Nara Prefecture
Nara Prefecture (奈良県, Nara-ken) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu.[3] As of 2020,[update] Nara Prefecture has a population of 1,321,805[4] and has a geographic area of 3,691 square kilometres (1,425 sq mi). Nara Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the north, Osaka Prefecture to the northwest, Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest, and Mie Prefecture to the east.
Nara Prefecture 奈良県 | |
|---|---|
| Japanese transcription(s) | |
| • Japanese | 奈良県 |
| • Rōmaji | Nara-ken |
Flag Symbol | |
| Anthem: Nara kenmin no uta | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Kansai |
| Island | Honshu |
| Capital | Nara |
| Subdivisions | Districts: 7, Municipalities: 39 |
| Government | |
| • Governor | Makoto Yamashita |
| Area | |
| • Total | 3,691.09 km2 (1,425.14 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 40th |
| Population (1 December 2020) | |
| • Total | 1,321,805 |
| • Rank | 30th |
| • Density | 358.10/km2 (927.5/sq mi) |
| • Dialects | Nara・Okuyoshino |
| GDP | |
| • Total | JP¥ 3,925 billion US$ 36.0 billion (2019) |
| ISO 3166 code | JP-29 |
| Website | www |
| Symbols of Japan | |
| Bird | Japanese robin (Erithacus akahige) |
| Fish | Goldfish ( Carassius auratus auratus )[2] Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis)[2] Amago (Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae)[2] |
| Flower | Nara yae zakura (Prunus verecunda cultivar) |
| Tree | Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) |
Nara is the capital and largest city of Nara Prefecture, with other major cities including Kashihara, Ikoma, and Yamatokōriyama.[5] Nara Prefecture is located in the center of the Kii Peninsula on Japan's Pacific Ocean coast, and is one of only eight landlocked prefectures. Nara Prefecture has the distinction of having more UNESCO World Heritage listings than any other prefecture in Japan.[6]
History edit
Nara Prefecture region is considered one of the oldest regions in Japan, having been in existence for thousands of years, and is widely viewed as the Japanese cradle of civilization. Like Kyoto, Nara was one of Imperial Japan's earliest capital cities.[7][8] The current form of Nara Prefecture was officially created in 1887 when it became independent of Osaka Prefecture.
Historically, Nara Prefecture was also known as Yamato-no-kuni or Yamato Province.[9]
Up to Nara Period edit
From the third century to the fourth century, a poorly documented political force existed at the foot of Mount Miwa, east of Nara Basin. It sought unification of most parts in Japan. Since the historical beginning of Japan, Yamato was its political center.
Ancient capitals of Japan were built on the land of Nara, namely Asuka-kyō, Fujiwara-kyō (694–710)[10] and Heijō-kyō (most of 710–784).[11] The capital cities of Fujiwara and Heijō are believed to have been modeled after Chinese capitals at the time, incorporating grid layout patterns. The royal court also established relations with Sui and then Tang dynasty China and sent students to the Middle Kingdom to learn high civilization. By 7th century, Nara accepted the many immigrants including refugees of Baekje who had escaped from war disturbances of the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The first high civilization with royal patronage of Buddhism flourished in today's Nara city (710–784 AD).
Nara in the Heian period edit
In 784, Emperor Kanmu decided to relocate the capital to Nagaoka-kyō in Yamashiro Province, followed by another move in 794 to Heian-kyō, marking the start of the Heian period. The temples in Nara remained powerful beyond the move of political capital, thus giving Nara a synonym of "Nanto" (meaning "South Capital") as opposed to Heian-kyō, situated in the north. Close to the end of Heian period, Taira no Shigehira, a son of Taira no Kiyomori, was ordered by his father to depress the power of various parties, mainly Kōfuku-ji and Tōdai-ji, who were backing up an opposition group headed by Prince Mochihito. The movement led to a collision between the Taira and the Nara temples in 1180. This clash eventually led to Kōfuku-ji and Tōdai-ji being set on fire, resulting in vast destruction of architectural heritage.
