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Orders of magnitude (mass)

January 01, 1970

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10−67 kg and 1052 kg. The least massive thing listed here is a graviton, and the most massive thing is the observable universe. Typically, an object having greater mass will also have greater weight (see mass versus weight), especially if the objects are subject to the same gravitational field strength.

An overview of ranges of mass

Units of mass edit

SI multiples of gram (g)
Submultiples Multiples
Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name
10−1 g dg decigram 101 g dag decagram
10−2 g cg centigram 102 g hg hectogram
10−3 g mg milligram 103 g kg kilogram
10−6 g μg microgram (mcg) 106 g Mg megagram (tonne)
10−9 g ng nanogram 109 g Gg gigagram
10−12 g pg picogram 1012 g Tg teragram
10−15 g fg femtogram 1015 g Pg petagram
10−18 g ag attogram 1018 g Eg exagram
10−21 g zg zeptogram 1021 g Zg zettagram
10−24 g yg yoctogram 1024 g Yg yottagram
10−27 g rg rontogram 1027 g Rg ronnagram
10−30 g qg quectogram 1030 g Qg quettagram
Common prefixes are in bold face.[1]

The table at right is based on the kilogram (kg), the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI). The kilogram is the only standard unit to include an SI prefix (kilo-) as part of its name. The gram (10−3 kg) is an SI derived unit of mass. However, the names of all SI mass units are based on gram, rather than on kilogram; thus 103 kg is a megagram (106 g), not a *kilokilogram.

The tonne (t) is an SI-compatible unit of mass equal to a megagram (Mg), or 103 kg. The unit is in common use for masses above about 103 kg and is often used with SI prefixes. For example, a gigagram (Gg) or 109 g is 103 tonnes, commonly called a kilotonne.

Other units edit

Other units of mass are also in use. Historical units include the stone, the pound, the carat, and the grain.

For subatomic particles, physicists use the mass equivalent to the energy represented by an electronvolt (eV). At the atomic level, chemists use the mass of one-twelfth of a carbon-12 atom (the dalton). Astronomers use the mass of the sun (M☉).

The least massive things: below 10−24 kg edit

Unlike other physical quantities, mass–energy does not have an a priori expected minimal quantity, or an observed basic quantum as in the case of electric charge. Planck's law allows for the existence of photons with arbitrarily low energies. Consequently, there can only ever be an experimental upper bound on the mass of a supposedly massless particle; in the case of the photon, this confirmed upper bound is of the order of 3×10−27 eV/c2 = 10−62 kg.

Factor (kg) Value Item
10−67 1.07×10−67 kg Graviton, upper bound (6×10−32 eV/c2)[2]
10−40 4.2×10−40 kg Mass equivalent of the energy of a photon at the peak of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation (0.235 meV/c2)[3]
10−36 1.8×10−36 kg 1 eV/c2, the mass equivalent of one electronvolt[4]
3.6×10−36 kg Electron neutrino, upper limit on mass (2 eV/c2)[5]
10−33
quectogram (qg)
10−31 9.11×10−31 kg Electron (511 keV/c2), the lightest elementary particle with a measured nonzero rest mass[6]
10−30
rontogram (rg) 		3.0–5.5×10−30 kg Up quark (as a current quark) (1.7–3.1 MeV/c2)[7]
10−28 1.9×10−28 kg Muon (106 MeV/c2)[8]
10−27
yoctogram (yg) 		1.661×10−27 kg Dalton (Da), a.k.a. unified atomic mass unit (u)
1.673×10−27 kg Proton (938.3 MeV/c2)[9][10]
1.674×10−27 kg Hydrogen atom, the lightest atom
1.675×10−27 kg Neutron (939.6 MeV/c2)[11][12]
10−26 1.2×10−26 kg Lithium atom (6.941 Da)
3.0×10−26 kg Water molecule (18.015 Da)
8.0×10−26 kg Titanium atom (47.867 Da)
10−25 1.1×10−25 kg Copper atom (63.546 Da)
1.6×10−25 kg Z boson (91.2 GeV/c2)[13]
2.2×10−25 kg Higgs boson (125 GeV/c2)
3.1×10−25 kg Top quark (173 GeV/c2),[14] the heaviest known elementary particle
3.2×10−25 kg Caffeine molecule (194 Da)
3.5×10−25 kg Lead-208 atom
4.9×10−25 kg Oganesson-294 atom, the heaviest known nuclide

