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List of disputed territories of India

January 13, 2023

There are several disputed territories of India. A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession or control of land between two or more states or over the possession or control of land by a new state and occupying power after it has conquered the land from a former state no longer currently recognized by the new state.

Map showing disputed territories of India

India faces territorial issues with some of its neighbours – the People's Republic of China, Pakistan and Nepal.[1] It also has border dispute with the Republic of China on Taiwan.[2] India has resolved its un-demarcated border with Bhutan, which included multiple irregularities. India also resolved its border disputes with Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

Current disputes

China

Sino-Indian border

Main article: Line of Actual Control

Two governments claim to be the legitimate Chinese government, the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC; commonly called "Taiwan"). They do not recognise the legitimacy of each other. The PRC has actual control of their areas on India-China border, while the ROC currently has no shared land or maritime border with India. Their views are presented below. The Line of Actual Control (LAC) is presently the operational border between India and the PRC.

People's Republic of China's position

Further information: Sino-Indian border dispute

The Depsang Plains are located on the border of the Indian union territory of Ladakh and the disputed zone of Aksai Chin. The Chinese Army occupied most of the plains during its 1962 war with India,[3] while India controls the western portion of the plains.[4] The dispute remains unresolved.[5]

Arunachal Pradesh is a state of India created on 20 January 1972, located in the far northeast. It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south, and shares international borders with Burma in the east, Bhutan in the west, and China in the north. The majority of the territory is claimed by China, by whom it is called South Tibet. The northern border of Arunachal Pradesh reflects the McMahon Line, a line demarcated by the 1914 Simla Convention between the United Kingdom and the Tibetan government. The Simla Convention was never accepted by the Chinese government, and it was also considered invalid by Tibetans due to unmet conditions specified in the treaty.[6] The boundary was not broadly enforced by the Indian government until 1950. Currently, this territory is administered by India.[7][8]

Republic of China's position

 
Republic of China territorial claims

Throughout the Cold War, the Government of the Republic of China had the same understanding on the China-India border dispute as the PRC.[2] In 1962, the ROC's Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that they did not recognise the legality of the McMahon Line. The same year western countries increased pressure on ROC leader Chiang Kai-shek to recognise the legality of the McMahon Line in order to isolate Beijing.[2] However, Chiang dismissed the McMahon Line as an 'imperialist imposition on China'. In February 1987, India's move to elevate the status of 'Arunachal centrally administered region' to the state of Arunachal Pradesh was declared null and void by the ROC's Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[2] The Ministry, in a formal statement, stated that it did not recognise the 'illegal occupation' of ROC territory south of the McMahon Line and that the establishment of 'Arunachal Pradesh state' was an illegal act. In 1995, Ambassador Teng Pei-Yin (the ROC's first representative to India) in response to an Indian member of parliament, stated that the ROC did not recognise the McMahon Line.[2] However, the ROC has not made any statement on the China-India dispute since.[2]

Disputed areas

 
China's integrated Western Theater Command area.
See also: India-China Border Roads, QUAD, Western Theater Command, China's airbases, and India's airbases

The Chinese Military has an integrated Western Theater Command across the entire border with India.[9] The Indian Military has divided the Line of Actual Control into 3 sectors - the western sector across Ladakh and the Chinese-held Aksai Chin, the central sector across Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, and the eastern sector across Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.[10] Similarly, the Indian Airforce has a New Delhi-based Western Air Command, a Prayagraj-based Central Air Command, and a Shillong-based Eastern Air Command with several AFS (Air Force Stations/Bases), AGL (Advanced Landing Ground airports) and helipads to cover the LAC.

List of disputed areas from west to east along the India-China border:[11]

Disputed area Administrative Controlled by Airbases / AGLs Comments / Geostrategic context
India China India China
Trans-Karakoram Tract (Shaksgam) Ladakh (Leh district) Xinjiang China (since 1963) Daulat Beg Oldi Ceded to China in 1963 by Pakistan subject to the resolution of Kashmir dispute with India.[11] Ref:[12][13][14][15]
Aksai Chin Ladakh (Leh district) Xinjiang China (since 1962) Daulat Beg Oldi AGL, Leh Airport Ref:[16][11]
Demchok sector Ladakh (Leh district) Tibet (Ngari Prefecture) India and China south and north of the Indus River respectively. Fukche[16] Ref:[11]
Chumar (2 separate noncontiguous Chumur North & Chumur South subsectors) Ladakh (Leh district) Tibet India Nyoma,[16] Padum AGL,[16] helipad at Chumur. Ref:[11]
Kaurik Himachal Pradesh (Lahaul and Spiti district )[11] Tibet India Chinyalisaur Airport AGL, Pathankot Airport Ref:[11]
Tashigang-Shipki La Himachal Pradesh (Kinnaur district) Tibet India Chinyalisaur AGL, Pathankot Airport Shipki La, with Indian military post, is an important pass for trade.
Ref:[11][17]
Sang-Nelang-Pulam Sumda Uttarakhand (Uttarkashi district) Tibet India Chinyalisaur AGL, Pathankot Airport Area also covers Jadhang villages.Ref:[11]
Barahoti Uttarakhand (Chamoli district) Tibet India[11] Chinyalisaur AGL, Pithoragarh Airport AGL Area also covers Silakang Lapthal Sangcha Malla villages.[11]
Ref:[11]
Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Tibet India Tawang AFS & 7 AGLs[18] (Aalo, Mechuka, Pasighat, Tuting, Vijoynagar, Walong, Ziro) Most of the state is claimed by China.[11]
Ref:[11]

