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2022–2023 Peruvian protests

February 04, 2023

Since December 2022, supporters of the ousted president of Peru, Pedro Castillo,[22][23][24] have engaged in a series of political protests against the government of the current president Dina Boluarte and the Congress of Peru. The demonstrations, which have no organized leadership, originated from grassroots movements and social organizations, specifically on the political left to far-left and indigenous peoples who felt they have experienced political disenfranchisement.[25][26][27][28][29] Castillo was ousted and arrested for having announced the dissolution of Congress, the intervention of the state apparatus and the establishment of an "emergency government", which has been characterized as a self-coup attempt. Among the main demands of the demonstrators is the dissolution of Congress, the resignation of Boluarte, new general elections, the release of Castillo and the installation of a constituent assembly.[27][30] It was also reported that some of the protesters have declared themselves in an insurgency.[31][32][33] The Armed Forces and Police have been documented to have used excessive force against the protestors, with at least 60 being killed,[34] more than 600 being injured,[35][36] more than 380 being arrested[37] and two massacres occurring in Ayacucho and Juliaca. Use of torture[38] and violence against detainees was also reported.[39]

2022–2023 Peruvian protests
Part of the 2017–present Peruvian political crisis
Top to bottom, left to right:
Protesters in Lima draped with Peruvian flags and waving Wiphalas on 12 December, demonstrations in Huancayo on 9 December, protests outside where Castillo was detained at la Prefectura on 7 December
Date7 December 2022 – present (2022-12-07 – present)
(1 month, 3 weeks and 6 days)
Location
Peru
Caused by
Goals
MethodsProtests, blockades, demonstrations, civil disobedience, civil resistance, strike action, riots
StatusOngoing
Parties to the civil conflict

Anti-government protestors

List
    • National Assembly of the Peoples
    • Agrarian and Rural Front of Peru
    • Central Única Nacional de Rondas Campesinas
    • AIDESEP
    • ONAMIAP [es]
    • National Front of Carriers and Drivers of Peru
    • Ayacucho People's Defense Front
    • Departmental Federation of Cusco Workers (FDTC)[1]
    • Túpac Amaru Cusco Agrarian Revolutionary Federation (FARTAC)[1]
    • Cusco University Federation (FUC)[1]
    • SUTEP[1]
    • Cusco Regional Youth Assembly (Arejo)[1]
    • CGTP[2]
    • CUT[3]

Supported by:
Lead figures

Decentralized leadership (various social leaders)

Number
Casualties
Death(s)60 civilians[18]
1 officer[19]
Injuries1,658[20]
Arrested608[21]

Right-wing groups and the Boluarte government have opposed the protests and have used the terruqueo to label certain demonstrators as terrorists; a practice which dates back to the internal conflict in Peru.[40] This has provided impunity to authorities, increasing the risk of violence.[40][41] The Boluarte government announced a national state of emergency on 14 December, removing some constitutional protections from citizens, including the rights preventing troops from staying within private homes and buildings, the freedom of movement, the freedom of assembly, and "personal freedom and security" for 30 days.[42][43] Human rights organizations criticized the response of the Boluarte government and authorities[44][45] as well as the government's inclusion of the Armed Forces in responding to the protests due to the history of troops killing protesters with impunity.[35] The politicization of the armed forces also raised concerns of a developing civilian-military government in Peru.[46][47]

Multiple ministers have resigned from Boluarte's cabinet throughout the series of protests following acts of violence perpetrated by authorities.[48][49] Attorney General of Peru Patricia Benavides announced investigations on 10 January 2023 for the alleged crimes of genocide, aggravated homicide and serious injuries against President Dina Boluarte, Prime Minister Alberto Otárola, Minister of the Interior Víctor Rojas and Minister of Defense Jorge Chávez.[50] Analysts, businesses and voters say that immediate elections are necessary to prevent further unrest, though many establishment political parties have little public support.[51]

Background

Centralismo

Main article: Centralismo (Peru)
See also: Lima Consensus and Racism in Peru
 
Cajamarca, one of Peru's poorest cities located near the world's fourth largest gold mine[52][26]

Since the independence of Peru from the Spanish Empire, the economic elite in Lima engaged in a practice known as centralismo, which involved focusing their power on the coastal regions while the rural provinces were governed by existing serfdom practices by hacienda landowners.[53][54][55][56] This practice has continued throughout Peru's history and has resulted with large levels of economic inequality, political alienation and other disparities in rural regions, with Lima acquiring the majority of socioeconomic benefits in the nation.[57][58] Centralismo also contributed to systemic racism in Peru since the wealth and education centralized in Lima created a perception amongst Limeños that rural indigenous individuals were inferior.[59][60]

As globalization intensified through the twentieth century, distances between urban and rural areas increased, with larger cities increasing their ability to connect to the economy and increasing their wealth while smaller cities experienced resource and human capital flight towards the larger cities.[61] Many Peruvians in rural areas were not able to vote until 1979 when the constitution allowed illiterate individuals to vote, with eleven of eighteen democratically-elected presidents of Peru being from Lima between 1919 and 2021.[62] Wealth earned between 1990 and 2020 was not distributed throughout the country; living standards showed disparities between the more-developed capital city of Lima and similar coastal regions while rural provinces remained impoverished.[63][64][65] By the 2020s, the existing disparities in Peru caused a "globalization fatigue" according to Asensio, resulting in a polarization between rural and urban areas that saw differing priorities with lifestyle, economics and politics.[61] This divide created by centralismo would be a factor contributing towards the protests.[66][51]

Obstructive Congress

 
 
 
Presidents Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, Martín Vizcarra and Pedro Castillo (left to right) were impeached and targeted for removal by the opposing Congress

During the presidencies of Ollanta Humala, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Martín Vizcarra, the right-wing Congress led by the daughter of the former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori, Keiko Fujimori, obstructed many of the presidents' actions.[67][68][69] The political legacy of the Fujimori family was assumed by Keiko after her father Alberto, who instituted Plan Verde and oversaw the Grupo Colina death squad during the internal conflict in Peru, was sentenced to prison for human rights abuses.[70][71][69][72] According to Walter Albán, head of Transparency International Peru, Congress has been infiltrated by criminal groups that obstruct reforms to maintain their status and parliamentary immunity,[73] while Human Rights Watch said that Congress was more focused on personal gain and vote trading instead of issues facing the nation.[67]

President Humala would go on to serve a weak presidency due to the obstructionist practices of the Congress.[68] After losing the 2016 presidential election to Kuczynski, Keiko Fujimori led her party Popular Force in the unicameral Congress, with the right-wing legislators obstructing efforts by President Kuczynski.[69] After experiencing obstruction by Congress and various scandals, President Kuczynski resigned from the presidency.[74] Martín Vizcarra, Kuczynski's first vice president, then assumed office in March 2018. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru, President Vizcarra was impeached in September 2020 and a month later removed from office. Thousands of citizens then protested against Vizcarra's impeachment.[75]

President of Congress, Manuel Merino, faced criticism regarding how he hastily pushed for impeachment proceedings against Vizcarra, especially since he would assume the presidency upon Vizcarra's removal.[76] Renowned reporter Gustavo Gorriti reported on 12 September 2020 that Merino had contacted the Commanding General of the Peruvian Navy, Fernando Cerdán, notifying him that he was going to attempt to impeach Vizcarra and was seeking to assume the presidency.[77] Minister of Defense Jorge Chávez confirmed that Merino had tried to establish support with the military.[77] President Merino would resign after five days due to mass disapproval.[78]

Francisco Sagasti was made President of Congress on 16 November and thus succeeded Merino as president on 17 November per the presidential line of succession, since both vice presidential positions were vacated by Vizcarra in 2018 and Mercedes Aráoz in May 2020.[79][80]

Castillo presidency

See also: 2021 Peruvian general election § Overturn attempts, and Pedro Castillo § Removal attempts

The election will be flipped, dear friends.

—Keiko Fujimori[81]

Sagasti served as president until Castillo was elected in the 2021 general election, with Fujimori losing her third consecutive presidential bid. The 2021 election saw many right-wing candidates, with business groups, political parties and the majority of media organizations in Peru collaborating with Fujimori's campaign by appealing to fear when discussing political opponents.[82][83][84] Some broadcast television channels openly supported Fujimori's candidacy as well.[84] Reuters wrote that El Comercio, one of the largest media organizations in South America, "has generally backed Fujimori".[85] Fujimori received support from Lima's elite, evangelical Christians, businesses, media organizations, and the armed forces.[86]

In contrast, Castillo was supported by working class and indigenous Peruvians who were affected by centralismo, with Castillo receiving support in areas outside of Lima and other large cities.[87] In May 2021, Americas Quarterly wrote: "Life expectancy in Huancavelica, for example, the region where Castillo received his highest share of the vote in the first round, is seven years shorter than in Lima. In Puno, where Castillo received over 47% of the vote, the infant mortality rate is almost three times that of Lima's."[88] Then-professor of Public Policy Gonzalo Banda stated that although Castillo was accused of being linked to communist terrorism, "in places where terrorism caused the most bloodshed, Castillo won by a lot."[89] Asensio writes that Castillo, being recognized as a "true Peruvian" by his supporters, was able to establish support by saying he would reverse the favoritism of Lima and defending regional rights.[61]

 
 
Keiko Fujimori and Rafael López Aliaga, who opposed Castillo and supported the Madrid Charter

Multiple attempts to prevent Castillo from the entering the office of the presidency or to later remove him occurred, beginning shortly after election results were determined. Following reports of Castillo's apparent victory, Fujimori and her supporters made claims of electoral fraud, leading obstructionist efforts to overturn the election with support of citizens in Lima.[90][91][81][92][93][94] Many business groups and politicians refused to recognize Castillo's ascent to the presidency,[61] with those among the more affluent, including former military officers and wealthy families, demanded new elections, promoted calls for a military coup, and used rhetoric to support their allegations of fraud.[91] Far-right groups of former soldiers also allied with political parties like Go on Country – Social Integration Party, Popular Force, and Popular Renewal in an effort to remove Castillo, with some veteran leaders seen directly with Rafael López Aliaga and Castillo's former presidential challenger Keiko Fujimori, who signed the Madrid Charter promoted by the Spanish far-right political party Vox.[95] These groups directed threats towards Castillo government officials and journalists, whilst also calling for a coup d'état and insurgency.[95]

During Castillo's presidency, Congress was dominated by right-wing parties opposed to him,[96] with legislators attempting to impeach multiple times using political avenues. Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the Constitution of Peru (1993), Congress can impeach the president on the vague grounds of "moral incapacity",[97] effectively making the legislature more powerful than the executive branch.[98][99][100][101] In February 2022, it was reported that Fujimorists and politicians close to Fujimori organized a meeting at the Casa Andina hotel in Lima with the assistance of the German liberal organization Friedrich Naumann Foundation, with those present including President of Congress Maricarmen Alva, at which plans to remove Castillo from office were discussed.[102] Alva had already shared her readiness to assume the presidency if Castillo were to be vacated from the position and a leaked Telegram group chat of the board of directors of Congress that she heads revealed plans coordinated to oust Castillo.[103][104]

By December 2022, Congress had begun motions to attempt the impeachment of Castillo for a third time; he was involved with six different criminal investigations and had already named five separate cabinets to serve under him.[105]

