Rosales
Rosales (/roʊˈzeɪliːz/)[4] is an order of flowering plants.[5] It is sister to a clade consisting of Fagales and Cucurbitales.[6] It contains about 7,700 species, distributed into about 260 genera. Rosales comprise nine families, the type family being the rose family, Rosaceae. The largest of these families are Rosaceae (90/2500) and Urticaceae (54/2600). The order Rosales is divided into three clades that have never been assigned a taxonomic rank. The basal clade consists of the family Rosaceae; another clade consists of four families, including Rhamnaceae; and the third clade consists of the four urticalean families.[7]
| Rosales Temporal range: | |
|---|---|
| Two rose plants, Rosa cinnamomea L. and R. rubiginosa L. | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Clade: | Fabids |
| Order: | Rosales Bercht. & J.Presl[2] |
| Families | |
| Barbeyaceae | |
| Synonyms | |
| Rhamnales | |
The order Rosales is strongly supported as monophyletic in phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences, such as those carried out by members of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.[8] In their APG III system of plant classification, they defined Rosales as consisting of the nine families listed in the box on the right.[2] The relationships of these families were uncertain until 2011, when they were resolved in a molecular phylogenetic study based on two nuclear genes and ten chloroplast genes.[9]
Well-known members of Rosales include: roses, strawberries, blackberries and raspberries, apples and pears, plums, peaches and apricots, almonds, rowan and hawthorn, jujube, elms, banyans, figs, mulberries, breadfruit, nettles, hops, and cannabis.
Taxonomy edit
In the classification system of Dahlgren the Rosales were in the superorder Rosiflorae (also called Rosanae). In the obsolete Cronquist system, the order Rosales was many times polyphyletic. It consisted of the family Rosaceae and 23 other families that are now placed in various other orders.[10] These families and their placement in the APG III system are:[2]
- Alseuosmiaceae (Asterales)
- Anisophylleaceae (Cucurbitales)
- Brunelliaceae (Oxalidales)
- Bruniaceae (Bruniales)
- Byblidaceae (Lamiales)
- Cephalotaceae (Oxalidales)
- Chrysobalanaceae (Malpighiales)
- Columelliaceae (Bruniales)
- Connaraceae (Oxalidales)
- Crassulaceae (Saxifragales)
- Crossosomataceae (Crossosomatales)
- Cunoniaceae (Oxalidales)
- Davidsoniaceae (Cunoniaceae, Oxalidales)
- Dialypetalanthaceae (Rubiaceae, Gentianales)
- Eucryphiaceae (Cunoniaceae, Oxalidales)
- Greyiaceae (Melianthaceae, Geraniales)
- Grossulariaceae (Saxifragales)
- Hydrangeaceae (Cornales)
- Neuradaceae (Malvales)
- Pittosporaceae (Apiales)
- Rhabdodendraceae (Caryophyllales)
- Rosaceae
- Saxifragaceae (Saxifragales)
- Surianaceae (Fabales)
Phylogeny edit
The following phylogenetic tree is from a cladistic analysis of DNA that was published in 2011.[9]
| Rosales |
| ||||||||||||
Distribution edit
Different plants that fall under the order Rosales grow in many different parts of the world. They can be found in the mountains, the tropics and the arctic. Even though you can find a member of the order Rosales nearly anywhere, the specific families grow in different specific geographical locations.[11] Wind-pollination is the way that the majority of the families that fall under the order Rosales (including Moraceae, Ulmaceae, and Urticaceae etc.) pollinate.[12]
Importance edit
Within the order Rosales is the family Rosaceae, which includes numerous species that are cultivated for their fruit, making this one of the most economically important families of plants. Fruit produced by members of this family include apples, pears, plums, peaches, cherries, almonds, strawberries, blackberries and raspberries. Many ornamental species of plant are also in the family Rosaceae, including the rose after which the family and order were named. The rose, considered a symbol of love in many cultures, is featured prominently in poetry and literature.[11] Modern garden varieties of roses such as hybrid teas, floribunda, and grandifora, originated from complex hybrids of several separate wild species native to different regions of Eurasia.
The Moraceae also produce important fruits, such as mulberries, figs, jackfruits, and breadfruits, and the leaves of the mulberry provide food for the silkworms used in commercial silk production.[11][12]
The wood from the black cherry (Prunus serotina) and sweet cherry (P. avium) is used to make high quality furniture due to its color and ability to be bent.[11] The Cannabis plant has been highly prized for millennia for its hemp, which has numerous uses. Other varieties of Cannabis are grown as a drug.
Plants in the order Rosales were used in the traditional medicines of many cultures. Medical cannabis has been recognized for its pharmaceutical use. The latex of some species of fig trees contains the enzyme ficin, which is effective in killing roundworms that infect the intestinal tracts of animals.[11]
References edit
- ^ "Rosales". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
- ^ a b c Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
- ^ UniProt. "Order Rosales". Retrieved 2008-04-24.
- ^ "Rosales". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
- ^ Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Rosales". At: Trees At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below)
- ^ Hengchang Wang; Michael J. Moore; Pamela S. Soltis; Charles D. Bell; Samuel F. Brockington; Roolse Alexandre; Charles C. Davis; Maribeth Latvis; Steven R. Manchester & Douglas E. Soltis (10 Mar 2009), "Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (10): 3853–3858, Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.3853W, doi:10.1073/pnas.0813376106, PMC 2644257, PMID 19223592
- ^ Douglas E. Soltis, et alii. (28 authors). 2011. "Angiosperm Phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa". American Journal of Botany 98(4):704-730. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000404
- ^ Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach, Third Edition. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, US. ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2
- ^ a b Shu-dong Zhang, De-zhu Li; Soltis, Douglas E.; Yang, Yang; Ting-shuang, Yi (July 2011). "Multi-gene analysis provides a well-supported phylogeny of Rosales". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 60 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.04.008. PMID 21540119.
- ^ Arthur John Cronquist. 1981. An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. Columbia University Press: New York, NY, US. ISBN 978-0-231-03880-5
- ^ a b c d e "Rosales | plant order". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-10-22.
- ^ a b W., Chase, Mark. "Rosales". AccessScience. doi:10.1036/1097-8542.593700. Retrieved 2018-10-22.
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External links edit
- Media related to Rosales at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Rosales at Wikispecies
- Rosales At: Trees At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website
- Rosales – Plant Life Forms
- "Rosales". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 24 April 2008.