The appearance of Hungarian tribe names in settlement names. It suggests where arriving Hungarians lived amongst other peoples and helped in reconstructing where arriving tribes settled
The ethnonym of the Hungarian tribal alliance is uncertain. According to one view, following Anonymus's description, the federation was called "Hetumoger" (modern Hungarian: 'hét magyar' - Seven Magyars) ("VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur", "seven princely persons who are called Seven Magyars"[3]), though the word "Magyar" possibly comes from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe, called Megyer. The tribal name "Megyer" became "Magyar" referring to the Hungarian people as a whole.[4][5][6] Written sources called Magyars "Hungarians" before the conquest of the Carpathian Basin when they still lived on the Steppes of Eastern Europe (in 837 "Ungri" mentioned by Georgius Monachus, in 862 "Ungri" by Annales Bertiniani, in 881 "Ungari" by the Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus). The English term "Hungarian" is a derivative of the Latin "Ungri" or "Ungari" forms.
According to András Róna-Tas the locality in which the Hungarians, the Manicha-Er group, emerged was between the Volga river and the Ural Mountains.[7] Between the 8th and 5th centuries BC, the Magyars embarked upon their independent existence and the early period of the proto-Hungarian language began.[7]
Around 830 AD,[8][9] when Álmos, the future Grand Prince of the Hungarians, was about 10 years old, the seven related tribes (Jenő, Kér, Keszi, Kürt-Gyarmat, Megyer [hu], Nyék and Tarján)[10] formed a confederation[8] in Etelköz,[9] called "Hétmagyar" ("Seven Magyars"). Their leaders, the Seven chieftains of the Magyars, besides Álmos, included Előd, Ond, Kond, Tas, Huba and Töhötöm, who took a blood oath, swearing eternal loyalty to Álmos.[11] Presumably, the Magyar tribes consisted of 108 clans.[12]
The confederation of the tribes was probably led by two high princes: the kende (their spiritual ruler) and the gyula (their military leader). The high princes were either elected by the leaders of the tribes or appointed by the Khagan of the Khazars who had been exerting influence over the Magyars. Around 862 AD the seven tribes separated from the Khazars.[citation needed]
Before 881 AD three Turkic tribes rebelled against the rule of the Khagan of the Khazars, but they were suppressed. After their defeat they left the Khazar Empire and voluntarily joined the Hétmagyar confederation. The three tribes were organised into one tribe, called Kabar, and later they played the roles of vanguard and rear guard during the joint military actions of the confederation. The joining of the three tribes to the previous seven created the On-ogur (Ten Arrows),[10] one of the possible origins for the name Hungarian.[clarification needed]
Social organization
The Hungarian social structure was of Turkic origin.[13]
Genetics
Magyars comprised seven clans and later three more clans made of Kabar people. Recent genetic research have shown that the first-generation Magyar core gene pool originated in Central Asia/South Siberia and, as Magyars were moving westward, admixing with additional strata of people of European origin, and people of the Caucasus. Burial samples of the Karos-Eperjesszög Magyars place them genetically closest to Turkic peoples, modern south Caucasian peoples, and modern Western Europeans to a limited degree, while no specific Finno-Ugric markers were found.[14] However, a 2008 study done on 10th-century Magyar skeletons did indeed find a few Uralic samples.[15]
Korai Magyar Történeti Lexikon (9-14. század), főszerkesztő: Kristó, Gyula, szerkesztők: Engel, Pál és Makk, Ferenc (Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1994)
Kristó, Gyula: A Kárpát-medence és a magyarság régmúltja (1301-ig) (Szegedi Középkortörténeti Könyvtár, Szeged, 1993)
Magyarország Történeti Kronológiája I. – A kezdetektől 1526-ig, főszerkesztő: Benda Kálmán (Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1981)
Makkai, László (2001). Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom (896-1526), In: Béla Köpeczi, HISTORY OF TRANSYLVANIA Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606, Columbia University Press, New York, 2001, ISBN0880334797
References
^George H. Hodos, The East-Central European region: an historical outline, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, p. 19
^S. Wise Bauer, The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade, W. W. Norton & Company, 2010, p. 586
^Gyula Decsy, A. J. Bodrogligeti, Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, Volume 63, Otto Harrassowitz, 1991, p. 99
^György Balázs, Károly Szelényi, The Magyars: the birth of a European nation, Corvina, 1989, p. 8
^Alan W. Ertl, Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration, Universal-Publishers, 2008, p. 358
^Z. J. Kosztolnyik, Hungary under the early Árpáds: 890s to 1063, Eastern European Monographs, 2002, p. 3
^ abAndrás Róna-Tas, Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages: an introduction to early Hungarian history, Central European University Press, 1999, p. 319
^ abCarl Waldman, Catherine Mason, Encyclopedia of European peoples, Volume 1, Infobase Publishing, 2006, p. 508
^ abPaul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p. 15-29, p. 533
^ abKevin Alan Brook, The Jews of Khazaria, Rowman & Littlefield, 2009, pp. 163-164.
