The Byzantine Empire suffered setbacks during the rapid expansion of the Caliphate, a mass incursion of Slavs in the Balkans which reduced its territorial limits. The decisive victory at the Siege of Constantinople in the 670s led the empire to retain Asia Minor which assured the existence of the empire.[1]
In China, the Sui dynasty was replaced by the Tang dynasty, which set up its military bases from Korea to Central Asia. China began to reach its height. Silla allied itself with the Tang dynasty, subjugating Baekje and defeating Goguryeo to unite the Korean Peninsula under one ruler. While the Asuka period persisted in Japan throughout the 7th century.
Harsha united Northern India, which had reverted to small republics and states after the fall of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century.
603: Last mention of the Roman Senate in Gregorian Register. It mentions that the senate acclaimed the statues of emperor Phocas and empress Leontia.[5]
606: Pope Boniface III elected to the papacy on the death of Pope Sabinian. He sought and obtained a decree from Byzantine Emperor Phocas which stated that "the See of Blessed Peter the Apostle should be the head of all the Churches". This ensured that the title of "Universal Bishop" belonged exclusively to the Bishop of Rome.
Mid-7th century: Durga Mahishasura-mardini (Durga as Slayer of the Buffalo Demon), rock-cut relief, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India, is made. Pallava period. It is now kept at Asian Art Archives, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
664: A Tang dynasty Chinese source written by I-tsing, mentioned about Holing (Kalingga) kingdom, located somewhere in the northern coast of Central Java.[6]
668: The end of the Goguryeo–Tang War, as Goguryeo fell to a joint attack by Tang China and Unified Silla of Korea, the latter of which held the former Goguryeo domains.
677: Most of the Arab fleet is destroyed by Greek fire; the Persian crown prince flees to the T'ang court.
680: Decisive victory of the Bulgars over the Byzantines in the Battle of Ongal.Qajar era painting of the prophet Muhammad at the decisive Battle of Karbala in 680
687: I-tsing returned to Srivijaya in on his way back from India to China. In his record he reported that the Kingdom of Malayu was captured by Srivijaya.[10]
700: Wet-field rice cultivation, small towns and kingdoms flourish. Trade links are established with China and India.[12]
c. late 7th century: The Sojomerto inscription (discovered in Batang, Central Java) is dated around this time, it mentions Dapunta Selendra, possibly the ancestor of the Sailendra dynasty. The inscription was written in Old Malay, suggesting a Srivijayan link to this family.[13]
Inventions, discoveries, introductionsedit
Earliest known record of the game Chaturanga, a predecessor to Chess.
The Indian Mathematician Brahmagupta presented the first instance of finite difference interpolation.
Late 7th century: The stirrup introduced to Persia from China.
In the 7th century the cookie was invented in Persia.
Referencesedit
^ abOstrogorsky, George (1959). "The Byzantine Empire in the World of the Seventh Century". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 13: 3. doi:10.2307/1291126. ISSN 0070-7546. JSTOR 1291126.
^"An Introduction to Early Medieval England". English Heritage. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
^"The San Diego Union-Tribune - San Diego, California & National News". San Diego Union-Tribune.
^ abcdeRoberts, J: History of the World.. Penguin, 1994.
^Richards, Jeffrey (January 1, 1979). The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476-752. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN9780710000989 – via Google Books.
^Drs. R. Soekmono (1988) [1973]. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed (5th reprint ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 37.
^Junjiro Takakusu, (1896), A record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago AD 671–695, by I-tsing, Oxford, London.
^Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.38
^Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.39
^. Archived from the original on 2008-12-31. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
^Boechari (1966). "Preliminary report on the discovery of an Old Malay inscription at Sojomerto". MISI. III: 241–251.
