The Ethnocacerist movement (Spanish: Movimiento etnocacerista, also sometimes referred to as the Movimiento Nacionalista Peruano or "Peruvian Nationalist Movement") is a Peruvianethnic supremicist movement that espouses an ideology called ethnocacerismSpanish: etnocacerismo. The movement seeks to establish a proletarian dictatorship led by the country's Indigenous communities and their descendants. It draws on the ideas and history of Indigenous and anticolonial movements, including those of Juan Velasco Alvarado, Evo Morales, Abdel Nasser, Muammar Gaddafi, and Che Guevara. Ethnocacerism is considered an Indigenist ideology and is currently represented in mainstream politics by the Union for Peru party and other smaller parties. The ideology is followed by Peruvian militant groups like Asociación Plurinacional de Reservistas del Tahuantinsuyo and Ejército de Reservistas Andino Amazónico – T.
The name "ethnocacerism" is composed of two parts: the first evokes Peru's ethnic identity (specifically, its origins with the Quechua, a Native Peruvian people often identified in the popular imagination with the Inca, a pre-Columbian royal group); the second indicates the movement's veneration of 19th century president and war hero Andrés Avelino Cáceres, who led a guerrilla resistance campaign against occupying Chilean troops during the War of the Pacific. Due to the latter, the movement also demands the return of the territories of Arica and Tarapacá that were lost to Chile in the war.
The ideas of ethnocacerism originated from lawyer Isaac Humala and its practice as a doctrine was begun by his sons Ollanta Humala and Antauro Humala in 1987 during the Internal War against the Shining Path.[2][3] Etnocacerism began as a military doctrine and organizing strategy, not a political doctrine, that was contesting the military doctrine and strategic errors of the Peruvian armed forces, which viewed the Indigenous countryside as a foreign territory and colony. Ollanta Humala explains that Etnocacerism began from the personal experiences of soldiers on the field in clandestine study groups. While critical of high military and political officials, it was not a conspiratorial movement against these official. Rather, Etnocacerism was developed to be an effective military doctrine that spoke to the experiences of Indigenous peoples (Quechua, Aymara, Amazonians), viewed the war as much a political campaign as a military one, and would win over Indigenous peoples in contested territories against the Shining Path.[citation needed]
Isaac Humala founded the Instituto de Estudios Etnogeopolíticos (IEE) in 1989 to serve as a ethnocacerist think tank and then publishing company in Peru.[4]
Locumba Uprising
Ethnocacerism becomes a political doctrine following an uprising in Locumba, Tacna, on 29 October 2000, led by the Humala brothers. The goal was the overthrow of Alberto Fujimori from the presidency over the "vladi-video" corruption scandal where Vladimiro Montesinos, the head of the National Intelligence Service, was caught on video bribing a congressman on the opposition to defect and join Fujimori's party.[5] The brothers surrendered on 16 December and were pardoned by congress six days later, with the event being praised by Peruvian media due to its anti-Fujimorist nature, though the political views of the brothers were largely overlooked.[5]
Andahuaylazo
Antauro gained international prominence on 1 January 2005 by occupying a rural police station in Andahuaylas, Apurimac, an action dubbed El Andahuaylazo.[6] Four police officers and one gunman died on the first day of the siege.[5][7] The following day Humala agreed to surrender, though had still failed to do so by the third day, claiming that the government had reneged on its promise to guarantee a "surrender with honour". Eventually he surrendered and was taken to Lima under arrest on 4 January 2005 and was sentenced to 19 years in prison, expected to be released in 2024.[3]
Contemporary history
The current political party adopting ethnocacerism is Union for Peru.[3] Union for Peru was the main party that spearheaded the impeachment movement that resulted with the removal of Martín Vizcarra from Peru's presidency, with Antauro organizing his followers in congress through phone calls and prison visits.[3] Antauro was banned from contacting others from prison following this incident.[3]
In 2018, members of the ethnocacerist movement formed an alliance with the Militarized Communist Party of Peru, called the United Democratic Andean Revolutionary Front of Peru (Spanish: Frente Unido Democrático Andino Revolucionario del Perú).[8]
Ideology
The movement has been described as having fascist traits,[3][9][10][11][12][13] with Vice summarizing ethnocacerism as "an idiosyncratic mix of economic populism, xenophobia — especially towards Peru's southern neighbor Chile — and the mythologizing of the supposed racial superiority of 'copper skinned' Andeans. It also takes an old school machista view of women’s rights while Isaac Humala, ... called for the summary shooting of homosexuals and corrupt officials".[3] The movement's newspaper Ollanta (later named Antauro), according to Harper's Magazine, was where "[a]nti-Semitic, anti-Chilean 'news' ran alongside xenophobic editorials".[5] Etnocacerists call for 25% of children to belong to the state to be utilized as a military conscripts.[5] Anthropologist Norma Correa of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru stated "Supposedly, ethnocacerism is about inclusion, but really it excludes so many citizens in a society as diverse as [Peru's], ... It’s not just whites. Ethnocacerism has no place for Afro-Peruvians, Amazonian natives or even mestizos".[3]
Ethnocacerists distinguish themselves from both the political right-wing (Free Markets, Liberalism) and "Eurocentric" left-wing (European radical theories, Marxist doctrine) in Peru, saying they oppose capitalism, fascism, and Marxism, arguing instead that they intend to create an organic indigenous ideology based on Peru's historical civilizations.[14] Their use of the slogan "ni derecha ni izquierda" traces itself to Juan Velasco Alvarado's military government which was unaligned to either the United States (First World) or Soviet Union (Second World).[15] This position of non-alignment and Third-Worldism meant looking for solutions in Peruvian and Latin American history, such as the rebel hero Tupac Amaru and writer José Carlos Mariátegui. Anticolonial policies are still advocated by Antauro Humala and the Etnocacerists.