Castillo's self-coup attempt

Main article: 2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt
 
Document of the CCFFAA and PNP rejecting the actions of Castillo

Before 7 December 2022, a march called "Toma de Lima" or "Taking of Lima" was called, originally a meeting in Plaza Bolognesi with the aim of closing the congress and expressing their support for Pedro Castillo.[106][107] This march was organized by the National Assembly of the Peoples,[108] an organization affiliated with the officials, whose meeting in November of that year was televised.[109][110] The Agrarian and Rural Front of Peru confirmed their collaboration in the scheduled march.[52]

On 7 December 2022, Congress was expected to file a motion of censure against Castillo, accusing him of "permanent moral incapacity".[111] Before the legislative body could gather to file its motion, Castillo announced the dissolution of Congress and enacted an immediate curfew.[111][112] Moments after Castillo's speech, multiple ministers resigned from his government, including Prime Minister Betssy Chávez.[113] The Constitutional Court released a statement: "No one owes obedience to a usurping government and Mr. Pedro Castillo has made an ineffective coup d'état. The Armed Forces are empowered to restore the constitutional order."[114] The Armed Forces also issued a statement rejecting Castillo's actions and calling for the maintenance of stability in Peru.[115] Rejecting Castillo's actions to dissolve the legislative body, Congress gathered and voted to remove Castillo from office due to "moral incapacity" with 101 votes in favor, 6 against and 10 abstentions.[116] It was announced that First Vice President Dina Boluarte, who rejected Castillo's actions, would take her oath of office for the presidency at 3:00 pm PET.[116] Castillo's vice president Dina Boluarte entered the Legislative Palace shortly after 3:00 pm PET and appeared before Congress, where she was later sworn in as president of Peru.[117]

In an IEP poll following the coup attempt, of respondents, 44% approved of Castillo's actions, 53% disapproved and 3% had no opinion or comment, with the majority of support for Castillo's actions being among rural and lower class Peruvians.[118] For Castillo's supporters,[23][52][119] Congress performed a coup against the president. In addition, they considered Dina Boluarte a "traitor", "dictator" and "usurper" after her subsequent assumption as the new president of the republic,[27][119][120] based on the promise of the then vice president: "If the president is vacated I will go with the president".[121] In this way, supporters of the former president encouraged the prompt release of Castillo and an advance of elections.[30] The demonstrators agreed to the dissolution of the Congress of the Republic, a new constitution through a constituent assembly, the rejection of the then vice president Dina Boluarte and the support for the then president Pedro Castillo, whose objectives were achieved with the populist measures dictated by the then president in his message to the Nation on 7 December.[106]

Mobilizations of leftist organizations related to Castillo were evidenced in Lima, Ayacucho, Cusco, Ica, Arequipa, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Huancavelica,[122][123] Huancayo, Tacna,[124] Jaén,[125] Moquegua,[126] Ilo,[127] Puno,[128][129][130][131] and Chota, where Castillo grew up.[132]

Timeline

Main article: Timeline of the 2022–2023 Peruvian political protests

December 2022

Protests begin

 
Police and protesters clashing on 8 December

Lima is one of the cities that were summoned. After the message to the nation, it was denounced that the Minister of the Interior, Willy Huerta, ordered the doors of the congress to be opened, which were closed, so that the summoned protesters could storm the congress.[133] However, due to the failure of Castillo's self-coup attempt and the subsequent vacancy by the Congress of the Republic, the demonstrations increased.[119] On 7 December, between one and two hundred people gathered in the "Toma de Lima" in the Plaza San Martín and surroundings.[26][134] The RPP outlet considered the pro-government meeting as the largest since Castillo came to power.[135] Panic buying was registered by the population fearing an escalation of events.[108] Some of the first demonstrations also occurred in Cuzco,[136] Arequipa[120] and in Puno.[137]

The head of the National Directorate of Intelligence (DINI), General Wilson Barrantes Mendoza, met with President Boluarte upon her request on 8 December 2022.[25] The DINI chief would explain to President Boluarte that protests would worsen due to the broad range of requests, including Bolaurte's resignation, the dissolution of Congress, a constituent assembly and immediate general elections.[25] General Barrantes then explained that there was no organized leadership, presenting information from the National Intelligence Council (COIN) and the National Intelligence System (SINA) that there were 16 independent regional groups promoting protests, that political parties and leaders were not organizing the movement and that organizations linked to the Shining Path or the Movement for Amnesty and Fundamental Rights (MOVADEF) were not involved.[25] The general would later state in an interview with La Republica that "To say that there is a 'terrorist inurgency' is stupid", criticizing the Boluarte government for using such rhetoric and for accusing foreign entities of being involved in the protests.[25] The Boluarte government later replaced General Barrantes with Colonel Juan Carlos Liendo O'Connor, a former National Intelligence Service (SIN) agent who worked under Vladimiro Montesinos who described the protests as a "terrorist insurrection" while on Willax Televisión a day prior to his appointment.[25][138]

The protesters lack leadership and comprise independent groups.[24] Of the many groups that supported protests, MOVADEF encouraged citizens to demonstrate.[139] Rondas campesinas, armed peasant patrols that formerly defended communities from the leftist Shining Path guerilla group, also joined the protests.[17] The Confederación General de Trabajadores del Perú (CGTP), the largest union in Peru, also called for the resignations of the executive and Congress.[140] In Arequipa, they received support from labor unions such as the Arequipa Departmental Federation of Workers, the Civil Construction Union,[141] and the National Front of Transporters and Drivers of Peru.[142][143] They also had support of the president of the Unified Defense Front against the contamination of the Coata basin and Lake Titicaca.[144] The regional SUTEP, which ignored Boluarte's election and declared a permanent mobilization, also supported.[32]

There were violent confrontations between community members and residents of Andahuaylas against police officers on 10 December. With 3,000 people participating, during the afternoon, the protesters took 2 policemen hostage and requested a "prisoner exchange". In light of this, a division of special forces from Abancay of the PNP moved to Andahuaylas and arrived in a small plane.[145][146][147] Hours after the kidnappings, the demonstrators released the police officers and numerous social organizations from the department of Apurimac declared themselves in a "popular insurgency" and will begin a regional strike starting Monday, 12 December.[148][149][150] Clashes erupted in the city between protestors and police in the city; two protestors, aged 15 and 18, were killed by police shooting from a helicopter, while four more were injured, one of whom critically.[151][152][153][154][155]

President Boluarte responded to dissent by removing 26 regional prefects nominated by Castillo from their positions.[156] On 13 December, the United States Ambassador to Peru, Lisa D. Kenna, travels to the Government Palace to meet with President Boluarte.[157]

Ayacucho massacre

Main article: Ayacucho Massacre
 
Demonstrations at Plaza Manco Capac following the Ayacucho massacre

The Boluarte government announced a national state of emergency on 14 December, removing some constitutional protections from citizens, including the rights preventing troops from staying within private homes and buildings, the freedom of movement, the freedom of assembly, and "personal freedom and security" for 30 days.[42][43] The Boluarte government also decreed a curfew for fifteen provinces in eight different regions of Peru on 15 December, in regions including Arequipa, La Libertad, Ica, Apurímac, Cusco, Puno, and Huancavelica.[45]

  Peruvian Army firing live ammunition at protesters in Ayacucho

During protests in Ayacucho, demonstrators approached the Coronel FAP Alfredo Mendívil Duarte Airport, with the Peruvian Armed Forces closing the airport in response, with clashes occurring shortly after.[158] Human rights groups reported that members of the Peruvian Army were seen shooting at civilians protesting in Ayacucho.[159] Casualties were sent for treatment at the Huamanga Network and in the Ayacucho Regional Hospital,[158] with 90% of injuries resulting from gunshot wounds according to the Ayacucho regional health system.[160] The response by authorities caused the collapse of hospital systems in the city, with protesters suffering from gunshot wounds being treated in makeshift triage units.[161] The Ayacucho Regional Health Directorate reported that 8 were killed and 52 were injured.[160][162]

Former president Castillo is sentenced to 18 months of pretrial detention.[157] While imprisoned, Castillo states that the United States is responsible for the violence in Peru, stating "The visit of the US ambassador to the Government Palace was not free, nor was it in favor of the country. It was to give the order to take the troops to the streets and massacre my defenseless people; and, by the way, leave the way free for mining operations, ... The Peruvian press will not only keep quiet about this, but will deny it so easily."[157]

A day after the massacre, Congress rejected the proposal of advancing the 2026 elections to an earlier date; 49 were in favor, 33 against and 25 abstained, with 87 required for the proposal to pass.[163] On 16 December, Education Minister Patricia Correa and Culture Minister Jair Perez both resigned over the loss of life caused by the protests.[163]

Defense Minister named Prime Minister

President Boluarte shuffles her first cabinet, placing her former Minister of Defense Alberto Otárola as the new prime minister, while also replacing the Minister of Interior and Minister of Defense.[164] Boluarte's new Minister of Education, Óscar Becerra, was reported to have a history of being an Fujimorist.[165] Protesters continued activities in the regions of Amazonía, Apurímac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cusco, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Piura and Puno.[166] In Amazonía, indigenous leaders release a statement stating "We alert the Army, we alert the National Police of Peru not to upset us because we are in our territory, we will see each other there, there we will surely declare war, because they are already provoking us and creating us discomfort".[166]

On 24 December, Prime Minister Otárola stated that the Boluarte government was seeking to make Congress bicameral again[167] while Minister of Justice and Human Rights of Peru, José Tello, announced that reparations would be organized by a commission and distributed to individuals who were killed during the protests.[168]

January 2023

Great March for Peace

Heading into the new year, the Peruvian National Police (PNP) called for citizens to participate in a "Great March for Peace" on 3 January 2023 in the town squares of cities throughout Peru.[169] Internal PNP documents revealed that the march was organized for the political purpose to increase support for the Boluarte government, raising concerns about the police breaching the constitutional separation of authorities and political acts in Articles 34 and 169 of the constitution.[170][171][172] In the documents, PNP officials said that officers not participating in the march would face sanctions.[170] When asked about the PNP march by reporters, President Boluarte denied having knowledge of the event, though she had earlier promoted the march during a trip to Cusco days earlier.[171] Concerns regarding the goals of the march and the potential creation of a civilian-military government resulted with Minister of the Interior, Víctor Rojas, cancelling the planned march.[170][46][171]

Juliaca massacre

Main article: Juliaca massacre

In Juliaca, Puno, authorities shot a photojournalist of EFE in the leg,[173] destroyed a motor taxi,[174] and attacked an adolescent and their mother on 7 January.[175]

Protesters from multiple districts of Puno joined demonstrations in Juliaca on 9 January.[176] Protesters approached Inca Manco Cápac International Airport around noon and demonstrated nearby, though when some began to enter the airport at 5:20pm, authorities responded to the demonstration with deadly force.[177][176] In total, 17 civilians were killed and over 100 others were injured,[178][176] with all deaths attributed to gunshot wounds.[179] Journalists covering the massacre were sought to be identified by police intelligence units.[176] After the killing of protesters by the police, looting in Juliaca began into the night, with some authorities seen participating in thefts.[180][181][182] The head of the Puno Traffic Safety Police was found with stolen televisions and other goods from a looted store.[182] A total of 40 people were arrested for looting on 10 January.[182] Into the next morning, two officers were detained by unknown individuals; one of the officers reported that about 350 people had captured them and that his partner had disappeared.[180] It was later discovered that his partner was burned alive in his patrol car and had died.[180]