^Kamouch, Mohammed (2006). "Jewels of the Muslim Chinese Heritage". Muslim Heritage. Muslim Heritage. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
November 15, 2023
century, period, from, through, accordance, with, julian, calendar, christian, eastern, hemisphere, beginning, eastern, hemisphere, spread, islam, muslim, conquests, began, with, unification, arabia, muhammad, starting, after, muhammad, death, islam, expanded,. The 7th century is the period from 601 through 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 7th century Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 7th century The spread of Islam and the Muslim conquests began with the unification of Arabia by Muhammad starting in 622 After Muhammad s death in 632 Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula under the Rashidun Caliphate 632 661 and the Umayyad Caliphate 661 750 The Muslim conquest of Persia in the 7th century led to the downfall of the Sasanian Empire Also conquered during the 7th century were Syria Palestine Armenia Egypt and North Africa 1 The Byzantine Empire suffered setbacks during the rapid expansion of the Caliphate a mass incursion of Slavs in the Balkans which reduced its territorial limits The decisive victory at the Siege of Constantinople in the 670s led the empire to retain Asia Minor which assured the existence of the empire 1 In the Iberian Peninsula the 7th century was known as the Siglo de Concilios century of councils referring to the Councils of Toledo Northumbria established dominance in the British Isles from Mercia 2 while the Lombards maintained its hold in most of Italy In China the Sui dynasty was replaced by the Tang dynasty which set up its military bases from Korea to Central Asia China began to reach its height Silla allied itself with the Tang dynasty subjugating Baekje and defeating Goguryeo to unite the Korean Peninsula under one ruler While the Asuka period persisted in Japan throughout the 7th century Harsha united Northern India which had reverted to small republics and states after the fall of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century Events edit nbsp Pages of a late 7th century Quran nbsp An Anglo Saxon helmet found at Sutton Hoo probably belonging to Raedwald of East Anglia circa 625 nbsp Silk cloth with four horsemen hunting lions 7th century Horyu ji temple Japan The world s population shrinks to about 208 million people 3 The Anglo Saxon Heptarchy emerges at the beginning of this century or the last in England 4 Sutton Hoo ship burial East Anglia England Earliest attested English poetry The first known Croatian archon Porga establishes the Duchy of Croatia The Bulgars arrive in the Balkans establishment of the powerful Bulgarian Empire Xuanzang traveled from China to India before returning to Chang an in China to translate Buddhist scriptures Guangzhou China becomes a major international seaport hosting maritime travelers from the Middle East East Africa India and South East Asia The main compound of Hōryu ji temple in Nara is built during the Asuka period Timgad Algeria is destroyed by Berbers Islam begins in Arabia the Quran is documented Nobatia annexed by its southern neighbor Makuria sometime before the Arab Nubian wars Arab traders penetrate the area of Lake Chad End of sporadic Buddhist rule in the Sindh Teotihuacan is sacked The political and religious buildings are burned The religion of Shugendō evolves from Buddhism Taoism Shinto and other influences in the mountains of Japan Early 7th century Croats enter their present territory settling in six distinct tribal delimitations 7th and 9th century Mosaics and side panels above the apse of Basilica of Sant Apollinare in Classe are made 600 Smallpox spreads from India into Europe 602 The Third Chinese domination of Vietnam starts following the collapse of the Early Ly dynasty 603 Last mention of the Roman Senate in Gregorian Register It mentions that the senate acclaimed the statues of emperor Phocas and empress Leontia 5 606 Pope Boniface III elected to the papacy on the death of Pope Sabinian He sought and obtained a decree from Byzantine Emperor Phocas which stated that the See of Blessed Peter the Apostle should be the head of all the Churches This ensured that the title of Universal Bishop belonged exclusively to the Bishop of Rome 607 Hōryu ji temple believed to have been completed in Ikaruga Japan 610 A great number of Slavs enter the Roman lands of the