Medieval Nara edit
At the rise of the Minamoto to its ruling seat and the opening of Kamakura shogunate, Nara enjoyed the support of Minamoto no Yoritomo toward restoration. Kōfuku-ji, being the "home temple" to the Fujiwara since its foundation, not only regained the power it had before but became a de facto regional chief of Yamato Province. With the reconstruction of Kōfuku-ji and Tōdai-ji, a town was growing again near the two temples.
The Nanboku-chō period, starting in 1336, brought more instability to Nara. As Emperor Go-Daigo chose Yoshino as his base, a power struggle arose in Kōfuku-ji with a group supporting the South and another siding the North court. Likewise, local clans were split into two. Kōfuku-ji recovered its control over the province for a short time at the surrender of the South Court in 1392, while the internal power game of the temple itself opened a way for the local samurai clans to spring up and fight with each other, gradually acquiring their own territories, thus diminishing the influence of Kōfuku-ji overall.
The Sengoku and Edo periods edit
Later, the whole province of Yamato got drawn into the confusion of the Sengoku period. Tōdai-ji was once again set on fire in 1567, when Matsunaga Hisahide, who was later appointed by Oda Nobunaga to the lord of Yamato Province, fought for supremacy against his former master Miyoshi family. Followed by short appointments of Tsutsui Junkei and Toyotomi Hidenaga by Toyotomi Hideyoshi to the lord, the Tokugawa shogunate ultimately ruled the city of Nara directly, and most parts of Yamato province with a few feudal lords allocated at Kōriyama, Takatori and other places. With industry and commerce developing in the 18th century, the economy of the province was incorporated into prosperous Osaka, the commercial capital of Japan at the time.
From the establishment of Nara Prefecture to the present edit
A first prefecture (briefly -fu in 1868, but -ken for most of the time)[12] named Nara was established in the Meiji Restoration in 1868 as successor to the shogunate administration of the shogunate city and shogunate lands in Yamato. After the 1871 Abolition of the han system, Nara was merged with other prefectures (from former han, see List of Han#Yamato Province) and cleared of ex-/enclaves to encompass all of Yamato province. In 1876, Nara was merged into Sakai which in turn became part of Osaka in 1881. In 1887, Nara became independent again, with Saisho Atsushi as the first governor.[13][14] The first prefectural assembly of Nara was elected in the same year and opened its first session in 1888 in the gallery of the main hall of Tōdai temple.[14]
In the 1889 Great Meiji mergers which subdivided all (then 45) prefectures into modern municipalities, Nara prefecture's 16 districts were subdivided into 154 municipalities: 10 towns and 144 villages. The first city in Nara was only established in 1898 when Nara Town from Soekami District was made district-independent to become Nara City (see List of mergers in Nara Prefecture and List of mergers in Osaka Prefecture).
The economic dependency to Osaka even characterizes today's Nara Prefecture, for many inhabitants commute to Osaka to work or study there.
Geography edit
City Town Village
Nara Prefecture is part of the Kansai, or Kinki, region of Japan, and is located in the middle of the Kii Peninsula on the western half of Honshu. Nara Prefecture is landlocked. It is bordered to the west by Wakayama Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture; on the north by Kyoto Prefecture and on the east by Mie Prefecture.
Nara Prefecture is 78.5 kilometres (48.8 mi) from east to west and 103.6 kilometres (64.4 mi) from north to south.
Most of the prefecture is covered by mountains and forests, leaving an inhabitable area of only 851 square kilometres (329 sq mi). The ratio of inhabitable area to total area is 23%, ranked 43rd among the 47 prefectures in Japan.[15]
Nara Prefecture is bisected by the Japan Median Tectonic Line (MTL) running through its territory east to west, along the Yoshino River. On the northern side of the MTL is the so-called Inner Zone, where active faults running north to south are still shaping the landscape. The Ikoma Mountains in the northwest form the border with Osaka Prefecture. The Nara Basin, which lies to the east of these mountains, contains the highest concentration of population in Nara Prefecture. Further east are the Kasagi Mountains, which separate the Basin from the Yamato Highlands.