Attorney General of Peru Patricia Benavides announced investigations on 10 January for the alleged crimes of genocide, aggravated homicide and serious injuries against President Dina Boluarte, Prime Minister Alberto Otárola, Minister of the Interior Víctor Rojas and Minister of Defense Jorge Chávez.[50]

Toma de Lima

Protesters from various regions began to congregate in the capital city of Lima on 12 January, with thousands beginning to demonstrate throughout the area in preparation for the Toma de Lima or "Taking of Lima" protests.[140][183] Caravans of protesters traveled to Lima and local individuals and shops provided supplies for their journey.[140] The Sole National Central of Peasant Rounds of Peru said that 2,000 ronderos would travel to Lima to participate in demonstrations.[184] On 13 January, the ministers of interior, labor and women resigned from their positions in the Boluarte government.[49] A 30-day state of emergency is declared on 15 January due to the protests.[140] On 17 January, President Boluarte responded to calls for the Toma de Lima protests, stating "I call them to take Lima but in peace and calm. I am waiting for you at the House of Government to talk about your social agendas, because you know that the political agenda you propose is unfeasible".[140] CGTP, Peru's largest union, called for a national strike on 19 January.[140]

Tens of thousands of citizens would arrive in Lima for the protest.[16] During the response by authorities, there were reports that police played "The dance of the Chinese" on speakers, a campaign song used to support Alberto Fujimori during the 2000 Peruvian general election.[185] On the night of the 19th, a local historical building next to San Martín Plaza caught fire, collapsing before dawn on the following day.[186][187] Protesters congregated in Lima would continue to demonstrate in the subsequent weeks, with the first death in the capital city occurring on 28 January 2023 when police shot a man in the head with a tear gas canister.[188][189][190][191] The government would attempt to deny that police killed the protester.[190][191] On 2 February, the city of Lima would declare a state of emergency lasting for four months.[192]

Government response

The government of Boluarte responded to the protests with force, with the Peruvian police and armed forces criticized for their aggression.[45][156][193][194] Between 20 and 27 December, the Peruvian National Police purchased 31,615 tear gas canisters and grenades from Condor Chemical Industry and the Army Weapons and Ammunition Factory (FAME) for $661,530 USD.[195] President Boluarte initially stated that she and Congress agreed to move the next general election from 2026 to April 2024,[196] though she later agreed with the December 2023 election date proposed by Castillo after she previously described such a move as illegal.[44] A state of emergency[42] and curfews[45] were also used by the Boluarte government to prevent further unrest. Boluarte would accuse terrorist groups and Bolivia of generating the protests, though The New York Times wrote that she provided no evidence.[197]

Congress initially rejected early elections,[163] though it allowed the consideration of elections occurring earlier for April 2024 on 21 December 2022; the proposal still needs to be approved by the legislative body in February 2023.[198]

State violence towards protesters

Deaths and injuries

Deaths during protests
Locations Deaths[195][188]
  Apurímac 6
  Arequipa 4
  Ayacucho 10
  Cuzco 4
  Huancavelica 1
  Junín 3
  La Libertad 5
  Lima 1
  Puno 23
  San Martín 1
Total 58

The Armed Forces of Peru has a history of impunity, being responsible for at least 167 deaths between 2003 and 2020 while those responsible did not face consequences in nearly all events.[35] According to attorney Mar Pérez of the Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos (CNDDHH), "Assassinations in protests are not a new event in Peru. ... The most serious situations have occurred when the Army intervenes. The impunity rate in these murders is close to 100%"[35] According to the Peruvian government, at least 60 civilians have been killed and more than 600 injured during protests as of 20 January 2023.[18][35][45][199][200] Most of those killed died by being shot by the police and the military, with some individuals killed being bystanders.[38] Among the dead, two minors were killed during the protests in Apurímac as the result of Peruvian troops firing at protesters from a helicopter.[45] In Pichanaqui, three individuals were killed after being shot in the back by police.[201] Two massacres also occured; the Ayacucho massacre on 15 December 2022 that resulted with ten civilians killed and the Juliaca massacre on 9 January 2023, with the PNP killing eighteen civilians during the event, resulting with the most deaths in a single day during the protests.

Human rights violations

Democracy is very much on the line in Peru. The protesters’ demand for new elections is, ultimately, democratic. But repression and denial are likely to breed more anger and despair, playing into the hands of would-be autocrats across the political spectrum.

— Human Rights Watch[67]

Strong protests occurred in indigenous and Quechua majority regions, the center of Castillo's support, raising comparisons between Boluarte's actions and that of previous anti-Native governments of Peru.[202] The United Nations Human Rights Council said that it was "deeply concerned about the possibility of an escalation of violence".[156] Undercover operations by police in plain clothes arresting demonstrators has been recorded, with Jan Jarab, representative of UN Human Rights in South America, previously condemning such actions in Peru, stating "It has been possible to identify cases of arrests made by police officers dressed as civilians without identifying themselves as such. The Peruvian authorities must put an end to this type of procedure, incompatible with international human rights standards".[203]

Edgar Stuardo Ralón, Vice President of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), stated during a delegation visit to Peru that individuals living in Lima participated in "widespread stigmatization" that is linked to "the historical and structural inequalities that exist in the country, those linked to the historical discrimination faced by indigenous peoples, the peasant population and the provinces", with such stigmatization resulting with increased political polarization and violence.[41] Ralón also stated that the use of the terruqueo by the government and authorities created "an environment of permissy and tolerance towards discrimination, stigmatization and institutional violence".[41] According to La República, President of the Supreme Court of Peru, Javier Arévalo Vela, disagreed that human rights violations occurred in Peru when holding talks with Ralón, stating "in Peru there is no policy of human rights violations, but rather here it exists, at the moment, it is a situation of violence that has two aspects: the just claims of the population and the acts of vandalism that you have seen. ... we have to separate the straw from the wheat. This is the reality of the Judiciary".[204]

Excessive force

Human Rights Watch (HRW) stated "Excessive use of force by state agents is a persistent problem in Peru. Rules for use of force by security forces do not comply with international standards", reporting that Congress had removed proportionality guidelines regarding use of force, making it easier for authorities to use excessive force with impunity.[39] HRW would later criticize President Boluarte's violent response to protests, lack of providing accountability to authorities and her effort to blame protest violence on Bolivia without providing evidence.[67] According to OjoPúblico, "A series of images, testimonies, police manuals and necropsies analyzed by OjoPúblico expose serious human rights violations during police and military repression actions, mainly in the southern regions of the country."[38]

According to Legislative Decree 1186 of August 2015, the Peruvian National Police are responsible for the use of force against protesters, are prohibited from shooting at short range and are only to fire at the lower extremities.[38] However, the armed forces were included in responding to protests following the announcement of a national emergency, according to OjoPúblico.[38] OjoPúblico also wrote that authorities have fired projectiles out of helicopters above protesters despite human rights groups condemning the practice.[38]

The Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos (CNDDHH) condemned the violent response of the Boluarte government and Peruvian authorities, stating "Although some protests have been recording violent actions and attacks on journalists and the media, senior officials of the Dina Boluarte Government have been endorsing a response from the police forces that is clearly outside the national and international regulatory framework".[44] The human rights group reported that authorities had beaten detainees while in custody; used less-lethal weapons improperly, which injured civilians; prevented legal representatives from meeting with those arrested; and held some in custody for longer than what legal standards permit.[39] The CNDDHH reported the Peruvian authorities were recorded firing tear gas canisters directly at protesters, resulting in one serious injury in Lima, and the incidence of police and armed forces firing live ammunition towards demonstrators.[44] Reports of arbitrary arrest and detention were also shared by the CNDDHH, with the group sharing that individuals going to and from work were arrested and isolated.[205] On 15 December, the CNDDHH denounced the use of "weapons of war" against protestors, with the NGO sharing a video of authorities using automatic firearms against demonstrators.[45] The CNDDHH would later demand in mid-January that President Boluarte resign.[206]

  Authorities shooting a protester in the head with a tear gas canister

Amnesty International's Americas head Erika Guevara-Rosas called for governmental restraint, saying: "State repression against protesters is only deepening the crisis in Peru. The authorities must put an end to the excessive use of force against demonstrations and guarantee the right to peaceful protest, using the legal and proportional means necessary to restore citizen security."[193][194] Amnesty International also confirmed that Peruvian authorities were firing tear gas canisters at close range directly at the bodies of protesters.[194]

Intrusions

OjoPúblico documented that authorities have entered the homes of citizens in order to gain access to roofs and fire at protesters.[38] The home intrusions resulted with possessions being destroyed by authorities.[38]

Following the Toma de Lima protests, the PNP raided the National University of San Marcos with armored personnel carriers and dozens of officer, detaining over 200 protesters located on the campus.[207][208] The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights condemned the PNP's actions, saying they were "incompatible with the principles of international law".[207]

Torture

According to testimony from a detained protesters interviewed by OjoPúblico, a group of protesters detained for three days by authorities were prohibited from having food and were beaten.[38]

Media

After ascending to the presidency, President Boluarte quickly received support from Peru's national media companies.[209] The national media in Peru largely overlooked the massacres in Ayacucho[210][211] and Juliaca.[212]

Attacks on journalists

The National Association of Journalists indicated that 21 journalists were victims of aggression between 7 and 11 December.[213] Journalists interviewed by Wayka reported that authorities would frequently attack press workers and would attempt to prevent photographers from capturing images of individuals being detained.[203] Similar incidents of authorities preventing journalists from documenting the protests were collected by OjoPúblico.[38] One photojournalist for the EFE, Aldair Mejía reported that he was threatened by police during a protest in Juliaca, saying that an officer told him "I'll blow off your head and you get out of here dead"; Mejía was later shot in the leg by police while covering protests.[173]

Censorship

External video
  A video showing police shooting a protester in the head, medical volunteers providing aid and the testimony of one of the responders on YouTube

Following the death of a protester on 28 January 2023, journalist Carlos Cornejo of the state-owned TV Perú reported to audiences, stating "It's good news that the roads have been opened. Some bad news: the murder of a citizen at the hands of the police. ... They will want to tell us that it was a stone, they will want to tell us that it was not them, they will want to say anything, but the images do not lie: we all saw that the police killed Victor Santisteban".[214] The government would attempt to deny that police killed the protester.[215] Despite two videos showing the protester being shot in the head with a tear gas canister, General Victor Zanabria of the Peruvian National Police said it was "not yet determined" what killed the protester.[192] Following Cornejo's report on the death of the protester, the National Institute of Radio and Television of Peru (IRTP), the parent company of Tv Perú, refused to renew the reporter's contract on 31 January.[214][216] According to the National Association of Journalists of Peru (ANP), the actions against Cornejo were "an indicted and arbitrary dismissal", stating "In circumstances in which, from all media, and essentially state media, it is imperative to guarantee a plurality of approaches and voices to promote public debate. Extinguishing critical positions can even constitute censorship".[216]

Effects

Economic

The main economic sectors of the Peruvian economy, mining and tourism, largely ceased during the protests.[51] Three weeks into protests, the National Chamber of Tourism (Canatur) reported that due to protests, Peru had lost an estimated 1.7 billion soles($450 million USD) of tourism income since the start of the demonstrations.[217] A month into protests, some stores in Lima were reporting a 60% decrease in sales compared to the previous year.[218] According to the Boluarte government, Peru experienced $1.3 billion of infrastructure damage from protests by late January.[51] On 31 January 2023, Moody's Investors Service changed Peru's credit rating outlook to "Negative", citing "a deterioration in institutional cohesion, governability, policy effectiveness and economic strength through successive governments".[219]