Territorial views
Following from his rejection of Peruvian nationalism, Antauro has pronounced himself against Peru’s borders as colonial impositions traced back to Spanish colonization. A common slogan of his ethnic nationalism is that Peruvian nationalism wants to “reclaim the word ‘Peru’” while his ethnic nationalism wants to reclaim “the concept of tawantinsuyo” (the Quechua name for the Inca Empire), because “as an ethnic nationalist, I cannot respect criollo borders, because when I reclaim Tawantinsuyo, my ancestral homeland encompasses Tucumán (Argentina) all the way to Pasto (Colombia). We are a single people disseminated amongst various criollo states”.[14]
Antauro calls the Andeans countries and regions “the Inkan International” (La Internacional Inkaica) showing solidarity with Bolivians, Ecuadorians, and the Andean regions of Southwestern Colombia, Northwestern Argentina, and Northern Chile.[16] The territorial views of ethnocacerists would expand Peru's population from around 30 million to over 100 million people.[5]
Ethnocacerists supported Evo Morales's re-election to the presidency in 2019 and condemned the removal of Morales as "fascist" and "neocolonialist".[17]
^"Antauro Humala begins trial for 2005 assault on police station". Andean Air Mail & PERUVIAN TIMES. 28 March 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
^"Perú: insurgentes se rinden" [Peru: insurgents surrender] (in Spanish). BBC News. 4 January 2005. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
^"El Militarizado PC mantiene contactos con exmilitares ultranacionalistas". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 13 June 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^"Peru: Siege highlights public order problems". Oxford Analytica Daily Brief Service. Oxford Analytica. 11 January 2005.
^"Opposites Attracting Voters in Peru's Race". Los Angeles Times. 2 April 2006. Retrieved 26 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^"Tragi-comic farce". The Economist. 6 January 2005. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
^"Fascism Now: The Legacy of World War II in Today's Latin America". Council on Hemispheric Affairs. 23 April 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^Pez, Angel (14 December 2005). "Peru: Champion of Indigenous Causes Surges in Presidential Poll". Global Information Network. p. 1.
^ abSaldaña Ludeña, Pedro (2011). Conversaciones con Antauro Humala. Lima, Peru. p. 441. ISBN978-9972-33-534-1.
^Saldaña Ludeña, Pedro (2007). Conversaciones con Antauro Humala. Lima, Peru. p. 206. ISBN978-9972-33-534-1.
^"Resistencia en Bolivia". Antauro: Prensa Etnocacerista Regional de Lima. Año 2: Dec 2019: 5, 15. 29 December 2019.
