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Árpád dynasty

January 14, 2023

The Árpád dynasty, consisted of the members of the royal House of Árpád (Hungarian: Árpád-ház), also known as Árpáds (Hungarian: Árpádok, Croatian: Arpadovići). They were the ruling dynasty of the Principality of Hungary in the 9th and 10th centuries and of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 to 1301. The dynasty was named after the Hungarian Grand Prince Árpád who was the head of the Hungarian tribal federation during the conquest of the Carpathian Basin, c. 895. Previously, it was referred to as the Turul dynasty or kindred.

Both the first Grand Prince of the Hungarians (Álmos) and the first king of Hungary (Saint Stephen) were members of the dynasty. The Christianity was adopted as the state religion for the Kingdom of Hungary by the dynasty, and the Árpád's kings used the title of the apostolic king, the descendants of the dynasty gave the world the highest number of saints and blesseds from one family.[1] The Árpád dynasty ruled the Carpathian Basin for four hundred years, influencing almost all of Europe through its extensive dynastic connections.[2] Eight members of the dynasty were canonized or beatified by the Catholic Church; therefore, since the 13th century the dynasty has often been referred to as the "Kindred of the Holy Kings". Two Árpáds were recognized as Saints by the Eastern Orthodox Church.

The dynasty came to end in 1301 with the death of King Andrew III of Hungary, while the last member of the House of Árpád, Andrew's daughter, Blessed Elizabeth of Töss, died in 1336 or 1338. All of the subsequent kings of Hungary (with the exception of King Matthias Corvinus) were cognatic descendants of the Árpád dynasty. The House of Croÿ[3] and the Drummond family of Scotland[4] claim to descend from Géza and George, sons of medieval Hungarian kings: Géza II and Andrew I, respectively.

Origin

 
A map with a possible Hungarian Urheimat and route of their migrations towards the Carpathian Basin.

According to recent Y-STR and Y-SNP archaeogenetic studies of the skeletal remains of dynasty descendant and King Béla III of Hungary and unknown Árpád member named as "II/52" / "HU52" from the Royal Basilica of Székesfehérvár, it was established that the male lineage belonged to the Y-haplogroup R1a rare subclade R-Z2125 > R-Z2123 > R-Y2632 > R-Y2633 > R1a-SUR51. The subclade was also found in nearest contemporary matches of 48 Bashkirs from the Burzyansky and Abzelilovsky districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the Volga-Ural region, and 1 individual from the region of Vojvodina, Serbia. The Árpád members and one individual from Serbia share additional private SNPs making a novel subclade R1a-SUR51 > R-ARP, and as the mentioned individual has additional private SNPs it branches from the medieval Árpáds forming R-ARP > R-UVD.[5][6]

Based on the data of the distribution, appearance and coalescence estimation of R-Y2633 the dynasty traces ancient origin near Northern Afghanistan about 4500 years ago, with a separation date of R-ARP from the closest kin Bashkirs from the Volga-Ural region to 2000 years ago, while the individual from Serbia (R-UVD) derives from the Árpáds about 900 years ago. As also the separation of haplogroup N-B539 between the Hungarians and Bashkirs is estimated to have occurred 2000 years ago, it implies that the ancestors of Hungarians left the Volga Ural region about 2000 years ago and started a migration that eventually culminated in settlement in the Carpathian Basin.[6][7][8]

9th and 10th centuries

Medieval chroniclers stated that the Árpáds' forefather was Ügyek, whose name derived from the ancient Hungarian word for "holy" (igy).[9] The Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum ("The Deeds of the Huns and Hungarians") mentioned that the Árpáds descended from the gens (clan) Turul,[10] and the Gesta Hungarorum ("The Deeds of the Hungarians") recorded that the Árpáds' totemic ancestor was a turul (a large bird, probably a falcon).[10][11][12]

And among the captains, Árpád the son of Álmos, son of Előd, son of Ügyek, from the Turul clan, was richer in wealth and more powerful in war.

— Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum[13]

Duke Géza from the Turul clan was the one who, as they say, was the first among the Hungarians who got a summon from heaven in order to receive the Christian faith and baptism.

— Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum[14]

Medieval chroniclers also referred to a tradition that the Árpáds descended from Attila the Hun – the anonymous author of the Gesta Hungarorum, for example, has Árpád say:

The land stretching between the Danube and the Tisza used to belong to my forefather, the mighty Attila.

— Gesta Hungarorum[15]

The first member of the dynasty mentioned by a nearly contemporary written source was Álmos. The Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII recorded in his De Administrando Imperio that Álmos was the first Grand Prince of the federation of the seven Magyar tribes (megas Turkias arkhon).[16] Álmos probably accepted the supremacy of the Khagan of the Khazars in the beginning of his rule, but, by 862, the Magyar tribal federation broke free from the Khazar Khaganate.[17] Álmos was either the spiritual leader of the tribal federation (kende) or its military commander (gyula).[18]

The Hungarians took possession of the Carpathian Basin in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862–895.[19][20] Prince Álmos, the sacred leader of the Hungarian Great Principality died before he could reach Pannonia, he was sacrificed in Transylvania.[21][22]

Between 899 and 970, the Magyars frequently conducted raids into the territories of present-day Italy, Germany, France and Spain and into the lands of the Byzantine Empire.[23] Such activities continued westwards until the Battle of Lechfeld (955), when Otto, King of the Germans destroyed their troops; their raids against the Byzantine Empire ended in 970.[24]

From 917, the Magyars made raids into several territories at the same time, which may have led to the disintegration of their tribal federation.[25] The sources prove the existence of at least three and possibly five groups of tribes within the tribal federation, and only one of them was led directly by the Árpáds.[26]

The list of the Grand Princes of the Magyars in the first half of the 10th century is incomplete, which may also prove a lack of central government within their tribal federation.[27] The medieval chronicles mention that Grand Prince Árpád was followed by his son, Zoltán, but contemporary sources only refer to Grand Prince Fajsz (around 950).[28] After the defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld, Grand Prince Taksony (in or after 955 – before 972) adopted the policy of isolation from the Western countries – in contrast to his son, Grand Prince Géza (before 972–997) who may have sent envoys to Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor in 973.[29]

Géza was baptised in 972, and although he never became a convinced Christian, the new faith started to spread among the Hungarians during his reign.[30] He managed to expand his rule over the territories west of the Danube and the Garam (today Hron in Slovakia), but significant parts of the Carpathian Basin still remained under the rule of local tribal leaders.[31]

Géza was followed by his son Stephen (originally called Vajk), who had been a convinced follower of Christianity.[32] Stephen had to face the rebellion of his relative, Koppány, who claimed Géza's inheritance based on the Magyar tradition of agnatic seniority.[33] He was able to defeat Koppány with the assistance of the German retinue of his wife, Giselle of Bavaria.[34]

11th century

The Grand Prince Stephen was crowned on 25 December 1000 or 1 January 1001, becoming the first King of Hungary (1000–1038) and founder of the state.[35][36] He unified the Carpathian Basin under his rule by 1030, subjugating the territories of the Black Magyars and the domains that had been ruled by (semi-)independent local chieftains (e.g., by the Gyula Prokuj, Ajtony).[37][38] He introduced the administrative system of the kingdom, based on counties (comitatus), and founded an ecclesiastic organization with two archbishoprics and several bishoprics.[39] Following the death of his son, Emeric (2 September 1031), King Stephen I assigned his sister's son, the Venetian Peter Orseolo as his heir which resulted in a conspiracy led by his cousin, Vazul, who had been living imprisoned in Nyitra (today Nitra in Slovakia). Vazul was blinded on King Stephen's order and his three sons (Levente, Andrew and Béla) were exiled.[40][41]

