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Principality of Hungary

June 14, 2023

The Grand Principality of Hungary[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] or Hungarian Great Principality[8] or Duchy of Hungary[9][10] (Hungarian: Magyar Nagyfejedelemség: "Hungarian Grand Principality"[11] Byzantine Greek: Τουρκία) was the earliest documented Hungarian state in the Carpathian Basin, established 895 or 896,[12][13][14][15][16] following the 9th century Magyar invasion of the Carpathian Basin.

Grand Principality of Hungary
Magyar Nagyfejedelemség (Hungarian)
c. 895–1000
Árpád dynasty
Top: Magyar banner of the Conquest Era
Bottom: Banner of the Árpád dynasty
Europe in 912
StatusPrincipality
CapitalEsztergom and Székesfehérvár (from the reigns of Taksony and Géza)
Religion
Hungarian paganism
Hungarian shamanism
Tengrism
Slavic paganism
Hungarian Christianity
Demonym(s)Hungarian
GovernmentGyula-Kende sacred diarchy (early)
Tribal confederation
Kende 
• 890s – c. 904
Kurszán
Grand Prince 
• c. 895 – c. 907
Árpád
• c. 907 – c. 950
Zoltán
• c. 950 – c. 955
Fajsz
• c. 955 – c. 972
Taksony
• c. 972 – c. 997
Géza
• 997–1000
Stephen
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Established
c. 895
• Coronation of Stephen I
25 December 1000
or 1 January 1001

The Hungarians, a semi-nomadic people forming a tribal alliance[14][17][18][19] led by Árpád (founder of the Árpád dynasty) arrived from Etelköz which was their earlier principality east of the Carpathians.[20]

During the period, the power of the Hungarian Grand Prince seemed to be decreasing irrespective of the success of the Hungarian military raids across Europe. The tribal territories, ruled by Hungarian warlords (chieftains), became semi-independent polities (e.g., the domains of Gyula the Younger in Transylvania). These territories were united again only under the rule of St. Stephen. The semi-nomadic Hungarian population adopted settled life. The chiefdom society changed to a state society. Since the second half of the 10th century, Christianity started to spread. The principality was succeeded by the Christian Kingdom of Hungary with the coronation of St Stephen I at Esztergom on Christmas Day 1000 (its alternative date is 1 January 1001).[21][22][23]

The Hungarian historiography calls the entire period from 896 to 1000 "the age of principality".[15]

Name

The ethnonym of the Hungarian tribal alliance is uncertain. According to one view, following Anonymus's description, the federation was called "Hetumoger / Seven Magyars" ("VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur", "seven princely persons who are called Seven Magyars"[24]), though the word "Magyar" possibly comes from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe, called Megyer. The tribal name "Megyer" became "Magyar" referring to the Hungarian people as a whole.[25][26] Written sources called Magyars as "Hungarians" prior to their invasion of the Carpathian Basin when they still lived on the steppes of Eastern Europe (in 837 "Ungri" mentioned by Georgius Monachus, in 862 "Ungri" by Annales Bertiniani, in 881 "Ungari" by the Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus).

In contemporary Byzantine sources, written in Greek, the country was known as "Western Tourkia"[27][28] in contrast to Eastern (Khazar) Tourkia. The Jewish Hasdai ibn Shaprut around 960 called the polity "the land of the Hungrin" (the land of the Hungarians) in a letter to Joseph of the Khazars.[29]

History

Background

 
A detail of the Arrival of the Hungarians, Árpád Feszty's and his assistants' vast (1800 m2) cyclorama, painted to celebrate the 1000th anniversary of the Magyar invasion of Hungary, now displayed at the Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park in Hungary
 
Europe around 900
Main articles: Hungarian Conquest of the Carpathian Basin and Hungarian prehistory

On the eve of the arrival of the Hungarians (Magyars), around 895, East Francia, the First Bulgarian Empire and Great Moravia[30] ruled the territory of the Carpathian Basin. The Hungarians had much knowledge about this region because they were frequently hired as mercenaries by the surrounding polities and had led their own campaigns in this area for decades.[31] This area had been sparsely populated[3][32] since Charlemagne's destruction of the Avar state in 803, and the Magyars were able to move in peacefully and virtually unopposed during the 9th century.[33] The first mention of them living in the region dates back to 862.[34] The conquest proper started from 894, when armed conflicts opened with the Bulgarians and Moravians after the requests for help from Arnulf, Frankish king and Leo VI, Byzantine emperor.[35] During the occupation, the Hungarians found sparse population and met no well-established states or effective control of any empire in the plain. They were able to take over the basin quickly,[36][37] defeating the First Bulgarian Tsardom, disintegrating the Principality of Moravia, and firmly establishing their state[38] there by 900.[39] The invasion wasn't aimed at plundering the acquired lands as attacks were led by gyula Árpád and kende Kurszán, the two highest-ranking leaders,[40] who left no mass graves behind them showing that the transition back to an Avar-like system was peaceful for the locals.[41] Archaeological findings indicate that they settled in the lands near the Sava and Nyitra by this time.[36]