External links
L'un des frères Humala sera-t-il le Hugo Chávez du Pérou? (latinreporters.com; in French)
Quiénes son los etnocaceristas (BBC; in Spanish)
Ollanta Humala habla con la BBC (BBC; in Spanish)
January 06, 2023
ethnocacerism, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, . This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Ethnocacerism news newspapers books scholar JSTOR June 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed April 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message The Ethnocacerist movement Spanish Movimiento etnocacerista also sometimes referred to as the Movimiento Nacionalista Peruano or Peruvian Nationalist Movement is a Peruvian ethnic supremicist movement that espouses an ideology called ethnocacerism Spanish etnocacerismo The movement seeks to establish a proletarian dictatorship led by the country s Indigenous communities and their descendants It draws on the ideas and history of Indigenous and anticolonial movements including those of Juan Velasco Alvarado Evo Morales Abdel Nasser Muammar Gaddafi and Che Guevara Ethnocacerism is considered an Indigenist ideology and is currently represented in mainstream politics by the Union for Peru party and other smaller parties The ideology is followed by Peruvian militant groups like Asociacion Plurinacional de Reservistas del Tahuantinsuyo and Ejercito de Reservistas Andino Amazonico T Ethnocacerism EtnocacerismoLeaderAntauro HumalaFounderIsaac HumalaFounded1987 36 years ago 1987 HeadquartersLimaMembershipUnion for PeruIdeologyIndigenismoEthnonationalismUltranationalismEconomic nationalismRevolutionary nationalismSocial conservatismAnti Chilean sentimentAnti capitalismAnti communismAnti fascismAnti FujimorismPolitical positionSyncreticColours Red BlackDual flagPolitics of PeruPolitical partiesElectionsThe name ethnocacerism is composed of two parts the first evokes Peru s ethnic identity specifically its origins with the Quechua a Native Peruvian people often identified in the popular imagination with the Inca a pre Columbian royal group the second indicates the movement s veneration of 19th century president and war hero Andres Avelino Caceres who led a guerrilla resistance campaign against occupying Chilean troops during the War of the Pacific Due to the latter the movement also demands the return of the territories of Arica and Tarapaca that were lost to Chile in the war Many members of the movement are armed forces veterans of Peru s internal wars or the border disputes with Ecuador in the 1980s and 1990s 1 Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 Locumba Uprising 1 3 Andahuaylazo 1 4 Contemporary history 2 Ideology 2 1 Territorial views 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksHistory EditOrigins Edit The ideas of ethnocacerism originated from lawyer Isaac Humala and its practice as a doctrine was begun by his sons Ollanta Humala and Antauro Humala in 1987 during the Internal War against the Shining Path 2 3 Etnocacerism began as a military doctrine and organizing strategy not a political doctrine that was contesting the military doctrine and strategic errors of the Peruvian armed forces which viewed the Indigenous countryside as a foreign territory and colony Ollanta Humala explains that Etnocacerism began from the personal experiences of soldiers on the field in clandestine study groups While critical of high military and political officials it was not a conspiratorial movement against these official Rather Etnocacerism was developed to be an effective military doctrine that spoke to the experiences of Indigenous peoples Quechua Aymara Amazonians viewed the war as much a political campaign as a military one and would win over Indigenous peoples in contested territories against the Shining Path citation needed Isaac Humala founded the Instituto de Estudios Etnogeopoliticos IEE in 1989 to serve as a ethnocacerist think tank and then publishing company in Peru 4 Locumba Uprising Edit Ethnocacerism becomes a political doctrine following an uprising in Locumba Tacna on 29 October 2000 led by the Humala brothers The goal was the overthrow of Alberto Fujimori from the presidency over the vladi video corruption scandal where Vladimiro Montesinos the head of the National Intelligence Service was caught on video bribing a congressman on the opposition to defect and join Fujimori s party 5 The brothers surrendered on 16 December and were pardoned by congress six days later with the event being praised by Peruvian media due to its anti Fujimorist nature though the political views of the brothers were largely overlooked 5 Andahuaylazo Edit Antauro gained international prominence on 1 January 2005 by occupying a rural police station in Andahuaylas Apurimac an action dubbed El Andahuaylazo 6 Four police officers and one gunman died on the first day of the siege 5 7 The following day Humala agreed to surrender though had still failed to do so by the third day claiming that the government had reneged on its promise to guarantee a surrender with honour Eventually he surrendered and was taken to Lima under arrest on 4 January 2005 and was sentenced to 19 years in prison expected to be released in 2024 3 Contemporary history Edit The current political party adopting ethnocacerism is Union for Peru 3 Union for Peru was the main party that spearheaded the impeachment movement that resulted with the removal of Martin Vizcarra from Peru s presidency with Antauro organizing his followers in congress through phone calls and prison visits 3 Antauro was banned from contacting others from prison following this incident 3 In 2018 members of the ethnocacerist movement formed an alliance with the Militarized Communist Party of Peru called the United