South of the MTL is the Outer Zone, comprising the Kii Mountains, which occupy about 60% of the land area of the prefecture. The Ōmine Range is in the center of the Kii Mountains, running north to south, with steep valleys on both sides. The tallest mountain in Nara Prefecture, and indeed in the Kansai region, is Mount Hakkyō. To the west, separating Nara Prefecture from Wakayama Prefecture, is the Obako Range, with peaks around 1,300 metres (4,300 ft). To the east, bordering Mie Prefecture, is the Daikō Range, including Mount Ōdaigahara. This mountainous region is also home to a World Heritage Site, the Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range".
About 17% of the total land area of the prefecture is designated as National Park land, comprising the Yoshino-Kumano National Park, Kongō-Ikoma-Kisen, Kōya-Ryūjin, Murō-Akame-Aoyama, and Yamato-Aogaki Quasi-National Parks; and the Tsukigase-Kōnoyama, Yata, and Yoshinogawa-Tsuboro Prefectural Natural Parks.[16]
Climate edit
In the Nara Basin, the climate has inland characteristics, as represented in the bigger temperature variance within the same day, and the difference of summer and winter temperatures. Winter temperatures average about 3 to 5 °C (37 to 41 °F), and 25 to 28 °C (77 to 82 °F) in the summer with highest reaching close to 35 °C (95 °F). There is not a single year over the last decade (since 1990, up to 2007) with more than 10 days of snowfall recorded by Nara Local Meteorological Observatory.
The climate in the rest of the prefecture are mountainous, and especially in the south, with below −5 °C (23 °F) being the extreme minimum in winter. Heavy rainfall is observed in summer. The annual accumulated rainfall ranges as much as 3,000 to 5,000 millimetres (120 to 200 in), which is among the heaviest in Japan.
Spring and fall are temperate. The mountainous region of Yoshino has been popular both historically and presently for its cherry blossoms in the spring. In the fall, the southern mountains are equally striking with the changing of the oak trees.[citation needed]
Municipalities edit
Since 2006, there are 39 municipalities in Nara Prefecture: twelve [by definition: district-independent] cities and seven remaining districts containing 15 towns and twelve villages:
| Abbreviation | Full name | Area (km2) | Population | District | Type | Map |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Japanese, Romanization | ||||||
| Gojō | 五條市, Gojō-shi | 291.98 | 33,283 | — | City (-shi) | |
| Gose | 御所市, Gose-shi | 60.65 | 26,522 | — | City (-shi) | |
| Ikoma | 生駒市, Ikoma-shi | 53.18 | 120,741 | — | City (-shi) | |
| Kashiba | 香芝市, Kashiba-shi | 24.23 | 79,023 | — | City (-shi) | |
| Kashihara | 橿原市, Kashihara-shi | 39.52 | 124,829 | — | City (-shi) | |
| Katsuragi | 葛󠄀城市, Katsuragi-shi | 33.73 | 37,352 | — | City (-shi) | |