When King Stephen I died on 15 August 1038, Peter Orseolo ascended to the throne, but he had to struggle with King Stephen's brother-in-law, Samuel Aba (1041–1044).[42] King Peter's rule ended in 1046 when an extensive revolt of the pagan Hungarians broke out and he was captured by them.[43]

With the assistance of the pagans, Duke Vazul's son, Andrew, who had been living in exile in the Kievan Rus' and had been baptized there, seized power and was crowned; thus, a member of a collateral branch of the dynasty seized the crown.[44][45] King Andrew I (1046–1060) managed to pacify the pagan rebels and restore the position of Christianity in the kingdom.[46] In 1048, King Andrew invited his younger brother, Béla to the kingdom and conceded one-third of the counties of the kingdom (Tercia pars regni) in appanage to him.[47] This dynastic division of the kingdom, mentioned as the first one in the Chronicon Pictum (prima regni huius divisio), was followed by several similar divisions during the 11th through 13th centuries, when parts of the kingdom were governed by members of the Árpád dynasty.[48] In the 11th century, the counties entrusted to the members of the ruling dynasty did not form a separate province within the kingdom, but they were organized around two or three centers.[47] The dukes governing the Tercia pars regni accepted the supremacy of the kings of Hungary, but some of them (Béla, Géza and Álmos) rebelled against the king in order to acquire the crown and allied themselves with the rulers of the neighboring countries.[49]

King Andrew I was the first king who had his son, Solomon crowned during his life in order to ensure his son's succession (1057).[50] However, the principle of agnatic primogeniture was not able to overcome the tradition of seniority, and following King Andrew I, his brother, King Béla I (1060–1063) acquired the throne despite the claims of the young Solomon.[51] From 1063 until 1080 there were frequent conflicts between King Solomon (1057–1080) and his cousins, Géza, Ladislaus and Lampert who governed the Tercia pars regni.[52] Duke Géza rebelled against his cousin in 1074 and was proclaimed king by his partisans in accordance with the principle of seniority.[53] When King Géza I died (25 April 1077) his partisans, disregarding his young sons, proclaimed his brother Ladislaus king.[54][47] King Ladislaus I (1077–1095) managed to persuade King Solomon, who had been ruling in some western counties, to abdicate the throne.[55] During his reign, the Kingdom of Hungary strengthened and Ladislaus I was able to expand his rule over neighboring Kingdom of Croatia (1091).[56] He entrusted the government of the newly occupied territories to his younger nephew, Álmos.[57]

On 20 August 1083, two members of the dynasty, King Stephen I and his son, Duke Emeric, were canonized in Székesfehérvár upon the initiative of King Ladislaus I.[58][59] His daughter Eirene, the wife of the Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos, is venerated by the Eastern Orthodox Church.[60]

When King Ladislaus I died, his elder nephew Coloman was proclaimed king (1095–1116), but he had to concede the Tercia pars regni in appanage to his brother Álmos.[61] King Coloman defeated Croatian army led by Petar Snačić in Battle of Gvozd Mountain (1097) and was crowned King of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1102 in Biograd.

12th century

King Coloman deprived his brother Álmos of his duchy (the Tercia pars regni) in 1107.[62] He caught his second wife, Eufemia of Kiev, in adultery; she was divorced and sent back to Kiev around 1114.[63] Eufemia bore a son, named Boris in Kiev, but King Coloman refused to accept him as his son.[64] Around 1115, the king had Duke Álmos and his son, King Béla, blinded in order to ensure the succession of his own son, King Stephen II (1116–1131).[47]

King Stephen II did not father any sons, and his sister's son Saul was proclaimed heir to his throne instead of the blind Duke Béla.[65] When King Stephen II died on 1 March 1131, his blind cousin managed nevertheless to acquire the throne.[66] King Béla II (1131–1141) strengthened his rule by defeating King Coloman's alleged son, Boris, who endeavoured to deprive him of the throne with foreign military assistance.[67] King Béla II occupied some territories in Bosnia, and he conceded the new territory in appanage to his younger son, Ladislaus.[68] Henceforward, members of the Árpád dynasty governed southern or eastern provinces (i.e., Slavonia, and Transylvania) of the kingdom instead of the Tercia pars regni.[47]

 
King Saint Stephen – a flag with the "double cross" (Chronicon Pictum, c. 1370)

During the reign of King Géza II (1141–1162), the Bishop Otto of Freising recorded that all the Hungarians "are so obedient to the monarch that not only irritating him by open opposition but even offending him by concealed whispers would be considered a felony by them".[69] His son, King Stephen III (1162–1172) had to struggle for his throne against his uncles, Kings Ladislaus II (1162–1163) and Stephen IV (1163–1165), who rebelled against him with the assistance of the Byzantine Empire.[70] During his reign, the Emperor Manuel I Komnenos occupied the southern provinces of the kingdom on the pretext that the king's brother, Béla (the Despotes Alexius) lived in his court.[71] As the fiancé of the Emperor's only daughter, Despotes Alexius was the heir presumptive to the Emperor for a short period (1165–1169).[72]

 
The coat of arms of Halych (attributed arms)[year needed][citation needed]

Following the death of King Stephen III, King Béla III (1173–1196) ascended the throne, but he had imprisoned his brother Géza in order to secure his rule.[73] King Béla III, who had been educated in the Byzantine Empire, was the first king who used the "double cross" as the symbol of the Kingdom of Hungary.[74] In 1188, Béla occupied Halych, whose prince had been dethroned by his boyars, and granted the principality to his second son Andrew, but his rule became unpopular and the Hungarian troops were expelled from Halych in 1189.[75]

On 27 June 1192 the third member of the dynasty, King Ladislaus I was canonized in Várad (today Oradea in Romania).[76]

King Béla III bequeathed his kingdom intact to his elder son, King Emeric (1196–1204), but the new king had to concede Croatia and Dalmatia in appanage to his brother Andrew, who had rebelled against him.[77]

13th century

 
Flag of the Árpád dynasty (9th century[citation needed] – 1301)
 
The red and white stripes were the symbol of the Árpáds in the 13th century, first used in the coat of arms in 1202 on one of Emeric's seal. This seal did not include the double cross, only the stripes, and there were nine lions on the white stripes. In the Golden Bull of Andrew II there were only seven lions facing each other, with linden leaves at the center.

King Emeric married Constance of Aragon, from the house of Barcelona, and he may have followed Barcelonese (Catalan) patterns when he chose his coat-of-arms that would become the Árpáds' familiar badge (an escutcheon barry of eight Gules and Argent).[78] His son and successor, King Ladislaus III (1204–1205) died in childhood and was followed by his uncle, King Andrew II (1205–1235).[79]

His reign was characterized by permanent internal conflicts: a group of conspirators murdered his queen, Gertrude of Merania (1213); discontent noblemen obliged him to issue the Golden Bull of 1222 establishing their rights (including the right to disobey the king); and he quarreled with his eldest son, Béla who endeavoured to take back the royal domains his father had granted to his followers.[80] King Andrew II, who had been Prince of Halych (1188–1189), intervened regularly in the internal struggles of the principality and made several efforts to ensure the rule of his younger sons (Coloman or Andrew) in the neighboring country.[81] One of his daughters, Elizabeth was canonized during his lifetime (1 July 1235) and thus became the fourth saint of the Árpáds.[82] King Andrew's elder sons disowned his posthumous son, Stephen, who would be educated in Ferrara.[83]

Members of the family reigned occasionally in the Principality (later Kingdom) of Halych (1188–1189, 1208–1209, 1214–1219, 1227–1229, 1231–1234) and in the Duchy of Styria (1254–1260).