^Juhász, Pamjav, Fehér, Csányi, Zink, Maixner, Pálfi, Molnár, Pap, Kustár, Révész, Raskó, Török (July 15, 2016). "Genetic structure of the early Hungarian conquerors inferred from mtDNA haplotypes and Y‑chromosome haplogroups in a small cemetery]." (PDF 2018-07-19 at the Wayback Machine) Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/s00438-016-1267-z
^Csányi, B.; Bogácsi-Szabó, E.; Tömöry, Gy.; Czibula, Á.; Priskin, K.; Csõsz, A.; Mende, B.; Langó, P.; Csete, K.; Zsolnai, A.; Conant, E. K.; Downes, C. S.; Raskó, I. (1 July 2008). "Y-Chromosome Analysis of Ancient Hungarian and Two Modern Hungarian-Speaking Populations from the Carpathian Basin". Annals of Human Genetics. 72 (4): 519–534. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00440.x. ISSN 1469-1809. PMID 18373723.
April 03, 2023
magyar, tribes, ɑːr, hungarian, magyar, törzsek, hungarian, clans, were, fundamental, political, units, within, whose, framework, hungarians, magyars, lived, before, hungarian, conquest, carpathian, basin, subsequent, established, principality, hungary, appear. The Magyar tribes ˈ m ae ɡ j ɑːr MAG yar Hungarian magyar torzsek or Hungarian clans were the fundamental political units within whose framework the Hungarians Magyars lived before the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin and the subsequent established the Principality of Hungary 1 2 The appearance of Hungarian tribe names in settlement names It suggests where arriving Hungarians lived amongst other peoples and helped in reconstructing where arriving tribes settled Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Social organization 4 Genetics 5 See also 6 Sources 7 ReferencesEtymology EditSee also Name of Hungary The ethnonym of the Hungarian tribal alliance is uncertain According to one view following Anonymus s description the federation was called Hetumoger modern Hungarian het magyar Seven Magyars VII principales persone qui Hetumoger dicuntur seven princely persons who are called Seven Magyars 3 though the word Magyar possibly comes from the name of the most prominent Hungarian tribe called Megyer The tribal name Megyer became Magyar referring to the Hungarian people as a whole 4 5 6 Written sources called Magyars Hungarians before the conquest of the Carpathian Basin when they still lived on the Steppes of Eastern Europe in 837 Ungri mentioned by Georgius Monachus in 862 Ungri by Annales Bertiniani in 881 Ungari by the Annales ex Annalibus Iuvavensibus The English term Hungarian is a derivative of the Latin Ungri or Ungari forms History EditMain article Hungarian prehistory The Blood oath in Etelkoz According to Andras Rona Tas the locality in which the Hungarians the Manicha Er group emerged was between the Volga river and the Ural Mountains 7 Between the 8th and 5th centuries BC the Magyars embarked upon their independent existence and the early period of the proto Hungarian language began 7 Around 830 AD 8 9 when Almos the future Grand Prince of the Hungarians was about 10 years old the seven related tribes Jeno Ker Keszi Kurt Gyarmat Megyer hu Nyek and Tarjan 10 formed a confederation 8 in Etelkoz 9 called Hetmagyar Seven Magyars Their leaders the Seven chieftains of the Magyars besides Almos included Elod Ond Kond Tas Huba and Tohotom who took a blood oath swearing eternal loyalty to Almos 11 Presumably the Magyar tribes consisted of 108 clans 12 The confederation of the tribes was probably led by two high princes the kende their spiritual ruler and the gyula their military leader The high princes were either elected by the leaders of the tribes or appointed by the Khagan of the Khazars who had been exerting influence over the Magyars Around 862 AD the seven tribes separated from the Khazars citation needed Before 881 AD three Turkic tribes rebelled against the rule of the Khagan of the Khazars but they were suppressed After their defeat they left the Khazar Empire and voluntarily joined the Hetmagyar confederation The