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Ziziphus

February 16, 2024

Ziziphus /ˈzɪzɪfəs/[3] is a genus of about 40 species of spiny shrubs and small trees in the buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae, distributed in the warm-temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of the world. The leaves are alternate, entire, with three prominent basal veins, and 2–7 cm (0.79–2.76 in) long; some species are deciduous, others evergreen. The flowers are small, inconspicuous yellow-green. The fruit is an edible drupe, yellow-brown, red, or black, globose or oblong, 1–5 cm (0.39–1.97 in) long, often very sweet and sugary, reminiscent of a date in texture and flavour.

Ziziphus
Ziziphus jujuba, by Adolphus Ypey
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rhamnaceae
Tribe: Paliureae
Genus: Ziziphus
Mill., 1768
Type species
Ziziphus jujuba
Mill.[1]
Species

See text

Synonyms

Condaliopsis (Weberb.) Suess.
Sarcomphalus P.Browne[2]

Etymology edit

The generic name is derived via classical Latin from Hellenistic Greek, where it is presumed to have been borrowed from another language, perhaps from zizfum or zizafun, the Persian word for Z. lotus.[4]

Ecology edit

Ziziphus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Bucculatrix zizyphella, which feeds exclusively on the genus, and Endoclita malabaricus.

Well known species includes Ziziphus jujuba (jujube), Ziziphus spina-christi from southwestern Asia, Ziziphus lotus from the Mediterranean region, and ber (Ziziphus mauritiana), which is found from western Africa to India. Ziziphus joazeiro grows in the Caatinga of Brazil. Ziziphus celata is listed as an endangered species in the United States.

The fruits are an important source for birds, which eat the whole fruit and regurgitate the seeds intact, expanding the seeds in the best conditions for germination (ornithochory). Secondly, seed dispersal is carried out by mammals or fishes. The fruit is energy-rich because of the large amount of sugar it contains. It is cultivated and eaten fresh, dry, and in jam. It is also added as a base in meals and in the manufacture of candy. The leaves can be either deciduous or evergreen depending on species, and are aromatic.

They are temperate or tropical plants, having a great range. They are most abundant where monthly average temperatures are between 12 °C (54 °F) and 35 °C (95 °F) and minimum winter temperatures are not lower than −2 °C (28 °F). They prefer locations with a high temperature coupled with humidity. They require a deep soil, fresh, soft, siliceous-calcareous nature or limestone-clay-silica-clay and subsurface permeable, with pH between 5.5 and 7.8. In excessively sandy or clay soils which may be affected by standing water, the plants do not grow well. Many species are very sensitive to drought, and if the land is excessively dry and of calcareous nature, they may resent the lack of moisture. At the slightest drought, premature fruit drop is frequent. Ziziphus has several relict species living in temperate areas. These species cannot endure the harsh winters of temperate continental climates.

The ecological requirements of the genus are mostly those of vigorous species with a great ability to propagate in conducive habitats. This genus is adapted mostly to high rainfall and humidity, but some species are deciduous, living in Mediterranean humid climate. The deciduous Ziziphus species lose all of their leaves for part of the year depending on variations in rainfall. In deciduous species in tropical, subtropical, and arid regions, leaf loss coincides with the dry season. They grow mostly in tropical forests but have also been found in stubbles, pastures, coastal ranges, tropical mountain areas, and wet to dry interior regions. The family is distributed throughout tropical and subtropical areas and in cloud forest.

The differences are ecological adaptations to different environments over a relatively dry-wet climate. Species in less humid environment are smaller or less robust, with less abundant and thinner foliage and have oleifera cells that produce trees with a more fragrant aroma.

Uses edit

In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), suan zao ren (Ziziphus spinosa) is considered to be sweet and sour in taste, and neutral in action. It is believed to nourish the heart yin, augment the liver blood, and calm the spirit (TCM medical terms). It is used to treat irritability, insomnia and heart palpitations.

Mythology edit

The mythological lotus tree which occurs in Homer's Odyssey is often equated with Z. lotus.[5]

The Islamic mythological lote tree of Seventh Heaven, the Sidrat al-Muntaha is often equated with either Ziziphus spina-christi.[6]

Selected species edit

 
Ziziphus Blossom in Behbahan, Iran
List sources:[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