10−24 to 10−18 kg edit

Factor (kg) Value Item
10−24
zeptogram (zg) 		1.2×10−24 kg Buckyball molecule (720 Da)
10−23 1.4×10−23 kg Ubiquitin, a small protein (8.6 kDa)[15]
5.5×10−23 kg A typical protein (median size of roughly 300 amino acids ≈ 33 kDa)[16]
10−22 1.1×10−22 kg Haemoglobin A molecule in blood (64.5 kDa)[17]
10−21
attogram (ag) 		1.65×10−21 kg Double-stranded DNA molecule consisting of 1,578 base pairs (995 kDa)[18]
4.3×10−21 kg Prokaryotic ribosome (2.6 MDa)[19]
7.1×10−21 kg Eukaryotic ribosome (4.3 MDa)[19]
7.6×10−21 kg Brome mosaic virus, a small virus (4.6 MDa)[20]
10−20 3×10−20 kg Synaptic vesicle in rats (16.1 ± 3.8 MDa)[21]
6.8×10−20 kg Tobacco mosaic virus (41 MDa)[22]
10−19 1.1×10−19 kg Nuclear pore complex in yeast (66 MDa)[23]
2.5×10−19 kg Human adenovirus (150 MDa)[24]

10−18 to 10−12 kg edit

Factor (kg) Value Item
10−18
femtogram (fg) 		1×10−18 kg HIV-1 virus[25][26]
4.7×10−18 kg DNA sequence of length 4.6 Mbp, the weight of the E. coli genome[27]
10−17 ~1×10−17 kg Vaccinia virus, a large virus[28]
1.1×10−17 kg Mass equivalent of 1 joule[29]
10−16 3×10−16 kg Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria, the smallest (and possibly most plentiful)[30] photosynthetic organism on Earth[31][32]
10−15
picogram (pg) 		1×10−15 kg E. coli bacterium (wet weight)[33]
6×10−15 kg DNA in a typical diploid human cell (approximate)
10−14 2.2×10−14 kg Human sperm cell[32][34]
6×10−14 kg Yeast cell (quite variable)[35][36]
10−13 1.5×10−13 kg Dunaliella salina, a green alga (dry weight)[37]

10−12 to 10−6 kg edit

 
Scanning electron micrograph showing grains of sand

Factor (kg) Value Item
10−12
nanogram (ng) 		1×10−12 kg Average human cell (1 nanogram)[38]
2–3×10−12 kg HeLa human cell[39][40][41]
8×10−12 kg Grain of birch pollen[42]
10−11    
10−10 2.5×10−10 kg Grain of maize pollen[43]
3.5×10−10 kg Very fine grain of sand (0.063 mm diameter, 350 nanograms)
10−9
microgram (μg) 		3.6×10−9 kg Human ovum[32][44]
2.4×10−9 kg US RDA for vitamin B12 for adults[45]
10−8 10−8 kg Speculated approximate lower limit of the mass of a primordial black hole
1.5×10−8 kg US RDA for vitamin D for adults[46]
~2×10−8 kg Uncertainty in the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK) (±~20 μg)[47]
2.2×10−8 kg Planck mass,[48] can be expressed as the mass of a 2 Planck Length radius black hole
~7×10−8 kg One eyelash hair (approximate)[49]
10−7 1.5×10−7 kg US RDA for iodine for adults[50]
2–3×10−7 kg Fruit fly (dry weight)[51][52]

10−6 to 1 kg edit

Factor (kg) Value Item
10−6
milligram (mg) 		2.5×10−6 kg Mosquitoes, common smaller species (about 2.5 milligrams),[53] grain of salt or sand,[54] medicines are typically expressed in milligrams[55]
10−5
centigram (cg) 		1.1×10−5 kg Small granule of quartz (2 mm diameter, 11 milligrams)[56]
2×10−5 kg Adult housefly (Musca domestica, 21.4 milligrams)[57]
10−4
decigram (dg) 		0.27–2.0×10−4 kg Range of amounts of caffeine in one cup of coffee (27–200 milligrams)[58]
1.5×10−4 kg A frame of 35mm motion picture film (157 milligrams)[59]
2×10−4 kg Metric carat (200 milligrams)[59]
10−3
gram (g) 		1×10−3 kg One cubic centimeter of water (1 gram)[60]
1×10−3 kg US dollar bill (1 gram)[61]
~1×10−3 kg Two raisins (approximately 1 gram)[62]
~8×10−3 kg Coins of one euro (7.5 grams),[63] one U.S. dollar (8.1 grams)[64] and one Canadian loonie (7 grams [pre-2012], 6.27 grams [2012-])[65]
10−2
decagram (dag) 		1.2×10−2 kg Mass of one mole (6.02214×1023 atoms) of carbon-12 (12 grams)
1.37×10−2 kg Amount of ethanol defined as one standard drink in the U.S. (13.7 grams)[66]
2–4×10−2 kg Adult mouse (Mus musculus, 20–40 grams)[67]
2.8×10−2 kg Ounce (avoirdupois) (28.3495 grams)[59]
4.7×10−2 kg Mass equivalent of the energy that is 1 megaton of TNT equivalent[59][68]
10−1
hectogram   (hg) 		0.1-0.2 kg An orange (100–200 grams)[69]
0.142-0.149 kg A baseball used in the major league.[70]
0.454 kg Pound (avoirdupois) (453.6 grams)[59]