Military achievements

See also: Hungarian invasions of Europe

The principality as a warrior state,[1] with a new-found military might, conducted vigorous raids ranging widely from Constantinople to central Spain. Three major Frankish imperial armies were defeated decisively by the Hungarians between 907 and 910.[42] The Hungarians succeeded in extending the de jure Bavarian-Hungarian border to the River Enns (until 955),[43] and the principality was not attacked from this direction for 100 years after the Battle of Pressburg.[22] The intermittent Hungarian campaigns lasted until 970, but two military defeats in 955 (Lechfeld) and 970 (Arcadiopolis) marked a shift in the evolution of the Hungarian principality.[44]

Transition

The change from a ranked chiefdom society to a state society was one of the most important developments during this time.[45] Initially, the Magyars retained a semi-nomadic lifestyle, practising transhumance: they would migrate along a river between winter and summer pastures, finding water for their livestock.[46] According to Györffy's theory[47] derived from placenames, Árpád's winter quarters -clearly after his occupation of Pannonia in 900- were possibly in 'Árpádváros' (Árpád's town), now a district of Pécs, and his summer quarters -as confirmed by Anonymus- were on Csepel Island.[46] Later, his new summer quarters were in Csallóköz[46] according to this theory, however the exact location of the early center of the state is disputed. According to Gyula Kristó the center was located between the Danube and Tisza rivers,[47] but the archaeological findings imply a location in the region of the Upper Tisza.[47]

Constantine VII's De Administrando Imperio, written around 950 AD, tries to define precisely the whole land of the Hungarians, or Tourkia.[48] Constantine described the previous inhabitants of Hungary (e.g., the Moravians), described early Hungarian settlements and neighbors, and located Hungarian rivers (Temes, Maros, Körös, Tisza, Tutisz).[48] Constantine had much more knowledge about the eastern parts of Hungary; therefore, according to one theory, Tourkia did not mean the land of the whole federation, but a tribal settlement and the source of the description of Hungary could have been Gyula whose tribe populated the five rivers around 950.[48] According to another hypothesis, mainly based on Constantine's description, the Hungarians started to really settle western Hungary (Transdanubia) only after 950, because the eastern part of the country was more suitable for a nomadic lifestyle.[48]

 
The Hungarian campaign in the East Frankish duchies of 910

Due to changed economic circumstances, insufficient pasturage to support a nomadic society and the impossibility of moving on,[49] the semi-nomadic Hungarian lifestyle began to change and the Magyars adopted a settled life and turned to agriculture,[30] though the start of this change can be dated to the 8th century.[6] The society became more homogeneous: the local Slavic and other populations merged with the Hungarians.[49] The Hungarian tribal leaders and their clans established fortified centers in the country and later their castles became centers of the counties.[33] The whole system of Hungarian villages developed in the 10th century.[46]

Fajsz and Taksony, the Grand Princes of the Hungarians, began to reform the power structure.[50][51] They invited Christian missionaries for the first time and built forts.[50] Taksony abolished the old center of the Hungarian principality (possibly at Upper Tisza) and sought new ones at Székesfehérvár[51] and Esztergom.[52] Taksony also reintroduced the old style military service, changed the weaponry of the army, and implemented large-scale organized resettlements of the Hungarian population.[51]

The consolidation of the Hungarian state began during the reign of Géza.[53] After the battle of Arcadiopolis, the Byzantine Empire was the main enemy of the Hungarians.[54] The Byzantine expansion threatened the Hungarians, since the subjugated First Bulgarian Empire was allied with the Magyars at that time.[54] The situation became more difficult for the principality when the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire made an alliance in 972.[54] In 973, twelve illustrious Magyar envoys, whom Géza had probably appointed, participated in the Diet held by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor. Géza established close ties with the Bavarian court, inviting missionaries and marrying his son to Gisela, daughter of Duke Henry II.[49] Géza of the Árpád dynasty, Grand Prince of the Hungarians, who ruled only part of the united territory, the nominal overlord of all seven Magyar tribes, intended to integrate Hungary into Christian Western Europe, rebuilding the state according to the Western political and social model. Géza's eldest son St Stephen (István, Stephen I of Hungary) became the first King of Hungary after defeating his uncle Koppány, who also claimed the throne. The unification of Hungary, the foundation of the Christian state[55] and its transformation into a European feudal monarchy was accomplished by Stephen.