Reactions

Domestic

Central government and politicians

  • President Dina Boluarte, who had replaced Castillo after his impeachment, responded in a conference "to the social organizations to the movements that are now mobilizing in the streets, let's talk and seek a peaceful solution to this situation."[220]
  • Free Peru congresswoman Kelly Portalatino encouraged Boluarte to "listen to your Apurímac region and to all regions of the country, let's not allow more injuries, no more convulsion in the country."[221] PL called for protests in Lima[222] and tabled a motion of no-confidence against President of Congress José Williams.[223]
  • The New Peru political party joined in the plans to call demonstrations demanding new elections and a new constitution.[224]
  • Ethnocacerists and their leader Antauro Humala at first called Boluarte "president" during pro-Castillo protests. Later Humala called her "de facto president" and called for protests.[225] The Ethnocacerist movement compared Boluarte with Jeanine Áñez thus comparing Castillo's impeachment to the 2019 Bolivian political crisis.[226]
  • Former president Ollanta Humala called President Boluarte to resign and called the congress "indolent and irresponsible".[227]

Public opinion

According to IEP polling from early January 2023, 60% of respondents believed that the protests were justified, 58% believed that police used excessive force and 44% believed that the protests were organized by citizens groups or spontaneous action.[228] The January poll also showed that compared to other regions, more respondents in Lima believed that the protests were terrorism and that the use of force by authorities was justified, while those polled in other regions did not.[228][229] President Boluarte had a disapproval rate of 71% while 88% of respondents disapproved of Congress.[229] When asked if they supported the calls for a new constitutent assembly, 69% of respondents approved.[230] According to those analyzing the polls, responses showed the disconnect between Lima and outlying regions.[231] An IEP poll conducted between 21 and 25 January 2023 showed that among respondents, 73% demanded general elections in 2023, 74% believed President Boluarte – who now had a 76% disapproval rate – should resign, 89% disapproved of Congress.[232]

Regional governments

  • The National Assembly of Regional Governments proposed the convening of the National Agreement to seek a consensus between organizations, political parties and unions.[233][234]
  • The Regional Government of Apurímac announced the indefinite suspension of classes at all educational levels and alerted all institutions to work under the virtual modality throughout the department, with the exception of the health sector.[235]

International

Governments

  •   Argentina,   Bolivia,   Colombia,   Mexico: Presidents Alberto Fernández, Luis Arce, Gustavo Petro, and Andrés Manuel López Obrador issued a joint comuniqué through the Mexican Presidential Office expressing their "deep concern" about the Peruvian Congress not respecting "the will of its citizens at the ballot box". They added that "it is no news" that Castillo, from the day of his election, "was the victim of anti-democratic harassment, in violation of Article 23 of the American Convention on Human Rights". The four governments said that "our governments call on all the actors involved in the previous process to prioritize the will of the citizens that was pronounced at the ballot box. This is the way to interpret the scope and meaning of the notion of democracy as set forth in the Inter-American Human Rights System".[236]
    •   Colombia: President Gustavo Petro additionally stated that "the crisis in Peru, imprisoning without judge or legal defense a President elected by popular vote put under serious questioning the role of the American Convention in the Latin-American legal order".[237]
  •   Canada: Ambassador Louis Marcotte met with Peruvian foreign minister Ana Cecilia Gervasi Diaz, expressing Canada's support for the Boluarte government.[238]
  •   Chile: President Gabriel Boric regretted the deaths reported as the result of the protests and called on the Peruvian government to "guard and respect human rights". Boric, who referred to the situation in Peru as "serious", supported the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights mission in the country.[239]
  •   Russia: Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova said that Russia "hopes in the normalization of the situation in Peru and that contradictions facing one faction with each other can be resolved in a legal frame, with democratic norms and within human rights, between Peruvians and without foreign interference."[240]
  •   United States: United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken made a phone call to President Boluarte and requested that her government "redouble their efforts to make needed reforms and safeguard democratic stability".[241][242]
  •    Holy See: Pope Francis stated "We pray for peace. May the violence [in Peru] cease and may the path of dialogue be taken to overcome the political and social crisis affecting the people".[243]

See also

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Bibliography

  • Asensio, Raúl; Camacho, Gabrielav; González, Natalia; Grompone, Romeo; Pajuelo Teves, Ramónv; Peña Jimenez, Omayra; Moscoso, Macarena; Vásquez, Yerel; Sosa Villagarcia, Paolo (August 2021). El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Lima, Peru: Institute of Peruvian Studies. pp. 27–71. ISBN 978-612-326-084-2. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