 
The coat-of-arms of Styria

King Béla IV (1235–1270) restored the royal power, but his kingdom became devastated during the Mongol invasion (1241–1242).[84] Following the withdrawal of the Mongol troops, several fortresses were built or enstrengthened on his order.[85] He also granted town privileges to several settlements in his kingdom, e.g., Buda, Nagyszombat (today Trnava in Slovakia), Selmecbánya (now Banská Štiavnica in Slovakia) and Pest received their privileges from him.[86] King Béla IV managed to occupy the Duchy of Styria for a short period (1254–1260), but later he had to abandon it in favour of King Ottokar II of Bohemia.[87] During his last years, he was struggling with his son, Stephen who was crowned during his lifetime and obliged his father to concede the eastern parts of the kingdom to him.[83] Two of his daughters, Margaret and Kinga were canonized (in 1943 and 1999 respectively) and a third daughter of his, Yolanda was beatified (in 1827).[88][89] His fourth daughter, Constance was also venerated in Lviv.[90]

When King Stephen V (1270–1272) ascended the throne, many of his father's followers left for Bohemia.[91] They returned during the reign of his son, King Ladislaus IV the Cuman (1272–1290) whose reign was characterized by internal conflicts among the members of different aristocratic groups.[92] King Ladislaus IV, whose mother was of Cuman origin, preferred the companion of the nomadic and semi-pagan Cumans; therefore, he was excommunicated several times, but he was murdered by Cuman assassins.[93] The disintegration of the kingdom started during his reign when several aristocrats endeavoured to acquire possessions on the account of the royal domains.[94]

When King Ladislaus IV died, most of his contemporaries thought that the dynasty of the Árpáds had come to an end, because the only patrilineal descendant of the family, Andrew, was the son of Duke Stephen, the posthumous son of King Andrew II who had been disowned by his brothers.[95] Nevertheless, Duke Andrew "the Venetian" was crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary and most of the barons accepted his rule.[96] During his reign, King Andrew III (1290–1301) had to struggle with the powerful barons (e.g., with members of the Csák and Kőszegi families).[97] The male line of the Árpáds ended with his death (14 January 1301); one of his contemporaries mentioned him as "the last golden twig".[98] His daughter, Elizabeth, the last member of the family, died on 6 May 1338; she is venerated by the Roman Catholic Church.[99]

Following the death of King Andrew III, several claimants started to struggle for the throne; finally, King Charles I (the grandson of King Stephen V's daughter) managed to strengthen his position around 1310.[100] Henceforward, all the kings of Hungary (with the exception of King Matthias Corvinus) were matrilineal or cognate descendants of the Árpáds. Although the agnatic Árpáds have died out, their cognatic descendants live everywhere in the aristocratic families of Europe.

Dynasty tree

Álmos
ÁrpádHouse of Árpád
ZoltánHouse of Aba
TaksonyHouse of Orseolo
MichaelGéza
VazulStephen I
1001–1038		Helen?Sarolta?Samuel
1041–1044
Andrew I
1046–1060		Béla I
1060–1063		Peter
1038–1041
1044–1046
Solomon
1063–1074		Géza I
1074–1077		Ladislaus I
1077–1095
Coloman
1095–1116		Álmos
Stephen II
1116–1131		Béla II
1131–1141
Géza II
1141–1162		Ladislaus II
1162–1163		Stephen IV
1163–1164
Stephen III
1162–1172		Béla III
1172–1196
Emeric
1196–1204		Andrew II
1205–1235
Ladislaus III
1204–1205		Béla IV
1235–1270		Stephen
Stephen V
1270–1272		Andrew III
1290–1301
Ladislaus IV
1272–1290

Saints

Several members of the dynasty were canonized or beatified by the Catholic Church or by Eastern Orthodox Church, therefore, since the medieval times the dynasty has often been referred to as the "Lineage of the Holy Kings". Although the male branch of the Árpád dynasty extinct in 1301, the female branch lived much longer, and the Hungarian Anjou monarchs (King Charles I, King Louis I), and Sigismund of Luxembourg were proud to claim themselves members of the “Clan of Holy Kings” in their times.[101][better source needed] The Árpád dynasty gave the world the most saints and blessed from a single family.[2]

In the 819th year of Our Lord’s incarnation, Ügyek, who, as we said above, being of the family of King Magog became a long time later the most noble prince of Scythia, took to wife in Dentumoger the daughter of Duke Eunedubelian, called Emese, from whom he sired a son, who was named Álmos. But he is called Álmos from a divine event, because when she was pregnant a divine vision appeared to his mother in a dream in the form of a falcon that, as if coming to her, impregnated her and made known to her that from her womb a torrent would come forth and from her loins glorious kings be generated, but that they would not increase in their land. Because, therefore, a dream is called "álom" in the Hungarian language and his birth was predicted in a dream, so he was called Álmos. Or he is thus called Álmos, that is holy, because holy kings and dukes were born of his line.

— Anonymus: Gesta Hungarorum[102]

The following members of the Árpád dynasty were canonized or beatified:

Portrait Name Born Died Canonized / Beatified Relationship with the Árpád dynasty
  Saint Stephen of Hungary
King of Hungary 		c. 975 15 August 1038 1083
Canonized by the Catholic Church

2000
For the first time ever, the Eastern Orthodox Church canonized a saint of the Roman Catholic Church[103]		 Son of Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians
  Saint Emeric of Hungary
Prince of Hungary 		1007 2 September 1031 1083 Son of Saint Stephen I, King of Hungary
  Saint Ladislaus of Hungary
King of Hungary 		c. 1040 29 July 1095 27 June 1192 Son of Béla I, King of Hungary
  Saint Irene of Hungary
Princess of Hungary
Empress consort of the Byzantine Empire 		1088 13 August 1134 Canonized by the Eastern Orthodox Church Daughter of Ladislaus I, King of Hungary
  Saint Elizabeth of Hungary
Princess of Hungary
Landgravine of Thuringia 		7 July 1207 17 November 1231 27 May 1235 Daughter of Andrew II, King of Hungary
  Saint Kinga of Hungary
Princess of Hungary
Princess of Poland 		5 March 1224 24 July 1292 11 June 1690
Beatified

16 June 1999
Canonized 		Daughter of Béla IV, King of Hungary
  Blessed Yolanda of Hungary
Princess of Hungary
Princess of Poland 		1235 1298 1827 Daughter of Béla IV, King of Hungary
  Saint Margaret of Hungary
Princess of Hungary 		27 January 1242 18 January 1270 28 July 1789
Beatified

19 November 1943
Canonized 		Daughter of Béla IV, King of Hungary
  Blessed Elizabeth of Hungary
Princess of Hungary 		1292 31 October 1336