Christianization

 
Principality of Hungary in 998 AD
Main article: History of Christianity in Hungary
See also: Metropolitanate of Tourkia

The new Hungarian state was located on the border with Christendom.[49] Since the second half of the 10th century AD, Christianity was flourished in Hungary as the German Catholic missionaries arrived from East Francia. Between 945 and 963, the main office-holders of the Principality (the gyula and the horka) agreed to convert to Christianity.[56][57] In 973 Géza I and all his household were baptised, and a formal peace concluded with the Holy Roman Emperor Otto I; however he remained essentially pagan even after his baptism:[20] Géza had been educated by his father Taksony as a pagan prince.[58] The first Hungarian Benedictine monastery was founded in 996 by Prince Géza. During Géza's reign, the nation conclusively renounced its nomadic way of life and within a few decades of the battle of Lechfeld became a Christian kingdom.[20]

Organization of the state

Until 907 (or 904), the Hungarian state was under joint rule (perhaps adopted from the Khazars). The kingship had been divided between the sacral king (some sources report the titles "prince"[59] or "khan"[60]), or Kende, and the military leader, or gyula. It is not known which of the two roles were assigned to Árpád and which to Kurszán.[citation needed] Possibly, after the Kende Kurszán's death, this division ceased and Árpád became the sole ruler of the principality. The Byzantine Constantine Porphyrogennetos called Árpád "ho megas Tourkias archon" (the great prince of Tourkia),[61] and all of the 10th-century princes who ruled the country held this title.[5] According to the Agnatic seniority the oldest members of the ruling clan inherited the principality. The Grand Princes of Hungary probably did not hold superior power, because during the military campaigns to the west and to the south the initially strong[62] princely power had decreased.[61] Moreover, the records do not refer to Grand Princes in the first half of the 10th century, except in one case, where they mention Taksony as 'duke of Hungary' (Taxis-dux, dux Tocsun) in 947.[61] The role of military leaders (Bulcsú, Lél) grew more significant.[61] The princes of the Árpád dynasty bore Turkic names as did the majority of the Hungarian tribes.[15]

Titles

  • Kende (in Arabic sources) or megas archon (in Byzantine sources), rex (in Latin sources), the Grand Prince of Hungarians (after 907 CE)
  • Gyla or djila (gyula) or magnus princeps (in western sources), the military leader[61] (second rank),[61] the Grand Prince of Hungarians[61]
  • Horca, Kharkhas, the judge[63] (third rank)[61]

Population

See also: Demographics of Hungary

There are various estimates of the size of the country's population in the 10th century, ranging from 250,000 to 1,500,000 in 900 AD. There is no archaeological evidence that the Hungarian nobles lived in castles in the 10th century.[64] Archaeology revealed only one fortified building dated to the late 9th century (the castle of Mosapurc).[65] Only excavations of 11th century buildings give certain evidence of castle building.[65] However, the result of the excavations in Borsod may imply that the prelates and nobles lived in stone houses as early as the 10th century.[66] Muslim geographers mentioned that Hungarians lived in tents.[67] Beside tents, the common people lived in pit-dwellings, though there is archaeological proof of the appearance of multi-roomed[68] and wood-and-stone house types.[69]

Further theories

Some historians believe that Prince Árpád's people spoke Turkic and the Magyars had been in the Basin since 680. Their main argument is that the newcomers' cemeteries are too small, indicating that the population wasn't big enough to make Magyar the dominant language in the Basin. However, it seems that Árpád led the Megyer tribe, and it would be tricky if the Megyer tribe would have spoken Bulgar Turkic.[clarification needed] Of course, in principle anything may happen in a symbiosis.[70]

See also

References

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Secondary sources

  • Balassa, Iván, ed. (1997). Magyar Néprajz IV [Hungarian ethnography IV.]. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-7325-3.
  • Berend, Nora; Urbańczyk, Przemysław; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013). Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c. 900-c. 1300. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78156-5.
  • Wolf, Mária; Takács, Miklós (2011). "Sáncok, földvárak" ("Ramparts, earthworks") by Wolf; "A középkori falusias települések feltárása" ("Excavation of the medieval rural settlements") by Takács". In Müller, Róbert (ed.). Régészeti Kézikönyv [Handbook of archaeology]. Magyar Régész Szövetség. pp. 209–248. ISBN 978-963-08-0860-6.
  • Wolf, Mária (2008). A borsodi földvár (PDF). Művelődési Központ, Könyvtár és Múzeum, Edelény. ISBN 978-963-87047-3-3.