Within the geostrategic context of disputes between India and China, the disputes over Doklam and the Ten Degree Channel and South China Sea shipping lane are also relevant. Doklam is a dispute between Bhutan and China near the India-Bhutan-China tri-junction. India has sided with Bhutan in the dispute.[19][20] The area is of strategic importance to all three countries.[21] Doklam lies close to India's Siliguri "Chickenneck" Corridor where a Chinese military advance of less than 130 kilometres (81 mi) would cut off Bhutan, part of West Bengal and all of Northeast India, an area containing almost 50 million people. This scenario arose during the war between India and China in 1962.[22][17] India has embarked on a slew of Northeastern India connectivity projects to create multiple alternatives to the Silliguri corridor, including through Bangladesh, National Waterways and seaports, to mitigate the risk of being cut off.

The world's busiest Sea line of communication (SLOC) passes through the Strait of Malacca and the Ten Degree Channel in the exclusive economic zone of India, a region protected by India's Andaman and Nicobar Command. It is a geostrategic choke point for China since over 94,000 merchant ships travel through every year, carrying 40% of the world's freight trade between China and other nations.[23] US$5 trillion in annual shipping trade passes through the SLOC and choke points of Southeast Asia and the South China Sea (SCS).[24][25] 80% of global trade passes through the Indian Ocean SLOC in the form of oil and natural gas critical for advanced economies.[25] India, Australia, Japan and the United States have comprised the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) to contain China as part of their Indo-Pacific strategy.[26][27][28][29]

Pakistan

Further information: India–Pakistan border

Kashmir

Further information: Kashmir conflict
 
The divisions of the disputed Kashmir region administered by the republics of Pakistan, India, and China

The conflict over Kashmir is primarily between India and Pakistan, with China largely playing a third-party role.[30][31] Conflict started after the partition of India in 1947, as both India and Pakistan initially claimed the entirety of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1963, Pakistan recognized Chinese sovereignty over the Trans-Karakoram Tract and Aksai Chin.[13] India controls 70% of Kashmir's population and approximately 55% of its land area including Jammu, Kashmir Valley, most of Ladakh, and Siachen Glacier.[32] Pakistan controls approximately 30% of the land including Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. China controls the remaining 15% of the land, including Aksai Chin and the mostly uninhabited Trans-Karakoram Tract, as well as part of the Demchok sector.[33][34][35][36][37][38]

Sir Creek

Sir Creek is a 96 km (60 mi) tidal estuary in the uninhabited marshlands of the Indus River Delta on the border between India and Pakistan. It flows into the Arabian Sea and separates Gujarat state in India from Sindh province in Pakistan.[39] The long-standing India-Pakistan Sir Creek border dispute stems from the demarcation "from the mouth of Sir Creek to the top of Sir Creek, and from the top of Sir Creek eastward to a point on the line designated on the Western Terminus".[39][40] From this point onward, the boundary is unambiguously fixed as defined by the Tribunal Award of 1968.[41]

Junagadh and Manavadar

In a new political map released in 2020, Pakistan claimed the former princely states of Junagadh and Manavadar.[42][43][44]

Nepal

Further information: India–Nepal border

Major areas of dispute between India and Nepal are Kalapani, Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh, Susta, Mechi, and Tanakpur.[45] An estimated 60,000 hectares of border land is currently disputed between India and Nepal.[46]

Kalapani territory

Although claimed by Nepal, Kalapani has been administered by Indian army since the 1962 border war with China and Indian maps have been showing Kalapani as part of India since long time.[45] The 1816 Treaty of Sugauli signed by Kingdom of Nepal and British India in 1816 utilizes the Kali River as Nepal's western boundary with India. However, lack of consensus on what is the precise location of the river Kali has resulted in dispute over whether the land consisting Kalapani, Limpiyadhura and Lipulekh is part of India or Nepal.[47] Some scholars suggest that the lack of consensus is because of British cartographers who kept on shifting the line demarcating the river eastwards for strategic reasons. However, there are also some scholars who believe that lack of consensus is due to the shift in the course of the river over time.[47]