6 May 1338 		Formally never canonized but venerated locally Daughter of Andrew III, King of Hungary

See also

Citations

  1. ^ Horváth-Lugossy, Gábor; Makoldi, Miklós (2022). Kings and Saints - The Age of the Árpáds (PDF). Budapest, Székesfehérvár: Institute of Hungarian Research. ISBN 978-615-6117-65-6.
  2. ^ a b Makoldi, Miklós (2022). Kings and Saints - The Age of the Árpáds (PDF). Budapest, Székesfehérvár: Institute of Hungarian Research. ISBN 978-615-6117-65-6.
  3. ^ Transatlantic, Marconi (1913-04-20). "Croy-Leishman match a romance" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
  4. ^ Moravský historický sborník: ročenka Moravského národního kongresu, Moravský národní kongres, 2002, p. 523
  5. ^ Olasz, Judit; Seidenberg, Verena; Hummel, Susanne; Szentirmay, Zoltán; Szabados, György; Melegh, Béla; Kásler, Miklós (2019), "DNA profiling of Hungarian King Béla III and other skeletal remains originating from the Royal Basilica of Székesfehérvár", Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11 (4): 1345–1357, doi:10.1007/s12520-018-0609-7
  6. ^ a b Nagy, P.L.; Olasz, J.; Neparáczki, E.; et al. (2020), "Determination of the phylogenetic origins of the Árpád Dynasty based on Y chromosome sequencing of Béla the Third", European Journal of Human Genetics, 29 (1): 164–172, doi:10.1038/s41431-020-0683-z, PMC 7809292, PMID 32636469
  7. ^ Neparáczki, Endre; et al. (2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. Nature Research. 9 (16569): 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606.
  8. ^ Fóthi, E.; Gonzalez, A.; Fehér, T.; et al. (2020), "Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes", Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 12 (1), doi:10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0
  9. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 9.
  10. ^ a b Kristó 1994 Korai p. 693.
  11. ^ Dr. Horváth-Lugossy, Gábor (2022). "Feltárulnak a Turul-dinasztia titkai (The secrets of the Turul dynasty are revealed)". Mandiner (in Hungarian).
  12. ^ Dr. Horváth-Lugossy, Gábor (2022). "Küldetésünk: a magyar történelem helyreigazítása". Institute of Hungarian Research.
  13. ^ Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum https://mek.oszk.hu/02200/02249/02249.htm
  14. ^ Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum https://mek.oszk.hu/02200/02249/02249.htm
  15. ^ Kristó 1996 Hungarian p. 71.
  16. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 13.
  17. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 14.
  18. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 40.
  19. ^ Szabados, György (2016). "Vázlat a magyar honfoglalás Kárpát-medencei hátteréről" [Outline of the background of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin] (PDF). Népek és kultúrák a Kárpát-medencében [Peoples and cultures in the Carpathian Basin] (in Hungarian). ISBN 978-615-5209-56-7.
  20. ^ Szabados, György (May 2022). "Álmostól Szent Istvánig" [From Álmos to Saint Stephen]. Rubicon (Hungarian Historical Information Dissemination) (in Hungarian).
  21. ^ Bóna, István (2001). "Conquest, Settlement, and Raids". History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 - II. From Dacia to Erdőelve: Transylvania in the Period of the Great Migrations (271-896) - 7. Transylvania in the Period of the Hungarian Conquest and Foundation of a State. New York: Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences). ISBN 0-88033-479-7.
  22. ^ Kalti, Mark. Chronicon Pictum (in Hungarian).
  23. ^ Bóna 2000 A magyarok pp. 29–65.
  24. ^ Bóna 2000 A magyarok pp. 62–65.
  25. ^ Kristó 1995 A magyar állam p. 304.
  26. ^ Kristó 1995 A magyar állam pp. 308–309.
  27. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 22.
  28. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 23.
  29. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 25, 28.
  30. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 28.
  31. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 30.
  32. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 32.
  33. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 35.
  34. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 35–36.
  35. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 39.
  36. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 290.
  37. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 40–41, 47.
  38. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai pp. 216, 245.
  39. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 40–41.
  40. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 49–50.
  41. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 721.
  42. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 83–84.
  43. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 85.
  44. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 70–71.
  45. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 42.
  46. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 72.
  47. ^ a b c d e Kristó 1994 Korai.
  48. ^ Kristó 1979 A feudális p. 44.
  49. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 85–100.
  50. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 87.
  51. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 79–81.
  52. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 88–92.
  53. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 90.
  54. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 126.
  55. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 95.
  56. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 112–124.
  57. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 94.
  58. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 119.
  59. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 93.
  60. ^ Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 159–160.
  61. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 96.
  62. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 261.
  63. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 102.
  64. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 146.
  65. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 158.
  66. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 105.
  67. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 166–169.
  68. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 106.
  69. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 181.
  70. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 190–196.
  71. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 206–208.
  72. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 207–208.
  73. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 117–121.
  74. ^ Bertényi 1983 Kis magyar p. 67.
  75. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 121.
  76. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 122.
  77. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 124.
  78. ^ Bertényi 1983 Kis magyar p. 70.
  79. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 127.
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  83. ^ a b Kristó 1994 Korai p. 294.
  84. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 254–260.
  85. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 711.
  86. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai pp. 130, 479, 543, 598, 716–717.
  87. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 154, 157.
  88. ^ Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 178–179.
  89. ^ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Blessed Margaret of Hungary
  90. ^ Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 178–192.
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  92. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 277.
  93. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 278–282.
  94. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 663.
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  96. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 283–284.
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  99. ^ Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 179.
  100. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 188–192.
  101. ^ Kásler, Miklós (2022). Kings and Saints - The Age of the Árpáds (PDF). Budapest, Székesfehérvár: Institute of Hungarian Research. ISBN 978-615-6117-65-6.
  102. ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (chapter 3) https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/18975/1/18975.pdf
  103. ^ "Hungary Salutes Best-Loved Saint". AP News. 20 August 2000.

References

  • Benda, Kálmán, ed. (1981). Magyarország történeti kronológiája ("The Historical Chronology of Hungary"). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-2661-1.
  • Bertényi, Iván (1983). Kis magyar címertan ("Short Hungarian Heraldry"). Budapest: Gondolat. ISBN 978-963-281-195-6.
  • Bóna, István (2000). A magyarok és Európa a 9–10. században ("The Magyars and Europe during the 9–10th centuries"). Budapest: História – MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 963-8312-67-X.
  • Dümmerth, Dezső (1996). Az Árpádok nyomában [Following the Árpáds] (in Hungarian) (5th ed.). Junior. ISBN 963-388-154-4.
  • Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526. London & New York: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781850439776.
  • Kings and Saints - The Age of the Árpáds (PDF). Budapest, Székesfehérvár: Institute of Hungarian Research. 2022. ISBN 978-615-6117-65-6.
  • Klaniczay, Gábor (2000). Az uralkodók szentsége a középkorban ("Monarchs' Sainthood in the Middle Ages"). Budapest: Balassi Kiadó. ISBN 963-506-298-2.
  • Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói ("Rulers of the Árpád dynasty"). I.P.C. KÖNYVEK Kft. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.
  • Kristó, Gyula (1996). Hungarian History in the Ninth Century. Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. ISBN 963-482-113-8.
  • Kristó, Gyula (1995). A magyar állam megszületése ("The origin of the Hungarian state"). Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. ISBN 963-482-098-0.
  • Kristó, Gyula, ed. (1994). Korai Magyar Történeti Lexikon (9–14. század) (Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History: 9–14th centuries). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-6722-9.
  • Kristó, Gyula (1979). A feudális széttagolódás Magyarországon ("Feudal divisions in Hungary"). Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-1595-4.
  • Tóth, Sándor László (1998). Levediától a Kárpát-medencéig ("From Levedia to the Carpathian Basin"). Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. ISBN 963-482-175-8.