Further reading

  • Kings and Saints - The Age of the Árpáds (PDF). Budapest, Székesfehérvár: Institute of Hungarian Research. 2022. ISBN 978-615-6117-65-6.
  • Kozma, Gábor (Editor); et al. (December 2011). "New Results of Cross-Border Co-operation" (PDF). The Department of Social Geography and Regional Development Planning of the University of Debrecen; et al. Retrieved 2 June 2012. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help) ISBN 9789638916730

June 14, 2023
principality, hungary, grand, hungarian, great, principality, duchy, hungary, hungarian, magyar, nagyfejedelemség, hungarian, grand, principality, byzantine, greek, Τουρκία, earliest, documented, hungarian, state, carpathian, basin, established, following, cen. The Grand Principality of Hungary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 or Hungarian Great Principality 8 or Duchy of Hungary 9 10 Hungarian Magyar Nagyfejedelemseg Hungarian Grand Principality 11 Byzantine Greek Toyrkia was the earliest documented Hungarian state in the Carpathian Basin established 895 or 896 12 13 14 15 16 following the 9th century Magyar invasion of the Carpathian Basin Grand Principality of HungaryMagyar Nagyfejedelemseg Hungarian c 895 1000Arpad dynastyTop Magyar banner of the Conquest EraBottom Banner of the Arpad dynasty Attributed arms from the Chronicon Pictum c 1370 Arms of the Arpad dynastyEurope in 912StatusPrincipalityCapitalEsztergom and Szekesfehervar from the reigns of Taksony and Geza ReligionHungarian paganism Hungarian shamanism TengrismSlavic paganismHungarian ChristianityDemonym s HungarianGovernmentGyula Kende sacred diarchy early Tribal confederationKende 890s c 904KurszanGrand Prince c 895 c 907Arpad c 907 c 950Zoltan c 950 c 955Fajsz c 955 c 972Taksony c 972 c 997Geza 997 1000StephenHistorical eraMiddle Ages Establishedc 895 Coronation of Stephen I25 December 1000or 1 January 1001Preceded by Succeeded bySeven Magyars confederationGreat MoraviaPrincipality of Lower PannoniaFirst Bulgarian EmpireHunnic EmpireAvar Khaganate Kingdom of HungaryThe Hungarians a semi nomadic people forming a tribal alliance 14 17 18 19 led by Arpad founder of the Arpad dynasty arrived from Etelkoz which was their earlier principality east of the Carpathians 20 During the period the power of the Hungarian Grand Prince seemed to be decreasing irrespective of the success of the Hungarian military raids across Europe The tribal territories ruled by Hungarian warlords chieftains became semi independent polities e g the domains of Gyula the Younger in Transylvania These territories were united again only under the rule of St Stephen The semi nomadic Hungarian population adopted settled life The chiefdom society changed to a state society Since the second half of the 10th century Christianity started to spread The principality was succeeded by the Christian Kingdom of Hungary with the coronation of St Stephen I at Esztergom on Christmas Day 1000 its alternative date is 1 January 1001 21 22 23 The Hungarian historiography calls the entire period from 896 to 1000 the age of principality 15 Contents 1 Name 2 History 2 1 Background 2 2 Military achievements 2 3 Transition 2 4 Christianization 3 Organization of the state 3 1 Titles 4 Population 5 Further theories 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Secondary sources 8 Further readingName EditThe ethnonym of the Hungarian tribal alliance is uncertain According to one view following Anonymus s description the federation was called Hetumoger Seven Magyars VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur seven princely persons who are called Seven Magyars 24 though the word Magyar possibly comes from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe called Megyer The tribal name Megyer became Magyar referring to the Hungarian people as a whole 25 26 Written sources called Magyars as Hungarians prior to their invasion of the Carpathian Basin when they still lived on the steppes of Eastern Europe in 837 Ungri mentioned by Georgius Monachus in 862 Ungri by Annales Bertiniani in 881 Ungari by the Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus In contemporary Byzantine sources written in Greek the country was known as Western Tourkia 27 28 in contrast to Eastern Khazar Tourkia The Jewish Hasdai ibn Shaprut around 960 called the polity the land of the Hungrin the land of the Hungarians in a letter to Joseph of the Khazars 29 History EditBackground Edit A detail of the Arrival of the Hungarians Arpad Feszty s and his assistants vast 1800 m2 cyclorama painted to celebrate the 1000th anniversary of the Magyar invasion of Hungary now displayed at the opusztaszer National Heritage Park in Hungary Europe around 900 Main articles Hungarian Conquest of the Carpathian Basin and Hungarian prehistory On the eve of the arrival of the Hungarians Magyars around 895 East Francia the First Bulgarian Empire and Great Moravia 30 ruled the territory of the Carpathian Basin The Hungarians had much knowledge about this region because they were frequently hired as mercenaries by the surrounding polities and had led their own campaigns in this