Fossil species edit

† = Extinct

Gallery edit

References edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ziziphus.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Ziziphus.
  1. ^ "Ziziphus Mill". TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Database. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  2. ^ . Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-02-10. Archived from the original on 2000-05-18. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
  3. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  4. ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. 4 R-Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 2876. ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3.
  5. ^ https://trees.stanford.edu/ENCYC/ZIZju.htm
  6. ^ https://faculty.ucmerced.edu/slambden/baha%27i%20encyclopedia/SIDRAH-SIDRAT-BE.htm
  7. ^ "Query Results for Genus Ziziphus". IPNI. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
  8. ^ . GRIN. USDA. Archived from the original on 2000-10-31. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  9. ^ "Classificação segundo a Flora brasiliensis" (in Portuguese). Flora brasiliensis. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
  10. ^ "Ziziphus species list". Flora of China. EFloras. Retrieved September 7, 2009.
  11. ^ The Biodiversity Committee of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (eds.) (2008). "Genus Ziziphus". Beijing, China: Catalogue of Life China: 2008 Annual Checklist China. Retrieved September 9, 2009. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)[dead link]
  12. ^ "Flora Europaea: Ziziphus query results". Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Retrieved September 7, 2009.
  13. ^ "Ziziphus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  14. ^ Geological Survey professional paper, Issue 165: Shorter Contributions to General Geology. US Govt. Printing Office. 1930. p. 73. Retrieved May 28, 2011.