External links

  • The Vazul-line : Kings of the Árpád dynasty after St. Stephen (1038–1301)

January 14, 2023
Árpád, dynasty, consisted, members, royal, house, Árpád, hungarian, Árpád, ház, also, known, Árpáds, hungarian, Árpádok, croatian, arpadovići, they, were, ruling, dynasty, principality, hungary, 10th, centuries, kingdom, hungary, from, 1000, 1301, dynasty, nam. The Arpad dynasty consisted of the members of the royal House of Arpad Hungarian Arpad haz also known as Arpads Hungarian Arpadok Croatian Arpadovici They were the ruling dynasty of the Principality of Hungary in the 9th and 10th centuries and of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 to 1301 The dynasty was named after the Hungarian Grand Prince Arpad who was the head of the Hungarian tribal federation during the conquest of the Carpathian Basin c 895 Previously it was referred to as the Turul dynasty or kindred Arpad dynastyCountryPrincipality of Hungary Kingdom of HungaryFoundedc 855FounderAlmosFinal rulerAndrew IIITitlesKing of Hungary King of Croatia King of Dalmatia King of Cumania King of Slavonia King of Bulgaria King of Lodomeria Duke of Styria Estate s Kingdom of HungaryDissolution1301Both the first Grand Prince of the Hungarians Almos and the first king of Hungary Saint Stephen were members of the dynasty The Christianity was adopted as the state religion for the Kingdom of Hungary by the dynasty and the Arpad s kings used the title of the apostolic king the descendants of the dynasty gave the world the highest number of saints and blesseds from one family 1 The Arpad dynasty ruled the Carpathian Basin for four hundred years influencing almost all of Europe through its extensive dynastic connections 2 Eight members of the dynasty were canonized or beatified by the Catholic Church therefore since the 13th century the dynasty has often been referred to as the Kindred of the Holy Kings Two Arpads were recognized as Saints by the Eastern Orthodox Church The dynasty came to end in 1301 with the death of King Andrew III of Hungary while the last member of the House of Arpad Andrew s daughter Blessed Elizabeth of Toss died in 1336 or 1338 All of the subsequent kings of Hungary with the exception of King Matthias Corvinus were cognatic descendants of the Arpad dynasty The House of Croy 3 and the Drummond family of Scotland 4 claim to descend from Geza and George sons of medieval Hungarian kings Geza II and Andrew I respectively Contents 1 Origin 2 9th and 10th centuries 3 11th century 4 12th century 5 13th century 6 Dynasty tree 7 Saints 8 See also 9 Citations 10 References 11 External linksOrigin Edit A map with a possible Hungarian Urheimat and route of their migrations towards the Carpathian Basin According to recent Y STR and Y SNP archaeogenetic studies of the skeletal remains of dynasty descendant and King Bela III of Hungary and unknown Arpad member named as II 52 HU52 from the Royal Basilica of Szekesfehervar it was established that the male lineage belonged to the Y haplogroup R1a rare subclade R Z2125 gt R Z2123 gt R Y2632 gt R Y2633 gt R1a SUR51 The subclade was also found in nearest contemporary matches of 48 Bashkirs from the Burzyansky and Abzelilovsky districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the Volga Ural region and 1 individual from the region of Vojvodina Serbia The Arpad members and one individual from Serbia share additional private SNPs making a novel subclade R1a SUR51 gt R ARP and as the mentioned individual has additional private SNPs it branches from the medieval Arpads forming R ARP gt R UVD 5 6 Based on the data of the distribution appearance and coalescence estimation of R Y2633 the dynasty traces ancient origin near Northern Afghanistan about 4500 years ago with a separation date of R ARP from the closest kin Bashkirs from the Volga Ural region to 2000 years ago while the individual from Serbia R UVD derives from the Arpads about 900 years ago As also the separation of haplogroup N B539 between the Hungarians and Bashkirs is estimated to have occurred 2000 years ago it implies that the ancestors of Hungarians left the Volga Ural region about 2000 years ago and started a migration that eventually culminated in settlement in the Carpathian Basin 6 7 8 9th and 10th centuries EditMedieval chroniclers stated that the Arpads forefather was Ugyek whose name derived from the ancient Hungarian word for holy igy 9 The Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum The Deeds of the Huns and Hungarians mentioned that the Arpads descended from the gens clan Turul 10 and the Gesta Hungarorum The Deeds of the Hungarians recorded that the Arpads totemic ancestor was a turul a large bird probably a falcon 10 11 12 And among the captains Arpad the son of Almos son of Elod son of Ugyek from the Turul clan was richer in wealth and more powerful in war Simon of Keza Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum 13 Duke Geza from the Turul clan was the one who as they say was the first among the Hungarians who got a summon from heaven in order to receive the Christian faith and baptism Simon of Keza Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum 14 Medieval chroniclers also referred to a tradition that the Arpads descended from Attila the Hun the anonymous author of the Gesta Hungarorum for example has Arpad say The land stretching between the Danube and the Tisza used to belong to my forefather the mighty Attila Gesta Hungarorum 15 The first member of the dynasty mentioned by a nearly contemporary written source was Almos The Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII recorded in his De Administrando Imperio that Almos was the first Grand Prince of the federation of the seven Magyar tribes megas Turkias arkhon 16 Almos probably accepted the supremacy of the Khagan of the Khazars in the beginning of his rule but by 862 the Magyar tribal federation broke free from the Khazar Khaganate 17 Almos was either the spiritual leader of the tribal federation kende or its military commander gyula 18 The Hungarians took possession of the Carpathian Basin in a pre planned manner with a long move in between 862 895 19 20 Prince Almos the sacred leader of the Hungarian Great Principality died before he could reach Pannonia he was sacrificed in Transylvania 21 22 Between 899 and 970 the Magyars frequently conducted raids into the territories of present day Italy Germany France and Spain and into the lands of the Byzantine Empire 23 Such activities continued westwards until the Battle of Lechfeld 955 when Otto King of the Germans destroyed their troops their raids against the Byzantine Empire ended in 970 24 From 917 the Magyars made raids into several territories at the same time which may have led to the disintegration of their tribal federation 25 The sources prove the existence of at least three and possibly five groups of tribes within the tribal federation and only one of them was led directly by the Arpads 26 The list of the Grand Princes of the Magyars in the first half of the 10th century is incomplete which may also prove a lack of central government within their tribal federation 27 The medieval chronicles mention that Grand Prince Arpad was followed by his son Zoltan but contemporary sources only refer to Grand Prince Fajsz around 950 28 After the defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld Grand Prince Taksony in or after 955 before 972 adopted the policy of isolation from the Western countries in contrast to his son Grand Prince Geza before 972 997 who may have sent envoys to Otto I Holy Roman Emperor in 973 29 Geza was baptised in 972 and although he never became a convinced Christian the new faith started to spread among the Hungarians during his reign 30 He managed to expand his rule over the territories west of the Danube and the Garam today Hron in Slovakia but significant parts of the Carpathian Basin still remained under the rule of local tribal leaders 31 Geza was followed by his son Stephen originally called Vajk who had been a convinced follower of Christianity 32 Stephen had to face the rebellion of his relative Koppany who claimed Geza s inheritance based on the Magyar tradition of agnatic seniority 33 He was able to defeat Koppany with the assistance of the German retinue of his wife Giselle of Bavaria 34 11th century EditThe Grand Prince Stephen was crowned on 25 December 1000 or 1 January 1001 becoming the