Balkans Later forming tribal confederacies 610 Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople overthrows Eastern Roman Emperor Phocas and becomes Emperor His first major act is to change the official language of the Eastern Roman Empire from Latin to Greek already the language of the vast majority of the population 615 The Sasanian Empire under Shah Khosrow II sacks Jerusalem taking away the relic of the True Cross 4 615 Pacal the Great becomes king of the Mayan city state of Palenque 616 Shah Khosrow II invades Egypt 4 616 AEthelfrith of Northumbria defeats the Welsh in a battle at Chester in England 618 Tang dynasty of China do initiated by Li Yuan 618 The Chenla kingdom completely absorbed Funan 622 Year one of the Islamic calendar begins during which the Hijrah occurs Muhammad and his followers emigrate from Mecca to Medina in September 623 The Frankish merchant Samo supporting the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers becomes the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe 626 The Avars the Slavs and the Persians jointly besiege but fail to capture Constantinople 627 Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians ending the Roman Persian Wars 629 The Arab Byzantine wars begin Much of the Roman Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by Khalid ibn al Walid 629 630 Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks Chinese Tang dynasty forces under commanders Li Jing and Li Shiji destroy the Gokturk Khanate 632 The Muslim conquests begin 635 649 Alopen a Persian Christian priest introduces Nestorian Christianity into China 636 Around this time the Battle of al Qadisiyyah resulted in a decisive victory for Muslims in the Muslim conquest of Persia the Persian Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by Sa d ibn Abi Waqqas 638 Emperor Taizong 627 649 issues an edict of universal toleration of religions Nestorian Christians build a church in Chang an 638 Muslim conquest of Palestine 639 Muslim conquest of Egypt and Armenia 639 Unsuccessful revolt of Ashina Jiesheshuai of the Turkic people against Tang China 641 The Coptic period in its more specific definition ends when Islam is introduced into Egypt 642 Arab armies face first Defeat in The First Battle of Dongola against Christian Nubians 649 683 Chinese Emperor Gaozong permits establishment of Christian monasteries in each of 358 prefectures 650 The Arab Khazar wars begin nbsp The Tang dynasty Giant Wild Goose Pagoda of Chang an built in 652 in modern day Xi an China Mid 7th century Durga Mahishasura mardini Durga as Slayer of the Buffalo Demon rock cut relief Mamallapuram Tamil Nadu India is made Pallava period It is now kept at Asian Art Archives University of Michigan Ann Arbor Mid 7th century Portrait of Lord Pacal from his tomb Temple of the Inscriptions Palenque Mexico is made Maya culture It is now kept at National Museum of Anthropology Mexico City Mid 7th century Dharmaraja Ratha Mamallapuram Tamil Nadu India is built Pallava period 651 Emperor Yazdegerd III is murdered in Merv ending the rule of Sassanid dynasty in Persia 652 Arab armies defeated again in the Second Battle of Dongola resulting in the baqt possibly the longest treaty in history 656 661 The First Fitna occurs 657 The Chinese Tang dynasty under Emperor Gaozong of Tang defeats Western Turkic Kaganate 658 Two Chinese monks Zhi Yu and Zhi You reconstruct the 3rd century south pointing chariot mechanical compass vehicle for Emperor Tenji of Japan 661 Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib is assassinated His successor Hasan ibn Ali abdicated the Caliphate to Muawiyah I marking the beginning of the Umayyad Caliphate 4 663 The Tang dynasty of China and Korean Silla Kingdom gain victory against the Korean Baekje Kingdom and their Yamato Japanese allies in the naval Battle of Baekgang 664 Conquest of Kabul by Muslims 664 A Tang dynasty Chinese source written by I tsing mentioned about Holing Kalingga kingdom located somewhere in the northern coast of Central Java 6 668 The end of the Goguryeo Tang War as Goguryeo fell to a joint attack by Tang China and Unified Silla of Korea the latter of which held the former Goguryeo domains 670 In 670 an Arab Muslim army under Uqba ibn Nafi entered the region of Ifriqiya In the late 670s conquest of North Africa was completed 671 I tsing visited Srivijaya and Malayu in Sumatra and Kedah in Malay peninsula on his way to Nalanda India 