| Nara (capital) | 奈良市, Nara-shi | 276.84 | 359,666 | — | City (-shi) | |
| Sakurai | 桜井市, Sakurai-shi | 98.92 | 58,386 | — | City (-shi) | |
| Tenri | 天理市, Tenri-shi | 86.37 | 66,866 | — | City (-shi) | |
| Uda | 宇陀市, Uda-shi | 247.62 | 31,274 | — | City (-shi) | |
| Yamatokōriyama | 大和郡山市, Yamato-Kōriyama-shi | 42.69 | 87,541 | — | City (-shi) | |
| Yamatotakada | 大和高田市, Yamato-Takada-shi | 16.48 | 66,400 | — | City (-shi) | |
| Ando | 安堵町, Ando-chō | 4.33 | 7,523 | Ikoma District | Town (-chō) | |
| Asuka | 明日香村, Asuka-mura | 24.08 | 5,681 | Takaichi District | Village (-mura) | |
| Heguri | 平群町, Heguri-chō | 23.9 | 18,774 | Ikoma District | Town (-chō) | |
| Higashiyoshino | 東吉野村, Higashi-Yoshino-mura | 131.6 | 1,661 | Yoshino District | Village (-mura) | |
| Ikaruga | 斑鳩町, Ikaruga-chō | 14.27 | 27,341 | Ikoma District | Town (-chō) | |
| Kamikitayama | 上北山村, Kami-Kitayama-mura | 274.05 | 486 | Yoshino District | Village (-mura) | |
| Kanmaki | 上牧町, Kanmaki-chō | 6.14 | 22,807 | Kitakatsuragi District | Town (-chō) | |
| Kawai | 河合町, Kawai-chō | 8.27 | 17,831 | Kitakatsuragi District | Town (-chō) | |
| Kawakami | 川上村, Kawakami-mura | 269.26 | 1,498 | Yoshino District | Village (-mura) | |
| Kawanishi | 川西町, Kawanishi-chō | 5.94 | 8,704 | Shiki District | Town (-chō) | |
| Kōryō | 広陵町, Kōryō-chō | 16.34 | 35,021 | Kitakatsuragi District | Town (-chō) | |
| Kurotaki | 黒滝村, Kurotaki-mura | 47.71 | 745 | Yoshino District | Village (-mura) | |
| Mitsue | 御杖村, Mitsue-mura | 79.63 | 1,696 | Uda District | Village (-mura) | |
| Miyake | 三宅町, Miyake-chō | 4.07 | 7,013 | Shiki District | Town (-chō) | |
| Nosegawa | 野迫川村, Nosegawa-mura | 155.03 | 424 | Yoshino District | Village (-mura) | |
| Ōji | 王寺町, Ōji-chō | 7 | 22,791 | Kitakatsuragi District | Town (-chō) | |
| Ōyodo | 大淀町, Ōyodo-chō | 38.06 | 17,731 | Yoshino District | Town (-chō) | |
| Sangō | 三郷町, Sangō-chō | 8.8 | 23,455 | Ikoma District | Town (-chō) | |
| Shimoichi | 下市町, Shimoichi-chō | 62.01 | 5,378 | Yoshino District | Town (-chō) | |
| Shimokitayama | 下北山村, Shimo-Kitayama-mura | 133.53 | 855 | Yoshino District | Village (-mura) | |
| Soni | 曽爾村, Soni-mura | 47.84 | 1,528 | Uda District | Village (-mura) | |
| Takatori | 高取町, Takatori-chō | 25.77 | 6,964 | Takaichi District | Town (-chō) | |
| Tawaramoto | 田原本町, Tawaramoto-chō | 21.09 | 32,241 | Shiki District | Town (-chō) | |
| Tenkawa | 天川村, Tenkawa-mura | 175.7 | 1,310 | Yoshino District | Village (-mura) | |
| Totsukawa | 十津川村, Totsukawa-mura | 672.35 | 3,488 | Yoshino District | Village (-mura) | |
| Yamazoe | 山添村, Yamazoe-mura | 66.52 | 3,701 | Yamabe District | Village (-mura) | |
| Yoshino | 吉野町, Yoshino-chō | 95.96 | 6,337 | Yoshino District | Town (-chō) | |
| Nara | 奈良県, Nara-ken | 3,691.09 | 1,321,805 | — | Prefecture (-ken) |
Kansai Science City is located in the northwest.