first King of Hungary 1000 1038 and founder of the state 35 36 He unified the Carpathian Basin under his rule by 1030 subjugating the territories of the Black Magyars and the domains that had been ruled by semi independent local chieftains e g by the Gyula Prokuj Ajtony 37 38 He introduced the administrative system of the kingdom based on counties comitatus and founded an ecclesiastic organization with two archbishoprics and several bishoprics 39 Following the death of his son Emeric 2 September 1031 King Stephen I assigned his sister s son the Venetian Peter Orseolo as his heir which resulted in a conspiracy led by his cousin Vazul who had been living imprisoned in Nyitra today Nitra in Slovakia Vazul was blinded on King Stephen s order and his three sons Levente Andrew and Bela were exiled 40 41 When King Stephen I died on 15 August 1038 Peter Orseolo ascended to the throne but he had to struggle with King Stephen s brother in law Samuel Aba 1041 1044 42 King Peter s rule ended in 1046 when an extensive revolt of the pagan Hungarians broke out and he was captured by them 43 With the assistance of the pagans Duke Vazul s son Andrew who had been living in exile in the Kievan Rus and had been baptized there seized power and was crowned thus a member of a collateral branch of the dynasty seized the crown 44 45 King Andrew I 1046 1060 managed to pacify the pagan rebels and restore the position of Christianity in the kingdom 46 In 1048 King Andrew invited his younger brother Bela to the kingdom and conceded one third of the counties of the kingdom Tercia pars regni in appanage to him 47 This dynastic division of the kingdom mentioned as the first one in the Chronicon Pictum prima regni huius divisio was followed by several similar divisions during the 11th through 13th centuries when parts of the kingdom were governed by members of the Arpad dynasty 48 In the 11th century the counties entrusted to the members of the ruling dynasty did not form a separate province within the kingdom but they were organized around two or three centers 47 The dukes governing the Tercia pars regni accepted the supremacy of the kings of Hungary but some of them Bela Geza and Almos rebelled against the king in order to acquire the crown and allied themselves with the rulers of the neighboring countries 49 Ladislaus I of Hungary King Andrew I was the first king who had his son Solomon crowned during his life in order to ensure his son s succession 1057 50 However the principle of agnatic primogeniture was not able to overcome the tradition of seniority and following King Andrew I his brother King Bela I 1060 1063 acquired the throne despite the claims of the young Solomon 51 From 1063 until 1080 there were frequent conflicts between King Solomon 1057 1080 and his cousins Geza Ladislaus and Lampert who governed the Tercia pars regni 52 Duke Geza rebelled against his cousin in 1074 and was proclaimed king by his partisans in accordance with the principle of seniority 53 When King Geza I died 25 April 1077 his partisans disregarding his young sons proclaimed his brother Ladislaus king 54 47 King Ladislaus I 1077 1095 managed to persuade King Solomon who had been ruling in some western counties to abdicate the throne 55 During his reign the Kingdom of Hungary strengthened and Ladislaus I was able to expand his rule over neighboring Kingdom of Croatia 1091 56 He entrusted the government of the newly occupied territories to his younger nephew Almos 57 On 20 August 1083 two members of the dynasty King Stephen I and his son Duke Emeric were canonized in Szekesfehervar upon the initiative of King Ladislaus I 58 59 His daughter Eirene the wife of the Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos is venerated by the Eastern Orthodox Church 60 When King Ladislaus I died his elder nephew Coloman was proclaimed king 1095 1116 but he had to concede the Tercia pars regni in appanage to his brother Almos 61 King Coloman defeated Croatian army led by Petar Snacic in Battle of Gvozd Mountain 1097 and was crowned King of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1102 in Biograd 12th century EditKing Coloman deprived his brother Almos of his duchy the Tercia pars regni in 1107 62 He caught his second wife Eufemia of Kiev in adultery she was divorced and sent back to Kiev around 1114 63 Eufemia bore a son named Boris in Kiev but King Coloman refused to accept him as his son 64 Around 1115 the king had Duke Almos and his son King Bela blinded in order to ensure the succession of his own son King Stephen II 1116 1131 47 King Stephen II did not father any sons and his sister s son Saul was proclaimed heir to his throne instead of the blind Duke Bela 65 When King Stephen II died on 1 March 1131 his blind cousin managed nevertheless to acquire the throne 66 King Bela II 1131 1141 strengthened his rule by defeating King Coloman s alleged son Boris who endeavoured to deprive him of the throne with foreign military assistance 67 King Bela II occupied some territories in Bosnia and he conceded the new territory in appanage to his younger son Ladislaus 68 Henceforward members of the Arpad dynasty governed southern or eastern provinces i e Slavonia and Transylvania of the kingdom instead of the Tercia pars regni 47 King Saint Stephen a flag with the double cross Chronicon Pictum c 1370 During the reign of King Geza II 1141 1162 the Bishop Otto of Freising recorded that all the Hungarians are so obedient to the monarch that not only irritating him by open opposition but even offending him by concealed whispers would be considered a felony by them 69 His son King Stephen III 1162 1172 had to struggle for his throne against his uncles Kings Ladislaus II 1162 1163 and Stephen IV 1163 1165 who rebelled against him with the assistance of the Byzantine Empire 70 During his reign the Emperor Manuel I Komnenos occupied the southern provinces of the kingdom on the pretext that the king s brother Bela the Despotes Alexius lived in his court 71 As the fiance of the Emperor s only daughter Despotes Alexius was the heir presumptive to the Emperor for a short period 1165 1169 72 The coat of arms of Halych attributed arms year needed citation needed Following the death of King Stephen III King Bela III 1173 1196 ascended the throne but he had imprisoned his brother Geza in order to secure his rule 73 King Bela III who had been educated in the Byzantine Empire was the first king who used the double cross as the symbol of the Kingdom of Hungary 74 In 1188 Bela occupied Halych whose prince had been dethroned by his boyars and granted the principality to his second son Andrew but his rule became unpopular and the Hungarian troops were expelled from Halych in 1189 75 On 27 June 1192 the third member of the dynasty King Ladislaus I was canonized in Varad today Oradea in Romania 76 King Bela III bequeathed his kingdom intact to his elder son King Emeric 1196 1204 but the new king had to concede Croatia and Dalmatia in appanage to his brother Andrew who had rebelled against him 77 13th century Edit Flag of the Arpad dynasty 9th century citation needed 1301 The red and white stripes were the symbol of the Arpads in the 13th century first used in the coat of arms in 1202 on one of Emeric s seal This seal did not include the double cross only the stripes and there were nine lions on the white stripes In the Golden Bull of Andrew II there were only seven lions facing each other with linden leaves at the center King Emeric married Constance of Aragon from the house of Barcelona and he may have followed Barcelonese Catalan patterns when he chose his coat of arms that would become the Arpads familiar badge an escutcheon barry of eight Gules and Argent 78 His son and successor King Ladislaus III 1204 1205 died in childhood and was followed by his uncle King Andrew II 1205 1235 79 His reign was characterized by permanent internal conflicts a group of conspirators murdered his queen Gertrude of Merania 1213 discontent noblemen obliged him to issue the Golden Bull of 1222 establishing their rights including the right to disobey the king and he quarreled with his eldest son Bela who endeavoured to take back the royal domains his father had granted to his followers 80 King Andrew II who had been Prince of Halych 1188 1189 intervened regularly in the internal struggles of the principality and made several efforts to ensure the rule of his younger sons