In November 2019, India issued a new political map of the country which, like earlier maps, showed Kalapani as part of India. This new map was rejected by Nepal, and mass protest against India took place across the country and outside the Indian embassy in Nepal. Protesters accused India of occupying their land.[48] In May 2020, the Indian Defence minister, Rajnath Singh inaugurated an 80 km road from Dharchula to Lipulekh pass. Nepal protested against the construction of the road.[49] The Lipulekh area is currently under India's control. On 20 May 2020, Nepal launched its own map showing Kalapani, Limpiyadhura and Lipulekh as parts of its own territory.[50] The new map was subsequently approved by the Nepali parliament on 18 June 2020. India opposed the move, claiming that the decision to include Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh and Kalapani is not based on evidence or historical facts.[51]

On 15 June 2020, the Indian border police, Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), reported that border pillars which served as demarcation were missing along the India-Nepal border. SSB also reported that Nepali border police had established five new border outposts near the disputed area.[52] On 19 June, Nepal started deploying troops near the disputed areas. The troops had established camps and they were working on building a helipad in the area.[53] In the same month Nepali Army Chief, General Purna Chandra Thapa, after visiting the Kalapani border area, stated that the Nepali Army will start building army barracks and border outposts near the Kalapani area.[54] On 21 June, Indian residents in border villages of Dharchula and Jhoolaghat in Pithoragarh district claimed that radio stations in Nepal were conducting a propaganda campaign against India by playing anti-India songs and biased news bulletins showing India in a bad light.[55]

Susta territory

Susta is another territory which is disputed between Nepal and India. It is currently controlled by India as a part of Bihar state. Media reported residents of a village in Susta claiming that Susta belongs to Nepal and they are Nepali citizens.[56] The 1816 Treaty of Sugauli defined Gandaki river as the international boundary between India and Nepal. The right bank of the river was under Nepal's control while the left bank was under India's control. Susta village was initially on the right bank when the treaty was signed and it was a part of Nepal. However, over the years, the Gandaki river changed its course and Susta moved to the left bank and is now currently under India's control.[56] The Government of Nepal has repeatedly stated that Susta belongs to Nepal and that the Indian government should return the area.

Resolved disputes

Sri Lanka

The dispute on the status of the island of Kachatheevu was settled in 1974 by an agreement between both countries.[57] But still some cases are still ongoing in High Court of Madras which are filed earlier regarding this dispute stating as illegally issued to Sri Lanka.[58] Several actions were still taken by the union government of India to retrieve that island back to Indian territory once again.[59]

Bangladesh

Further information: Bangladesh–India border
Main article: India–Bangladesh enclaves

South Talpatti (as it was known internationally) or Sheikh Mujib Island (as it was known by Bangladeshi Awami League supporters) was a small uninhabited offshore sandbar landform in the Bay of Bengal, off the coast of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta region. In the aftermath of the Bhola cyclone in 1970, it emerged in the Bay of Bengal on the Bangladeshi side of the dividing river, and disappeared before or during Cyclone Aila in 2009. In March 2010, Sugata Hazra of the School of Oceanographic Studies at Jadavpur University, Kolkata, said that the island had disappeared and that sea level rise caused by climate change was a factor.[60]

The enclaves were reputedly part of a high stake card or chess games centuries ago between two regional kings, the Maharaja of Cooch Behar and the Nawab of Rangpur and the result of a confused outcome of a treaty between the Kingdom of Cooch Behar and the Mughal Empire. After the partition of India in 1947, Cooch Behar district joined India and Rangpur went to East Pakistan, which became Bangladesh in 1971. The prime ministers of India and Bangladesh signed a Land Boundary Agreement in 1974 to exchange enclaves and simplify the international border. In 1974 Bangladesh approved a proposed treaty to exchange all enclaves within each other's territories, but India did not ratify it. Another agreement was made in 2011 to exchange enclaves and adverse possessions. A revised version of the agreement was finally adopted by the two countries 41 years after negotiations began, when the Parliament of India passed the 100th Amendment Act to the Indian Constitution on May 7, 2015.[61] Inside the main part of Bangladesh, there were 111 Indian enclaves (17,160.63 acres), while in the main part of India, there were 51 Bangladeshi enclaves (7,110.02 acres). In respect of adverse possessions, India received 2,777.038 acres of land and transferred 2267.682 acres to Bangladesh. India ratified the agreement by constitutional amendment in May 2015.[62] Under this agreement, the enclave residents could continue to reside at their present location or move to the country of their choice.[63][64] The adverse possession of Berubari went to Bangladesh.[65] The unmarked borders between the nations were also finally solved regarding Daikhata-Dumabari, Muhurichar river island[66] and Pyrdiwah.[67]