February 16, 2024
ziziphus, genus, about, species, spiny, shrubs, small, trees, buckthorn, family, rhamnaceae, distributed, warm, temperate, subtropical, tropical, regions, world, leaves, alternate, entire, with, three, prominent, basal, veins, long, some, species, deciduous, o. Ziziphus ˈ z ɪ z ɪ f e s 3 is a genus of about 40 species of spiny shrubs and small trees in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae distributed in the warm temperate subtropical and tropical regions of the world The leaves are alternate entire with three prominent basal veins and 2 7 cm 0 79 2 76 in long some species are deciduous others evergreen The flowers are small inconspicuous yellow green The fruit is an edible drupe yellow brown red or black globose or oblong 1 5 cm 0 39 1 97 in long often very sweet and sugary reminiscent of a date in texture and flavour ZiziphusZiziphus jujuba by Adolphus YpeyScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder RosalesFamily RhamnaceaeTribe PaliureaeGenus ZiziphusMill 1768Type speciesZiziphus jujubaMill 1 SpeciesSee textSynonymsCondaliopsis Weberb Suess Sarcomphalus P Browne 2 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Ecology 3 Uses 4 Mythology 5 Selected species 5 1 Fossil species 6 Gallery 7 ReferencesEtymology editThe generic name is derived via classical Latin from Hellenistic Greek where it is presumed to have been borrowed from another language perhaps from zizfum or zizafun the Persian word for Z lotus 4 Ecology editZiziphus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Bucculatrix zizyphella which feeds exclusively on the genus and Endoclita malabaricus Well known species includes Ziziphus jujuba jujube Ziziphus spina christi from southwestern Asia Ziziphus lotus from the Mediterranean region and ber Ziziphus mauritiana which is found from western Africa to India Ziziphus joazeiro grows in the Caatinga of Brazil Ziziphus celata is listed as an endangered species in the United States The fruits are an important source for birds which eat the whole fruit and regurgitate the seeds intact expanding the seeds in the best conditions for germination ornithochory Secondly seed dispersal is carried out by mammals or fishes The fruit is energy rich because of the large amount of sugar it contains It is cultivated and eaten fresh dry and in jam It is also added as a base in meals and in the manufacture of candy The leaves can be either deciduous or evergreen depending on species and are aromatic They are temperate or tropical plants having a great range They are most abundant where monthly average temperatures are between 12 C 54 F and 35 C 95 F and minimum winter temperatures are not lower than 2 C 28 F They prefer locations with a high temperature coupled with humidity They require a deep soil fresh soft siliceous calcareous nature or limestone clay silica clay and subsurface permeable with pH between 5 5 and 7 8 In excessively sandy or clay soils which may be affected by standing water the plants do not grow well Many species are very sensitive to drought and if the land is excessively dry and of calcareous nature they may resent the lack of moisture At the slightest drought premature fruit drop is frequent Ziziphus has several relict species living in temperate areas These species cannot endure the harsh winters of temperate continental climates The ecological requirements of the genus are mostly those of vigorous species with a great ability to propagate in conducive habitats This genus is adapted mostly to high rainfall and humidity but some species are deciduous living in Mediterranean humid climate The deciduous Ziziphus species lose all of their leaves for part of the year depending on variations in rainfall In deciduous species in tropical subtropical and arid regions leaf loss coincides with the dry season They grow mostly in tropical forests but have also been found in stubbles pastures coastal ranges tropical mountain areas and wet to dry interior regions The family is distributed throughout tropical and subtropical areas and in cloud forest The differences are ecological adaptations to different environments over a relatively dry wet climate Species in less humid environment are smaller or less robust with less abundant and thinner foliage and have oleifera cells that produce trees with a more fragrant aroma Uses editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed August 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message In traditional Chinese medicine TCM suan zao ren Ziziphus spinosa is considered to be sweet and sour in taste and neutral in action It is believed to nourish the heart yin augment the liver blood and calm the spirit TCM medical terms It is used to treat irritability insomnia and heart palpitations Mythology editThe mythological lotus tree which occurs in Homer s Odyssey is often equated with Z lotus 5 The Islamic mythological lote tree of Seventh Heaven the Sidrat al Muntaha is often equated with either Ziziphus spina christi 6 Selected species editZiziphus abyssinica Hochst ex A Rich Dry zones of tropical Africa Ziziphus angolito Standl Ziziphus apetala Hook f ex M A Lawson Ziziphus attopensis Pierre Ziziphus budhensis Bhattarai amp Pathak Central Nepal Ziziphus cambodiana Pierre Cambodia Laos Vietnam Ziziphus celata Judd amp Hall Florida USA Ziziphus cotinifolia Reissek Ziziphus fungii Merr Ziziphus funiculosa Buch Ham ex M A Lawson Ziziphus guaranitica Malme Ziziphus havanensis Kunth Ziziphus horrida Roth Ziziphus hutchinsonii Philippines Ziziphus incurva Roxb Ziziphus joazeiro Mart Ziziphus jujuba Mill Jujube Ziziphus laui Merr Ziziphus lotus L Lam Mediterranean region Ziziphus mairei Dode Ziziphus mauritiana Lam Widespread through Old World tropics and subtropics Ziziphus melastomoides Pittier Ziziphus mexicana Rose Ziziphus mistol Griseb Gran Chaco of South America Ziziphus montana W W Smith Ziziphus mucronata Willd Buffalo Thorn Southern Africa Ziziphus napeca Ziziphus nummularia Burm f Wight amp Arn Thar Desert of South Asia Ziziphus obtusifolia Hook ex Torr amp A Gray A Gray Lotebush Ziziphus oenopolia L Mill Ziziphus oxyphylla Edgew Ziziphus parryi Torr Parry s Jujube Ziziphus poilanei Tardieu Ziziphus platyphylla Reissek Ziziphus quadrilocularis F Muell Northern Australia Ziziphus robertsoniana Ziziphus rugosa Ziziphus saeri Pittier Ziziphus sativa Gaertn Ziziphus spina christi L Desf Ziziphus talanai Blanco Merr Philippines Ziziphus trinervia Cav Poir Ziziphus undulata Reissek Ziziphus vulgaris Lamarck Hinap Bulgaria Ziziphus xiangchengensis Y L Chen amp P K Chou Ziziphus xylopyrus Retz Willd nbsp Ziziphus Blossom in Behbahan IranList sources 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Fossil species edit Ziziphus hyperboreus Heer Greenland Eocene fossil Ziziphus wyomingianis Berry Tipperary Wind River Basin Wyoming USA Eocene fossil 14 ExtinctGallery edit nbsp Ziziphus jujuba foliage nbsp Dried fruits azufaifas in southern Spain of Ziziphus jujuba nbsp Azufaifas from Almeria nbsp Ziziphus mauritiana nbsp Ziziphus oenoplia in Shamirpet Rangareddy district Andhra Pradesh India nbsp Ziziphus oenoplia in Shamirpet Rangareddy district Andhra Pradesh India nbsp Ziziphus spina christi nbsp Ziziphus xylopyrus in Hyderabad India nbsp Ziziphus xylopyrus in Hyderabad India nbsp Ziziphus xylopyrus in Hyderabad India nbsp Persian Zizyphus in Iran nbsp Ziziphus Blossom in Behbahan Iran nbsp Ziziphus Fruit Behbahan IranReferences edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ziziphus nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Ziziphus Ziziphus Mill TROPICOS Missouri Botanical Database Retrieved 31 January 2013 Ziziphus Mill Germplasm Resources Information Network United States Department of Agriculture 2004 02 10 Archived from the original on 2000 05 18 Retrieved 2009 10 01 Sunset Western Garden Book 1995 606 607 Quattrocchi Umberto 2000 CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names Vol 4 R Z Taylor amp Francis US p 2876 ISBN 978 0 8493 2678 3 https trees stanford edu ENCYC ZIZju htm https faculty ucmerced edu slambden baha 27i 20encyclopedia SIDRAH SIDRAT BE htm Query Results for Genus Ziziphus IPNI Retrieved August 7 2009 GRIN Species Records of Ziziphus GRIN USDA Archived from the original on 2000 10 31 Retrieved 2010 10 16 Classificacao segundo a Flora brasiliensis in Portuguese Flora brasiliensis Retrieved August 7 2009 Ziziphus species list Flora of China EFloras Retrieved September 7 2009 The Biodiversity Committee of the Chinese Academy of Sciences eds 2008 Genus Ziziphus Beijing China Catalogue of Life China 2008 Annual Checklist China Retrieved September 9 2009 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a author has generic name help dead link Flora Europaea Ziziphus query results Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Retrieved September 7 2009 Ziziphus Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved 2010 03 08 Geological Survey professional paper Issue 165 Shorter Contributions to General Geology US Govt Printing Office 1930 p 73 Retrieved May 28 2011 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ziziphus amp oldid 1190787385, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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