Democratic Andean Revolutionary Front of Peru Spanish Frente Unido Democratico Andino Revolucionario del Peru 8 Ideology EditThe movement has been described as having fascist traits 3 9 10 11 12 13 with Vice summarizing ethnocacerism as an idiosyncratic mix of economic populism xenophobia especially towards Peru s southern neighbor Chile and the mythologizing of the supposed racial superiority of copper skinned Andeans It also takes an old school machista view of women s rights while Isaac Humala called for the summary shooting of homosexuals and corrupt officials 3 The movement s newspaper Ollanta later named Antauro according to Harper s Magazine was where a nti Semitic anti Chilean news ran alongside xenophobic editorials 5 Etnocacerists call for 25 of children to belong to the state to be utilized as a military conscripts 5 Anthropologist Norma Correa of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru stated Supposedly ethnocacerism is about inclusion but really it excludes so many citizens in a society as diverse as Peru s It s not just whites Ethnocacerism has no place for Afro Peruvians Amazonian natives or even mestizos 3 Ethnocacerists distinguish themselves from both the political right wing Free Markets Liberalism and Eurocentric left wing European radical theories Marxist doctrine in Peru saying they oppose capitalism fascism and Marxism arguing instead that they intend to create an organic indigenous ideology based on Peru s historical civilizations 14 Their use of the slogan ni derecha ni izquierda traces itself to Juan Velasco Alvarado s military government which was unaligned to either the United States First World or Soviet Union Second World 15 This position of non alignment and Third Worldism meant looking for solutions in Peruvian and Latin American history such as the rebel hero Tupac Amaru and writer Jose Carlos Mariategui Anticolonial policies are still advocated by Antauro Humala and the Etnocacerists Territorial views Edit Following from his rejection of Peruvian nationalism Antauro has pronounced himself against Peru s borders as colonial impositions traced back to Spanish colonization A common slogan of his ethnic nationalism is that Peruvian nationalism wants to reclaim the word Peru while his ethnic nationalism wants to reclaim the concept of tawantinsuyo the Quechua name for the Inca Empire because as an ethnic nationalist I cannot respect criollo borders because when I reclaim Tawantinsuyo my ancestral homeland encompasses Tucuman Argentina all the way to Pasto Colombia We are a single people disseminated amongst various criollo states 14 Antauro calls the Andeans countries and regions the Inkan International La Internacional Inkaica showing solidarity with Bolivians Ecuadorians and the Andean regions of Southwestern Colombia Northwestern Argentina and Northern Chile 16 The territorial views of ethnocacerists would expand Peru s population from around 30 million to over 100 million people 5 Ethnocacerists supported Evo Morales s re election to the presidency in 2019 and condemned the removal of Morales as fascist and neocolonialist 17 See also EditOllanta Humala Chilenophobia Locumba uprising es Peruvian Nationalist Party Union for Peru Go on Country Peru Wins Indigenism National BolshevismReferences Edit Jara Coa Sandra La Gesta de Locumba Antauro La revista etnocacerista que el Peru necesita Edicion Especial No 1 Humala Ollanta 2009 De Locumba A Candidato A La Presidencia en Peru Mexico Ocean Sur pp 39 41 ISBN 978 1 921438 43 1 a b c d e f g h A Notorious Rebel Leader Just Got Peru s President Impeached From Prison Vice Media Retrieved 26 December 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Radu Michael 4 May 2005 Andean Storm Troopers Foreign Policy Research Institute Archived from the original on 10 December 2008 a b c d e f Alarcon Daniel September 2006 Let s Go Country Harper s Magazine 313 1876 77 84 Antauro Humala begins trial for 2005 assault on police station Andean Air Mail amp PERUVIAN TIMES 28 March 2008 Retrieved 16 May 2011 Peru insurgentes se rinden Peru insurgents surrender in Spanish BBC News 4 January 2005 Retrieved 16 May 2011 El Militarizado PC mantiene contactos con exmilitares ultranacionalistas La Vanguardia in Spanish 13 June 2018 Retrieved 27 May 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Peru Siege highlights public order problems Oxford Analytica Daily Brief Service Oxford Analytica 11 January 2005 Opposites Attracting Voters in Peru s Race Los Angeles Times 2 April 2006 Retrieved 26 December 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Tragi comic farce The Economist 6 January 2005 ISSN 0013 0613 Retrieved 26 December 2021 Fascism Now The Legacy of World War II in Today s Latin America Council on Hemispheric Affairs 23 April 2019 Retrieved 26 December 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Pez Angel 14 December 2005 Peru Champion of Indigenous Causes Surges in Presidential Poll Global Information Network p 1 a b Saldana Ludena Pedro 2011 Conversaciones con Antauro Humala Lima Peru p 441 ISBN 978 9972 33 534 1 Saldana Ludena Pedro 2007 Conversaciones con Antauro Humala Lima Peru p 206 ISBN 978 9972 33 534 1 Humala Tasso Antauro 2011 Etnocacerismo Izquierda y Globalidad Vision Etnocacerista Lima Peru Ediciones Antaurpi Resistencia en Bolivia Antauro Prensa Etnocacerista Regional de Lima Ano 2 Dec 2019 5 15 29 December 2019 External links EditL un des freres Humala sera t il le Hugo Chavez du Perou latinreporters com in French Quienes son los etnocaceristas BBC in Spanish Ollanta Humala habla con la BBC BBC in Spanish Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ethnocacerism amp oldid 1131984528, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