See also

References

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External links

  • Disputed territories of India

January 13, 2023
list, disputed, territories, india, there, several, disputed, territories, india, territorial, dispute, disagreement, over, possession, control, land, between, more, states, over, possession, control, land, state, occupying, power, after, conquered, land, from. There are several disputed territories of India A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession or control of land between two or more states or over the possession or control of land by a new state and occupying power after it has conquered the land from a former state no longer currently recognized by the new state Map showing disputed territories of India India faces territorial issues with some of its neighbours the People s Republic of China Pakistan and Nepal 1 It also has border dispute with the Republic of China on Taiwan 2 India has resolved its un demarcated border with Bhutan which included multiple irregularities India also resolved its border disputes with Bangladesh and Sri Lanka Contents 1 Current disputes 1 1 China 1 1 1 Sino Indian border 1 1 2 People s Republic of China s position 1 1 3 Republic of China s position 1 1 4 Disputed areas 1 2 Pakistan 1 2 1 Kashmir 1 2 2 Sir Creek 1 2 3 Junagadh and Manavadar 1 3 Nepal 1 3 1 Kalapani territory 1 3 2 Susta territory 2 Resolved disputes 2 1 Sri Lanka 2 2 Bangladesh 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksCurrent disputes EditChina Edit Sino Indian border Edit Main article Line of Actual Control Two governments claim to be the legitimate Chinese government the People s Republic of China PRC and the Republic of China ROC commonly called Taiwan They do not recognise the legitimacy of each other The PRC has actual control of their areas on India China border while the ROC currently has no shared land or maritime border with India Their views are presented below The Line of Actual Control LAC is presently the operational border between India and the PRC People s Republic of China s position Edit Further information Sino Indian border dispute The Depsang Plains are located on the border of the Indian union territory of Ladakh and the disputed zone of Aksai Chin The Chinese Army occupied most of the plains during its 1962 war with India 3 while India controls the western portion of the plains 4 The dispute remains unresolved 5 Arunachal Pradesh is a state of India created on 20 January 1972 located in the far northeast It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south and shares international borders with Burma in the east Bhutan in the west and China in the north The majority of the territory is claimed by China by whom it is called South Tibet The northern border of Arunachal Pradesh reflects the McMahon Line a line demarcated by the 1914 Simla Convention between the United Kingdom and the Tibetan government The Simla Convention was never accepted by the Chinese government and it was also considered invalid by Tibetans due to unmet conditions specified in the treaty 6 The boundary was not broadly enforced by the Indian government until 1950 Currently this territory is administered by India 7 8 Republic of China s position Edit Republic of China territorial claims Throughout the Cold War the Government of the Republic of China had the same understanding on the China India border dispute as the PRC 2 In 1962 the ROC s Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that they did not recognise the legality of the McMahon Line The same year western countries increased pressure on ROC leader Chiang Kai shek to recognise the legality of the McMahon Line in order to isolate Beijing 2 However Chiang dismissed the McMahon Line as an imperialist imposition on China In February 1987 India s move to elevate the status of Arunachal centrally administered region to the state of Arunachal Pradesh was declared null and void by the ROC s Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2 The Ministry in a formal statement stated that it did not recognise the illegal occupation of ROC territory south of the McMahon Line and that the establishment of Arunachal Pradesh state was an illegal act In 1995 Ambassador Teng Pei Yin the ROC s first representative to India in response to an Indian member of parliament stated that the ROC did not recognise the McMahon Line 2 However the ROC has not made any statement on the China India dispute since 2 Disputed areas Edit China s integrated Western Theater Command area See also India China Border Roads QUAD Western Theater Command China s airbases and India s airbases The Chinese Military has an integrated Western Theater Command across the entire border with India 9 The Indian Military has divided the Line of Actual Control into 3 sectors the western sector across Ladakh and the Chinese held Aksai Chin the central sector across Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand and the eastern sector across Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh 10 Similarly the Indian Airforce has a New Delhi