Mergers edit
Demographics edit
| Population by districts[17] | |||
| District | Area Size (km2) | Population | Density per km2 |
| Yamato flat inland plain | 837.27 | 1,282 | 1,531 |
| (Share in %) | 22.7% | 89.7% | |
| Yamato highland | 506.89 | 56 | 110 |
| (Share in %) | 13.7% | 3.9% | |
| Gojō, Yoshino | 2,346.84 | 92 | 39 |
| (Share in %) | 63.6% | 6.4% | |
| Total Prefecture | 3,691.09 | 1,430 | 387 |
| (Share in %) | 100.0% | 100.0% | |
According to the 2005 Census of Japan, Nara Prefecture has a population of 1,421,310, which is a decrease of 1.5%, since the year 2000.[18]
The decline continued in 2006, with another decrease of 4,987 people compared to 2005. This includes a natural decrease from previous year of 288 people (11,404 births minus 11,692 deaths) and a decrease due to net domestic migration of 4,627 people outbound from the prefecture, and a decrease of 72 registered foreigners. Net domestic migration has turned into a continuous outbound trend since 1998. The largest destinations of migration in 2005 were the prefectures of Kyoto, Tokyo, and Hyōgo, with respectively a net of 1,130,982 and 451 people moving over. The largest inbound migration was from Niigata Prefecture, contributing to a net increase of 39 people. 13.7% of its population were reported as under 15, 65.9% between 15 and 64, and 20.4% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 52.5% of the population.[19]
As of 2004, the average density of the prefecture is 387 people per km2. By districts,[20] the so-called Yamato flat inland plain holds as much as about 90% of total population within the approximately 23% size of area in the north-west, including the Nara Basin, representing a density of 1,531 people per km2. To the contrast, the combined district Gojō and Yoshino District occupies almost 64% of the land, while only 6% of people lives there, resulting in a density of 39 people km2.
Nara prefecture had the highest rate in Japan of people commuting outbound for work, at 30.9% in 2000. A similar tendency is seen in prefectures such as Saitama, Chiba, and Kanagawa, all three of them having over 20% of people commuting for other prefectures.[15]
Politics edit
- A governor and members of prefectural assembly is elected by citizens in accordance with the Local Autonomy Law.
- Shōgo Arai was governor between 2007 and 2023, a former LDP member of the national House of Councillors. In the April 2019 gubernatorial election, he was re-elected to a fourth term with major party support (LDP, DPFP, Kōmeitō) with 47.5% of the vote against former Democratic Diet member and vice-minister Kiyoshige Maekawa (32.3%) and independent physician Minoru Kawashima (20.2%).[21]
- In 2023, Makoto Yamashita was elected governor. This was the first time Nippon Ishi gained a governor outside of Osaka.[22]
- As of 2019, there are 43 seats in the Nara Prefectural Assembly, elected in 16 constituencies (4 single-member, 12 multi-member).[23] After the April 2019 assembly election, the LDP is by far the largest party with 21 members while no other party won more than four seats,[24] but its members are split between several parliamentary groups; by group, the composition as of May 2019 was: LDP 10, LDP Nara 9, Sōsei Nara [of independents] 5, Shinsei Nara [mainly DPFP] 5, JCP 4, Nippon Ishin no Kai 4, Kōmeitō 3, LDP Kizuna 2.[25]
- There was a clear tendency seen through the results of Lower House election in 2005, that the younger generation executes its voting right much less compared to the older. Only 48.8% of citizens age 20–29 voted, whereas all older generations (grouped by decades) votes more than its younger, reaching the highest voting rate of 86.3% at ages 60–69. The only exception was the 72.1% voting right executed by citizens of 70 or older. The overall average of the prefecture who voted was yet higher, at 70.3%, than that of nationwide average, 67.5%.[26]
- As of October 2019, Nara's directly elected delegation to the National Diet is all-LDP, namely:
- in the House of Representatives where Nara has lost one district in a 2017 reapportionment
- for the 1st district in the North consisting of most of Nara City and Ikoma City: Shigeki Kobayashi (LDP, 2nd term) who narrowly defeated long-time incumbent Sumio Mabuchi in the 2017 House of Representatives election,
- for the 2nd district with southern suburbs (and a small part) of the capital: Sanae Takaichi (LDP, 8th term) who has served as minister in several cabinets and was re-elected with 60% of the vote in 2017,
- for the 3rd district which covers the less urbanized, central and Southern parts of Nara: Taidō Tanose (LDP, 3rd term), member for the now-abolished 4th district before 2017,
- in the House of Councillors where the Nara district is one of the often decisive FPTP single-member districts
- in the 2016–2022 class: Kei Satō (LDP, 1st term) who defeated incumbent Kiyoshige Maekawa in 2016 by a twelve-point-margin in a three-way contest with an Osaka Ishin no Kai challenger,
- in the 2019–2025 class: Iwao Horii (LDP, 2nd term) who defended the seat 55% to 40% against an "independent", joint centre-left (CDP, DPFP, SDP) challenger in 2019.