Coloman or Andrew in the neighboring country 81 One of his daughters Elizabeth was canonized during his lifetime 1 July 1235 and thus became the fourth saint of the Arpads 82 King Andrew s elder sons disowned his posthumous son Stephen who would be educated in Ferrara 83 Members of the family reigned occasionally in the Principality later Kingdom of Halych 1188 1189 1208 1209 1214 1219 1227 1229 1231 1234 and in the Duchy of Styria 1254 1260 The coat of arms of Styria King Bela IV 1235 1270 restored the royal power but his kingdom became devastated during the Mongol invasion 1241 1242 84 Following the withdrawal of the Mongol troops several fortresses were built or enstrengthened on his order 85 He also granted town privileges to several settlements in his kingdom e g Buda Nagyszombat today Trnava in Slovakia Selmecbanya now Banska Stiavnica in Slovakia and Pest received their privileges from him 86 King Bela IV managed to occupy the Duchy of Styria for a short period 1254 1260 but later he had to abandon it in favour of King Ottokar II of Bohemia 87 During his last years he was struggling with his son Stephen who was crowned during his lifetime and obliged his father to concede the eastern parts of the kingdom to him 83 Two of his daughters Margaret and Kinga were canonized in 1943 and 1999 respectively and a third daughter of his Yolanda was beatified in 1827 88 89 His fourth daughter Constance was also venerated in Lviv 90 When King Stephen V 1270 1272 ascended the throne many of his father s followers left for Bohemia 91 They returned during the reign of his son King Ladislaus IV the Cuman 1272 1290 whose reign was characterized by internal conflicts among the members of different aristocratic groups 92 King Ladislaus IV whose mother was of Cuman origin preferred the companion of the nomadic and semi pagan Cumans therefore he was excommunicated several times but he was murdered by Cuman assassins 93 The disintegration of the kingdom started during his reign when several aristocrats endeavoured to acquire possessions on the account of the royal domains 94 When King Ladislaus IV died most of his contemporaries thought that the dynasty of the Arpads had come to an end because the only patrilineal descendant of the family Andrew was the son of Duke Stephen the posthumous son of King Andrew II who had been disowned by his brothers 95 Nevertheless Duke Andrew the Venetian was crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary and most of the barons accepted his rule 96 During his reign King Andrew III 1290 1301 had to struggle with the powerful barons e g with members of the Csak and Koszegi families 97 The male line of the Arpads ended with his death 14 January 1301 one of his contemporaries mentioned him as the last golden twig 98 His daughter Elizabeth the last member of the family died on 6 May 1338 she is venerated by the Roman Catholic Church 99 Following the death of King Andrew III several claimants started to struggle for the throne finally King Charles I the grandson of King Stephen V s daughter managed to strengthen his position around 1310 100 Henceforward all the kings of Hungary with the exception of King Matthias Corvinus were matrilineal or cognate descendants of the Arpads Although the agnatic Arpads have died out their cognatic descendants live everywhere in the aristocratic families of Europe Coat of arms of HungaryDynasty tree EditAlmosArpadHouse of ArpadZoltanHouse of AbaTaksonyHouse of OrseoloMichaelGezaVazulStephen I1001 1038Helen Sarolta Samuel1041 1044Andrew I1046 1060Bela I1060 1063Peter1038 10411044 1046Solomon1063 1074Geza I1074 1077Ladislaus I1077 1095Coloman1095 1116AlmosStephen II1116 1131Bela II1131 1141Geza II1141 1162Ladislaus II1162 1163Stephen IV1163 1164Stephen III1162 1172Bela III1172 1196Emeric1196 1204Andrew II1205 1235Ladislaus III1204 1205Bela IV1235 1270StephenStephen V1270 1272Andrew III1290 1301Ladislaus IV1272 1290Saints EditSeveral members of the dynasty were canonized or beatified by the Catholic Church or by Eastern Orthodox Church therefore since the medieval times the dynasty has often been referred to as the Lineage of the Holy Kings Although the male branch of the Arpad dynasty extinct in 1301 the female branch lived much longer and the Hungarian Anjou monarchs King Charles I King Louis I and Sigismund of Luxembourg were proud to claim themselves members of the Clan of Holy Kings in their times 101 better source needed The Arpad dynasty gave the world the most saints and blessed from a single family 2 In the 819th year of Our Lord s incarnation Ugyek who as we said above being of the family of King Magog became a long time later the most noble prince of Scythia took to wife in Dentumoger the daughter of Duke Eunedubelian called Emese from whom he sired a son who was named Almos But he is called Almos from a divine event because when she was pregnant a divine vision appeared to his mother in a dream in the form of a falcon that as if coming to her impregnated her and made known to her that from her womb a torrent would come forth and from her loins glorious kings be generated but that they would not increase in their land Because therefore a dream is called alom in the Hungarian language and his birth was predicted in a dream so he was called Almos Or he is thus called Almos that is holy because holy kings and dukes were born of his line Anonymus Gesta Hungarorum 102 The following members of the Arpad dynasty were canonized or beatified Portrait Name Born Died Canonized Beatified Relationship with the Arpad dynasty Saint Stephen of HungaryKing of Hungary c 975 15 August 1038 1083Canonized by the Catholic Church2000For the first time ever the Eastern Orthodox Church canonized a saint of the Roman Catholic Church 103 Son of Geza Grand Prince of the Hungarians Saint Emeric of HungaryPrince of Hungary 1007 2 September 1031 1083 Son of Saint Stephen I King of Hungary Saint Ladislaus of HungaryKing of Hungary c 1040 29 July 1095 27 June 1192 Son of Bela I King of Hungary Saint Irene of HungaryPrincess of HungaryEmpress consort of the Byzantine Empire 1088 13 August 1134 Canonized by the Eastern Orthodox Church Daughter of Ladislaus I King of Hungary Saint Elizabeth of HungaryPrincess of HungaryLandgravine of Thuringia 7 July 1207 17 November 1231 27 May 1235 Daughter of Andrew II King of Hungary Saint Kinga of HungaryPrincess of HungaryPrincess of Poland 5 March 1224 24 July 1292 11 June 1690Beatified16 June 1999Canonized Daughter of Bela IV King of Hungary Blessed Yolanda of HungaryPrincess of HungaryPrincess of Poland 1235 1298 1827 Daughter of Bela IV King of Hungary Saint Margaret of HungaryPrincess of Hungary 27 January 1242 18 January 1270 28 July 1789Beatified19 November 1943Canonized Daughter of Bela IV King of Hungary Blessed Elizabeth of HungaryPrincess of Hungary 1292 31 October 13366 May 1338 Formally never canonized but venerated locally Daughter of Andrew III King of HungarySee also Edit Hungary portalList of Hungarian monarchs List of Hungarian consorts History of Hungary History of Croatia History of Romania History of Slovakia Arpad stripes coat of arms and flag of the Arpadians Citations Edit Horvath Lugossy Gabor Makoldi Miklos 2022 Kings and Saints The Age of the Arpads PDF Budapest Szekesfehervar Institute of Hungarian Research ISBN 978 615 6117 65 6 a b Makoldi Miklos 2022 Kings and Saints The Age of the Arpads PDF Budapest Szekesfehervar Institute of Hungarian Research ISBN 978 615 6117 65 6 Transatlantic Marconi 1913 04 20 Croy Leishman match a romance PDF The New York Times Retrieved 2008 04 22 Moravsky historicky sbornik rocenka Moravskeho narodniho kongresu Moravsky narodni kongres 2002 p 523 Olasz Judit Seidenberg Verena Hummel Susanne Szentirmay Zoltan Szabados Gyorgy Melegh Bela Kasler Miklos 2019 DNA profiling of Hungarian King Bela III and other skeletal remains originating from the Royal Basilica of Szekesfehervar Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11 4 1345 1357 doi 10 1007 s12520 018 0609 7 a b Nagy P L Olasz J Neparaczki E et al 2020 Determination of the phylogenetic origins of the Arpad Dynasty based on Y chromosome sequencing of Bela the Third European Journal of Human Genetics 29 1 164 172 doi 10 1038 s41431 020 0683 z PMC 7809292 PMID 32636469 Neparaczki Endre et al 2019 Y chromosome haplogroups from Hun Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin Scientific Reports