area for decades 31 This area had been sparsely populated 3 32 since Charlemagne s destruction of the Avar state in 803 and the Magyars were able to move in peacefully and virtually unopposed during the 9th century 33 The first mention of them living in the region dates back to 862 34 The conquest proper started from 894 when armed conflicts opened with the Bulgarians and Moravians after the requests for help from Arnulf Frankish king and Leo VI Byzantine emperor 35 During the occupation the Hungarians found sparse population and met no well established states or effective control of any empire in the plain They were able to take over the basin quickly 36 37 defeating the First Bulgarian Tsardom disintegrating the Principality of Moravia and firmly establishing their state 38 there by 900 39 The invasion wasn t aimed at plundering the acquired lands as attacks were led by gyula Arpad and kende Kurszan the two highest ranking leaders 40 who left no mass graves behind them showing that the transition back to an Avar like system was peaceful for the locals 41 Archaeological findings indicate that they settled in the lands near the Sava and Nyitra by this time 36 Military achievements Edit See also Hungarian invasions of Europe The principality as a warrior state 1 with a new found military might conducted vigorous raids ranging widely from Constantinople to central Spain Three major Frankish imperial armies were defeated decisively by the Hungarians between 907 and 910 42 The Hungarians succeeded in extending the de jure Bavarian Hungarian border to the River Enns until 955 43 and the principality was not attacked from this direction for 100 years after the Battle of Pressburg 22 The intermittent Hungarian campaigns lasted until 970 but two military defeats in 955 Lechfeld and 970 Arcadiopolis marked a shift in the evolution of the Hungarian principality 44 Transition Edit The change from a ranked chiefdom society to a state society was one of the most important developments during this time 45 Initially the Magyars retained a semi nomadic lifestyle practising transhumance they would migrate along a river between winter and summer pastures finding water for their livestock 46 According to Gyorffy s theory 47 derived from placenames Arpad s winter quarters clearly after his occupation of Pannonia in 900 were possibly in Arpadvaros Arpad s town now a district of Pecs and his summer quarters as confirmed by Anonymus were on Csepel Island 46 Later his new summer quarters were in Csallokoz 46 according to this theory however the exact location of the early center of the state is disputed According to Gyula Kristo the center was located between the Danube and Tisza rivers 47 but the archaeological findings imply a location in the region of the Upper Tisza 47 Constantine VII s De Administrando Imperio written around 950 AD tries to define precisely the whole land of the Hungarians or Tourkia 48 Constantine described the previous inhabitants of Hungary e g the Moravians described early Hungarian settlements and neighbors and located Hungarian rivers Temes Maros Koros Tisza Tutisz 48 Constantine had much more knowledge about the eastern parts of Hungary therefore according to one theory Tourkia did not mean the land of the whole federation but a tribal settlement and the source of the description of Hungary could have been Gyula whose tribe populated the five rivers around 950 48 According to another hypothesis mainly based on Constantine s description the Hungarians started to really settle western Hungary Transdanubia only after 950 because the eastern part of the country was more suitable for a nomadic lifestyle 48 The Hungarian campaign in the East Frankish duchies of 910 Due to changed economic circumstances insufficient pasturage to support a nomadic society and the impossibility of moving on 49 the semi nomadic Hungarian lifestyle began to change and the Magyars adopted a settled life and turned to agriculture 30 though the start of this change can be dated to the 8th century 6 The society became more homogeneous the local Slavic and other populations merged with the Hungarians 49 The Hungarian tribal leaders and their clans established fortified centers in the country and later their castles became centers of the counties 33 The whole system of Hungarian villages developed in the 10th century 46 Fajsz and Taksony the Grand Princes of the Hungarians began to reform the power structure 50 51 They invited Christian missionaries for the first time and built forts 50 Taksony abolished the old center of the Hungarian principality possibly at Upper Tisza and sought new ones at Szekesfehervar 51 and Esztergom 52 Taksony also reintroduced the old style military service changed the weaponry of the army and implemented large scale organized resettlements of the Hungarian population 51 The consolidation of the Hungarian state began during the reign of Geza 53 After the battle of Arcadiopolis the Byzantine Empire was the main enemy of the Hungarians 54 The Byzantine expansion threatened the Hungarians since the subjugated First Bulgarian Empire was allied with the