- in the House of Representatives where Nara has lost one district in a 2017 reapportionment
Economy edit
The 2004 total gross prefecture product (GPP) for Nara was ¥3.8 trillion, an 0.1% growth over previous year. The per capita income was ¥2.6 million, which is a 1.3% decrease from previous year. The 2004 total gross prefecture product (GPP) for Nara was ¥3.8 trillion, an 0.1% growth over previous year. Manufacturing has the biggest share in the GPP of Nara with 20.2% of share, followed by services (19.1%) and real estates (16.3%). The share of agriculture including forestry and fishery was a mere 1.0%, only above mining, which is quasi-inexistent in Nara.[27]
- Tourism is treated by the prefectural government as one of the most important features of Nara, because of its natural environment and historical significance.
- Nara is famed for its Kaki persimmon. Strawberry and tea are some other popular products of the prefecture, while rice and vegetables, including spinach, tomato, eggplants, and others are the dominant in terms of amount of production.
- Nara is a center for the production of instruments used in conducting traditional Japanese artforms. Brush and ink (sumi) are the best known products from Nara for calligraphy. Wooden or bamboo instruments, especially from Takayama area (in Ikoma city) are famous products for tea ceremony.
- Goldfish from Yamatokōriyama in Nara have been a traditional aquacultural product since the 18th century.
- Due to its rich history, Nara is also the location of many archeological digs, with many famous ones being located in the village of Asuka.
Culture edit
The culture of Nara is tied to the Kansai region in which it is located. However, like each of the other prefectures of Kansai, Nara has unique aspects to its culture, parts of which stem from its long history dating back to the Nara period.
Dialect edit
There are large differences in dialect between the north/central region of the prefecture, where Nara city is located, and the Okunoya district in the south. The north/central dialect is close to Osaka's dialect, whilst Okunoya's dialect favours a Tokyo-style accent. The lengthening of vowel sounds in the Okunoya dialect is unseen in other dialects of the Kinki region, making it a special feature.
Food culture edit
Foods particular to Nara Prefecture include:
- Narazuke, a method of pickling vegetables
- Miwa sōmen, a type of wheat noodle
- Chagayu, a rice porridge made with green tea
- Kakinoha zushi, sushi wrapped in persimmon leaves
- Meharizushi, rice balls wrapped in pickled takana leaves
Traditional arts edit
The following are recognized by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry as being traditional arts of Nara:[28][29]
- Takayama Tea Whisk (Bamboo item category, recognized in 1975)
- Nara Calligraphy Brush (Stationery category, recognized in 1977)
Museums edit
- Nara National Museum
- Heijō Palace Museum
- Nara Prefectural Museum of Art
- Kashihara Archaeological Institute Museum
Education edit
Universities edit
Sports edit
The sports teams listed below are based in Nara.
Tourism edit
Many jinja (Shinto shrines), Buddhist temples, and kofun exist in Nara Prefecture, making it is a centre for tourism. Moreover, many world heritage sites, such as the temple Tōdai-ji and Kasuga Shrine, exist in the capital city of Nara.