7 674 The first Arab siege of Constantinople begins 677 Most of the Arab fleet is destroyed by Greek fire the Persian crown prince flees to the T ang court 680 Decisive victory of the Bulgars over the Byzantines in the Battle of Ongal nbsp Qajar era painting of the prophet Muhammad at the decisive Battle of Karbala in 680 680 Battle of Karbala took place near Kufa which resulted in the death of Husayn ibn Ali and the division of Muslim community 681 Bulgaria is recognized as independent country by the Byzantine Empire 682 Revival of the Turkic Khaganate by the efforts of Ilterish Qaghan and Tonyukuk 683 Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa performed Siddhayatra as the journey to expand his influence The event mentioned in several inscriptions such as Telaga Batu inscription Talang Tuo inscription and Kedukan Bukit inscription The beginning of Srivijaya hegemony over the maritime region around Malacca Strait and Sunda Strait 8 683 685 The Second Fitna 686 Srivijaya launch a naval invasion of Java which is mentioned in Kota Kapur inscription This likely contributed to the end of Tarumanagara kingdom 9 687 I tsing returned to Srivijaya in on his way back from India to China In his record he reported that the Kingdom of Malayu was captured by Srivijaya 10 688 Emperor Justinian II of the Byzantine Empire defeats the Bulgarians 690 Pro Buddhist imperial consort Wu Zetian seizes power and rules as Empress of China 691 Buddhism is made the state religion of China 698 The Arabs capture Carthage from the Byzantine Empire 698 Active but unofficial anti Christian persecution begins in China 698 North South States Period begins in Korea 700 The Mount Edziza volcanic complex erupts in northern British Columbia Canada 700 The Sumatra based Srivijaya naval kingdom flourishes and declines 11 700 Wet field rice cultivation small towns and kingdoms flourish Trade links are established with China and India 12 c late 7th century The Sojomerto inscription discovered in Batang Central Java is dated around this time it mentions Dapunta Selendra possibly the ancestor of the Sailendra dynasty The inscription was written in Old Malay suggesting a Srivijayan link to this family 13 Inventions discoveries introductions editEarliest known record of the game Chaturanga a predecessor to Chess The Indian Mathematician Brahmagupta presented the first instance of finite difference interpolation 636 The Xumi Pagoda in Zhengding China is built 650 The first Chinese paper money is issued 4 650s After sailing from Ethiopia Sa d ibn Abi Waqqas allegedly introduced Islam to China and established the first Islamic mosque of China in Guangzhou 14 670s Greek fire invented in Constantinople Late 7th century The stirrup introduced to Persia from China In the 7th century the cookie was invented in Persia References edit a b Ostrogorsky George 1959 The Byzantine Empire in the World of the Seventh Century Dumbarton Oaks Papers 13 3 doi 10 2307 1291126 ISSN 0070 7546 JSTOR 1291126 An Introduction to Early Medieval England English Heritage Retrieved 2022 08 26 The San Diego Union Tribune San Diego California amp National News San Diego Union Tribune a b c d e Roberts J History of the World Penguin 1994 Richards Jeffrey January 1 1979 The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages 476 752 Routledge amp Kegan Paul ISBN 9780710000989 via Google Books Drs R Soekmono 1988 1973 Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2 2nd ed 5th reprint ed Yogyakarta Penerbit Kanisius p 37 Junjiro Takakusu 1896 A record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago AD 671 695 by I tsing Oxford London Soekmono R Drs Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2 2nd ed Penerbit Kanisius Yogyakarta 1973 5th reprint edition in 1988 p 38 Soekmono R Drs Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2 2nd ed Penerbit Kanisius Yogyakarta 1973 5th reprint edition in 1988 p 39 Buddhist Monks Pilgrimage of Tang Dynasty Archived from the original on 2008 12 31 Retrieved 2013 04 29 Taylor 2003 pp 22 26 Ricklefs 1991 p 3 Taylor 2003 pp 8 9 15 18 Boechari 1966 Preliminary report on the discovery of an Old Malay inscription at Sojomerto MISI III 241 251 Kamouch Mohammed 2006 Jewels of the Muslim Chinese Heritage Muslim Heritage Muslim Heritage Retrieved 4 December 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 7th century amp oldid 1164960202, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