External links

  • 2022–2023 Peruvian political protests — Timeline at AS/COA

February 04, 2023
2022, 2023, peruvian, protests, since, december, 2022, supporters, ousted, president, peru, pedro, castillo, have, engaged, series, political, protests, against, government, current, president, dina, boluarte, congress, peru, demonstrations, which, have, organ. Since December 2022 supporters of the ousted president of Peru Pedro Castillo 22 23 24 have engaged in a series of political protests against the government of the current president Dina Boluarte and the Congress of Peru The demonstrations which have no organized leadership originated from grassroots movements and social organizations specifically on the political left to far left and indigenous peoples who felt they have experienced political disenfranchisement 25 26 27 28 29 Castillo was ousted and arrested for having announced the dissolution of Congress the intervention of the state apparatus and the establishment of an emergency government which has been characterized as a self coup attempt Among the main demands of the demonstrators is the dissolution of Congress the resignation of Boluarte new general elections the release of Castillo and the installation of a constituent assembly 27 30 It was also reported that some of the protesters have declared themselves in an insurgency 31 32 33 The Armed Forces and Police have been documented to have used excessive force against the protestors with at least 60 being killed 34 more than 600 being injured 35 36 more than 380 being arrested 37 and two massacres occurring in Ayacucho and Juliaca Use of torture 38 and violence against detainees was also reported 39 2022 2023 Peruvian protestsPart of the 2017 present Peruvian political crisisTop to bottom left to right Protesters in Lima draped with Peruvian flags and waving Wiphalas on 12 December demonstrations in Huancayo on 9 December protests outside where Castillo was detained at la Prefectura on 7 DecemberDate7 December 2022 present 2022 12 07 present 1 month 3 weeks and 6 days LocationPeruCaused byImpeachment and arrest of Pedro Castillo after the self coup attempt Congress obstructing presidential actions since 2016 Centralismo exploiting rural regionsGoalsResignation of President Dina Boluarte and Government of PeruDissolution of CongressEstablishment of constituent assemblyNew general electionRelease of Pedro CastilloMethodsProtests blockades demonstrations civil disobedience civil resistance strike action riotsStatusOngoing National state of emergency declared Economic losses due to stoppages of road and industrial infrastructure Resignation of ministers from Boluarte s cabinet after the Ayacucho and Juliaca massacres Defense minister Alberto Otarola made prime minister Protesters from throughout Peru congregating in LimaParties to the civil conflictAnti government protestors List National Assembly of the Peoples Agrarian and Rural Front of Peru Central Unica Nacional de Rondas Campesinas AIDESEP ONAMIAP es National Front of Carriers and Drivers of Peru Ayacucho People s Defense Front Departmental Federation of Cusco Workers FDTC 1 Tupac Amaru Cusco Agrarian Revolutionary Federation FARTAC 1 Cusco University Federation FUC 1 SUTEP 1 Cusco Regional Youth Assembly Arejo 1 CGTP 2 CUT 3 Supported by Free Peru Together for Peru 4 New Peru PCP 5 PHP 6 Democratic Peru Bicentennial Peru 7 BMCN 8 Broad Front MOVADEF Red Fatherland 9 Ethnocacerists ANTAURO Union for Peru 10 PCP Marxist Leninist 11 Government of Peru Congress of Peru Armed Forces National PoliceSupported by Popular Force 12 Popular Renewal 12 Go on Country 13 Alliance for Progress 12 PPC 14 Peru Secure Homeland National Society of Mining Oil and Energy SNMPE 15 Lead figuresDecentralized leadership various social leaders Dina BoluarteAlberto OtarolaJose WilliamsPedro Angulo until 21 December NumberTens of thousands 16 90 000 ronderos 17 CasualtiesDeath s 60 civilians 18 1 officer 19 Injuries1 658 20 Arrested608 21 Right wing groups and the Boluarte government have opposed the protests and have used the terruqueo to label certain demonstrators as terrorists a practice which dates back to the internal conflict in Peru 40 This has provided impunity to authorities increasing the risk of violence 40 41 The Boluarte government announced a national state of emergency on 14 December removing some constitutional protections from citizens including the rights preventing troops from staying within private homes and buildings the freedom of movement the freedom of assembly and personal freedom and security for 30 days 42 43 Human rights organizations criticized the response of the Boluarte government and authorities 44 45 as well as the government s inclusion of the Armed Forces in responding to the protests due to the history of troops killing protesters with impunity 35 The politicization of the armed forces also raised concerns of a developing civilian military government in Peru 46 47 Multiple ministers have resigned from Boluarte s cabinet throughout the series of protests following acts of violence perpetrated by authorities 48 49 Attorney General of Peru Patricia Benavides announced investigations on 10 January 2023 for the alleged crimes of genocide aggravated homicide and serious injuries against President Dina Boluarte Prime Minister Alberto Otarola Minister of the Interior Victor Rojas and Minister of Defense Jorge Chavez 50 Analysts businesses and voters say that immediate elections are necessary to prevent further unrest though many establishment political parties have little public support 51 Contents 1 Background 1 1 Centralismo 1 2 Obstructive Congress 1 3 Castillo presidency 1 4 Castillo s self coup attempt 2 Timeline 2 1 December 2022 2 1 1 Protests begin 2 1 2 Ayacucho massacre 2 1 3 Defense Minister named Prime Minister 2 2 January 2023 2 2 1 Great March for Peace 2 2 2 Juliaca massacre 2 2 3 Toma de Lima 3 Government response 4 State violence towards protesters 4 1 Deaths and injuries 4 2 Human rights violations 4 2 1 Excessive force 4 2 2 Intrusions 4 2 3 Torture 5 Media 5 1 Attacks on journalists 5 2 Censorship 6 Effects 6 1 Economic 7 Reactions 7 1 Domestic 7 1 1 Central government and politicians 7 1 2 Public opinion 7 1 3 Regional governments 7 2 International 7 2 1 Governments 8 See also 9 References 9 1 Bibliography 10 External linksBackground EditCentralismo Edit Main article Centralismo Peru See also Lima Consensus and Racism in Peru Cajamarca one of Peru s poorest cities located near the world s fourth largest gold mine 52 26 Since the independence of Peru from the Spanish Empire the economic elite in Lima engaged in a practice known as centralismo which involved focusing their power on the coastal regions while the rural provinces were governed by existing serfdom practices by hacienda landowners 53 54 55 56 This practice has continued throughout Peru s history and has resulted with large levels of economic inequality political alienation and other disparities in rural regions with Lima acquiring the majority of socioeconomic benefits in the nation 57 58 Centralismo also contributed to systemic racism in Peru since the wealth and education centralized in Lima created a perception amongst Limenos that rural indigenous individuals were inferior 59 60 As globalization intensified through the twentieth century distances between urban and rural areas increased with larger cities increasing their ability to connect to the economy and increasing their wealth while smaller cities experienced resource and human capital flight towards the larger cities 61 Many Peruvians in rural areas were not able to vote until 1979 when the constitution allowed illiterate individuals to vote with eleven of eighteen democratically elected presidents of Peru being from Lima between 1919 and 2021 62 Wealth earned between 1990 and 2020 was not distributed throughout the country living standards showed disparities between the more developed capital city of Lima and similar coastal regions while rural provinces remained impoverished 63 64 65 By the 2020s the existing disparities in Peru caused a globalization fatigue according to Asensio resulting in a polarization between rural and urban areas that saw differing priorities with lifestyle economics and politics 61 This divide created by centralismo would be a factor contributing towards the protests 66 51 Obstructive Congress Edit Presidents Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Martin Vizcarra and Pedro Castillo left to right were impeached and targeted for removal by the opposing Congress During the presidencies of Ollanta Humala Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Martin Vizcarra the right wing Congress led by the daughter of the former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori Keiko Fujimori obstructed many of the presidents actions 67 68 69 The political legacy of the Fujimori family was assumed by Keiko after her father Alberto who instituted Plan Verde and oversaw the Grupo Colina death squad during the internal conflict in Peru was sentenced to prison for human rights abuses 70 71 69 72 According to Walter Alban head of Transparency International Peru Congress has been infiltrated by criminal groups that obstruct reforms to maintain their status and parliamentary immunity 73 while Human Rights Watch said that Congress was more focused on personal gain and vote trading instead of issues facing the nation 67 President Humala would go on to serve a weak presidency due to the obstructionist practices of the Congress 68 After losing the 2016 presidential election to Kuczynski Keiko Fujimori led her party Popular Force in the unicameral Congress with the right wing legislators obstructing efforts by President Kuczynski 69 After experiencing obstruction by Congress and various scandals President Kuczynski resigned from the presidency 74 Martin Vizcarra Kuczynski s first vice president then assumed office in March 2018 Amid the COVID 19 pandemic in Peru President Vizcarra was impeached in September 2020 and a month later removed from office Thousands of citizens then protested against Vizcarra s impeachment 75 President of Congress Manuel Merino faced criticism regarding how he hastily pushed for impeachment proceedings against Vizcarra especially since he would assume the presidency upon Vizcarra s removal 76 Renowned reporter Gustavo Gorriti reported on 12 September 2020 that Merino had contacted the Commanding General of the Peruvian Navy Fernando Cerdan notifying him that he was going to attempt to impeach Vizcarra and was seeking to assume the presidency 77 Minister of Defense Jorge Chavez confirmed that Merino had tried to establish support with the military 77 President Merino would resign after five days due to mass disapproval 78 Francisco Sagasti was made President of Congress on 16 November and thus succeeded Merino as president on 17 November per the presidential line of succession since both vice presidential positions were vacated by Vizcarra in 2018 and Mercedes Araoz in May 2020 79 80 Castillo presidency Edit See also 2021 Peruvian general election Overturn attempts and Pedro Castillo Removal attemptsThe election will be flipped dear friends Keiko Fujimori 81 Sagasti served as president until Castillo was elected in the 2021 general election with Fujimori losing her third consecutive presidential bid The 2021 election saw many right wing candidates with business groups political parties and the majority of media organizations in Peru collaborating with Fujimori s campaign by appealing to fear when discussing political opponents 82 83 84 Some broadcast television channels openly supported Fujimori s candidacy as well 84 Reuters wrote that El Comercio one of the largest media organizations in South America has generally backed Fujimori 85 Fujimori received support from Lima s elite evangelical Christians businesses media organizations and the armed forces 86 In contrast Castillo was supported by working class and indigenous Peruvians who were affected by centralismo with Castillo receiving support in areas outside of Lima and other large cities 87 In May 2021 Americas Quarterly wrote Life expectancy in Huancavelica for example the region where Castillo received his highest share of the vote in the first round is seven years shorter than in Lima In Puno where Castillo received over 47 of the vote the infant mortality rate is almost three times that of Lima s 88 Then professor of Public Policy Gonzalo Banda stated that although Castillo was accused of being linked to communist terrorism in places where terrorism caused the most bloodshed Castillo won by a lot 89 Asensio writes that Castillo being recognized as a true Peruvian by his supporters was able to establish support by saying he would reverse the favoritism of Lima and defending regional rights 61 Keiko Fujimori and Rafael Lopez Aliaga who opposed Castillo and supported the Madrid Charter Multiple attempts to prevent Castillo from the entering the office of the presidency or to later remove him occurred beginning shortly after election results were determined Following reports of Castillo s apparent victory Fujimori and her supporters made claims of electoral fraud leading obstructionist efforts to overturn the election with support of citizens in Lima 90 91 81 92 93 94 Many business groups and politicians refused to recognize Castillo s ascent to the presidency 61 with those among the more affluent including former military officers and wealthy families demanded new elections promoted calls for a military coup and used rhetoric to support their allegations of fraud 91 Far right groups of former soldiers also allied with political parties like Go on Country Social Integration Party Popular Force and Popular Renewal in an effort to remove Castillo with some veteran leaders seen directly with Rafael Lopez Aliaga and Castillo s former presidential challenger Keiko Fujimori who signed the Madrid Charter promoted by the Spanish far right political party Vox 95 These groups directed threats towards Castillo government officials and journalists whilst also calling for a coup d etat and insurgency 95 During Castillo s presidency Congress was dominated by right wing parties opposed to him 96 with legislators attempting to impeach multiple times using political avenues Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the Constitution of Peru 1993 Congress can impeach the president on the vague grounds of moral incapacity 97 effectively making the legislature more powerful than the executive branch 98 99 100 101 In February 2022 it was reported that Fujimorists and politicians close to Fujimori organized a meeting at the Casa Andina hotel in Lima with the assistance of the German liberal organization Friedrich Naumann Foundation with those present including President of Congress Maricarmen Alva at which plans to remove Castillo from office were discussed 102 Alva had already shared her readiness to assume the presidency if Castillo were to be vacated from the position and a leaked Telegram group chat of the board of directors of Congress that she heads revealed plans coordinated to oust Castillo 103 104 By December 2022 Congress had begun motions to attempt the impeachment of Castillo for a third time he was involved with six different criminal investigations and had already named five separate cabinets to serve under him 105 Castillo s self coup attempt Edit Main article 2022 Peruvian self coup attempt Document of the CCFFAA and PNP rejecting the actions of Castillo Before 7 December 2022 a march called Toma de Lima or Taking of Lima was called originally a meeting