Magyars at that time 54 The situation became more difficult for the principality when the Byzantine Empire and the Holy Roman Empire made an alliance in 972 54 In 973 twelve illustrious Magyar envoys whom Geza had probably appointed participated in the Diet held by Otto I Holy Roman Emperor Geza established close ties with the Bavarian court inviting missionaries and marrying his son to Gisela daughter of Duke Henry II 49 Geza of the Arpad dynasty Grand Prince of the Hungarians who ruled only part of the united territory the nominal overlord of all seven Magyar tribes intended to integrate Hungary into Christian Western Europe rebuilding the state according to the Western political and social model Geza s eldest son St Stephen Istvan Stephen I of Hungary became the first King of Hungary after defeating his uncle Koppany who also claimed the throne The unification of Hungary the foundation of the Christian state 55 and its transformation into a European feudal monarchy was accomplished by Stephen Christianization Edit Principality of Hungary in 998 ADMain article History of Christianity in Hungary See also Metropolitanate of Tourkia The new Hungarian state was located on the border with Christendom 49 Since the second half of the 10th century AD Christianity was flourished in Hungary as the German Catholic missionaries arrived from East Francia Between 945 and 963 the main office holders of the Principality the gyula and the horka agreed to convert to Christianity 56 57 In 973 Geza I and all his household were baptised and a formal peace concluded with the Holy Roman Emperor Otto I however he remained essentially pagan even after his baptism 20 Geza had been educated by his father Taksony as a pagan prince 58 The first Hungarian Benedictine monastery was founded in 996 by Prince Geza During Geza s reign the nation conclusively renounced its nomadic way of life and within a few decades of the battle of Lechfeld became a Christian kingdom 20 Organization of the state EditUntil 907 or 904 the Hungarian state was under joint rule perhaps adopted from the Khazars The kingship had been divided between the sacral king some sources report the titles prince 59 or khan 60 or Kende and the military leader or gyula It is not known which of the two roles were assigned to Arpad and which to Kurszan citation needed Possibly after the Kende Kurszan s death this division ceased and Arpad became the sole ruler of the principality The Byzantine Constantine Porphyrogennetos called Arpad ho megas Tourkias archon the great prince of Tourkia 61 and all of the 10th century princes who ruled the country held this title 5 According to the Agnatic seniority the oldest members of the ruling clan inherited the principality The Grand Princes of Hungary probably did not hold superior power because during the military campaigns to the west and to the south the initially strong 62 princely power had decreased 61 Moreover the records do not refer to Grand Princes in the first half of the 10th century except in one case where they mention Taksony as duke of Hungary Taxis dux dux Tocsun in 947 61 The role of military leaders Bulcsu Lel grew more significant 61 The princes of the Arpad dynasty bore Turkic names as did the majority of the Hungarian tribes 15 Titles Edit Kende in Arabic sources or megas archon in Byzantine sources rex in Latin sources the Grand Prince of Hungarians after 907 CE Gyla or djila gyula or magnus princeps in western sources the military leader 61 second rank 61 the Grand Prince of Hungarians 61 Horca Kharkhas the judge 63 third rank 61 Population EditSee also Demographics of Hungary There are various estimates of the size of the country s population in the 10th century ranging from 250 000 to 1 500 000 in 900 AD There is no archaeological evidence that the Hungarian nobles lived in castles in the 10th century 64 Archaeology revealed only one fortified building dated to the late 9th century the castle of Mosapurc 65 Only excavations of 11th century buildings give certain evidence of castle building 65 However the result of the excavations in Borsod may imply that the prelates and nobles lived in stone houses as early as the 10th century 66 Muslim geographers mentioned that Hungarians lived in tents 67 Beside tents the common people lived in pit dwellings though there is archaeological proof of the appearance of multi roomed 68 and wood and stone house types 69 Further theories EditSome historians believe that Prince Arpad s people spoke Turkic and the Magyars had been in the Basin since 680 Their main argument is that the newcomers cemeteries are too small indicating that the population wasn t big enough to make Magyar the dominant language in the Basin However it seems that Arpad led the Megyer tribe and it would be tricky if the Megyer tribe would have spoken Bulgar Turkic clarification needed Of course in principle anything may happen in a symbiosis 70 See also EditAlmos Grand Prince of the Hungarians Arpad Grand Prince of the Hungarians Taksony Grand Prince of the Hungarians Geza Grand Prince of the Hungarians List of Hungarian rulers Arpad dynasty Hungarian