based Western Air Command a Prayagraj based Central Air Command and a Shillong based Eastern Air Command with several AFS Air Force Stations Bases AGL Advanced Landing Ground airports and helipads to cover the LAC List of disputed areas from west to east along the India China border 11 Disputed area Administrative Controlled by Airbases AGLs Comments Geostrategic contextIndia China India ChinaTrans Karakoram Tract Shaksgam Ladakh Leh district Xinjiang China since 1963 Daulat Beg Oldi Ceded to China in 1963 by Pakistan subject to the resolution of Kashmir dispute with India 11 Ref 12 13 14 15 Aksai Chin Ladakh Leh district Xinjiang China since 1962 Daulat Beg Oldi AGL Leh Airport Ref 16 11 Demchok sector Ladakh Leh district Tibet Ngari Prefecture India and China south and north of the Indus River respectively Fukche 16 Ref 11 Chumar 2 separate noncontiguous Chumur North amp Chumur South subsectors Ladakh Leh district Tibet India Nyoma 16 Padum AGL 16 helipad at Chumur Ref 11 Kaurik Himachal Pradesh Lahaul and Spiti district 11 Tibet India Chinyalisaur Airport AGL Pathankot Airport Ref 11 Tashigang Shipki La Himachal Pradesh Kinnaur district Tibet India Chinyalisaur AGL Pathankot Airport Shipki La with Indian military post is an important pass for trade Ref 11 17 Sang Nelang Pulam Sumda Uttarakhand Uttarkashi district Tibet India Chinyalisaur AGL Pathankot Airport Area also covers Jadhang villages Ref 11 Barahoti Uttarakhand Chamoli district Tibet India 11 Chinyalisaur AGL Pithoragarh Airport AGL Area also covers Silakang Lapthal Sangcha Malla villages 11 Ref 11 Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Tibet India Tawang AFS amp 7 AGLs 18 Aalo Mechuka Pasighat Tuting Vijoynagar Walong Ziro Most of the state is claimed by China 11 Ref 11 Within the geostrategic context of disputes between India and China the disputes over Doklam and the Ten Degree Channel and South China Sea shipping lane are also relevant Doklam is a dispute between Bhutan and China near the India Bhutan China tri junction India has sided with Bhutan in the dispute 19 20 The area is of strategic importance to all three countries 21 Doklam lies close to India s Siliguri Chickenneck Corridor where a Chinese military advance of less than 130 kilometres 81 mi would cut off Bhutan part of West Bengal and all of Northeast India an area containing almost 50 million people This scenario arose during the war between India and China in 1962 22 17 India has embarked on a slew of Northeastern India connectivity projects to create multiple alternatives to the Silliguri corridor including through Bangladesh National Waterways and seaports to mitigate the risk of being cut off The world s busiest Sea line of communication SLOC passes through the Strait of Malacca and the Ten Degree Channel in the exclusive economic zone of India a region protected by India s Andaman and Nicobar Command It is a geostrategic choke point for China since over 94 000 merchant ships travel through every year carrying 40 of the world s freight trade between China and other nations 23 US 5 trillion in annual shipping trade passes through the SLOC and choke points of Southeast Asia and the South China Sea SCS 24 25 80 of global trade passes through the Indian Ocean SLOC in the form of oil and natural gas critical for advanced economies 25 India Australia Japan and the United States have comprised the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue QUAD to contain China as part of their Indo Pacific strategy 26 27 28 29 Pakistan Edit Further information India Pakistan border Kashmir Edit Further information Kashmir conflict The divisions of the disputed Kashmir region administered by the republics of Pakistan India and China The conflict over Kashmir is primarily between India and Pakistan with China largely playing a third party role 30 31 Conflict started after the partition of India in 1947 as both India and Pakistan initially claimed the entirety of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir In 1963 Pakistan recognized Chinese sovereignty over the Trans Karakoram Tract and Aksai Chin 13 India controls 70 of Kashmir s population and approximately 55 of its land area including Jammu Kashmir Valley most of Ladakh and Siachen Glacier 32 Pakistan controls approximately 30 of the land including Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan China controls the remaining 15 of the land including Aksai Chin and the mostly uninhabited Trans Karakoram Tract as well as part of the Demchok sector 33 34 35 36 37 38 Sir Creek Edit Sir Creek is a 96 km 60 mi tidal estuary in the uninhabited marshlands of the Indus River Delta on the border between India and Pakistan It flows into the Arabian Sea and separates Gujarat state in India from Sindh province in Pakistan 39 The long standing India Pakistan Sir Creek border dispute stems from the demarcation from the mouth of Sir Creek to the top of Sir Creek and from the top of Sir Creek eastward to a point on the line designated on the Western Terminus 39 40 From this point onward the boundary is unambiguously fixed as defined by the