in Plaza Bolognesi with the aim of closing the congress and expressing their support for Pedro Castillo 106 107 This march was organized by the National Assembly of the Peoples 108 an organization affiliated with the officials whose meeting in November of that year was televised 109 110 The Agrarian and Rural Front of Peru confirmed their collaboration in the scheduled march 52 On 7 December 2022 Congress was expected to file a motion of censure against Castillo accusing him of permanent moral incapacity 111 Before the legislative body could gather to file its motion Castillo announced the dissolution of Congress and enacted an immediate curfew 111 112 Moments after Castillo s speech multiple ministers resigned from his government including Prime Minister Betssy Chavez 113 The Constitutional Court released a statement No one owes obedience to a usurping government and Mr Pedro Castillo has made an ineffective coup d etat The Armed Forces are empowered to restore the constitutional order 114 The Armed Forces also issued a statement rejecting Castillo s actions and calling for the maintenance of stability in Peru 115 Rejecting Castillo s actions to dissolve the legislative body Congress gathered and voted to remove Castillo from office due to moral incapacity with 101 votes in favor 6 against and 10 abstentions 116 It was announced that First Vice President Dina Boluarte who rejected Castillo s actions would take her oath of office for the presidency at 3 00 pm PET 116 Castillo s vice president Dina Boluarte entered the Legislative Palace shortly after 3 00 pm PET and appeared before Congress where she was later sworn in as president of Peru 117 In an IEP poll following the coup attempt of respondents 44 approved of Castillo s actions 53 disapproved and 3 had no opinion or comment with the majority of support for Castillo s actions being among rural and lower class Peruvians 118 For Castillo s supporters 23 52 119 Congress performed a coup against the president In addition they considered Dina Boluarte a traitor dictator and usurper after her subsequent assumption as the new president of the republic 27 119 120 based on the promise of the then vice president If the president is vacated I will go with the president 121 In this way supporters of the former president encouraged the prompt release of Castillo and an advance of elections 30 The demonstrators agreed to the dissolution of the Congress of the Republic a new constitution through a constituent assembly the rejection of the then vice president Dina Boluarte and the support for the then president Pedro Castillo whose objectives were achieved with the populist measures dictated by the then president in his message to the Nation on 7 December 106 Mobilizations of leftist organizations related to Castillo were evidenced in Lima Ayacucho Cusco Ica Arequipa Trujillo Chiclayo Huancavelica 122 123 Huancayo Tacna 124 Jaen 125 Moquegua 126 Ilo 127 Puno 128 129 130 131 and Chota where Castillo grew up 132 Timeline EditMain article Timeline of the 2022 2023 Peruvian political protests December 2022 Edit Protests begin Edit Police and protesters clashing on 8 DecemberLima is one of the cities that were summoned After the message to the nation it was denounced that the Minister of the Interior Willy Huerta ordered the doors of the congress to be opened which were closed so that the summoned protesters could storm the congress 133 However due to the failure of Castillo s self coup attempt and the subsequent vacancy by the Congress of the Republic the demonstrations increased 119 On 7 December between one and two hundred people gathered in the Toma de Lima in the Plaza San Martin and surroundings 26 134 The RPP outlet considered the pro government meeting as the largest since Castillo came to power 135 Panic buying was registered by the population fearing an escalation of events 108 Some of the first demonstrations also occurred in Cuzco 136 Arequipa 120 and in Puno 137 The head of the National Directorate of Intelligence DINI General Wilson Barrantes Mendoza met with President Boluarte upon her request on 8 December 2022 25 The DINI chief would explain to President Boluarte that protests would worsen due to the broad range of requests including Bolaurte s resignation the dissolution of Congress a constituent assembly and immediate general elections 25 General Barrantes then explained that there was no organized leadership presenting information from the National Intelligence Council COIN and the National Intelligence System SINA that there were 16 independent regional groups promoting protests that political parties and leaders were not organizing the movement and that organizations linked to the Shining Path or the Movement for Amnesty and Fundamental Rights MOVADEF were not involved 25 The general would later state in an interview with La Republica that To say that there is a terrorist inurgency is stupid criticizing the Boluarte government for using such rhetoric and for accusing foreign entities of being involved in the protests 25 The Boluarte government later replaced General Barrantes with Colonel Juan Carlos Liendo O Connor a former National Intelligence Service SIN agent who worked under Vladimiro Montesinos who described the protests as a terrorist insurrection while on Willax Television a day prior to his appointment 25 138 The protesters lack leadership and comprise independent groups 24 Of the many groups that supported protests MOVADEF encouraged citizens to demonstrate 139 Rondas campesinas armed peasant patrols that formerly defended communities from the leftist Shining Path guerilla group also joined the protests 17 The Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru CGTP the largest union in Peru also called for the resignations of the executive and Congress 140 In Arequipa they received support from labor unions such as the Arequipa Departmental Federation of Workers the Civil Construction Union 141 and the National Front of Transporters and Drivers of Peru 142 143 They also had support of the president of the Unified Defense Front against the contamination of the Coata basin and Lake Titicaca 144 The regional SUTEP which ignored Boluarte s election and declared a permanent mobilization also supported 32 There were violent confrontations between community members and residents of Andahuaylas against police officers on 10 December With 3 000 people participating during the afternoon the protesters took 2 policemen hostage and requested a prisoner exchange In light of this a division of special forces from Abancay of the PNP moved to Andahuaylas and arrived in a small plane 145 146 147 Hours after the kidnappings the demonstrators released the police officers and numerous social organizations from the department of Apurimac declared themselves in a popular insurgency and will begin a regional strike starting Monday 12 December 148 149 150 Clashes erupted in the city between protestors and police in the city two protestors aged 15 and 18 were killed by police shooting from a helicopter while four more were injured one of whom critically 151 152 153 154 155 President Boluarte responded to dissent by removing 26 regional prefects nominated by Castillo from their positions 156 On 13 December the United States Ambassador to Peru Lisa D Kenna travels to the Government Palace to meet with President Boluarte 157 Ayacucho massacre Edit Main article Ayacucho Massacre Demonstrations at Plaza Manco Capac following the Ayacucho massacreThe Boluarte government announced a national state of emergency on 14 December removing some constitutional protections from citizens including the rights preventing troops from staying within private homes and buildings the freedom of movement the freedom of assembly and personal freedom and security for 30 days 42 43 The Boluarte government also decreed a curfew for fifteen provinces in eight different regions of Peru on 15 December in regions including Arequipa La Libertad Ica Apurimac Cusco Puno and Huancavelica 45 Peruvian Army firing live ammunition at protesters in AyacuchoDuring protests in Ayacucho demonstrators approached the Coronel FAP Alfredo Mendivil Duarte Airport with the Peruvian Armed Forces closing the airport in response with clashes occurring shortly after 158 Human rights groups reported that members of the Peruvian Army were seen shooting at civilians protesting in Ayacucho 159 Casualties were sent for treatment at the Huamanga Network and in the Ayacucho Regional Hospital 158 with 90 of injuries resulting from gunshot wounds according to the Ayacucho regional health system 160 The response by authorities caused the collapse of hospital systems in the city with protesters suffering from gunshot wounds being treated in makeshift triage units 161 The Ayacucho Regional Health Directorate reported that 8 were killed and 52 were injured 160 162 Former president Castillo is sentenced to 18 months of pretrial detention 157 While imprisoned Castillo states that the United States is responsible for the violence in Peru stating The visit of the US ambassador to the Government Palace was not free nor was it in favor of the country It was to give the order to take the troops to the streets and massacre my defenseless people and by the way leave the way free for mining operations The Peruvian press will not only keep quiet about this but will deny it so easily 157 A day after the massacre Congress rejected the proposal of advancing the 2026 elections to an earlier date 49 were in favor 33 against and 25 abstained with 87 required for the proposal to pass 163 On 16 December Education Minister Patricia Correa and Culture Minister Jair Perez both resigned over the loss of life caused by the protests 163 Defense Minister named Prime Minister Edit President Boluarte shuffles her first cabinet placing her former Minister of Defense Alberto Otarola as the new prime minister while also replacing the Minister of Interior and Minister of Defense 164 Boluarte s new Minister of Education oscar Becerra was reported to have a history of being an Fujimorist 165 Protesters continued activities in the regions of Amazonia Apurimac Arequipa Ayacucho Cusco La Libertad Lambayeque Piura and Puno 166 In Amazonia indigenous leaders release a statement stating We alert the Army we alert the National Police of Peru not to upset us because we are in our territory we will see each other there there we will surely declare war because they are already provoking us and creating us discomfort 166 On 24 December Prime Minister Otarola stated that the Boluarte government was seeking to make Congress bicameral again 167 while Minister of Justice and Human Rights of Peru Jose Tello announced that reparations would be organized by a commission and distributed to individuals who were killed during the protests 168 January 2023 Edit Great March for Peace Edit Heading into the new year the Peruvian National Police PNP called for citizens to participate in a Great March for Peace on 3 January 2023 in the town squares of cities throughout Peru 169 Internal PNP documents revealed that the march was organized for the political purpose to increase support for the Boluarte government raising concerns about the police breaching the constitutional separation of authorities and political acts in Articles 34 and 169 of the constitution 170 171 172 In the documents PNP officials said that officers not participating in the march would face sanctions 170 When asked about the PNP march by reporters President Boluarte denied having knowledge of the event though she had earlier promoted the march during a trip to Cusco days earlier 171 Concerns regarding the goals of the march and the potential creation of a civilian military government resulted with Minister of the Interior Victor Rojas cancelling the planned march 170 46 171 Juliaca massacre Edit Main article Juliaca massacre In Juliaca Puno authorities shot a photojournalist of EFE in the leg 173 destroyed a motor taxi 174 and attacked an adolescent and their mother on 7 January 175 Protesters from multiple districts of Puno joined demonstrations in Juliaca on 9 January 176 Protesters approached Inca Manco Capac International Airport around noon and demonstrated nearby though when some began to enter the airport at 5 20pm authorities responded to the demonstration with deadly force 177 176 In total 17 civilians were killed and over 100 others were injured 178 176 with all deaths attributed to gunshot wounds 179 Journalists covering the massacre were sought to be identified by police intelligence units 176 After the killing of protesters by the police looting in Juliaca began into the night with some authorities seen participating in thefts 180 181 182 The head of the Puno Traffic Safety Police was found with stolen televisions and other goods from a looted store 182 A total of 40 people were arrested for looting on 10 January 182 Into the next morning two officers were detained by unknown individuals one of the officers reported that about 350 people had captured them and that his partner had disappeared 180 It was later discovered that his partner was burned alive in his patrol car and had died 180 Attorney General of Peru Patricia Benavides announced investigations on 10 January for the alleged crimes of genocide aggravated homicide and serious injuries against President Dina Boluarte Prime Minister Alberto Otarola Minister of the Interior Victor Rojas and Minister of Defense Jorge Chavez 50 Toma de Lima Edit Protesters from various regions began to congregate in the capital city of Lima on 12 January with thousands beginning to demonstrate throughout the area in preparation for the Toma de Lima or Taking of Lima protests 140 183 Caravans of protesters traveled to Lima and local individuals and shops provided supplies for their journey 140 The Sole National Central of Peasant Rounds of Peru said that 2 000 ronderos would travel to Lima to participate in demonstrations 184 On 13 January the ministers of interior labor and women resigned from their positions in the Boluarte government 49 A 30 day state of emergency is declared on 15 January due to the protests 140 On 17 January President Boluarte responded to calls for the Toma de Lima protests stating I call them to take Lima but in peace and calm I am waiting for you at the House of Government to talk about your social agendas because you know that the political agenda you propose is unfeasible 140 CGTP Peru s largest union called for a national strike on 19 January 140 Tens of thousands of citizens would arrive in Lima for the protest 16 During the response by authorities there were reports that police played The dance of the Chinese on speakers a campaign song used to support Alberto Fujimori during the 2000 Peruvian general election 185 On the night of the 19th a local historical building next to San Martin Plaza caught fire collapsing before dawn on the following day 186 187 Protesters congregated in Lima would continue to demonstrate in the subsequent weeks with the first death in the capital city occurring on 28 January 2023 when police shot a man in the head with a tear gas canister 188 189 190 191 The government would attempt to deny that police killed the protester 190 191 On 2 February the city of Lima would declare a state of emergency lasting for four months 192 Government response EditThe government of Boluarte responded to the protests with force with the Peruvian police and armed forces criticized for their aggression 45 156 193 194 Between 20 and 27 December the Peruvian National Police purchased 31 615 tear gas canisters and grenades from Condor Chemical