mythology Hunor and Magor Turul Magyar tribes Seven chieftains of the Magyars Old Hungarian scriptReferences Edit a b S Wise Bauer The history of the medieval world from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade W W Norton amp Company 2010 p 586 George H Hodos The East Central European region an historical outline Greenwood Publishing Group 1999 p 19 a b Alfried Wieczorek Hans Martin Hinz Council of Europe Art Exhibition Europe s centre around AD 1000 Volume 1 Volume 1 Theiss 2000 pp 363 372 Ferenc Glatz Magyar Tortenelmi Tarsulat Etudes historiques hongroises 1990 Environment and society in Hungary Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 1990 p 10 a b Acta historica Volumes 105 110 Jozsef Attila Tudom Bolcs Kar 1998 p 28 a b Antal Bartha Hungarian society in the 9th and 10th centuries Akademiai Kiado 1975 pp 53 84 ISBN 978 963 05 0308 2 Oksana Buranbaeva Vanja Mladineo Culture and Customs of Hungary ABC CLIO 2011 p 19 Neparaczki Endre Maroti Zoltan Kalmar Tibor Maar Kitti Nagy Istvan Latinovics Dora Kustar Agnes Palfi Gyorgy Molnar Erika Marcsik Antonia Balogh Csilla Lorinczy Gabor Tomka Peter Kovacsoczy Bernadett Kovacs Laszlo Torok Tibor 12 November 2019 Y chromosome haplogroups from Hun Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin Scientific Reports Colin Davies The emergence of Western society European history A D 300 1200 Macmillan 1969 p 181 Jennifer Lawler Encyclopedia of the Byzantine Empire McFarland amp Co 2004 p 13 Hadtortenelmi kozlemenyek Volume 114 Hadtorteneti Intezet es Muzeum 2001 p 131 The encyclopedia Americana Volume 14 Grolier Incorporated 2002 p 581 Encyclopedia Americana Volume 1 Scholastic Library Pub 2006 p 581 a b Louis Komzsik Cycles of Time From Infinity to Eternity Trafford Publishing 2011 p 54 a b c Acta orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae Volume 36 Magyar Tudomanyos Akademia Hungarian Academy of Sciences 1982 p 419 Zahava Szasz Stessel Wine and thorns in Tokay Valley Jewish life in Hungary the history of Abaujszanto Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press 1995 p 47 Peter Linehan Janet Laughland Nelson 2001 p 79 Anatoly Michailovich Khazanov Andre Wink 2001 p 103 Lendvai 2003 p 15 a b c Paul Lendvai The Hungarians a thousand years of victory in defeat C Hurst amp Co Publishers 2003 p 15 29 p 533 University of British Columbia Committee for Medieval Studies Studies in medieval and renaissance history Committee for Medieval Studies University of British Columbia 1980 p 159 a b Peter F Sugar Peter Hanak 1 A History of Hungary Indiana University Press 1994 pp 12 17 Pal Engel Tamas Palosfalvi Andrew Ayton The Realm of St Stephen A History of Medieval Hungary 895 1526 B Tauris 2005 p 27 Gyula Decsy A J Bodrogligeti Ural Altaische Jahrbucher Volume 63 Otto Harrassowitz 1991 p 99 Gyorgy Balazs Karoly Szelenyi The Magyars the birth of a European nation Corvina 1989 p 8 Alan W Ertl Toward an Understanding of Europe A Political Economic Precis of Continental Integration Universal Publishers 2008 p 358 Peter B Golden Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe Turks Khazars and Qipchaqs Ashgate Variorum 2003 Tenth century Byzantine sources speaking in cultural more than ethnic terms acknowledged a wide zone of diffusion by referring to the Khazar lands as Eastern Tourkia and to Hungary as Western Tourkia Carter Vaughn Findley The Turks in the World History Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine Oxford University Press 2005 p 51 citing Peter B Golden Imperial Ideology and the Sources of Political Unity Amongst the Pre Cinggisid Nomads of Western Eurasia Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2 1982 37 76 Carter V Findley The Turks in world history Oxford University Press 2005 p 51 Raphael Patai The Jews of Hungary History Culture Psychology Wayne State University Press 1996 p 29 ISBN 978 0814325612 a b Kirschbaum Stanislav J 1995 A History of Slovakia The Struggle for Survival New York Palgrave Macmillan St Martin s Press p 26 ISBN 978 0 312 10403 0 Retrieved 9 October 2009 Cited Great Moravia was a vassal state of the Germanic Frankish Kingdom and paid an annual tribute to it Istvan Suli Zakar THE MOST IMPORTANT GEOPOLITICAL AND HISTOGEOGRAPHICAL QUESTIONS OF THE AGE OF THE CONQUEST AND THE FOUNDATION OF THE HUNGARIAN STATE In NEW RESULTS OF CROSS BORDER CO OPERATION The Department of Social Geography and Regional Development Planning of the University of Debrecen amp Institute for Euroregional Studies Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence 2011 p 12 ISBN 978 963 89167 3 0 Bryan Cartledge Bryan Cartledge Sir The will to survive a history of Hungary Timewell Press 2006 p 6 a b Dora Wiebenson Jozsef Sisa Pal Lovei The architecture of historic Hungary MIT Press 1998 p 11 ISBN 978 0 262 23192 3 Szoke M Bela 2014 Gergely Katalin Ritook Agnes eds The Carolingian Age in the Carpathians PDF Translated by Pokoly Judit Strong Lara Sullivan Christopher Budapest Hungarian National Museum p 112 ISBN 978 615 5209 17 8 Engel Pal Ayton Andrew 23 February 2001 The Realm of St Stephen A History of Medieval Hungary 895 