three tribes were organised into one tribe called Kabar and later they played the roles of vanguard and rear guard during the joint military actions of the confederation The joining of the three tribes to the previous seven created the On ogur Ten Arrows 10 one of the possible origins for the name Hungarian clarification needed Social organization EditThe Hungarian social structure was of Turkic origin 13 Genetics EditMagyars comprised seven clans and later three more clans made of Kabar people Recent genetic research have shown that the first generation Magyar core gene pool originated in Central Asia South Siberia and as Magyars were moving westward admixing with additional strata of people of European origin and people of the Caucasus Burial samples of the Karos Eperjesszog Magyars place them genetically closest to Turkic peoples modern south Caucasian peoples and modern Western Europeans to a limited degree while no specific Finno Ugric markers were found 14 However a 2008 study done on 10th century Magyar skeletons did indeed find a few Uralic samples 15 See also EditAlmos Grand Prince of the Hungarians Hungarians Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin Ugyek Zoltan of HungarySources EditKorai Magyar Torteneti Lexikon 9 14 szazad foszerkeszto Kristo Gyula szerkesztok Engel Pal es Makk Ferenc Akademiai Kiado Budapest 1994 Kristo Gyula A Karpat medence es a magyarsag regmultja 1301 ig Szegedi Kozepkortorteneti Konyvtar Szeged 1993 Magyarorszag Torteneti Kronologiaja I A kezdetektol 1526 ig foszerkeszto Benda Kalman Akademiai Kiado Budapest 1981 Makkai Laszlo 2001 Transylvania in the medieval Hungarian kingdom 896 1526 In Bela Kopeczi HISTORY OF TRANSYLVANIA Volume I From the Beginnings to 1606 Columbia University Press New York 2001 ISBN 0880334797References Edit George H Hodos The East Central European region an historical outline Greenwood Publishing Group 1999 p 19 S Wise Bauer The history of the medieval world from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade W W Norton amp Company 2010 p 586 Gyula Decsy A J Bodrogligeti Ural Altaische Jahrbucher Volume 63 Otto Harrassowitz 1991 p 99 Gyorgy Balazs Karoly Szelenyi The Magyars the birth of a European nation Corvina 1989 p 8 Alan W Ertl Toward an Understanding of Europe A Political Economic Precis of Continental Integration Universal Publishers 2008 p 358 Z J Kosztolnyik Hungary under the early Arpads 890s to 1063 Eastern European Monographs 2002 p 3 a b Andras Rona Tas Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages an introduction to early Hungarian history Central European University Press 1999 p 319 a b Carl Waldman Catherine Mason Encyclopedia of European peoples Volume 1 Infobase Publishing 2006 p 508 a b Paul Lendvai The Hungarians a thousand years of victory in defeat C Hurst amp Co Publishers 2003 p 15 29 p 533 a b Kevin Alan Brook The Jews of Khazaria Rowman amp Littlefield 2009 pp 163 164 http www kislexikon hu hetmagyar html Hungarian John P C Matthews Explosion the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Hippocrene Books 2007 p 69 Makkai 2001 pp 415 416 Juhasz Pamjav Feher Csanyi Zink Maixner Palfi Molnar Pap Kustar Revesz Rasko Torok July 15 2016 Genetic structure of the early Hungarian conquerors inferred from mtDNA haplotypes and Y chromosome haplogroups in a small cemetery PDF Archived 2018 07 19 at the Wayback Machine Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg doi 10 1007 s00438 016 1267 z Csanyi B Bogacsi Szabo E Tomory Gy Czibula A Priskin K Csosz A Mende B Lango P Csete K Zsolnai A Conant E K Downes C S Rasko I 1 July 2008 Y Chromosome Analysis of Ancient Hungarian and Two Modern Hungarian Speaking Populations from the Carpathian Basin Annals of Human Genetics 72 4 519 534 doi 10 1111 j 1469 1809 2008 00440 x ISSN 1469 1809 PMID 18373723 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Magyar tribes amp oldid 1146542331, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