Industry and the Army Weapons and Ammunition Factory FAME for 661 530 USD 195 President Boluarte initially stated that she and Congress agreed to move the next general election from 2026 to April 2024 196 though she later agreed with the December 2023 election date proposed by Castillo after she previously described such a move as illegal 44 A state of emergency 42 and curfews 45 were also used by the Boluarte government to prevent further unrest Boluarte would accuse terrorist groups and Bolivia of generating the protests though The New York Times wrote that she provided no evidence 197 Congress initially rejected early elections 163 though it allowed the consideration of elections occurring earlier for April 2024 on 21 December 2022 the proposal still needs to be approved by the legislative body in February 2023 198 State violence towards protesters EditDeaths and injuries Edit Deaths during protests Locations Deaths 195 188 Apurimac 6 Arequipa 4 Ayacucho 10 Cuzco 4 Huancavelica 1 Junin 3 La Libertad 5 Lima 1 Puno 23 San Martin 1Total 58The Armed Forces of Peru has a history of impunity being responsible for at least 167 deaths between 2003 and 2020 while those responsible did not face consequences in nearly all events 35 According to attorney Mar Perez of the Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos CNDDHH Assassinations in protests are not a new event in Peru The most serious situations have occurred when the Army intervenes The impunity rate in these murders is close to 100 35 According to the Peruvian government at least 60 civilians have been killed and more than 600 injured during protests as of 20 January 2023 update 18 35 45 199 200 Most of those killed died by being shot by the police and the military with some individuals killed being bystanders 38 Among the dead two minors were killed during the protests in Apurimac as the result of Peruvian troops firing at protesters from a helicopter 45 In Pichanaqui three individuals were killed after being shot in the back by police 201 Two massacres also occured the Ayacucho massacre on 15 December 2022 that resulted with ten civilians killed and the Juliaca massacre on 9 January 2023 with the PNP killing eighteen civilians during the event resulting with the most deaths in a single day during the protests Human rights violations Edit Democracy is very much on the line in Peru The protesters demand for new elections is ultimately democratic But repression and denial are likely to breed more anger and despair playing into the hands of would be autocrats across the political spectrum Human Rights Watch 67 Strong protests occurred in indigenous and Quechua majority regions the center of Castillo s support raising comparisons between Boluarte s actions and that of previous anti Native governments of Peru 202 The United Nations Human Rights Council said that it was deeply concerned about the possibility of an escalation of violence 156 Undercover operations by police in plain clothes arresting demonstrators has been recorded with Jan Jarab representative of UN Human Rights in South America previously condemning such actions in Peru stating It has been possible to identify cases of arrests made by police officers dressed as civilians without identifying themselves as such The Peruvian authorities must put an end to this type of procedure incompatible with international human rights standards 203 Edgar Stuardo Ralon Vice President of the Inter American Commission on Human Rights IACHR stated during a delegation visit to Peru that individuals living in Lima participated in widespread stigmatization that is linked to the historical and structural inequalities that exist in the country those linked to the historical discrimination faced by indigenous peoples the peasant population and the provinces with such stigmatization resulting with increased political polarization and violence 41 Ralon also stated that the use of the terruqueo by the government and authorities created an environment of permissy and tolerance towards discrimination stigmatization and institutional violence 41 According to La Republica President of the Supreme Court of Peru Javier Arevalo Vela disagreed that human rights violations occurred in Peru when holding talks with Ralon stating in Peru there is no policy of human rights violations but rather here it exists at the moment it is a situation of violence that has two aspects the just claims of the population and the acts of vandalism that you have seen we have to separate the straw from the wheat This is the reality of the Judiciary 204 Excessive force Edit Human Rights Watch HRW stated Excessive use of force by state agents is a persistent problem in Peru Rules for use of force by security forces do not comply with international standards reporting that Congress had removed proportionality guidelines regarding use of force making it easier for authorities to use excessive force with impunity 39 HRW would later criticize President Boluarte s violent response to protests lack of providing accountability to authorities and her effort to blame protest violence on Bolivia without providing evidence 67 According to OjoPublico A series of images testimonies police manuals and necropsies analyzed by OjoPublico expose serious human rights violations during police and military repression actions mainly in the southern regions of the country 38 According to Legislative Decree 1186 of August 2015 the Peruvian National Police are responsible for the use of force against protesters are prohibited from shooting at short range and are only to fire at the lower extremities 38 However the armed forces were included in responding to protests following the announcement of a national emergency according to OjoPublico 38 OjoPublico also wrote that authorities have fired projectiles out of helicopters above protesters despite human rights groups condemning the practice 38 The Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos CNDDHH condemned the violent response of the Boluarte government and Peruvian authorities stating Although some protests have been recording violent actions and attacks on journalists and the media senior officials of the Dina Boluarte Government have been endorsing a response from the police forces that is clearly outside the national and international regulatory framework 44 The human rights group reported that authorities had beaten detainees while in custody used less lethal weapons improperly which injured civilians prevented legal representatives from meeting with those arrested and held some in custody for longer than what legal standards permit 39 The CNDDHH reported the Peruvian authorities were recorded firing tear gas canisters directly at protesters resulting in one serious injury in Lima and the incidence of police and armed forces firing live ammunition towards demonstrators 44 Reports of arbitrary arrest and detention were also shared by the CNDDHH with the group sharing that individuals going to and from work were arrested and isolated 205 On 15 December the CNDDHH denounced the use of weapons of war against protestors with the NGO sharing a video of authorities using automatic firearms against demonstrators 45 The CNDDHH would later demand in mid January that President Boluarte resign 206 Authorities shooting a protester in the head with a tear gas canisterAmnesty International s Americas head Erika Guevara Rosas called for governmental restraint saying State repression against protesters is only deepening the crisis in Peru The authorities must put an end to the excessive use of force against demonstrations and guarantee the right to peaceful protest using the legal and proportional means necessary to restore citizen security 193 194 Amnesty International also confirmed that Peruvian authorities were firing tear gas canisters at close range directly at the bodies of protesters 194 Intrusions Edit OjoPublico documented that authorities have entered the homes of citizens in order to gain access to roofs and fire at protesters 38 The home intrusions resulted with possessions being destroyed by authorities 38 Following the Toma de Lima protests the PNP raided the National University of San Marcos with armored personnel carriers and dozens of officer detaining over 200 protesters located on the campus 207 208 The Inter American Commission on Human Rights condemned the PNP s actions saying they were incompatible with the principles of international law 207 Torture Edit According to testimony from a detained protesters interviewed by OjoPublico a group of protesters detained for three days by authorities were prohibited from having food and were beaten 38 Media EditAfter ascending to the presidency President Boluarte quickly received support from Peru s national media companies 209 The national media in Peru largely overlooked the massacres in Ayacucho 210 211 and Juliaca 212 Attacks on journalists Edit The National Association of Journalists indicated that 21 journalists were victims of aggression between 7 and 11 December 213 Journalists interviewed by Wayka reported that authorities would frequently attack press workers and would attempt to prevent photographers from capturing images of individuals being detained 203 Similar incidents of authorities preventing journalists from documenting the protests were collected by OjoPublico 38 One photojournalist for the EFE Aldair Mejia reported that he was threatened by police during a protest in Juliaca saying that an officer told him I ll blow off your head and you get out of here dead Mejia was later shot in the leg by police while covering protests 173 Censorship Edit External video A video showing police shooting a protester in the head medical volunteers providing aid and the testimony of one of the responders on YouTubeFollowing the death of a protester on 28 January 2023 journalist Carlos Cornejo of the state owned TV Peru reported to audiences stating It s good news that the roads have been opened Some bad news the murder of a citizen at the hands of the police They will want to tell us that it was a stone they will want to tell us that it was not them they will want to say anything but the images do not lie we all saw that the police killed Victor Santisteban 214 The government would attempt to deny that police killed the protester 215 Despite two videos showing the protester being shot in the head with a tear gas canister General Victor Zanabria of the Peruvian National Police said it was not yet determined what killed the protester 192 Following Cornejo s report on the death of the protester the National Institute of Radio and Television of Peru IRTP the parent company of Tv Peru refused to renew the reporter s contract on 31 January 214 216 According to the National Association of Journalists of Peru ANP the actions against Cornejo were an indicted and arbitrary dismissal stating In circumstances in which from all media and essentially state media it is imperative to guarantee a plurality of approaches and voices to promote public debate Extinguishing critical positions can even constitute censorship 216 Effects EditEconomic Edit The main economic sectors of the Peruvian economy mining and tourism largely ceased during the protests 51 Three weeks into protests the National Chamber of Tourism Canatur reported that due to protests Peru had lost an estimated 1 7 billion soles 450 million USD of tourism income since the start of the demonstrations 217 A month into protests some stores in Lima were reporting a 60 decrease in sales compared to the previous year 218 According to the Boluarte government Peru experienced 1 3 billion of infrastructure damage from protests by late January 51 On 31 January 2023 Moody s Investors Service changed Peru s credit rating outlook to Negative citing a deterioration in institutional cohesion governability policy effectiveness and economic strength through successive governments 219 Reactions EditDomestic Edit Central government and politicians Edit President Dina Boluarte who had replaced Castillo after his impeachment responded in a conference to the social organizations to the movements that are now mobilizing in the streets let s talk and seek a peaceful solution to this situation 220 Free Peru congresswoman Kelly Portalatino encouraged Boluarte to listen to your Apurimac region and to all regions of the country let s not allow more injuries no more convulsion in the country 221 PL called for protests in Lima 222 and tabled a motion of no confidence against President of Congress Jose Williams 223 The New Peru political party joined in the plans to call demonstrations demanding new elections and a new constitution 224 Ethnocacerists and their leader Antauro Humala at first called Boluarte president during pro Castillo protests Later Humala called her de facto president and called for protests 225 The Ethnocacerist movement compared Boluarte with Jeanine Anez thus comparing Castillo s impeachment to the 2019 Bolivian political crisis 226 Former president Ollanta Humala called President Boluarte to resign and called the congress indolent and irresponsible 227 Public opinion Edit According to IEP polling from early January 2023 60 of respondents believed that the protests were justified 58 believed that police used excessive force and 44 believed that the protests were organized by citizens groups or spontaneous action 228 The January poll also showed that compared to other regions more respondents in Lima believed that the protests were terrorism and that the use of force by authorities was justified while those polled in other regions did not 228 229 President Boluarte had a disapproval rate of 71 while 88 of respondents disapproved of Congress 229 When asked if they supported the calls for a new constitutent assembly 69 of respondents approved 230 According to those analyzing the polls responses showed the disconnect between Lima and outlying regions 231 An IEP poll conducted between 21 and 25 January 2023 showed that among respondents 73 demanded general elections in 2023 74 believed President Boluarte who now had a 76 disapproval rate should resign 89 disapproved of Congress 232 Regional governments Edit The National Assembly of Regional Governments proposed the convening of the National Agreement to seek a consensus between organizations political parties and unions 233 234 The Regional Government of Apurimac announced the indefinite suspension of classes at all educational levels and alerted all institutions to work under the virtual modality throughout the department with the exception of the health sector 235 International Edit Governments Edit Argentina Bolivia Colombia Mexico Presidents Alberto Fernandez Luis Arce Gustavo Petro and Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador issued a joint comunique through the Mexican Presidential Office expressing their deep concern about the Peruvian Congress not respecting the will of its citizens at the ballot box They added that it is no news that Castillo from the day of his election was the victim of anti democratic harassment in violation of Article 23 of the American Convention on Human Rights The four governments said that our governments call on all the actors involved in the previous process to prioritize the will of the citizens that was pronounced at the ballot box This is the way to interpret the scope and meaning of the notion of democracy as set forth in the Inter American Human Rights System 236 Colombia President Gustavo Petro additionally stated that the crisis in Peru imprisoning without judge or legal defense a President elected by popular vote put under serious