Nature Research 9 16569 16569 Bibcode 2019NatSR 916569N doi 10 1038 s41598 019 53105 5 PMC 6851379 PMID 31719606 Fothi E Gonzalez A Feher T et al 2020 Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12 1 doi 10 1007 s12520 019 00996 0 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 9 a b Kristo 1994 Korai p 693 Dr Horvath Lugossy Gabor 2022 Feltarulnak a Turul dinasztia titkai The secrets of the Turul dynasty are revealed Mandiner in Hungarian Dr Horvath Lugossy Gabor 2022 Kuldetesunk a magyar tortenelem helyreigazitasa Institute of Hungarian Research Simon of Keza Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum https mek oszk hu 02200 02249 02249 htm Simon of Keza Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum https mek oszk hu 02200 02249 02249 htm Kristo 1996 Hungarian p 71 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 13 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 14 Kristo 1994 Korai p 40 Szabados Gyorgy 2016 Vazlat a magyar honfoglalas Karpat medencei hattererol Outline of the background of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin PDF Nepek es kulturak a Karpat medenceben Peoples and cultures in the Carpathian Basin in Hungarian ISBN 978 615 5209 56 7 Szabados Gyorgy May 2022 Almostol Szent Istvanig From Almos to Saint Stephen Rubicon Hungarian Historical Information Dissemination in Hungarian Bona Istvan 2001 Conquest Settlement and Raids History of Transylvania Volume I From the Beginnings to 1606 II From Dacia to Erdoelve Transylvania in the Period of the Great Migrations 271 896 7 Transylvania in the Period of the Hungarian Conquest and Foundation of a State New York Columbia University Press The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences ISBN 0 88033 479 7 Kalti Mark Chronicon Pictum in Hungarian Bona 2000 A magyarok pp 29 65 Bona 2000 A magyarok pp 62 65 Kristo 1995 A magyar allam p 304 Kristo 1995 A magyar allam pp 308 309 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 22 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 23 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad pp 25 28 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 28 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 30 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 32 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 35 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad pp 35 36 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 39 Kristo 1994 Korai p 290 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad pp 40 41 47 Kristo 1994 Korai pp 216 245 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad pp 40 41 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad pp 49 50 Kristo 1994 Korai p 721 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag pp 83 84 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag p 85 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad pp 70 71 Kristo 1994 Korai p 42 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 72 a b c d e Kristo 1994 Korai Kristo 1979 A feudalis p 44 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag pp 85 100 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag pp 87 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad pp 79 81 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag pp 88 92 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag p 90 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 126 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 95 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad pp 112 124 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag p 94 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 119 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag p 93 Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodok pp 159 160 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag p 96 Kristo 1994 Korai p 261 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag p 102 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 146 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 158 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag p 105 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad pp 166 169 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag p 106 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 181 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad pp 190 196 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad pp 206 208 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad pp 207 208 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag pp 117 121 Bertenyi 1983 Kis magyar p 67 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag p 121 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag p 122 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag p 124 Bertenyi 1983 Kis magyar p 70 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag p 127 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad pp 229 245 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag pp 127 144 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag p 144 a b Kristo 1994 Korai p 294 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad pp 254 260 Kristo 1994 Korai p 711 Kristo 1994 Korai pp 130 479 543 598 716 717 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag pp 154 157 Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodok pp 178 179 CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA Blessed Margaret of Hungary Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodok pp 178 192 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 272 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 277 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad pp 278 282 Kristo 1994 Korai p 663 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad pp 282 283 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad pp 283 284 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad pp 285 288 Kristo 1996 Az Arpad p 288 Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodok pp 179 Benda 1981 Magyarorszag pp 188 192 Kasler Miklos 2022 Kings and Saints The Age of the Arpads PDF Budapest Szekesfehervar Institute of Hungarian Research ISBN 978 615 6117 65 6 Anonymus Notary of King Bela The Deeds of the Hungarians chapter 3 https discovery ucl ac uk id eprint 18975 1 18975 pdf Hungary Salutes Best Loved Saint AP News 20 August 2000 References EditBenda Kalman ed 1981 Magyarorszag torteneti kronologiaja The Historical Chronology of Hungary Budapest Akademiai Kiado ISBN 963 05 2661 1 Bertenyi Ivan 1983 Kis magyar cimertan Short Hungarian Heraldry Budapest Gondolat ISBN 978 963 281 195 6 Bona Istvan 2000 A magyarok es Europa a 9 10 szazadban The Magyars and Europe during the 9 10th centuries Budapest Historia MTA Tortenettudomanyi Intezete ISBN 963 8312 67 X Dummerth Dezso 1996 Az Arpadok nyomaban Following the Arpads in Hungarian 5th ed Junior ISBN 963 388 154 4 Engel Pal 2001 The Realm of St Stephen A History of Medieval Hungary 895 1526 London amp New York I B Tauris ISBN 9781850439776 Kings and Saints The Age of the Arpads PDF Budapest Szekesfehervar Institute of Hungarian Research 2022 ISBN 978 615 6117 65 6 Klaniczay Gabor 2000 Az uralkodok szentsege a kozepkorban Monarchs Sainthood in the Middle Ages Budapest Balassi Kiado ISBN 963 506 298 2 Kristo Gyula Makk Ferenc 1996 Az Arpad haz uralkodoi Rulers of the Arpad dynasty I P C KONYVEK Kft ISBN 963 7930 97 3 Kristo Gyula 1996 Hungarian History in the Ninth Century Szeged Szegedi Kozepkorasz Muhely ISBN 963 482 113 8 Kristo Gyula 1995 A magyar allam megszuletese The origin of the Hungarian state Szeged Szegedi Kozepkorasz Muhely ISBN 963 482 098 0 Kristo Gyula ed 1994 Korai Magyar Torteneti Lexikon 9 14 szazad Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History 9 14th centuries Budapest Akademiai Kiado ISBN 963 05 6722 9 Kristo Gyula 1979 A feudalis szettagolodas Magyarorszagon Feudal divisions in Hungary Akademiai Kiado ISBN 963 05 1595 4 Toth Sandor Laszlo 1998 Levediatol a Karpat medenceig From Levedia to the Carpathian Basin Szeged Szegedi Kozepkorasz Muhely ISBN 963 482 175 8 External links EditThe Vazul line Kings of the Arpad dynasty after St Stephen 1038 1301 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Arpad dynasty amp oldid 1132940997, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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