Ğ

Ğ (g with breve; minuscule: ğ) is a Latin letter found in the Turkish and Azerbaijani alphabets as well as the Latin alphabets of Zazaki, Laz, Crimean Tatar, Tatar, and Kazakh. It traditionally represented the voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ or the voiced uvular fricative /ʁ/. However, in Turkish, the phoneme has in most cases been reduced to a silent letter, serving as a vowel-lengthener.

G with breve
Ğ ğ
ǧ, ĝ, ḡ, ġ, ǥ, ǵ, g̃, ģ, ɠ
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	Turkish language
Phonetic usage	[∅] [◌ː] [ɣ] [ʁ] [ɰ] [j]
Unicode codepoint	U+011E, U+011F
History
Development	(speculated origin) Γ γ 𐌂 C G Ğ ğ
Time period	1928 to present
Descendants	• Ǧ  • Ġ
Sisters	G Г Ґ Ғ Ҕ Ӻ چ‬ ج ገ ࠂ ג‎ Ð
Transliteration equivalents	غ, Gh (digraph), Ғ
Variations	ǧ, ĝ, ḡ, ġ, ǥ, ǵ, g̃, ģ, ɠ
Other
Other letters commonly used with	gh, ǧ, ĝ, ḡ, ġ, ǥ, ǵ, g̃, ģ, ɠ
Writing direction	Left-to-Right
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Turkish use

Current use

In Turkish, the ⟨ğ⟩ (sometimes represented with ⟨ɰ⟩ for convenience) is known as yumuşak ge (pronounced [jumuˈʃak ˈɟe]; 'soft g') and is the ninth letter of the Turkish alphabet. It always follows a vowel, and can be compared to the blødt g ('soft g') in Danish.^{[citation needed]} In modern Turkish, the letter has no sound of its own and serves as a transition between two vowels, since they do not occur consecutively in native Turkish words. (In loanwords they may sometimes be separated by a glottal stop, e.g. cemaat or cemaât, which may be pronounced as either [dʒeˈma.atʲ] or [dʒeˈmaʔatʲ].)

The realization of the phoneme depends on its location in a word and the surrounding vowels:^[1]

ağ	[aː]
eğ	[ej]
iğ	[iː]
ığ	[ɯː]
oğ	[oː]
uğ	[uː]
öğ	[œː]
üğ	[yː]
ağa	[a.a]
ığı	[ɯ.ɯ]
uğu	[u.u]
eğe	[e(j)e]
iği	[i.i]
üğü	[y(j)y]
ağu	[a(w)u]
oğa	[o(w)a]
oğu	[o(w)u]
uğa	[u(w)a]
öğe	[œ.e]
öğü	[œ.y]
üğe	[y.e]
ağı	[a.ɯ~aː~a]*
ığa	[ɯ.a]
eği	[eji~iː~e.i~æ]*
iğe	[i.e~ije]

• in word-final and syllable-final positions it lengthens the preceding vowel, for example: dağ(lar) [daː(laɾ)] ('mountain[s]'), sığ [sɯː] ('shallow'); when following a front vowel (e, i), it may sound /j/ instead: değnek [dejnek] ('cane');
• between identical back vowels (a, ı, u) it is silent: sığınak [sɯːnak] ('shelter'), uğur [uːɾ] ('good luck');
• between identical front vowels (e, i, ü) it is either silent: sevdiğim [sevdiːm] ('that I love'), or pronounced [j]: düğün [dyjyn] ('wedding');
• between different rounded vowels (o, u, ö, ü), or between rounded (o, u, ö, ü) and unrounded (a, e) vowels it is mostly silent, but may be a bilabial glide: soğuk [so(w)uk] ('cold'), soğan [so(w)an] ('onion');
• ağı may sound as two vowels or as long a: ağır [a.ɯɾ, aːɾ] ('heavy');
• ığa is always two vowels: sığan [sɯ.an] ('which fits');
• in eği and iğe it is either silent or pronounced [j] as if written y: değil [dejil] ('not'), diğer [dijeɾ] ('other'); in colloquial speech eği is long i: değil [diːl];
• eği and ağı in the future suffix -(y)AcAK- are formally [e.i]/[a.ɯ] or colloquially [æ]/[a]: seveceğim [seveˈdʒe.im, seviˈdʒæm] ('I will love'); yazacağım [jazaˈdʒa.ɯm, jazɯˈdʒam] ('I will write').

Some webpages may use ⟨Ð⟩ (uppercase) and ⟨ð⟩ (lowercase) for ⟨Ğ⟩ because of improper encoding; see Turkish characters for the reasons of this.

Historical use

The letter, and its counterpart in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet, ⟨غ⟩, were once pronounced as a consonant, /ɣ/, the voiced velar fricative, until very recently in the history of Turkish, but it has undergone a sound change by which the consonant was completely lost and compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel occurred, hence its function today. The sound change is not yet complete in some Turkish dialects. The previous consonantal nature of the sound is evinced by earlier English loanwords from Turkish, such as yogurt/yoghurt (modern Turkish yoğurt) and agha (modern Turkish ağa), and the corresponding velar fricative found in cognate words in the closely related Azerbaijani language and the Turkish-influenced Crimean Tatar language. In Old Turkic (as well as earlier during Proto-Turkic times), this voiced velar fricative originated as an allophone of /ɡ/, the voiced velar stop, when it occurred intervocalically. The expected process of lenition (weakening and eventual loss of the intervocalic Proto-Turkic consonant *ɡ) is thus complete in Turkish and underway in many other Common Turkic languages.

Azerbaijani and Crimean Tatar use

In Azerbaijani and Crimean Tatar, ⟨ğ⟩ represents /ɣ/, the voiced velar fricative.

Tatar use

The Tatar language is mainly written in Cyrillic, but a Latin-based alphabet is also in use. In the Latin alphabet, ğ represents /ʁ/, the voiced uvular fricative. In Cyrillic, Tartar uses г for both g and ğ without distinction.

Kazakh use

See also: Kazakh alphabets § Latin script

The current Kazakh Latin alphabet proposal, last updated in March 2021 and commissioned by Tokayev, uses ğ to replace the Kazakh Cyrillic Ғ to represent the IPA /ʁ/. The earlier 2020 proposal listed Ǵ instead, but was replaced after public criticism.

Friulian use

The Faggin–Nazzi alphabet for Friulian language uses the caron, owing to its Slavic influence. However, ⟨Ǧ⟩/⟨ǧ⟩ is often substituted with ⟨Ğ⟩/⟨ğ⟩ due to the former's lack of availability in fonts and input systems. This is because ⟨Ğ⟩/⟨ğ⟩ is in Latin Extended-A alongside ⟨Č⟩/⟨č⟩ and ⟨Š⟩/⟨š⟩, the other caron bearing letters in the alphabet, whereas ⟨Ǧ⟩/⟨ǧ⟩ is in Latin Extended-B, which is available in fewer fonts and input systems.

Character encoding

Character information

Preview	Ğ		ğ
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH BREVE		LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH BREVE
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	286	U+011E	287	U+011F
UTF-8	196 158	C4 9E	196 159	C4 9F
Numeric character reference	Ğ	Ğ	ğ	ğ
Named character reference	Ğ		ğ
ISO 8859-3	171	AB	187	BB
ISO 8859-9	208	D0	240	F0

See also

• Ǧ (g with caron)
• Ġayn (Arabic)
• Ghayn (Cyrillic)

References

1. Göksel, Aslı; Kerslake, Celia (2005). Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. pp. 7–8. ISBN 9780415114943.