that the shift towards greater responsibility for women and less for their fathers may cause their male family members to act in oppressive and sometimes violent manners to regain authority 41 Fareena Alam editor of a Muslim magazine writes that honor killings which arise in Western cultures such as Britain are a tactic for immigrant families to cope with the alienating consequences of urbanization Alam argues that immigrants remain close to the home culture and their relatives because it provides a safety net She writes thatIn villages back home a man s sphere of control was broader with a large support system In our cities full of strangers there is virtually no control over who one s family members sit talk or work with Alam argues that it is thus the attempt to regain control and the feelings of alienation that ultimately leads to an honor killing 42 Specific triggers of honor killings Edit Refusal of an arranged or forced marriage Edit Main article Forced marriage Refusal of an arranged marriage or forced marriage is often a cause of an honor killing The family that has prearranged the marriage risks disgrace if the marriage does not proceed 43 44 45 and the betrothed is indulged in a relationship with another individual without prior knowledge of the family members Seeking a divorce Edit A woman attempting to obtain a divorce or separation without the consent of the husband extended family can also be a trigger for honor killings In cultures where marriages are arranged and goods are often exchanged between families a woman s desire to seek a divorce is often viewed as an insult to the men who negotiated the deal 46 By making their marital problems known outside the family the women are seen as exposing the family to public dishonor 23 Allegations and rumors about a family member Edit In certain cultures an allegation against a woman can be enough to tarnish her family s reputation and to trigger an honor killing the family s fear of being ostracized by the community is enormous 47 48 49 Victims of rape Edit Main article Victim blaming In many cultures victims of rape face severe violence including honor killings from their families and relatives In many parts of the world women who have been raped are considered to have brought dishonor or disgrace to their families 50 This is especially the case if the victim becomes pregnant 51 Central to the code of honor in many societies is a woman s virginity which must be preserved until marriage 52 Suzanne Ruggi writes A woman s virginity is the property of the men around her first her father later a gift for her husband a virtual dowry as she graduates to marriage 53 Homosexuality Edit Further information Violence against LGBT people There is evidence that homosexuality can also be perceived as grounds for honor killing by relatives It is not only same sex sexual acts that trigger violence behaviors that are regarded as inappropriate gender expression e g male acting or dressing in a feminine way can also raise suspicion and lead to honor violence 31 In one case a gay Jordanian man was shot and wounded by his brother 54 In another case in 2008 a homosexual Turkish Kurdish student Ahmet Yildiz was shot outside a cafe and later died in the hospital Sociologists have called this Turkey s first publicized gay honor killing 55 56 57 58 59 In 2012 a 17 year old gay youth was murdered by his father in Turkey in the southeastern province of Diyarbakir 60 61 The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees states that claims made by LGBT persons often reveal exposure to physical and sexual violence extended periods of detention medical abuse the threat of execution and honor killing 62 A 2019 study found that antigay honor abuse found more support in four surveyed Asian countries India Iran Malaysia and Pakistan and among Asian British people than in a White British sample The study also found that women and younger people were less likely to support such honor abuse Muslims and Hindus were substantially more likely to approve of honor abuse than Christians or Buddhists who scored lowest of the examined religious groups 63 Forbidden male partners Edit In many honor based cultures a woman maintains her honor through her modesty If a man disrupts a woman s modesty through dating her having sex with her especially if her virginity was lost the man has dishonored the woman even if the relationship is consensual Thus to restore the woman s lost honor the male members of her family will often beat and murder the offender Sometimes violence extends to the offender s family members since honor feud attacks are seen as family conflicts 64 Interfaith and outside the caste relations Edit Further information Interfaith marriage and Caste Some cultures have very strong caste social systems based on social stratification characterized by endogamy hereditary transmission of a style of life which often includes an occupation ritual status in a hierarchy customary social interaction and exclusion based on cultural notions of purity and pollution The caste system in India is such an example In such cultures it is often expected that one marries and forms closed associations only within one s caste and avoids lower castes When these rules are violated including relations with people of a different religion this can result in violence including honor killings 65 17 66 67 68 Socializing outside the home Edit Further information Purdah In some cultures women are expected to have a primarily domestic role Such ideas are often based on practices like purdah Purdah is a religious and social practice of female seclusion prevalent among some Muslim and Hindu communities it often requires having women stay indoors the avoiding of socialization between men and women and full body covering of women including burqa When these rules are violated including by dressing in a way deemed inappropriate or displaying behavior seen as disobedient the family may respond with violence up to honor killings 69 70 71 Renouncing or changing religion Edit Further information Apostasy Blasphemy and Heresy Violating religious dogma such as changing or renouncing religion can trigger honor killings 72 73 74 75 Such ideas are supported by laws in some countries blasphemy is punishable by death in Afghanistan Iran Nigeria Pakistan Saudi Arabia and Somalia and punishable by prison in many other countries 76 Apostasy is also illegal in 25 countries 77 in some punishable with the death penalty 78 Causes EditThere are multiple causes for which honor killings occur and numerous factors interact with each other Views on women Edit Honor killings are often a result of strongly misogynistic views towards women and the position of women in society In these traditionally male dominated societies women are dependent first on their father and then on their husbands whom they are expected to obey Women are viewed as property and not as individuals with their own agency As such they must submit to male authority figures in the family failure to do so can result in extreme violence as punishment Violence is seen as a way of ensuring compliance and preventing rebellion 79 80 According to Shahid Khan a professor at the Aga Khan University in Pakistan Women are considered the property of the males in their family irrespective of their class ethnic or religious group The owner of the property has the right to decide its fate The concept of ownership has turned women into a commodity which can be exchanged bought and sold 81 In such cultures women are not allowed to take control over their bodies and sexuality these are the property of the males of the family the father and other male relatives who must ensure virginity until marriage and then the husband to whom his wife s sexuality is subordinated a woman must not undermine the ownership rights of her guardian by engaging in premarital sex or adultery 31 Cultures of honor and shame Edit The concept of family honor is extremely important in many communities worldwide The UN estimates that 5 000 women and girls are murdered each year in honor killings which are widely reported in the Middle East and South Asia but they occur in countries as varied as Brazil Canada Iran Israel Italy Jordan Egypt Sweden Syria Uganda United Kingdom the United States and other countries 82 83 In honor cultures managing reputation is an important social ethic Men are expected to act tough and be intolerant of disrespect and women are expected to be loyal to the family and be chaste 84 An insult to your