questioning the role of the American Convention in the Latin American legal order 237 Canada Ambassador Louis Marcotte met with Peruvian foreign minister Ana Cecilia Gervasi Diaz expressing Canada s support for the Boluarte government 238 Chile President Gabriel Boric regretted the deaths reported as the result of the protests and called on the Peruvian government to guard and respect human rights Boric who referred to the situation in Peru as serious supported the Inter American Commission on Human Rights mission in the country 239 Russia Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova said that Russia hopes in the normalization of the situation in Peru and that contradictions facing one faction with each other can be resolved in a legal frame with democratic norms and within human rights between Peruvians and without foreign interference 240 United States United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken made a phone call to President Boluarte and requested that her government redouble their efforts to make needed reforms and safeguard democratic stability 241 242 Holy See Pope Francis stated We pray for peace May the violence in Peru cease and may the path of dialogue be taken to overcome 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December 2022 Gremio de transportistas exige cierre inmediato del Congreso y se unen a manifestaciones VIDEO El Buho in Spanish 9 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 9 December 2022 Anuncian movilizacion regional el 13 y 14 y el 15 la huelga nacional para exigir cierre del Congreso y adelanto de elecciones Pachamama Radio in Spanish 10 December 2022 Archived from the original on 10 December 2022 Retrieved 10 December 2022 Asi se vivio el tercer dia de protestas a nivel nacional Panamericana Television Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 El caos y la violencia se apoderaron de las principales calles de la provincia de Andahuaylas Mas de 3 000 personas que protestaban para pedir el adelanto de elecciones y la disolucion del Parlamento Protestas en el Peru Manifestantes secuestraron a dos policias en Andahuaylas Infobae 11 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 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from the original on 15 December 2022 Retrieved 15 December 2022 a b c Pedro Castillo publico una carta mientras se llevaba a cabo la audiencia en su contra Semana in Spanish 16 December 2022 Archived from the original on 16 December 2022 Retrieved 16 December 2022 a b Ayacucho sube a dos el numero de fallecidos y 13 heridos durante protestas ECONOMIA Gestion in Spanish 16 December 2022 Archived from the original on 16 December 2022 Retrieved 16 December 2022 Masacre en Ayacucho ascienden a 18 muertos tras estado de emergencia en Peru ANRed in European Spanish Archived from the original on 16 December 2022 Retrieved 16 December 2022 a b 90 de heridos en enfrentamientos en Ayacucho son por perdigones e impactos de bala infobae in European Spanish Archived from the original on 16 December 2022 Retrieved 16 December 2022 Wayka WaykaPeru 16 December 2022 AYACUCHO Hospital Regional colapso ante la llegada de varios heridos tras la violenta represion policial y militar Personal de salud tuvo que colocar carpas de emergencia para atender a quienes llegaban con heridas de bala VocesComunitarias Contraste Ayacucho Minsa Peru t co 4TpsmKwXtY AYACUCHO Regional Hospital collapsed before the arrival of several injured after the violent police and military repression Health personnel had to set up emergency tents to attend to those who arrived with gunshot wounds CommunityVoices Contrast Ayacucho Minsa Peru Tweet in Spanish Retrieved 26 December 2022 via Twitter Wayka WaykaPeru 16 December 2022 MasacreEnAyacucho La Direccion Regional de Salud de Ayacucho confirmo 7 muertos y 52 heridos en el primer dia de estado de emergencia Ademas establecimientos de salud se encuentran en alerta maxima c c congresoperu OEA oficial ONUPeru CIDH presidenciaperu t co 1WVgum4d3u MasacreEnAyacucho The Ayacucho Regional Health Directorate confirmed 7 deaths and 52 injuries on the first day of the state of emergency In addition health establishments are on maximum alert DC congresoperu OEA oficial ONUPeru CIDH presidenciaperu Tweet in Spanish Retrieved 26 December 2022 via Twitter a b c Peru Ministers resign amid deadly protests DW 12 16 2022 Deutsche Welle Archived from the original on 16 December 2022 Retrieved 16 December 2022 Peru s new president reshuffles cabinet as Mexico ties tested Al Jazeera Archived from the original on 25 December 2022 Retrieved 25 December 2022 Wayka WaykaPeru 22 December 2022 ATENCIoN El nuevo ministro de educacion MineduPeru muestra abiertamente en sus redes sociales su posicion fujimorista y homofobica t co iklIcwafyc ATTENTION The new Minister of Education MineduPeru openly shows his Fujimorist and homophobic position on his social networks Tweet in Spanish Archived from the original on 23 December 2022 Retrieved 26 December 2022 via Twitter a b Protestas en Peru en que provincias o regiones aun se mantienen las manifestaciones pese a la tregua La Republica in Spanish 22 December 2022 Archived from the original on 25 December 2022 Retrieved 25 December 2022 El Ejecutivo apoya que se instale un Congreso bicameral que pueda asegurar leyes de calidad aseguro Alberto Otarola RPP in Spanish 24 December 2022 Archived from the original on 25 December 2022 Retrieved 26 December 2022 El Gobierno de Peru anuncia reparaciones para los familiares de los muertos en las protestas EFE in European Spanish 24 December 2022 Archived from the original on 25 December 2022 Retrieved 25 December 2022 La Policia convoca a la ciudadania a una marcha por la paz el proximo 3 de enero a nivel nacional RPP in Spanish 1 January 2023 Archived from the original on 1 January 2023 Retrieved 1 January 2023 a b c Documento de la PNP revela que Marcha por la paz si tenia finalidad politica La Republica in Spanish 4 January 2023 Archived from the original on 16 January 2023 Retrieved 12 January 2023 a b c Dina Boluarte dice que no estaba enterada de Marcha por la paz pese a que la respaldo el viernes 30 La Republica in Spanish 2 January 2023 Archived from the original on 16 January 2023 Retrieved 12 January 2023 Policia elimina de sus redes sociales propaganda a denominada Marcha por la paz La Republica in Spanish 2 January 2023 Archived from the original on 16 January 2023 Retrieved 12 January 2023 a b Fotoperiodista fue herido tras denunciar que sufrio agresion y amenazas de la policia en las protestas en Juliaca RPP in Spanish 7 January 2023 Archived from the original on 8 January 2023 Retrieved 9 January 2023 Wayka WaykaPeru 7 January 2023 Capturan PoliciaPeru vandalizando mototaxi durante protestas en Juliaca Puno EstallidoSocial DinaErcilia Tweet in Spanish Archived from the original on 9 January 2023 Retrieved 9 January 2023 via Twitter Wayka WaykaPeru 7 January 2023 URGENTE Vecinos de Juliaca en Puno registran imagenes de policia agrediendo a madre y su menor hijo En el video difundido por Fama TV se aprecia al nino de 14 anos defender a su madre VocesComunitarias Video Fama TV de Juliaca URGENT Neighbors of Juliaca in Puno capture footage of police officer beating a mother and her son The video broadcast by Fama TV shows the 14 year old boy defending his mother CommunityVoices Video Fama TV of Juliaca Tweet in Spanish Archived from the original on 9 January 2023 Retrieved 9 January 2023 via Twitter a b c d Juliaca Que sucedio en las inmediaciones del aeropuerto donde se produjeron 18 muertes El Buho in Spanish 10 January 2023 Archived from the original on 10 January 2023 Retrieved 10 January 2023 Protestas en Puno EN VIVO 17 muertos cacerolazos y enfrentamientos que no cesan en Juliaca infobae in European Spanish 9 January 2023 Archived from the original on 9 January 2023 Retrieved 10 January 2023 Mueren al menos 17 personas en el sur de Peru durante protestas para exigir nuevas elecciones y la liberacion de Pedro Castillo At least 17 people dead in South Peru during protests demanding new elections and the release of Pedro Castillo BBC Mundo in Spanish 10 January 2023 Archived from the original on 10 January 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de Pichanaki recibieron disparos por la espalda La Republica in Spanish Retrieved 29 January 2023 Peru declares state of emergency as protests intensify Financial Times 14 December 2022 Archived from the original on 15 December 2022 Retrieved 15 December 2022 a b RB 15 December 2022 Fotografos denuncian golpes insultos y seguimiento de policias en las protestas Wayka in Spanish Archived from the original on 16 December 2022 Retrieved 16 December 2022 Presidente del PJ dice a la CIDH que no hay violacion de derechos humanos La Republica in Spanish 13 January 2023 Archived from the original on 16 January 2023 Retrieved 14 January 2023 Wayka WaykaPeru 16 December 2022 GRAVE DENUNCIA Reportan detenciones arbitrarias y violentas aislamiento de detenidos y no se les garantiza abogados cnddhh exhorta a abogados del Estado trasladarse a comisarias y garantizar que no se violen derechos de personas detenidas t co yJJi8Ay2Bk t co bLO80e84Uq SERIOUS COMPLAINT They report arbitrary and violent arrests isolation of detainees and they are not guaranteed lawyers cnddhh urges state lawyers to go to police stations and ensure that the rights of detainees are not violated Tweet in Spanish Retrieved 26 December 2022 via Twitter Paro Nacional manifestantes del sur emprenden viaje a Lima para sumarse a protestas La Republica in Spanish 16 January 2023 Archived from the original on 17 January 2023 Retrieved 18 January 2023 a b LR Redaccion 21 January 2023 San Marcos EN VIVO presentan habeas corpus contra ministro del Interior por intrusion a la UNMSM larepublica pe in Spanish Archived from the original on 22 January 2023 Retrieved 22 January 2023 Peru police make violent raid on Lima s San Marcos University the Guardian 22 January 2023 Archived from the original on 22 January 2023 Retrieved 22 January 2023 Taj Mitra Garro Marco 27 January 2023 We Have to Come Here to Be Seen Protesters Descend on Lima The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 29 January 2023 Y la masacre en Ayacucho Wayka 16 December 2022 Retrieved 16 December 2022 BQ 16 December 2022 Cerca de 300 escritores e intelectuales indigenas se pronuncian contra represion policial terruqueo y violacion de derechos humanos Wayka in Spanish Retrieved 16 December 2022 Vega Renzo Gomez 9 January 2023 Dieciocho muertos en el mismo dia en enfrentamientos entre manifestantes y la policia en Peru El Pais in Spanish Archived from the original on 10 January 2023 Retrieved 10 January 2023 ANP registro ataques contra 21 periodistas desde que se iniciaron las protestas infobae in European Spanish 11 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 a b Carlos Cornejo sobre muerte de Victor Santisteban Querran decirnos que fue una piedra pero las imagenes no mienten La Republica in Spanish 31 January 2023 Retrieved 3 February 2023 EXCLUSIVO Estos son los policias que dispararon y mataron a un ciudadano en Lima Wayka 29 January 2023 Retrieved 30 January 2023 a b ANP califica de despido incausado salida de Carlos Cornejo de TV Peru La Republica in Spanish 31 January 2023 Retrieved 3 February 2023 GrupoRPP 30 December 2022 Sector turismo perdio S 1 700 millones debido a las protestas sociales segun Canatur RPP in Spanish Archived from the original on 31 December 2022 Retrieved 31 December 2022 Paro Nacional manifestantes del sur emprenden viaje a Lima para sumarse a protestas La Republica in Spanish 16 January 2023 Retrieved 18 January 2023 Moody s affirms Peru rating but unrest triggers negative outlook Reuters 31 January 2023 Retrieved 1 February 2023 Marcha contra el Congreso y Dina Boluarte asi se viven las protestas a favor de Pedro Castillo infobae in European Spanish 9 December 2022 Archived from the original on 13 December 2022 Retrieved 9 December 2022 Kelly Portalatino a Dina Boluarte Escuche a todas las regiones del pais no permitamos mas heridos infobae in European Spanish 11 December 2022 Archived from the original on 12 December 2022 Retrieved 11 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Spanish 15 January 2023 Archived from the original on 15 January 2023 Retrieved 16 January 2023 Dina Boluarte La asamblea constituyente es un pretexto para seguir bloqueando carreteras La Republica in Spanish 17 January 2023 Archived from the original on 17 January 2023 Retrieved 17 January 2023 Dina Boluarte desconexion de Lima con regiones agudiza mas los desencuentros segun IEP La Republica in Spanish 17 January 2023 Archived from the original on 17 January 2023 Retrieved 17 January 2023 Pereda David Un 73 del pais Que elecciones generales sean este mismo ano La Republica in Spanish Retrieved 30 January 2023 ANGR propone convocar al Acuerdo Nacional en aras del dialogo y lograr consensos andina pe in Spanish Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 Gobernadores proponen convocar al Acuerdo Nacional en aras del dialogo Diario El Pueblo in Spanish Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 Apurimac suspenden clases escolares de manera indefinida por fuertes protestas en Andahuaylas La Republica in Spanish 11 December 2022 Archived from the original on 11 December 2022 Retrieved 11 December 2022 Stewart Daniel Mexico Colombia Bolivia and Argentina express deep concern over Castillo s detention msn Archived from the original on 16 December 2022 Retrieved 16 December 2022 Petro Gustavo Las nuevas apreciaciones de Petro sobre crisis en Peru la primera linea y el narcotrafico El Pais Grupo Prisa Archived from the original on 16 December 2022 Retrieved 16 December 2022 Canada takes sides as hemisphere splits over who rules Peru Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 16 December 2022 Archived from the original on 25 December 2022 Retrieved 25 December 2022 europapress 10 January 2023 Boric lamenta las muertes en las protestas en Peru y apoya la mision de la CIDH al pais Boric regrets the deaths in the protests in Peru and supports the mission of the CIDH in the country La Nacion in Spanish Archived from the original on 20 January 2023 Retrieved 21 January 2023 Rusia espera que la situacion en Peru se normalice Russia hopes that the situation in Peru normalizes Infobae in Spanish 17 January 2023 Archived from the original on 17 January 2023 Retrieved 17 January 2023 Secretary Blinken s Call with Peruvian President Boluarte United States Department of State Archived from the original on 2 January 2023 Retrieved 1 January 2023 US says it looks forward to working with new Peru president Al Jazeera Archived from the original on 1 January 2023 Retrieved 1 January 2023 Pope Francis prays for Peru amid deepening crisis Vatican News Vatican News 18 December 2022 Archived from the original on 23 December 2022 Retrieved 20 December 2022 Bibliography Edit Asensio Raul Camacho Gabrielav Gonzalez Natalia Grompone Romeo Pajuelo Teves Ramonv Pena Jimenez Omayra Moscoso Macarena Vasquez Yerel Sosa Villagarcia Paolo August 2021 El Profe Como Pedro Castillo se convirtio en presidente del Peru y que pasara a continuacion in Spanish 1st ed Lima Peru Institute of Peruvian Studies pp 27 71 ISBN 978 612 326 084 2 Retrieved 17 November 2021 External links Edit2022 2023 Peruvian political protests Timeline at AS COA Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2022 2023 Peruvian protests amp oldid 1137224630, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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