1526 Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 0 85773 173 9 a b Barta Istvan Berend T Ivan Hanak Peter Lacko Miklos Makkai Laszlo Nagy L Zsuzsa Ranki Gyorgy 1975 Pamlenyi Ervin ed A history of Hungary Collet s p 22 ISBN 9780569077002 Macartney Carlile A 1962 Hungary a short history Chicago University Press p 5 ISBN 9780852240359 Szabados Gyorgy 2019 Miljan Suzana B Halasz Eva Simon Alexandru eds The origins and the transformation of the early Hungarian state PDF Reform and Renewal in Medieval East and Central Europe Politics Law and Society Zagreb Engel Pal 1990 Glatz Ferenc Burucs Kornelia eds Beilleszkedes Europaba a kezdetektol 1440 ig Vol Magyarok Europaban I Budapest Hatter Lapkiado es Konykiado p 97 ISBN 963 7403 892 Kontler Laszlo 2002 A history of Hungary millennium in Central Europe Palgrave Macmilllan p 42 Borbala Obrusanszky Endre Neparaczki Miklos Makoldi 2022 Regenyes tortenelem in Hungarian Peter Heather Empires and Barbarians The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe Pan Macmillan 2012 p 369 ISBN 9780199892266 Clifford Rogers The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology Volume 1 Oxford University Press 2010 p 292 Oksana Buranbaeva 2 Culture and Customs of Hungary The New Hungarian quarterly Volumes 31 32 Corvina Press 1990 p 140 a b c d Lajos Gubcsi Hungary in the Carpathian Basin MoD Zrinyi Media Ltd 2011 a b c Revesz Laszlo March 1996 A honfoglalo magyarok Eszakkelet Magyarorszagon Uj Holnap 41 Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 a b c d Gunter Prinzing Maciej Salamon Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa 950 1453 Beitrage einer table ronde wahrend des XIX International Congress of Byzantine Studies Copenhagen 1996 Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 1999 pp 27 33 a b c d Nora Berend At the gate of Christendom Jews Muslims and pagans in medieval Hungary c 1000 c 1300 Cambridge University Press 2001 p 19 a b Laszlo Kosa Istvan Soos A companion to Hungarian studies Akademiai Kiado 1999 p 113 a b c Revesz Laszlo 20 December 2010 Hunok Avarok Magyarok Huns Avars Magyars PDF Hitel folyoirat Magazine of Hitel Archived from the original PDF on 19 March 2012 Revesz Laszlo February 2008 A Felso Tisza videk honfoglalas kori temetoi Historia Magazine of Historia Stanislav J Kirschbaum 3 A History of Slovakia The Struggle for Survival a b c Jozsef Attila Tudomanyegyetem Bolcseszettudomanyi Kar University of Jozsef Attila Acta historica Volumes 92 98 1991 p 3 Miklos Molnar 4 A Concise History of Hungary Andras Gero A magyar tortenelem vitatott szemelyisegei Volume 3 Kossuth 2004 p 13 ISBN 978 963 09 4597 4 Mark Whittow The making of Byzantium 600 1025 University of California Press 1996 p 294 Ferenc Glatz Magyarok a Karpat medenceben Pallas Lap es Konyvkiado Vallalat 1988 p 21 Kevin Alan Brook The Jews of Khazaria Rowman amp Littlefield 2009 p 253 Victor Spinei The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century Hungarians Pechenegs and Uzes Hakkert 2006 p 42 a b c d e f g h Timothy Reuter The New Cambridge Medieval History c 900 c 1024 Cambridge University Press 1995 p 543 545 ISBN 978 0 521 36447 8 Michael David Harkavy The new Webster s international encyclopedia the new illustrated reference guide Trident Press International 1998 p 70 Andras Rona Tas A honfoglalo magyar nep Balassi Kiado Budapest 1997 ISBN 963 506 140 4 Berend Urbanczyk amp Wiszewski 2013 p 72 a b Wolf amp Takacs 2011 p 238 Wolf 2008 p 14 Balassa 1997 p 291 Wolf amp Takacs 2011 p 209 Wolf 2008 pp 13 14 Proto Magyar Texts from the middle of 1st Middle of 1st Millenium or Are they published or not B Lukacs President of Matter Evolution Subcommittee of the HAS H 1525 Bp 114 Pf 49 Budapest Hungary Secondary sources Edit Balassa Ivan ed 1997 Magyar Neprajz IV Hungarian ethnography IV Budapest Akademiai Kiado ISBN 963 05 7325 3 Berend Nora Urbanczyk Przemyslaw Wiszewski Przemyslaw 2013 Central Europe in the High Middle Ages Bohemia Hungary and Poland c 900 c 1300 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 78156 5 Wolf Maria Takacs Miklos 2011 Sancok foldvarak Ramparts earthworks by Wolf A kozepkori falusias telepulesek feltarasa Excavation of the medieval rural settlements by Takacs In Muller Robert ed Regeszeti Kezikonyv Handbook of archaeology Magyar Regesz Szovetseg pp 209 248 ISBN 978 963 08 0860 6 Wolf Maria 2008 A borsodi foldvar PDF Muvelodesi Kozpont Konyvtar es Muzeum Edeleny ISBN 978 963 87047 3 3 Further reading EditKings and Saints The Age of the Arpads PDF Budapest Szekesfehervar Institute of Hungarian Research 2022 ISBN 978 615 6117 65 6 Kozma Gabor Editor et al December 2011 New Results of Cross Border Co operation PDF The Department of Social Geography and Regional Development Planning of the University of Debrecen et al Retrieved 2 June 2012 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a author has generic name help ISBN 9789638916730 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Principality of Hungary amp oldid 1156532430, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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