World Heritage sites edit
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Transportation edit
Railroad edit
Bus edit
from Nara and Tenri edit
- Shinjuku, Tokyo
- Tokyo Station
- Yokohama
- Tokyo Disneyland in Urayasu
- Makuhari, Chiba Prefecture
- Nagoya
- Osaka International Airport
- Kansai International Airport
from Yamato Yagi and Gose edit
Road edit
Expressways and toll roads edit
- Nishi-Meihan Expressway
- Meihan Road
- Keinawa Expressway
- Second Hanna(Osaka-Nara) Road
- South Hanna Road
National highways edit
Notes edit
- ^ "2020年度国民経済計算（2015年基準・2008SNA） : 経済社会総合研究所 - 内閣府". 内閣府ホームページ (in Japanese). Retrieved May 18, 2023.
- ^ a b c [Goldfish, Ayu, and Amago elected "Fish of Nara prefecture".]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). June 27, 2012. Archived from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
- ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Nara-ken" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 699, p. 699, at Google Books; "Kansai" at p. 477, p. 477, at Google Books.
- ^ "推計人口調査/奈良県公式ホームページ". www.pref.nara.jp. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Nara" at p. 698, p. 698, at Google Books.
- ^ . GoJapanGo. Archived from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
- ^ Imamura, Keiji. Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia. University of Hawaii Press. p. 13.
- ^ Karan, Pradyumna Prasad. Japan in the 21st Century: Environment, Economy, and Society. University Press of Kentucky. p. 237.
- ^ Nussbaum, "Yamato" at p. 1046, p. 1046, at Google Books.
- ^ 奈良文化財研究所 (November 8, 2014). "藤原宮大極殿院の調査(飛鳥藤原第182次)". Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
- ^ 奈良市埋蔵文化財調査センター (November 2, 2009). "出土品に見る奈良のやきものと暮らし". Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
- ^ 奈良県の誕生 ("The birth of Nara prefecture"), Nara Prefectural Library, retrieved March 15, 2019.
- ^ https://www.library.pref.nara.jp/sites/default/files/002_s.pdf
- ^ a b Nara Prefecture for children: ならけんはいつできたのかな (~"When was Nara prefecture created?"), Nara Prefectural Government, retrieved March 15, 2019.
- ^ a b (in Japanese). Archived from the original on February 16, 2007. Retrieved March 17, 2007.
- ^ "General overview of area figures for Natural Parks by prefecture" (PDF). Ministry of the Environment. April 1, 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
- ^ Whitepaper on Ecology (Japanese) June 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Prefecture of Nara. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
- ^ (in Japanese). Archived from the original on April 15, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2007. (Including official amendment of March 5, 2007)
- ^ (in Japanese). Archived from the original on January 18, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
- ^ Defined by Nara Prefecture for the convenience of statistical analysis. See "Population of each district" February 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine for 2005 figures.
- ^ NHK Senkyo Web: Results of the 2019 unified local elections, gubernatorial elections, Nara, retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ "Nippon Ishin wins Nara governor election, first outside Osaka". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved May 6, 2023.
- ^ Nara Prefectural Assembly: 議員定数及び選挙区 (electoral districts and magnitudes)
- ^ NHK Senkyo Web: Results of the 2019 unified local elections, prefectural assembly elections, Nara, Summary: Seats by party, retrieved 10 October 2019.
- ^ Nara Prefectural Assembly: 議員名簿（会派別） October 10, 2019, at the Wayback Machine (List of members by parliamentary group)
- ^ (in Japanese). Archived from the original on June 12, 2008. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
- ^ . Nara Prefecture. April 9, 2002. Archived from the original on March 14, 2007. Retrieved March 28, 2007. English page with much less details are available here February 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "奈良県の産地紹介" [Introduction to Nara Prefecture's Items] (in Japanese). METI. 2004. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
- ^ "奈良県の産地" [Nara Prefecture's Items] (PDF). METI. Retrieved July 8, 2015.
References edit
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
External links edit
- Nara Prefecture All Rights Reserved
- okuyamato.pref.nara December 5, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
- Buddhist Monuments in the Horyu-ji Area (UNESCO)
- Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara (UNESCO)
- Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range (UNESCO)
- Photos of Nara's temples & shrines
- Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan, Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties