The Sino-Pakistan Agreement[a] is a 1963 document between the governments of Pakistan and China establishing the border between those countries in the disputed Kashmir region.[3]
The Boundary Agreement between China and Pakistan, 1963
Agreement on the boundary between China's Sinkiang and the contiguous areas[1]
Marshal Chen Yi, Plenipotentiary of the Government of the People's Republic of China
Z. Ali Bhutto, Plenipotentiary of the Government of Pakistan
Parties
China
Pakistan
Citations
Languages
Chinese, English, Urdu
Full text
中华人民共和国政府和巴基斯坦政府关于中国新疆和由巴基斯坦实际控制其防务的各个地区相接壤的边界的协定 at Wikisource
It resulted in both countries ceding over 1,942 square kilometres (750 sq mi)[clarification needed] to the other. Pakistan recognized Chinese sovereignty over land in Northern Areas of Kashmir and Ladakh.[4][5] However, Indian writers have insisted that in this transaction, Pakistan surrendered approximately 5,300 km2 (2,050 sq mi) of territory to China.[6][7] The agreement is ruled invalid and illegal by India, which also claims sovereignty over part of the land. In addition to increasing tensions with India, the agreement shifted the balance of the Cold War by bringing Pakistan and China closer together while loosening ties between Pakistan and the United States.
In 1959, Pakistan became concerned that Chinese maps showed areas of Pakistan in China. In 1961, Ayub Khan sent a formal note to China, there was no reply.
After Pakistan voted to grant China a seat in the United Nations, the Chinese withdrew the disputed maps in January 1962, agreeing to enter border talks in March. The willingness of the Chinese to enter the agreement was welcomed by the people of Pakistan. Negotiations between the nations officially began on October 13, 1962, and resulted in an agreement being signed on 2 March 1963.[3] It was signed by foreign ministers Chen Yi for the Chinese and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto for the Pakistani.
China was accommodating to Pakistan's positions during the negotiations.[8] For example, according to Pakistani diplomat Abdul Sattar, after the border alignment was already agreed, the Pakistan side realized that grazing lands falling on the Chinese side had historically been used by inhabitants of Hunza.[8]Zhou Enlai agreed to amend the boundary to add 750 square miles to the Pakistan side to preserve this historic use.[8] China's accommodating approach in the negotiations was motivated not just by the desire to resolve boundary issues; China also wanted to demonstrate its desire for calm borders, its peaceful intentions generally, and China wanted to use a successful conclusion to the boundary issues with Pakistan to portray its border issues with India as a result of India's intransigence.[8]
The agreement resulted in China and Pakistan each withdrawing from about 1,900 square kilometres (750 square miles) of territory, and a boundary on the basis of the 1899 British Note to China as modified by Lord Curzon in 1905. Indian writers have insisted that in this transaction, Pakistan surrendered approximately 5,300 km2 (2,050 sq mi) of territory to China (to which they believe it had no right in the first place).[7] The claim given up by Pakistan was the area north of the Uprang Jilga River which also included the Raksam Plots where the Mir of Hunza had enjoyed taxing and grazing rights throughout much of the late 19th Century as part of agreements with Chinese authorities in Sinkiang. Despite this, sovereignty over area was never challenged by the Mir of Hunza, the British or the State of Jammu and Kashmir. [6]
Significance
The agreement was moderately economically advantageous to Pakistan, which received grazing lands in the deal, but of far more significance politically, as it both diminished potential for conflict between China and Pakistan and, Syed indicates, "placed China formally and firmly on record as maintaining that Kashmir did not, as yet, belong to India.[9]Time, reporting on the matter in 1963, expressed the opinion that by signing the agreement Pakistan had further "dimmed hopes of settlement" of the Kashmir conflict between Pakistan and India. Under this Sino-Pakistan Agreement, Pakistani control to a part of northern Kashmir was recognized by China.[3]
During this period, China was in dispute with India regarding Kashmir's eastern boundary, with India making claims of the border having been demarcated beforehand and China making claims that such demarcations had never happened. Pakistan and China recognized in their agreement that the border had been neither delimited nor demarcated, providing support to the Chinese position.[10]
For Pakistan, which had border disputes on its eastern and western borders, the agreement provided relief by securing its northern border from any future contest. The Treaty also provided for clear a demarcation of the boundary for Pakistan, which would continue to serve as the boundary even after Kashmir dispute might be resolved.[10]
According to Jane's International Defence Review, the agreement was also of significance in the Cold War, as Pakistan had ties with the United States and membership in the Central Treaty Organization and the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization.[11] The agreement was part of an overall tightening of association with China for Pakistan, which resulted in Pakistan's distancing from the United States.[11][12][13] After defining borders, the two countries also entered into agreements with respect to trade and air-travel, the latter of which was the first such international agreement China had entered with a country that was not Communist.[14]
The Republic of China now based in and commonly known as Taiwan does not recognize any Chinese territorial changes based on any border agreements signed by the People's Republic of China with any other countries, including this one, in accordance to the Constitution of the Republic of China and its Additional Articles.[15] Pakistan does not recognize the legitimacy of the ROC.[citation needed]
Article 6
Article six states that pending the final settlement of the Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan, a fresh treaty will be drawn up.[16]
^Also known as the Sino-Pakistan Frontier Agreement and Sino-Pak Boundary Agreement. Long titles include:
Agreement on the boundary between China's Sikiang and the contiguous areas[1]
Agreement between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Pakistan on the boundary between China's Sinkiang and the contiguous areas, the defense of which is under actual control of Pakistan[2]
Citations
^ abc"People's Republic of China-Pakistan. Agreement on the Boundary Between China's Sinkiang and the Contiguous Areas. Peking, March 2, 1963". The American Journal of International Law. 57 (3): 713–716. 1963. doi:10.2307/2196119. ISSN 0002-9300. JSTOR 2196119. S2CID 246002991.
^ abc. Time (magazine). 15 March 1963. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
^Noorani, A.G. (14 January 2012). "Map fetish". No. Volume 29 - Issue 01. Frontline. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
^Ahmed, Ishtiaq (1998), State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia, A&C Black, p. 148, ISBN978-1-85567-578-0: "As a friendly gesture some territory in the northern areas was surrendered to China and a treaty was signed which stated that there were no border disputes between the two countries."
^ ab Lamb, Alastair (1991). "Kashmir A Disputed Legacy 1846-1990" (2nd Impression). Oxford University Press. pp.40, 51, 70. ISBN0-19-577424-8.
^ abTrivei, Abishek (8 July 2019). "Why the 1963 Sino-Pakistan Boundary Agreement Is Unlawful in Light of the Recent ICJ Advisory Opinion on the Chagos Archipelago, 2019". www.jurist.org. Retrieved 7 November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ abcdRifaat Hussain, Syed (2016). "Sino-Pakistan Ties". The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 120. ISBN978-0-8047-9764-1. OCLC 939553543.
^"Factbox: India and China border dispute festers". Reuters. 15 November 2006.
^ abYousafzai, Usman Khan (13 August 2020). 1963 Sino-Pak Treaty: A Legal Study into the Border Delimitation between Pakistan and China. ISBN979-8675050000.
^ ab"Strategic and security issues: Pakistan-China defense co-operation an enduring relationship". Jane's International Defence Review. 1 February 1993. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
^Dixit, Jyotindra Nath (2002). India-Pakistan in War & Peace. Routledge. p. 141. ISBN0-415-30472-5.
^Mitra, Subrata Kumar; Mike Enskat; Clemens Spiess (2004). Political parties in South Asia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 157. ISBN0-275-96832-4.
^. Archived from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2009. “The Ministry of Foreign Affairs declares border agreements signed between the Peking regime and Outer Mongolia and Pakistan illegal and not binding on the ROC.“
The Geographer (15 November 1968), (PDF), International Boundary Study, vol. 85, US Office of the Geographer, archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2012 – via Florida State University College of Law
Further reading
World Press on Sino-Pakistan Agreement. India Ministry of External Affairs. 1963.
March 04, 2023
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The Sino Pakistan Agreement a is a 1963 document between the governments of Pakistan and China establishing the border between those countries in the disputed Kashmir region 3 The Boundary Agreement between China and Pakistan 1963Agreement on the boundary between China s Sinkiang and the contiguous areas 1 Signed2 March 1963LocationPekingEffective2 March 1963 1 OriginalsignatoriesMarshal Chen Yi Plenipotentiary of the Government of the People s Republic of China Z Ali Bhutto Plenipotentiary of the Government of PakistanPartiesChina PakistanCitations 1 LanguagesChinese English UrduFull text中华人民共和国政府和巴基斯坦政府关于中国新疆和由巴基斯坦实际控制其防务的各个地区相接壤的边界的协定 at WikisourceIt resulted in both countries ceding over 1 942 square kilometres 750 sq mi clarification needed to the other Pakistan recognized Chinese sovereignty over land in Northern Areas of Kashmir and Ladakh 4 5 However Indian writers have insisted that in this transaction Pakistan surrendered approximately 5 300 km2 2 050 sq mi of territory to China 6 7 The agreement is ruled invalid and illegal by India which also claims sovereignty over part of the land In addition to increasing tensions with India the agreement shifted the balance of the Cold War by bringing Pakistan and China closer together while loosening ties between Pakistan and the United States Contents 1 Issue and result 2 Significance 3 Relation to the claim by the Republic of China 4 Article 6 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 Further readingIssue and result Edit A 1955 map from the US Army Map Service showing the border of pre independence British India near Shimshal The entire Shaksgam Valley is included as is the Raskam Valley till the confluence Border claims prior to the agreementFurther information Alignment according to the 1963 Sino Pakistani agreement In 1959 Pakistan became concerned that Chinese maps showed areas of Pakistan in China In 1961 Ayub Khan sent a formal note to China there was no reply After Pakistan voted to grant China a seat in the United Nations the Chinese withdrew the disputed maps in January 1962 agreeing to enter border talks in March The willingness of the Chinese to enter the agreement was welcomed by the people of Pakistan Negotiations between the nations officially began on October 13 1962 and resulted in an agreement being signed on 2 March 1963 3 It was signed by foreign ministers Chen Yi for the Chinese and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto for the Pakistani China was accommodating to Pakistan s positions during the negotiations 8 For example according to Pakistani diplomat Abdul Sattar after the border alignment was already agreed the Pakistan side realized that grazing lands falling on the Chinese side had historically been used by inhabitants of Hunza 8 Zhou Enlai agreed to amend the boundary to add 750 square miles to the Pakistan side to preserve this historic use 8 China s accommodating approach in the negotiations was motivated not just by the desire to resolve boundary issues China also wanted to demonstrate its desire for calm borders its peaceful intentions generally and China wanted to use a successful conclusion to the boundary issues with Pakistan to portray its border issues with India as a result of India s intransigence 8 The agreement resulted in China and Pakistan each withdrawing from about 1 900 square kilometres 750 square miles of territory and a boundary on the basis of the 1899 British Note to China as modified by Lord Curzon in 1905 Indian writers have insisted that in this transaction Pakistan surrendered approximately 5 300 km2 2 050 sq mi of territory to China to which they believe it had no right in the first place 7 The claim given up by Pakistan was the area north of the Uprang Jilga River which also included the Raksam Plots where the Mir of Hunza had enjoyed taxing and grazing rights throughout much of the late 19th Century as part of agreements with Chinese authorities in Sinkiang Despite this sovereignty over area was never challenged by the Mir of Hunza the British or the State of Jammu and Kashmir 6 Significance EditThe agreement was moderately economically advantageous to Pakistan which received grazing lands in the deal but of far more significance politically as it both diminished potential for conflict between China and Pakistan and Syed indicates placed China formally and firmly on record as maintaining that Kashmir did not as yet belong to India 9 Time reporting on the matter in 1963 expressed the opinion that by signing the agreement Pakistan had further dimmed hopes of settlement of the Kashmir conflict between Pakistan and India Under this Sino Pakistan Agreement Pakistani control to a part of northern Kashmir was recognized by China 3 During this period China was in dispute with India regarding Kashmir s eastern boundary with India making claims of the border having been demarcated beforehand and China making claims that such demarcations had never happened Pakistan and China recognized in their agreement that the border had been neither delimited nor demarcated providing support to the Chinese position 10 For Pakistan which had border disputes on its eastern and western borders the agreement provided relief by securing its northern border from any future contest The Treaty also provided for clear a demarcation of the boundary for Pakistan which would continue to serve as the boundary even after Kashmir dispute might be resolved 10 According to Jane s International Defence Review the agreement was also of significance in the Cold War as Pakistan had ties with the United States and membership in the Central Treaty Organization and the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization 11 The agreement was part of an overall tightening of association with China for Pakistan which resulted in Pakistan s distancing from the United States 11 12 13 After defining borders the two countries also entered into agreements with respect to trade and air travel the latter of which was the first such international agreement China had entered with a country that was not Communist 14 Relation to the claim by the Republic of China EditSee also Political status of Taiwan Foreign relations of Taiwan and Pakistan Taiwan relations The Republic of China now based in and commonly known as Taiwan does not recognize any Chinese territorial changes based on any border agreements signed by the People s Republic of China with any other countries including this one in accordance to the Constitution of the Republic of China and its Additional Articles 15 Pakistan does not recognize the legitimacy of the ROC citation needed Article 6 EditArticle six states that pending the final settlement of the Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan a fresh treaty will be drawn up 16 See also EditChina Pakistan Economic Corridor Trans Karakoram TractNotes and references EditNotes Also known as the Sino Pakistan Frontier Agreement and Sino Pak Boundary Agreement Long titles include Agreement on the boundary between China s Sikiang and the contiguous areas 1 Agreement between the Government of the People s Republic of China and the Government of Pakistan on the boundary between China s Sinkiang and the contiguous areas the defense of which is under actual control of Pakistan 2 Citations a b c People s Republic of China Pakistan Agreement on the Boundary Between China s Sinkiang and the Contiguous Areas Peking March 2 1963 The American Journal of International Law 57 3 713 716 1963 doi 10 2307 2196119 ISSN 0002 9300 JSTOR 2196119 S2CID 246002991 The Geographer 1968 p 3 a b c Signing with the Red Chinese Time magazine 15 March 1963 Archived from the original on 24 August 2013 Retrieved 28 October 2019 Noorani A G 14 January 2012 Map fetish No Volume 29 Issue 01 Frontline Retrieved 24 January 2020 Ahmed Ishtiaq 1998 State Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia A amp C Black p 148 ISBN 978 1 85567 578 0 As a friendly gesture some territory in the northern areas was surrendered to China and a treaty was signed which stated that there were no border disputes between the two countries a b Lamb Alastair 1991 Kashmir A Disputed Legacy 1846 1990 2nd Impression Oxford University Press pp 40 51 70 ISBN 0 19 577424 8 a b Trivei Abishek 8 July 2019 Why the 1963 Sino Pakistan Boundary Agreement Is Unlawful in Light of the Recent ICJ Advisory Opinion on the Chagos Archipelago 2019 www jurist org Retrieved 7 November 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b c d Rifaat Hussain Syed 2016 Sino Pakistan Ties The new great game China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform Thomas Fingar Stanford California Stanford University Press p 120 ISBN 978 0 8047 9764 1 OCLC 939553543 Factbox India and China border dispute festers Reuters 15 November 2006 a b Yousafzai Usman Khan 13 August 2020 1963 Sino Pak Treaty A Legal Study into the Border Delimitation between Pakistan and China ISBN 979 8675050000 a b Strategic and security issues Pakistan China defense co operation an enduring relationship Jane s International Defence Review 1 February 1993 Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 Retrieved 28 October 2019 Dixit Jyotindra Nath 2002 India Pakistan in War amp Peace Routledge p 141 ISBN 0 415 30472 5 Mitra Subrata Kumar Mike Enskat Clemens Spiess 2004 Political parties in South Asia Greenwood Publishing Group p 157 ISBN 0 275 96832 4 Syed 93 94 ROC Chronology Jan 1911 Dec 2000 Archived from the original on 29 December 2010 Retrieved 23 April 2009 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs declares border agreements signed between the Peking regime and Outer Mongolia and Pakistan illegal and not binding on the ROC Ondris 2015 p 89 BibliographyOndris Peter 2015 Sino Pakistani Relations from 1960 to 1974 PDF Department of East Asian Studies Faculty of Arts Comenius University The Geographer 15 November 1968 China Pakistan Boundary PDF International Boundary Study vol 85 US Office of the Geographer archived from the original PDF on 11 February 2012 via Florida State University College of LawFurther reading EditWorld Press on Sino Pakistan Agreement India Ministry of External Affairs 1963 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sino Pakistan Agreement amp oldid 1137162986, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