personal or family honor must be met with a response or the stain of dishonor can affect many others in the family and the wider community Such acts often include female behaviors that are related to sex outside marriage or way of dressing but may also include male homosexuality like the emo killings in Iraq The family may lose respect in the community and may be shunned by relatives The only way they perceive that shame can be erased is through an honor killing 79 80 The cultures in which honor killings take place are usually considered collectivist cultures where the family is more important than the individual and individual autonomy is seen as a threat to the family and its honor 85 Though it may seem in a modern context that honor killings are tied to certain religious traditions the data does not support this claim 86 84 Research in Jordan found that teenagers who strongly endorsed honor killings in fact did not come from more religious households than teens who rejected it 84 The ideology of honor is a cultural phenomenon that does not appear to be related to religion be it Middle Eastern or Western countries and honor killings likely have a long history in human societies which predate many modern religions 87 In the US a rural trend known as the small town effect exhibit elevated incidents of argument related homicides among white males particularly in honor oriented states in the South and the West where everyone knows your name and knows your shame This is similarly observed in rural areas in other parts of the world 84 Honor cultures pervade in places of economic vulnerability and with the absence of the rule of law where law enforcement cannot be counted on to protect them 87 People then resort to their reputations to protect them from social exploitation and a man must stand up for himself and not rely on others to do so 87 To lose your honor is to lose this protective barrier Possessing honor in such a society can grant social status and economic and social opportunities When honor is ruined a person or family in an honor culture can be socially ostracized face restricted economic opportunities and have a difficult time finding a mate 84 87 Laws and European colonialism Edit Imperial powers in 1898 Legal frameworks can encourage honor killings Such laws include on one side leniency towards such murdering and on the other side criminalization of various behaviors such as extramarital sex indecent dressing in public places or homosexual sexual acts with these laws acting as a way of reassuring perpetrators of honor killings that people engaging in these behaviors deserve punishment 88 89 In the Roman Empire the Roman law Lex Julia de adulteriis coercendis implemented by Augustus Caesar permitted the murder of daughters and their lovers who committed adultery at the hands of their fathers and also permitted the murder of the adulterous wife s lover at the hand of her husband 90 Provocation in English law and related laws on adultery in English law as well as Article 324 of the French penal code of 1810 were legal concepts which allowed for reduced punishment for the murder committed by a husband against his wife and her lover if the husband had caught them in the act of adultery 91 On 7 November 1975 Law no 617 75 Article 17 repealed the 1810 French Penal Code Article 324 The 1810 penal code Article 324 passed by Napoleon was copied by Middle Eastern Arab countries It inspired Jordan s Article 340 which permitted the murder of a wife and her lover if caught in the act at the hands of her husband today the article provides for mitigating circumstances 92 France s 1810 Penal Code Article 324 also inspired the 1858 Ottoman Penal Code s Article 188 both the French Article 324 and Ottoman article 188 were drawn on to create Jordan s Article 340 which was retained even after a 1944 revision of Jordan s laws which did not touch public conduct and family law 93 94 95 article 340 still applies to this day in a modified form 92 France s Mandate over Lebanon resulted in its penal code being imposed there in 1943 1944 with the French inspired Lebanese law for adultery allowing the mere accusation of adultery against women resulting in a maximum punishment of two years in prison while men have to be caught in the act and not merely accused and are punished with only one year in prison France s Article 324 inspired laws in other Arab countries such as Algeria s 1991 Penal Code Article 279 Egypt s 1937 Penal Code no 58 Article 237 Iraq s 1966 Penal Code Article 409 Jordan s 1960 Penal Code no 16 Article 340 Kuwait s Penal Code Article 153 Lebanon s Penal Code Articles 193 252 253 and 562 These were amended in 1983 1994 1995 1996 and 1999 and were eventually repealed by the Lebanese Parliament on 4 August 2011 Libya s Penal Code Article 375 Morocco s 1963 amended Penal Code Article 418 Oman s Penal Code Article 252 Palestine which had two codes Jordan s 1960 Penal Code 1960 in the West Bank and British Mandate Criminal Code Article 18 in the Gaza Strip These were respectively repealed by Article 1 and Article 2 and both by Article 3 of the 2011 Law no 71 which was signed on 5 May 2011 by president Mahmoud Abbas into the 10 October 2011 Official Gazette no 91 applying in the Criminal Code of Palestine s Northern Governorates and Southern Governorates Syria s 1953 amended 1949 Penal Code Article 548 Tunisia s 1991 Penal Code Article 207 which was repealed United Arab Emirate s law no 3 1978 Article 334 Yemen s law no 12 1994 Article 232In Pakistan the law was based upon on the 1860 Indian Penal Code IPC implemented by the colonial authorities in British India which allowed for mitigation of punishment for charges of assault or criminal force in the case of a grave and sudden provocation This clause was used to justify the legal status of honor killing in Pakistan although the IPC makes no mention of it 96 In 1990 the Pakistani government reformed this law to bring it in terms with the Shari a and the Pakistani Federal Shariat Court declared that according to the teachings of Islam provocation no matter how grave and sudden it is does not lessen the intensity of crime of murder However Pakistani judges still sometimes hand down lenient sentences for honor killings justified by still citing the IPC s mention of a grave and sudden provocation 97 98 Forced suicide as a substitute EditMain article Forced suicide A forced suicide may be a substitute for an honor killing In this case the family members do not directly murder the victim themselves but force him or her to commit suicide in order to avoid punishment Such suicides are reported to be common in southeastern Turkey 99 100 It was reported that in 2001 565 women lost their lives in honor related crimes in Ilam Iran of which 375 were reportedly staged as self immolation 101 102 In 2008 self immolation occurred in all the areas of Kurdish settlement in Iran where it was more common than in other parts of Iran 101 It is claimed that in Iraqi Kurdistan many deaths are reported as female suicides in order to conceal honor related crimes 103 Restoring honor through a forced marriage EditMain article Forced marriage In the case of an unmarried woman or girl associating herself with a man losing virginity or being raped the family may attempt to restore its honor with a shotgun wedding The groom will usually be the man who has dishonored the woman or girl but if this is not possible the family may try to arrange a marriage with another man often a man who is part of the extended family of the one who has committed the acts with the woman or girl This being an alternative to an honor killing the woman or girl has no choice but to accept the marriage The family of the man is expected to cooperate and provide a groom for the woman 32 104 105 Religion EditWidney Brown the advocacy director of Human Rights Watch said that the practice goes across cultures and religions 46 Resolution 1327 2003 of the Council of Europe states that 106 The Assembly notes that whilst so called honor crimes emanate from cultural and not religious roots and are perpetrated worldwide mainly in patriarchal societies or communities the majority of reported cases in Europe have been among Muslim or migrant Muslim communities although Islam itself does not support the death penalty for honor related misconduct Many Muslim commentators and organizations condemn honor killings as an un Islamic cultural practice 107 There is no mention of honor killing extrajudicial killing by a woman s family in the Qur an 108 and the practice violates Islamic law 108 109 Tahira Shaid Khan a professor of women s issues at Aga Khan University blames such murdering on attitudes across different classes ethnic and religious groups that view women as property with no rights of their own as the motivation for honor killings 46 Ali Gomaa Egypt s former Grand Mufti has also spoken out forcefully against honor killings 107 As a more generic statement reflecting the wider Islamic scholarly trend Jonathan A C Brown says that questions about honor killings have regularly found their way into the inboxes of muftis like Yusuf Qaradawi or the late scholar Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah Their responses reflect a rare consensus No Muslim scholar of any note either medieval or modern has sanctioned a man killing his wife or sister for tarnishing her or the family s honor If a woman or man found together were to deserve the death penalty for fornication this would have to be established by the evidence required by the Koran either a confession or the testimony of four male witnesses all upstanding in the eyes of the court who actually saw penetration occur 110 Further while honor killings are common in Muslim countries like Pakistan and the Arab nation it is a practically unknown practice in other Muslim countries such as Indonesia Bangladesh and Senegal This fact supports the idea that honor killings are to do with culture rather than religion 111 112 The late Yemeni Muslim scholar Muḥammad Shawkani wrote that one reason the Shari a stipulates execution as a potential punishment for men who murder women is to counter honor killings for alleged slights of honor He wrote There is no doubt that laxity on this matter is one of the greatest means leading to women s lives being destroyed especially in the Bedouin regions which are characterized by harsh hardheartedness and a strong sense of honor and shame stemming from Pre Islamic times 113 86 In history EditMatthew A Goldstein J D Arizona has noted that honor killings were encouraged in ancient Rome where male family members who did not take action against the female adulterers in their families were actively persecuted 114 The origin of honor killings and the control of women is evidenced throughout history in the cultures and traditions of many regions The Roman law of pater familias gave complete control to the men of the family over both their children and wives Under these laws the lives of children and wives were at the discretion of the men in their families Ancient Roman Law also justified honor killings by stating that women who were found guilty of adultery could be killed by their husbands During the Qing dynasty in China fathers and husbands had the right to kill daughters who were deemed to have dishonored the family 115 Among the Indigenous Aztecs and Incas adultery was punishable by death 114 During John Calvin s rule of Geneva women found guilty of adultery were punished by being drowned in the Rhone river 115 Honor killings have a long tradition in Mediterranean Europe 115 116 117 According to the Honour Related Violence European Resource Book and Good Practice page 234 Honor in the Mediterranean world is a code of conduct a way of life and an ideal of the social order which defines the lives the customs and the values of many of the peoples in the Mediterranean moral 118 By region EditMain article Honor killings by region According to the UN in 2002 The report of the Special Rapporteur concerning cultural practices in the family that are violent towards women E CN 4 2002 83 indicated that honor killings had been reported in Egypt Jordan Lebanon the Lebanese Parliament abolished the Honor killing in August 2011 Morocco Pakistan the Syrian Arab Republic Turkey Yemen and other Mediterranean and Persian Gulf countries and that they had also taken place in western countries such as France Germany and the United Kingdom within migrant communities 119 120 In addition the United Nations Commission on Human Rights gathered reports from several countries and considering only the countries that submitted reports it was shown that honor killings have occurred in Bangladesh Great Britain Brazil Ecuador Egypt India Israel Italy Jordan Pakistan Morocco Sweden Turkey and Uganda 46 121 According to Widney Brown advocacy director for Human Rights Watch the practice of honor killing goes across cultures and religions 46 International response Edit The Istanbul Convention the first legally binding international instrument on violence against women prohibits honor killings Countries listed in green on the map are members to this convention and as such have the obligation to outlaw honor killings Honor killings are condemned as a serious human rights violation and are addressed by several international instruments Honor killings are opposed by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 55 66 adopted in 2000 and subsequent resolutions which have generated various reports 122 The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence addresses this issue Article 42 reads 123 Article 42 Unacceptable justifications for crimes including crimes committed in the name of so called honor1 Parties shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to ensure that in criminal proceedings initiated following the commission of any of the acts of violence covered by the scope of this Convention culture custom religion tradition or so called honor shall not be regarded as justification for such acts This covers in particular claims that the victim has transgressed cultural religious social or traditional norms or customs of appropriate behavior 2 Parties shall take the necessary legislative or other measures to ensure that incitement by any person of a child to commit any of the acts referred to in paragraph 1 shall not diminish the criminal liability of that person for the acts committed The World Health Organization WHO addressed the issue of honor killings and stated Murders of women to save the family honor are among the most tragic consequences and explicit illustrations of embedded culturally accepted discrimination against women and girls 124 According to the UNODC Honour crimes including killing are one of history s oldest forms of gender based violence It assumes that a woman s behavior casts a reflection on the family and the community In some communities a father brother or cousin will publicly take pride in a murder committed to preserving the honor of a family In some such cases local justice officials may side with the family and take no formal action to prevent similar deaths 125 In national legal codes EditLegislation on this issue varies but today the vast majority of countries no longer allow a husband to legally murder a wife for adultery although adultery itself continues to be punishable by death in some countries or to commit other forms of honor killings However in many places adultery and other immoral sexual behaviors by female family members can be considered mitigating circumstances in the case when they are murdered leading to significantly shorter sentences Contemporary laws which allow for mitigating circumstances or acquittals for men who murder female family members to due sexual behaviors are for the most part inspired by the French Napoleonic Code France s crime of passion law which remained in force until 1975 126 The Middle East including the Arab countries of North Africa Iran and non Arab minorities within Arabic countries have high recorded level of honor crimes and these regions are the most likely to have laws offering complete or partial defenses to honor killings However with the exception of Iran laws which provide leniency for honor killings are not derived from Islamic law but from the penal codes of the Napoleonic Empire 127 French culture shows a higher level of toleration of such crimes among the public compared to other Western countries and indeed recent surveys have shown the French public to be more accepting of these practices than the public in other countries One 2008 Gallup survey compared the views of the French German and British public and those of French German and British Muslims on several social issues 4 of the French public said honor killings were morally acceptable and 8 of the French public said crimes of passion were morally acceptable honor killings were seen as acceptable by 1 of German public and also 1 of the British public crimes of passion were seen as acceptable by 1 of German public and 2 of the British public Among Muslims 5 in Paris 3 in Berlin and 3 in London saw honor killings as acceptable and 4 in Paris less than the French public 1 in Berlin and 3 in London saw crimes of passion as acceptable 128 According to the report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur submitted to the 58th session of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in 2002 concerning cultural practices in the family that reflect violence against women E CN 4 2002 83 The Special Rapporteur indicated that there had been contradictory decisions with regard to the honor defense in Brazil and that legislative provisions allowing for partial or complete defence in that context could be found in the penal codes of Argentina Ecuador Egypt Guatemala Iran Israel Jordan Peru Syria Venezuela and the Palestinian National Authority 119 As of 2022 most countries with complete or partial defenses for killings due to sexual behaviors or parental disobedience are MENA countries but there are some notable exceptions namely Philippines The legal aspects of honor killings in different countries are discussed below Yemen laws effectively exonerate fathers who murder their children 129 also the blood money paid for females that are murdered is less than that for males that are murdered 130 Iran Article 630 exempts a husband from punishment if he murders his wife or her lover upon discovering them in the act of adultery article 301 stipulates that a father and paternal grandfather are not to be retaliated against for murdering their child grandchild 131 Jordan In recent years Jordan has amended its Code to modify its laws which used to offer a complete defense for honor killings 132 Syria In 2009 Article 548 of the Syrian Law code was amended Beforehand the article waived any punishment for males who murdered a female family member for inappropriate sexual acts 133 Article 548 states that He who catches his wife or one of his ascendants descendants or sister committing adultery flagrante delicto or illegitimate sexual acts with another and he killed or injured one or both of them benefits from a reduced penalty that should not be less than two years in prison in case of killing Article 192 states that a judge may opt for reduced punishments such as short term imprisonment if the killing was done with an honorable intent In addition to this Article 242 says that a judge may reduce a sentence for murders that were done in rage and caused by an illegal act committed by the victim 133 In Brazil an explicit defense to murder in case of adultery has never been part of the criminal code but a defense of honor not part of the criminal code has been widely used by lawyers in such cases to obtain acquittals Although this defense has been generally rejected in modern parts of the country such as big cities since the 1950s it has been very successful in the interior of the country In 1991 Brazil s Supreme Court explicitly rejected the honor defense as having no basis in Brazilian law 134 Turkey In Turkey persons found guilty of this crime are sentenced to life in prison 135 There are well documented cases where Turkish courts have sentenced whole families to life imprisonment for an honor killing The most recent was on 13 January 2009 where a Turkish Court sentenced five members of the same Kurdish family to life imprisonment for the honor killing of Naile Erdas 16 who got pregnant as a result of rape 136 Pakistan Honor killings are known as karo kari Sindhi ڪارو ڪاري Urdu کاروکاری The practice is supposed to be prosecuted under the ordinary killing but in practice police and prosecutors often ignore it 137 Often a man must simply claim the murdering was for his honor and he will go free Nilofar Bakhtiar advisor to Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz stated that in 2003 as many as 1 261 women were murdered in honor killings 138 The Hudood Ordinances of Pakistan enacted in 1979 by then ruler General Zia ul Haq The law had the effect of reducing the legal protections for women especially regarding sex outside of the marriage This law made it that much riskier for women to come forward with accusations of rape In 2006 the Women s Protection Bill amended these Hudood Ordinances 139 On 8 December 2004 under international and domestic pressure Pakistan enacted a new law that made honor killings punishable by a prison term of seven years or by the death penalty in the most extreme cases 140 In 2016 Pakistan repealed the loophole which allowed the perpetrators of honor killings to avoid punishment by seeking forgiveness for the crime from another family member and thus be legally pardoned 141 Egypt Several studies on honor crimes by The Centre of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London includes one which reports on Egypt s legal system noting a gender bias in favor of men in general and notably article 17 of the Penal Code judicial discretion to allow reduced punishment in certain circumstance often used in honor killings case 142 Haiti In 2005 the laws were changed abolishing the right of a husband to be excused for murdering his wife due to adultery Adultery was also decriminalized 143 144 Uruguay until December 2017 145 article 36 of the Penal Code provided for the exoneration for murder of a spouse due to the passion provoked by adultery 146 The case of violence against women in Uruguay has been debated in the context that it is otherwise a liberal country 147 nevertheless domestic violence is a very serious problem according to a 2018 United Nations study Uruguay has the second highest rate of killings of women by current or former partners in Latin America after Dominican Republic 148 Despite having a reputation of being a progressive country Uruguay has lagged behind with regard to its approach to domestic violence 149 for example in Chile considered one of the most socially conservative countries of the region similar legislation permitting such honor killings was repealed in 1953 150 Philippines murdering one s spouse upon being caught in the act of adultery or one s daughter upon being caught in the act of premarital sex is punished by destierro Art 247 151 destierro is banishment from a geographical area for a period of time Philippine maintains several other traditionalist laws it is the only country in the world except Vatican City that bans divorce it is one of 20 countries that still has a marry your rapist law that is a law that exonerates a rapist from punishment if he marries the victim after the attack 152 153 and Philippine is also one of the few non Muslim majority countries to have a criminal law against adultery Philippine s adultery law also differentiates by gender defining and punishing adultery more severely if committed by women see articles Articles 333 and 334 151 Support and sanction EditActions of Pakistani police officers and judges particularly at the lower level of the judiciary 154 have in the past seemed to support the act of honor killings in the name of family honor Police enforcement in situations of admitted murder does not always take action against the perpetrator Also judges in Pakistan particularly at the lower level of the judiciary 154 rather than ruling cases with gender equality in mind also seem to reinforce inequality and in some cases sanction the murder of women considered dishonorable 154 Often a suspected honor killing never even reaches court but in cases where they do the alleged killer is often not charged or is given a reduced sentence of three to four years in jail In a case study of 150 honor killings the proceeding judges rejected only eight claims that the women were murdered for the honor The rest were sentenced lightly 155 In many cases in Pakistan one of the reasons honor killing cases never make it to the courts is because according to some lawyers and women s right activists Pakistani law enforcement do not get involved Under the encouragement of the killer police often declare the killing as a domestic case that warrants no involvement In other cases the women and victims are too afraid to speak up or press charges Police officials however claim that these cases are never brought to them or are not major enough to be pursued on a large scale 156 The general indifference to the issue of honor killing within Pakistan is due to a deep rooted gender bias in law the police force and the judiciary In its report Pakistan Honor Killings of Girls and Women 157 published in September 1999 Amnesty International criticized governmental indifference and called for state responsibility in protecting human rights of female victims To elaborate Amnesty strongly requested the Government of Pakistan to take 1 legal 2 preventive and 3 protective measures First of all legal measures refer to a modification of the government s criminal laws to guarantee equal legal protection of females On top of that Amnesty insisted the government assure legal access for the victims of crime in the name of honor When it comes to preventive measures Amnesty underlined the critical need to promote public awareness through the means of media education and public announcements Finally protective measures include ensuring a safe environment for activists lawyers and women s groups to facilitate the eradication of honor killings Also Amnesty argued for the expansion of victim support services such as shelters Kremlin appointed Chechen president Ramzan Kadyrov said that honor killings were perpetrated on those who deserved to die He said that those who are killed have loose morals and are rightfully shot by relatives in honor killings He did not vilify women alone but added that If a woman runs around and if a man runs around with her both of them are killed 158 159 In 2007 a famous Norwegian Supreme Court advocate stated that he wanted the punishment for the killing reduced from 17 years in prison to 15 years in the case of honor killings practiced in Norway He explained that the Norwegian public did not understand other cultures who practiced honor killings or understand their thinking and that Norwegian culture is self righteous 160 In 2008 Israr Ullah Zehri a Pakistani politician in Balochistan defended the honor killings of five women belonging to the Umrani tribe by a relative of a local Umrani politician 161 Zehri defended the murdering in Parliament and asked his fellow legislators not to make a fuss about the incident He said These are centuries old traditions and I will continue to defend them Only those who indulge in immoral acts should be afraid 162 163 Nilofar Bakhtiar Minister for Tourism and Advisor to Pakistan Prime Minister on Women s Affairs who had struggled against the honor killing in Pakistan resigned in April 2007 after the clerics accused her of bringing shame to Pakistan by para jumping with a male and hugging him after landing 164 Victims Edit This is an incomplete list of notable victims of Honor killing See also Category Victims of honor killing Rania Alayed UK Noor Faleh Almaleki Shafilea Ahmed Murdered by the family for rejecting a marriage partner Du a Khalil Aswad Yazidi girl who was killed for supposedly converting to Islam to date a Muslim boy in Iraq Surjit Athwal Murder planned in the UK and carried out in India Gelareh Bagherzadeh US For encouraging her friend Nesreen Irsan to leave Islam US Qandeel Baloch Coty Beavers for marrying Nesreen Irsan US Anooshe Sediq Ghulam Tulay Goren UK Leila Hussein and her daughter Rand Abdel Qader Palestina Isa Manoj and Babli Sandeela Kanwal Nitish Katara Ghazala Khan Murdered by her brother for marrying against the will of the family Katya Koren Ukraine Banaz Mahmod Her story was chronicled in the 2012 documentary film Banaz a Love Story Rukhsana Naz UK Samaira Nazir Morsal Obeidi Germany Aqsa Parvez Uzma Rahan and her children sons Adam and Abbas and daughter Henna UK Caneze Riaz and her four daughters Sayrah Sophia Alicia and Hannah UK Fadime Sahindal Tursunoy Saidazimova Amina and Sarah Said Hina Salem Italy Samia Sarwar Zainab Sahar and Geeti Shafia and Rona Amir Mohammad Sadia Sheikh Jaswinder Kaur Sidhu 165 Hatun Surucu 166 Swera Switzerland Heshu Yones UK Nurkhon Yuldasheva Aasiya Zubair Shafia family murders took place on June 30 2009 in Kingston Ontario Canada Shafia sisters Zainab 19 Sahar 17 and Geeti 13 along with Rona Muhammad Omar 52 all of Afghan origin were found dead inside a car Comparison to other forms of murdering EditHonor killings are along with dowry killings most of which are committed in South Asia gang related murderings of women as revenge killings of female members of rival gang members families most of which are committed in Latin America and witchcraft accusation killings most of which are committed in Africa and Oceania are some of the most recognized forms of femicide 30 124 Human rights advocates have compared honor killings to crimes of passion in Latin America which are sometimes treated extremely leniently and the murdering of women for lack of dowry in India 46 Some commentators have stressed the point that the focus on honor killings should not lead people to ignore other forms of gender based murdering of women in particular those which occur in Latin America crimes of passion and gang related killings the murder rate of women in this region is extremely high with El Salvador being reported as the country with the highest rate of murders of women in the world 167 In 2002 Widney Brown advocacy director for Human Rights Watch stated that crimes of passion have a similar dynamic in that the women are murdered by male family members and the crimes are perceived as excusable or understandable 46 See also EditBlood atonement a controversial practice in the history of Mormonism which is similar to the practice of honor killing Under blood atonement the atonement of Jesus does not redeem an eternal sin Child abuse Child murder Chronicle of a Death Foretold Convention on the Rights of the Child Corrective rape Crime of passion Crimes against humanity Domestic violence Extramarital sex Face sociological concept a classification of honor Femicide Filicide Fornication Gender apartheid Gendercide Guilt shame fear spectrum of cultures Hate crime Honor suicide Human rights Human sacrifice Infanticide Izzat honour Ka Mer Kiri sute gomen LGBT rights by country or territory Lynching Memini Namus Premarital sex Religious violence Sati practice Slut shaming Universal Declaration of Human Rights Violence against LGBT people Violence against women Women s rights Youth rightsReferences Edit SECRETARY GENERAL IN ADDRESS TO WOMEN 2000 SPECIAL SESSION SAYS FUTURE OF PLANET DEPENDS UPON WOMEN United Nations Archived from the original on 6 August 2017 Retrieved 28 June 2017 Honor killing sociology Archived from the original on 12 April 2021 Retrieved 23 May 2021 Honor killing Definition amp Meaning Merriam Webster Archived from the original on 4 December 2019 Retrieved 23 May 2021 Oberwittler Dietrich Kasselt Julia 2014 Honor Killings In Gartner Rosemary McCarthy Bill eds The Oxford Handbook of Gender Sex and Crime doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780199838707 013 0033 ISBN 978 0 19 983870 7 a b Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 26 October 2021 Retrieved 23 May 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link BBC Ethics Honour crimes Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 21 December 2019 Honour based offences soared by 81 in last five years the Guardian 31 October 2021 Retrieved 11 April 2022 Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 3 June 2021 Retrieved 23 May 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Honour killings increasing in urban areas 22 December 2016 Archived from the original on 23 May 2021 Retrieved 23 May 2021 Urban honour killings Backlash against change Times of India The Times of India Archived from the original on 23 May 2021 Retrieved 23 May 2021 Ethics Honour Crimes BBC 1 January 1970 Retrieved 23 December 2013 Honor killing Definition and More from the Free Merriam Webster Dictionary merriam webster com 31 August 2012 Archived from the original on 22 December 2013 Retrieved 23 December 2013 Honor killing definition dictionary reference com Retrieved 23 December 2013 Shocking gay honor killing inspires movie CNN Archived from the original on 29 September 2013 Retrieved 16 August 2013 Iraqi immigrant convicted in Arizona honor killing awaits sentence CNN 23 February 2011 Archived from the original on 29 September 2013 Retrieved 16 August 2013 Why do families kill their daughters BBC News 29 May 2014 Archived from the original on 23 June 2018 Retrieved 20 June 2018 a b Team Delhi City 12 February 2018 Love in the time of honour killings The Hindu Archived from the original on 11 June 2021 Retrieved 11 June 2021 India honour killings Paying the price for falling in love BBC News 20 September 2013 De Guzman Joseph Jamias Janica Keiths January 2016 The daughter clause A study of Article 247 of the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines Bachelor s thesis De La Salle University Violence Against Women and Honor Crimes Human Rights Watch Archived from the original on 28 October 2004 Retrieved 6 April 2001 Razzall Katie Khan Yasminara 11 April 2017 Male honour cases underreported Archived from the original on 28 January 2019 Retrieved 28 January 2019 Afghan couple stoned to death Central amp South Asia Archived 4 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine Al Jazeera English 16 August 2010 Retrieved 1 October 2011 a b FAQ Hbv awareness com Archived from the original on 15 August 2015 Retrieved 15 February 2015 Introduction Preliminary Examination of so called Honour Killings in Canada Justice gc ca 24 September 2013 Archived from the original on 15 February 2015 Retrieved 15 February 2015 Malik I H 2005 Culture and Customs of Pakistan Greenwood Press Westport Cakir R Yavuz M F and Demircan T 2004 Turkiye de Namus Saikiyle Islenen Adam Oldurme Suclarinin Degerlendirilmesi Evaluation of Honor Related Homicides in Turkey Adli Tip Dergisi Journal of Forensic Medicine 18 3 4 27 33 Ozturk M and Demirdag M A 2013 Namusunu Kanla Temizleyenler Mardin Cezaevi nde Namus Davasi Nedeniyle Yatan Mahkumlar Uzerine bir Arastirma The Ones Who Restored Their Honour With Blood A Sociological Research On Prisoners Convicted for Honour Related Issues in the Mardin Jailhouse Sosyal Politika Calismalari 7 30 117 135 See also Ermers R 2018 Honor Related Violence A New Social Psychological Perspective Routledge p 196 197 The Horror of Honor Killings Even in US 10 April 2012 Archived from the original on 27 June 2020 Retrieved 5 May 2020 Honor killings 5 things to know Archived from the original on 22 December 2021 Retrieved 28 September 2021 Honor killings UAB Institute for Human Rights Blog Archived from the original on 28 September 2021 Retrieved 28 September 2021 Honour Killings By Region Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 Retrieved 16 July 2013 a b c d Femicide A Global Issue that demands Action PDF Genevadeclaration org Academic Council on the United Nations System p 60 Archived PDF from the original on 30 June 2014 Retrieved 20 May 2018 a b c Honour Related Violence PDF Humanrights ch Kvinnoforum 2005 Archived from the original PDF on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 20 May 2018 a b c d Historical Context Origins of Honour Killing Honour Killing Worldwide Honour Killing In Countries with Islamic Law Preliminary Examination of so called Honour Killings in Canada Justice gc ca 24 September 2013 Archived from the original on 15 February 2015 Retrieved 15 February 2015 Broken bodies shattered minds Torture and ill treatment of women Amnesty International Archived from the original on 15 February 2008 Retrieved 6 March 2001 a b Carolyn Fluehr Lobban Cultural Relativism and Universal Rights PDF Archived from the original PDF on 19 June 2012 Retrieved 2 December 2011 Suzanne Ruggi 8 June 1998 Commodifying Honor in Female Sexuality Honor Killings in Palestine Middle East Research and Information Project Retrieved 8 February 2008 One in 10 backs honor killings BBC News Archived from the original on 30 November 2008 Retrieved 8 December 2001 Culture of Discrimination A Fact Sheet on Honor Killings Archived 19 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine Amnesty International Retrieved 1 October 2011 PAKISTAN Honour killings of girls and women Amnesty International Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 Retrieved 15 April 2008 Murat Gezer Honor killing perpetrators welcomed by society study reveals Today s Zaman Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 Retrieved 15 July 2008 AYSAN SEV ER Feminist Analysis of Honor Killings in Rural Turkey PDF University of Toronto Retrieved 2 January 2015 permanent dead link Hilal Onur Ince Aysun Yarali and Dogancan Ozsel 2009 Customary Killings in Turkey and Turkish Modernization Middle Eastern Studies 45 4 537 551 doi 10 1080 00263200903009593 S2CID 144871658 Fareena Alam 6 July 2004 Take the Honor Out of Killing The Guardian London Archived from the original on 28 August 2013 Retrieved 2 December 2011 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 21 June 2017 Retrieved 20 September 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Ethics Honour crimes BBC 1 January 1970 Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 23 December 2013 Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 20 September 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link a b c d e f g Mayell Hillary 12 February 2002 Thousands of Women Killed for Family Honor National Geographic News National Geographic Society Archived from the original on 19 October 2015 Retrieved 22 August 2019 Pdf via unl edu Archived 13 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine Ethics Honour crimes BBC 1 January 1970 Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 23 December 2013 Bhaskar Dasgupta 21 February 2004 No Honour in Honour Killings countercurrents org Archived from the original on 11 December 2013 Retrieved 23 December 2013 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 21 September 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Ethics Honour crimes BBC 1 January 1970 Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 16 August 2013 Harter Pascale 14 June 2011 Libya rape victims face honour killings BBC Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 16 August 2013 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original on 13 April 2020 Retrieved 16 June 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Dafka Dafka Archived from the original on 12 November 2014 Retrieved 15 February 2015 Marina Jimenez Gay Jordanian now gloriously free in Canada The Globe and Mail Toronto Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 Retrieved 20 May 2004 Bilefsky Dan 25 November 2009 Soul Searching in Turkey After a Gay Man Is Killed The New York Times Archived from the original on 6 October 2011 Retrieved 16 February 2017 Yucel Deniz 7 September 2009 Ehrenmord in der Turkei Jeder soll wissen ich bin schwul die Tageszeitung Archived from the original on 15 April 2016 Retrieved 16 April 2016 The German Democratic Turkey Forum DTF has prepared a report with details on the killing Archived 8 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine and the subsequent court case Retrieved 31 March 2011 Bilefsky Dan 26 November 2009 Soul Searching in Turkey After a Gay Man Is Killed The New York Times pp A16 Archived from the original on 6 October 2011 Retrieved 26 November 2009 Nicholas Birch 19 July 2008 Was Ahmet Yildiz the victim of Turkey s first gay honor killing The Independent London Archived from the original on 25 June 2011 Retrieved 27 September 2008 Father confesses to killing his own son in landmark homosexual murder case LOCAL Hurriyet Daily News 13 September 2011 Archived from the original on 2 May 2015 Retrieved 15 February 2015 Father gets life imprisonment for murdering gay son in Turkey LGBTQ Nation Lgbtqnation com 2 July 2012 Archived from the original on 24 April 2015 Retrieved 15 February 2015 UNHCR Guidance Note on Refugee Claims Relating to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity II B para 14 Archived 7 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine United Nations High Commission for Refugees org 21 November 2008 Retrieved 1 October 2011 Lowe Michelle Khan Roxanne Thanzami Vanlal Barzy Mahsa Karmaliani Rozina 2021 Anti gay Honor Abuse A Multinational Attitudinal Study of Collectivist Versus Individualist Orientated Populations in Asia and England PDF Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36 15 16 7866 7885 doi 10 1177 0886260519838493 PMID 30924715 S2CID 85566154 Archived PDF from the original on 3 November 2021 Retrieved 25 August 2021 Male Asylum Applicants Who Fear Becoming the Victims of Honor Killings The Case for Gender Equality Archived from the original on 12 February 2019 Retrieved 12 February 2019 In south India a 20 year old survivor of honor killing turns crusader Reuters 29 December 2017 Archived from the original on 11 June 2021 Retrieved 11 June 2021 via www reuters com In Tamil Nadu anatomy of a caste crime Families devastated by honour killings speak of the scourge Archived from the original on 22 August 2020 Retrieved 10 July 2020 Caste kills more in India than coronavirus 15 March 2020 Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 Retrieved 11 June 2021 India killing My father ordered my husband s murder BBC News 20 September 2018 Archived from the original on 11 June 2021 Retrieved 11 June 2021 In Pakistan five girls were killed for having fun Then the story took an even darker twist The Washington Post Archived from the original on 8 December 2020 Retrieved 11 June 2021 Pakistani women murdered after leaked video circulates online 18 May 2020 Archived from the original on 2 June 2020 Retrieved 2 June 2020 Why do families kill their daughters BBC News 29 May 2014 Archived from the original on 23 June 2018 Retrieved 20 June 2018 About Stop Honour Killings Stophonourkillings com Archived from the original on 5 May 2021 Retrieved 25 January 2022 Honor Killings Fuel Tensions in Iraq s Kurdish North Voanews com 27 October 2009 Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 Retrieved 25 January 2022 Honour killing Couple who converted to Islam killed by family Tribune com pk 21 October 2012 Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 Retrieved 25 January 2022 Deutsche Welle www dw com When Muslims renounce their faith Germany News and in depth reporting from Berlin and beyond DW 17 04 2014 DW Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 Retrieved 25 January 2022 Text by Sophie GORMAN 31 October 2018 Blasphemy is a crime not only in Pakistan but Europe too France24 com Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 Retrieved 25 January 2022 Virginia Villa 30 September 2021 40 of world s countries and territories had blasphemy laws in 2019 Pew Research Center Pewresearch org Archived from the original on 25 July 2016 Retrieved 25 January 2022 Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 19 January 2022 Retrieved 25 January 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link a b Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 24 December 2013 Retrieved 20 September 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link a b Krishan Bir Singh 1 January 1970 Honour Killing A Study of the Causes and Remedies in its SocioLegal Aspect Academia Archived from the original on 13 April 2020 Retrieved 23 December 2013 International Domestic Violence Issues Sanctuary for Families 15 October 2008 Archived from the original on 16 October 2014 Retrieved 15 February 2015 The Horror of Honor Killings Even in US Amnesty International USA 10 April 2012 Archived from the original on 27 June 2020 Retrieved 5 May 2020 Indian Society and Ways of Living Asia Society Archived from the original on 22 August 2019 Retrieved 22 August 2019 a b c d e Brown Ryan How to Understand Honor Killings Psychology Today Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 Retrieved 5 May 2020 FAQ Hbv awareness com Archived from the original on 15 August 2015 Retrieved 15 February 2015 a b Brown Jonathan 25 October 2016 Islam is not the Cause of Honor Killings It s part of the Solution Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research Archived from the original on 20 May 2020 Retrieved 5 May 2020 a b c d Cooney Mark Honor Cultures and Violence Oxford Bibliographies Archived from the original on 1 June 2020 Retrieved 5 May 2020 Women of the Jordan Islam Labor and the Law Retrieved 23 December 2013 Honour Crimes Paradigms and Violence Against Women Retrieved 23 December 2013 Greg Woolf 2007 Ancient civilizations the illustrated guide to belief mythology and art Barnes amp Noble p 386 ISBN 978 1 4351 0121 0 Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 Retrieved 19 October 2020 France Penal Code of 1810 napoleon series org Archived from the original on 23 April 2016 Retrieved 7 January 2016 a b Until When Honor Killings and Other Domestic Violence Against Women in Jordan POMED Pomed org Archived from the original on 22 January 2022 Retrieved 25 January 2022 Secular Islam Center for Inquiry centerforinquiry net Archived from the original on 10 April 2016 Retrieved 7 January 2016 Archived copy Archived from the original on 28 January 2016 Retrieved 7 January 2016 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Archived copy Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 7 January 2016 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Section 352 in The Indian Penal Code indiankanoon org Archived from the original on 25 April 2020 Retrieved 5 May 2020 Welchman Lynn Hossain Sara 2013 Honour Crimes Paradigms and Violence Against Women Zed Books Ltd pp 84 97 ISBN 978 1 84813 698 4 Archived from the original on 8 March 2021 Retrieved 5 May 2020 Idzikowski Lisa 2017 Honor Killings Greenhaven Publishing LLC p 74 ISBN 978 1 5345 0133 1 Archived from the original on 4 August 2021 Retrieved 5 May 2020 UNICEF Turkey Protective Environment for Children Honour Crimes and Forced Suicides unicef org tr Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 Retrieved 23 December 2013 UN probes Turkey forced suicide BBC News 24 May 2006 Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 Retrieved 23 December 2013 a b Amnesty International July 2008 Human Rights Abuses against the Kurdish Minority London Amnesty International Archived 8 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Available at www amnesty org downloaded 15 July 2009 Document Amnesty International Archived from the original on 8 January 2016 Retrieved 16 April 2016 Kurdish Human Rights Project European Parliament Project The Increase in Kurdish Women Committing Suicide Final Report Archived 27 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 10 December 2008 Retrieved 18 December 2008 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link United Nations Population Fund Publications PDF UNFPA Archived from the original PDF on 18 April 2009 Retrieved 15 February 2015 FAQ Hbv awareness com Archived from the original on 15 August 2015 Retrieved 15 February 2015 Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Archived from the original on 3 June 2016 Retrieved 10 June 2016 a b John Esposito 2011 What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam p 177 Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 979413 3 a b Preliminary Examination of so called Honour Killings in Canada Ottawa Department of Justice of Canada 24 September 2013 Honour Killing In Countries with Islamic Law Archived from the original on 18 April 2019 Retrieved 23 May 2019 Clarke Donald C et al Punishment Encyclopedia Britannica Punishment in Islamic law Archived from the original on 5 July 2019 Retrieved 23 May 2019 Jonathan A C Brown Misquoting Muhammad The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet s Legacy Oneworld Publications 2014 p 180 The History of Honor Killings in Asia www thoughtco com Archived from the original on 22 August 2019 Retrieved 22 August 2019 Preliminary Examination of so called Honour Killings in Canada 24 September 2013 Archived from the original on 27 February 2021 Retrieved 3 May 2021 Muḥammad b ʿAli al Shawkani Nayl al Awṭar ed ʿIzz al Din Khaṭṭab 8 vols Beirut Dar Iḥya al Turath al ʿArabi 2001 7 24 a b Matthew A Goldstein September 2002 The biological roots of heat of passion crimes and honor killings PDF Politics and the Life Sciences p 29 Archived from the original PDF on 15 September 2012 Retrieved 21 July 2012 a b c Historical Overview Archived from the original on 16 October 2014 Retrieved 11 October 2014 How the West should treat honor killings Reuters 3 February 2012 Archived from the original on 7 February 2012 Retrieved 20 April 2015 Explainer Why Is It So Hard To Stop Honor Killings RadioFreeEurope RadioLiberty Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 Retrieved 20 April 2015 Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 18 October 2014 Retrieved 11 October 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link a b Working towards the elimination of crimes against women committed in the name of honour PDF Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Archived PDF from the original on 25 March 2009 Retrieved 8 February 2008 Abu Ghanem women speak out against serial honor killings Haaretz Archived from the original on 25 February 2007 Retrieved 23 February 2007 International Domestic Violence Issues Sanctuary For Families Archived from the original on 16 October 2014 Retrieved 5 December 2011 UN Division for the Advancement of Women Reports and resolutions on violence against women United Nations Archived from the original on 23 April 2020 Retrieved 24 January 2020 Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence CETS No 210 Archived from the original on 16 February 2015 Retrieved 20 April 2015 a b Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 8 March 2016 Retrieved 13 March 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 28 May 2015 Retrieved 13 March 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 27 May 2019 Retrieved 23 January 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Honour Killings By Region Hbv awareness com 18 March 2012 Archived from the original on 8 December 2013 Retrieved 25 January 2022 Common Ground for Europeans and Muslims Among Them Gallup com 28 May 2008 Archived from the original on 7 September 2008 Retrieved 16 August 2013 Honour Killings in Yemen Tribal Tradition and the Law Daraj 19 December 2019 Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 Retrieved 25 January 2022 Honour Killings in Yemen Tribal Tradition and the Law Daraj 19 December 2019 Retrieved 25 January 2022 Iranian women campaign to stop the rise in honor killings Middle East Institute Mei edu Archived from the original on 23 January 2022 Retrieved 25 January 2022 Belief that honour killings are justified still prevalent among Jordan s next generation study shows University of Cambridge 20 June 2013 Archived from the original on 14 December 2019 Retrieved 20 April 2015 a b Syria No Exceptions for Honor Killings Human Rights Watch 28 July 2009 Archived from the original on 6 January 2012 Retrieved 8 December 2011 Decriminalization of adultery and defenses Endvawnow org Archived from the original on 10 April 2014 Retrieved 16 August 2013 Dan Bilefsky Virgin suicides save Turks honor International Herald Tribune Archived from the original on 17 July 2006 Retrieved 12 July 2006 Daughter pregnant by rape killed by family World Archived 12 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine BrisbaneTimes 13 January 2009 Retrieved 1 October 2011 Pakistan s honor killings enjoy high level support Taipei Times 24 July 2004 Archived from the original on 5 August 2004 Retrieved 24 July 2004 Masood Salman 27 October 2004 Pakistan Tries to Curb Honor Killings The New York Times Archived from the original on 22 July 2016 Retrieved 27 October 2004 Kwame Anthony Appiah The Honor Code How Moral Revolutions Happen W W Norton and Company Shahid Qazi Carol Grisanti Honor Killings Persist in Man s World MSNBC Archived from the original on 22 September 2008 Retrieved 12 September 2008 Honour killings Pakistan closes loophole allowing killers to go free BBC News 6 October 2016 Archived from the original on 30 June 2018 Retrieved 20 June 2018 Honour Crimes Paradigms and Violence Against Women School of Oriental and African Studies Archived from the original on 7 October 2009 Retrieved 27 September 2008 The Secretary Generals database on violence against women Sgdatabase unwomen org Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 Retrieved 16 August 2013 Le Moniteur Journal Official de la Republique D Haiti PDF Sgdatabase unwomen org 11 August 2005 Archived from the original PDF on 24 December 2013 Retrieved 16 August 2013 Ley N 19580 Archived from the original on 27 July 2021 Retrieved 23 September 2021 Uruguay no condena el homicidio por adulterio Infobae Archived from the original on 23 September 2017 Retrieved 23 September 2021 Uruguay s shadow pandemic of violence against women is out of control openDemocracy Archived from the original on 23 September 2021 Retrieved 23 September 2021 Muerte de mujeres ocasionada por su pareja o ex pareja intima Observatorio de Igualdad de Genero 11 January 2016 Archived from the original on 23 September 2021 Retrieved 23 September 2021 Uruguay s shadow pandemic of violence against women is out of control openDemocracy Ratiboo 20 May 2022 Noticiero Judicial El origen del delito Femicidio Poder Judicial Poderjudicialtv cl Retrieved 25 June 2022 a b Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 12 December 2019 Retrieved 23 January 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Ordinario Cai 16 April 2021 Marry your rapist practice laws exist in PHL 20 other nations UNFA report BusinessMirror Archived from the original on 23 January 2022 Retrieved 23 January 2022 Marry your rapist laws in 20 countries still allow perpetrators to escape justice TheGuardian com 14 April 2021 Archived from the original on 23 January 2022 Retrieved 23 January 2022 a b c Honor Killings in Pakistan Archived 13 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine Amnesty International Retrieved 10 19 11 Suzanne Goldberg 27 May 1999 A Question of Honor The Guardian London Archived from the original on 24 August 2013 Retrieved 9 December 2011 Pamela Constable In Pakistan Women Pay the Price of Honor The Washington Post Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 Retrieved 8 December 2011 Honor Killings in Pakistan Amnesty org Retrieved 06 03 12 Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 Retrieved 1 October 2012 Chechen leader imposes strict brand of Islam Archived from the original on 4 March 2009 Retrieved 11 November 2016 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Associated Press President Kadyrov defends honour killings The Belfast Telegraph 1 March 2009 Archived from the original on 7 March 2009 Retrieved 1 March 2009 Staff vil gi strafferabatt for aeresdrap Aftenposten in Norwegian 29 November 2007 Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 Retrieved 23 November 2011 PAKISTAN Five women buried alive allegedly by the brother of a minister Asian Human Rights Commission Archived from the original on 2 March 2011 Retrieved 31 March 2011 Hussain Zahid 5 September 2008 Three teenagers buried alive in honour killings The Times London Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 Retrieved 31 March 2011 Foreign Our 1 September 2008 Pakistani women buried alive for choosing husbands The Telegraph London Archived from the original on 18 March 2011 Retrieved 31 March 2011 David Ruth 10 April 2007 Hug Sparks Fatwa Against Pakistani Minister Forbes Archived from the original on 25 May 2007 Retrieved 6 July 2011 Justice For Jassi justiceforjassi com Archived from the original on 10 August 2008 Retrieved 27 September 2008 Welcome to Frontline Vol 28 No 20 Usurped Hinduonnet com Retrieved 1 October 2011 Femicide in Latin America headQuarters Archived from the original on 7 December 2017 Retrieved 20 April 2015 Further reading EditKeiner Robert 2012 Honor Killings Issues in Comparative Politics pp 397 424 doi 10 4135 9781483349275 n14 ISBN 9781608718313 NDTV Honour killing in Delhi 4 Sep 2012 Archived 3 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine Burke Jason The Guardian Triple murder in India highlights increase in honour killings Archived 20 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine 25 June 2010 Emery James Reputation is Everything Honor Killing among the Palestinians Archived 11 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine 2003 Jordan Parliament Supports Impunity for Honor Killing Washington D C Human Rights Watch news release January 2000 Burned Alive A Victim of the Law of Men ISBN 0 446 53346 7 Alleged first person account of Souad a victim of an attempted honor killing The authenticity of this work has been questioned as it is based on a repressed memory report citation needed Knox Malcolm 13 April 2005 Historian challenges Palestinian bestseller The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved 13 April 2005 Schulze Kirsten Martin Stokes and Colm Campbell 1996 eds Nationalism Minorities and Diasporas Identities and Rights in the Middle East London I B Tauris Tintori Karen 2007 Unto the Daughters The Legacy of an Honor Killing in a Sicilian American Family St Martin s Press Wikan Unni 2002 Generous Betrayal Politics of Culture in the New Europe University of Chicago Press Yavuz Ercan Honor killings a misunderstood concept study finds Today s Zaman 1 August 2010 Sanghera Jasvinder 2009 Daughters of shame Ermers Robert 2018 Honor Related Violence A New Social Psychological Perspective Routledge Honor Related Violence A New Social Psychological Perspective Archived 9 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine Ercan Selen A 2014 Same Problem Different Solutions The Case of Honour Killing in Germany and Britain In Gill Aisha K Carolyn Strange and Karl Roberts Honour Killing and Violence Theory Policy and Practice London Palgrave Macmillan pp 199 218 Ercan Selen A 2014 Dangerous silence Debating honor killings Open Democracy 1 July 2014 permanent dead link Robert Fisk The crimewave that shames the world Archived 19 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine The Independent 7 September 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Honor killing amp oldid 1130609817, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.