Tribunal Award of 1968 41 Junagadh and Manavadar Edit In a new political map released in 2020 Pakistan claimed the former princely states of Junagadh and Manavadar 42 43 44 Nepal Edit Further information India Nepal border Major areas of dispute between India and Nepal are Kalapani Limpiyadhura Lipulekh Susta Mechi and Tanakpur 45 An estimated 60 000 hectares of border land is currently disputed between India and Nepal 46 Kalapani territory Edit Although claimed by Nepal Kalapani has been administered by Indian army since the 1962 border war with China and Indian maps have been showing Kalapani as part of India since long time 45 The 1816 Treaty of Sugauli signed by Kingdom of Nepal and British India in 1816 utilizes the Kali River as Nepal s western boundary with India However lack of consensus on what is the precise location of the river Kali has resulted in dispute over whether the land consisting Kalapani Limpiyadhura and Lipulekh is part of India or Nepal 47 Some scholars suggest that the lack of consensus is because of British cartographers who kept on shifting the line demarcating the river eastwards for strategic reasons However there are also some scholars who believe that lack of consensus is due to the shift in the course of the river over time 47 In November 2019 India issued a new political map of the country which like earlier maps showed Kalapani as part of India This new map was rejected by Nepal and mass protest against India took place across the country and outside the Indian embassy in Nepal Protesters accused India of occupying their land 48 In May 2020 the Indian Defence minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated an 80 km road from Dharchula to Lipulekh pass Nepal protested against the construction of the road 49 The Lipulekh area is currently under India s control On 20 May 2020 Nepal launched its own map showing Kalapani Limpiyadhura and Lipulekh as parts of its own territory 50 The new map was subsequently approved by the Nepali parliament on 18 June 2020 India opposed the move claiming that the decision to include Limpiyadhura Lipulekh and Kalapani is not based on evidence or historical facts 51 On 15 June 2020 the Indian border police Sashastra Seema Bal SSB reported that border pillars which served as demarcation were missing along the India Nepal border SSB also reported that Nepali border police had established five new border outposts near the disputed area 52 On 19 June Nepal started deploying troops near the disputed areas The troops had established camps and they were working on building a helipad in the area 53 In the same month Nepali Army Chief General Purna Chandra Thapa after visiting the Kalapani border area stated that the Nepali Army will start building army barracks and border outposts near the Kalapani area 54 On 21 June Indian residents in border villages of Dharchula and Jhoolaghat in Pithoragarh district claimed that radio stations in Nepal were conducting a propaganda campaign against India by playing anti India songs and biased news bulletins showing India in a bad light 55 Susta territory Edit Susta is another territory which is disputed between Nepal and India It is currently controlled by India as a part of Bihar state Media reported residents of a village in Susta claiming that Susta belongs to Nepal and they are Nepali citizens 56 The 1816 Treaty of Sugauli defined Gandaki river as the international boundary between India and Nepal The right bank of the river was under Nepal s control while the left bank was under India s control Susta village was initially on the right bank when the treaty was signed and it was a part of Nepal However over the years the Gandaki river changed its course and Susta moved to the left bank and is now currently under India s control 56 The Government of Nepal has repeatedly stated that Susta belongs to Nepal and that the Indian government should return the area Resolved disputes EditSri Lanka Edit The dispute on the status of the island of Kachatheevu was settled in 1974 by an agreement between both countries 57 But still some cases are still ongoing in High Court of Madras which are filed earlier regarding this dispute stating as illegally issued to Sri Lanka 58 Several actions were still taken by the union government of India to retrieve that island back to Indian territory once again 59 Bangladesh Edit Further information Bangladesh India border Main article India Bangladesh enclaves South Talpatti as it was known internationally or Sheikh Mujib Island as it was known by Bangladeshi Awami League supporters was a small uninhabited offshore sandbar landform in the Bay of Bengal off the coast of the Ganga Brahmaputra Delta region In the aftermath of the Bhola cyclone in 1970 it emerged in the Bay of Bengal on the Bangladeshi side of the dividing river and disappeared before or during Cyclone Aila in 2009 In March 2010 Sugata Hazra of the School of Oceanographic Studies at Jadavpur University Kolkata said that the island had disappeared and that sea level rise caused by climate change was a factor 60 The enclaves were reputedly part of a high stake card or chess games centuries ago between two regional kings the Maharaja of Cooch Behar and the Nawab of Rangpur and the result of a confused outcome of a treaty between the Kingdom of Cooch Behar and the Mughal Empire After the partition of India in 1947 Cooch Behar district joined India and Rangpur went to East Pakistan which became Bangladesh in 1971 The prime ministers of India and Bangladesh signed a Land Boundary Agreement in 1974 to exchange enclaves and simplify the international border In 1974 Bangladesh approved a proposed treaty to exchange all enclaves within each other s territories but India did not ratify it Another agreement was made in 2011 to exchange enclaves and adverse possessions A revised version of the agreement was finally adopted by the two countries 41 years after negotiations began when the Parliament of India passed the 100th Amendment Act to the Indian Constitution on May 7 2015 61 Inside the main part of Bangladesh there were 111 Indian enclaves 17 160 63 acres while in the main part of India there were 51 Bangladeshi enclaves 7 110 02 acres In respect of adverse possessions India received 2 777 038 acres of land and transferred 2267 682 acres to Bangladesh India ratified the agreement by constitutional amendment in May 2015 62 Under this agreement the enclave residents could continue to reside at their present location or move to the country of their choice 63 64 The adverse possession of Berubari went to Bangladesh 65 The unmarked borders between the nations were also finally solved regarding Daikhata Dumabari Muhurichar river island 66 and Pyrdiwah 67 See also Edit India portalClimate of India Borders of India Extreme points of India Exclusive economic zone of India Geography of India Outline of IndiaReferences Edit Vaid Darvi 10 May 2020 New road rouses territorial dispute between India and Nepal DW com a b c d e f P Panda Jagannath 8 April 2019 India and China in Asia Between Equilibrium and Equations Routledge ISBN 9780429755163 Manoj Joshi 2013 05 07 Making sense of the Depsang incursion The Hindu Retrieved 2014 03 15 Khurshid to visit China on May 9 no date for flag meet Hindustan Times 2013 04 25 Archived from the original on April 25 2013 Retrieved 2014 03 15 Let s shake hands 20 days on China withdraws troops from Ladakh India News India Today Indiatoday intoday in 2013 05 05 Retrieved 2014 03 15 Tsering Shakya 1999 The Dragon in the Land of Snows A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947 Columbia University Press pp 279 ISBN 978 0 231 11814 9 Guo Rongxing 2006 Territorial Disputes and Resource Management A Global Handbook Nova Publishers p 51 ISBN 9781600214455 Shurtleff William Aoyagi Akiko 2010 History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in South Asia Indian Subcontinent 1656 2010 Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook illustrated ed Soyinfo Center p 952 ISBN 9781928914310 Eye on India China raises Tibet military command rank Central Tibetan Administration tibet net Retrieved 2016 10 01 Twisting India s Chicken s Neck lowyinstitute org Retrieved 2020 07 18 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n India s border dispute with neighbors aa com tr Retrieved 2020 07 18 Facing the truth 20 October 2006 The Shaksgam Valley was never part of Kashmir and the northern and eastern boundaries of Kashmir were undefined a b Signing with the Red Chinese Time magazine 15 March 1963 Archived from the original on December 22 2008 Retrieved 28 October 2019 R Chandrashekhar 2017 THE GILGIT AND BALTISTAN REGIONS OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR STATE PDF Center for Joint Warfare Studies New Delhi Xtreme Office Aids Pvt Ltd p 63 ISBN 978 93 84492 36 6 Complete Atlas Of The World 3 ed Penguin Random House 2016 p 238 via Internet Archive claimed by India a b c d India plans AGL strips Deccan Herald 2014 a b Believe It Or Not China Has Been Grabbing Land For Forty Years Say Ladakh Residents outlookindia com Retrieved 2020 07 18 IAF to have seven AGL in Arunachal Pradesh Economic Times 2018 Banyan 27 July 2017 A Himalayan spat between China and India evokes memories of war The Economist archived from the original on 8 August 2017 Translation of the Proceedings and Resolutions of the 82nd Session of the National Assembly Of Bhutan PDF June August 2004 p 84 Archived PDF from the original on 7 October 2015 Retrieved 20 July 2017 People say in Doklam India is better placed Why do we think Chinese could only act here says Shyam Saran The Indian Express 12 August 2017 archived from the original on 13 August 2017 Partha S Ghosh Cooperation and Conflict in South Asia UPL Dhaka 1989 p 43 The Growing Strategic Importance of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Future Directions org 15 JUNE 2017 More muscle for India s Andaman and Nicobar defence posts to counter hawkish China Hindustan Times 26 Aug 2017 a b Australia s own Indo Pacific fortress The case for redeveloping Cocos Islands Defence Connect 28 MAY 2019 Griffiths James A border dispute with China may push India closer to some of Beijing s top rivals CNN Retrieved 2020 06 18 Chellaney Brahma Different playbooks aimed at balancing Asia s powers The Japan Times 3 November 2008 originally published by the BBC Monitoring South Asia Ching Frank Asian Arc of Democracy Archived 10 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine Twining Daniel The new Asian order s challenge to China Financial Times 26 September 2007 Yahuda Michael 2 June 2002 China and the Kashmir crisis BBC Retrieved 22 March 2019 Chang I wei Jennifer 9 February 2017 China s Kashmir Policies and Crisis Management in South Asia United States Institute of Peace Retrieved 22 March 2019 Malik V P 2010 Kargil from Surprise to Victory paperback ed HarperCollins Publishers India p 54 ISBN 9789350293133 Kashmir region Indian subcontinent Encyclopaedia Britannica Retrieved 16 July 2016 Jammu amp Kashmir European Foundation for South Asian Studies Retrieved 4 May 2020 Snow Shawn 19 September 2016 Analysis Why Kashmir Matters The Diplomat Retrieved 4 May 2020 Hobbs Joseph J 13 March 2008 World Regional Geography CengageBrain p 314 ISBN 978 0495389507 Ie Ess Wor Reg Geog W Cd Thomson Learning EMEA 2002 ISBN 9780534168100 India now holds about 55 of the old state of Kashmir Pakistan 30 and China 15 Margolis Eric 2004 War at the Top of the World The Struggle for Afghanistan Kashmir and Tibet paperback ed Routledge p 56 ISBN 9781135955595 a b The troubled waters of Sir Creek Gujarat CM s demand for a freeze on the disputed creek complicates issue dated 16 December 2012 India Today Retrieved 29 Dec 2019 Pakistan security experts declare Sir Creek dispute technically resolved dna 7 September 2013 Kargilisation of Sir Creek The Tribune Chandigarh Retrieved May 21 2006 Why Pakistan has claimed Junagadh in its new political map India Today 7 August 2020 Retrieved 27 May 2021 Pakistan unveils new political map of country shows Junagarh Manavdar and Sir Creek areas of Gujarat as Pakistani territory DeshGujarat 4 August 2020 Retrieved 27 May 2021 After Nepal Pakistan unveils new political map Jammu amp Kashmir and Ladakh claimed India retorts The Himalayan Times 4 August 2020 Retrieved 27 May 2021 a b India and Nepal s Slow Motion Border Dispute The Diplomat 4 January 2020 As a river changed its course a village on the India Nepal border became disputed territory Scroll in 19 March 2017 a b Mapping the history of Kalapani dispute between India and Nepal Indian Express 13 June 2020 India s updated political map stirs controversy in Nepal Al Jazeera 8 November 2019 Nepal summons Indian envoy to protest opening of road to Lipulekh Hindustan Times 11 May 2020 Bhattacherjee Kallol 20 May 2020 Nepal s new political map claims India s territories via www thehindu com Nepal Parliament approves new map that includes land India claims Al Jazeera 18 June 2020 India Nepal border posts missing SSB Times of India 15 June 2020 In a first Nepal deploys its troops at border with India India Today 19 June 2020 Nepal to set up army barrack border outpost near Kalapani after getting controversial new map theprint in 19 June 2020 Nepal stations bombard Uttarakhand villages with anti India Times of India 21 June 2020 a b As a river changed its course a village on the India Nepal border became disputed territory scroll in 19 March 2017 Kachchatheevu was not ceded to Sri Lanka Centre tells court The Hindu 2013 08 31 ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 2021 09 26 Correspondent Legal 2018 08 22 HC wants to know status of case filed by Jayalalithaa to retrieve Katchatheevu The Hindu ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 2021 05 31 Centre making sincere efforts to retrieve Katchatheevu V K Singh The Hindu Special Correspondent 2021 02 08 ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 2022 04 16 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint others link Wade Matt March 25 2010 Rising sea level settles border dispute The Sydney Morning Herald Retrieved April 4 2010 The Constitution 119th Amendment Bill 2013 PRS India Accessed 10 May 2015 1 India 2 December 2014 Everything you need to know Land swap in offing with Bangladesh to end disputes The Indian Express Retrieved 29 May 2015 Sougata Mukhopadhyay 7 September 2011 India Bangladesh sign pact on border demarcation CNN IBN Archived from the original on 22 June 2012 Retrieved 2011 09 20 Special Correspondent 2015 05 07 Parliament passes historic land accord bill to redraw border with Bangladesh The Times Of India Retrieved 2015 05 07 MANOJ ANAND 2015 05 08 Bangladesh land swap deal AGP calls bandh says PM Modi betrayed people The Asian Age Retrieved 2015 05 08 Shubhajit Roy 2014 12 02 Everything you need to know Land swap in offing with Bangladesh to end disputes Indian Express Retrieved 2014 12 02 Special correspondent 2015 05 06 Meghalaya groups flay land swap deal Calcutta Telegraph Retrieved 2014 05 06 External links EditDisputed territories of India Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of disputed territories of India amp oldid 1114377657, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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