1 kg to 105 kg edit

 
Iron weights up to 50 kilograms depicted in Dictionnaire encyclopédique de l'épicerie et des industries annexes.
Factor (kg) Value Item
1 kg
kilogram (kg) 		1 kg One litre (0.001 m3) of water[71]
1–3 kg Smallest breed of dog (Chihuahua)[72]
1–3 kg Typical laptop computer, 2010[73]
1–3 kg Adult domestic tortoise
2.5–4 kg Newborn human baby[74]
4.0 kg Women's shot[75]
4–5 kg Housecat[76]
7.26 kg Men's shot[75]
101 9–27 kg Medium-sized dog[77]
10–30 kg A CRT computer monitor or television set[citation needed]
50 kg Large dog breed (Great Dane)
70 kg Adult human[78]
102 130–180 kg Mature lion, female (130 kg) and male (180 kg)[79]
200–250 kg Giant tortoise
240–450 kg Grand piano[80][81]
400–900 kg Dairy cow[82]
500–500,000 kg A teaspoon (5 ml) of white dwarf material (0.5–500 tonnes)[83][84]
635 kg Heaviest human in recorded history (Jon Brower Minnoch)
907.2 kg 1 short ton (2000 pounds - U.S.)[59]
103
megagram (Mg) 		1000 kg 1 tonne (U.S. spelling: metric ton)[59]
1000 kg 1 cubic metre of water[71]
1016.05 kg Ton (British) / 1 long ton (2240 pounds - U.S.)[59]
1300–1600 kg Typical passenger cars[85]
2700–6000 kg Adult elephant[86]
104 1.1×104 kg Hubble Space Telescope (11 tonnes)[87]
1.2×104 kg Largest elephant on record (12 tonnes)[88]
1.4×104 kg Big Ben (bell) (14 tonnes)[89]
2.7×104 kg ENIAC computer, 1946 (30 tonnes)[90]
4×104 kg Maximum gross mass (truck + load combined) of a semi-trailer truck in the EU (40–44 tonnes)[91]
5×104–6×104 kg Tank; Bulldozer (50–60 tonnes)
6.0×104 kg Largest single-piece meteorite, Hoba West Meteorite (60 tonnes)[92]
7.3×104 kg Largest dinosaur, Argentinosaurus (73 tonnes)[93]
105 1.74-1.83×105 kg Operational empty weight of a Boeing 747-300
1.8×105 kg Largest animal ever, a blue whale (180 tonnes)[94]
4.2×105 kg International Space Station (417 tonnes)[95]
6×105 kg World's heaviest aircraft: Antonov An-225 (maximum take-off mass: 600 tonnes, payload: 250 tonnes)[96]

106 to 1011 kg edit

Factor (kg) Value Item
106
gigagram (Gg) 		1×106 kg Trunk of the giant sequoia tree named General Sherman, largest living tree by trunk volume (1121 tonnes)[97]
2.0×106 kg Launch mass of the Space Shuttle (2041 tonnes)[98]
6×106 kg Largest clonal colony, the quaking aspen named Pando (largest living organism) (6000 tonnes)[99]
7.8×106 kg Virginia-class nuclear submarine (submerged weight)[100]
107 1×107 kg Annual production of Darjeeling tea[101]
5.2×107 kg RMS Titanic when fully loaded (52,000 tonnes)[102]
9.97×107 kg Heaviest train ever: Australia's BHP Iron Ore, 2001 record (99,700 tonnes)[103]
108 6.6×108 kg Largest ship and largest mobile man-made object, Seawise Giant, when fully loaded (660,000 tonnes)[104]
7×108 kg Heaviest (non-pyramid) building, Palace of the Parliament in Bucharest, Romania[105]
109
teragram (Tg) 		4.3×109 kg Amount of matter converted into energy by the Sun each second[106]
6×109 kg Great Pyramid of Giza[107]
1010
 6×1010 kg Amount of concrete in the Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest concrete structure[108][109]
1011 ~1×1011 kg The mass of a primordial black hole with an evaporation time equal to the age of the universe[110]
2×1011 kg Amount of water stored in London storage reservoirs (0.2 km3)[111]
6×1011 kg Total mass of the world's human population[112]
5×1011 kg Total biomass of Antarctic krill, one of the most plentiful animal species on the planet in terms of biomass[113]

1012 to 1017 kg edit

Factor (kg) Value Item
1012
petagram (Pg) 		0.8–2.1×1012 kg Global biomass of fish[114]
4×1012 kg Global annual human food production[115]
4×1012 kg World crude oil production in 2009 (3,843 Mt)[116]
5.5×1012 kg A teaspoon (5 ml) of neutron star material (5000 million tonnes)[117]
1013 1×1013 kg Mass of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[118]
4×1013 kg Global annual human carbon dioxide emission[119][120]
1014 1.05×1014 kg Global net primary production – the total mass of carbon fixed in organic compounds by photosynthesis each year on Earth[121]
7.2×1014 kg Total carbon stored in Earth's atmosphere[122]
1015
exagram (Eg) 		2.0×1015 kg Total carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere[123]
3.5×1015 kg Total carbon stored in coal deposits worldwide[124]
1016 1×1016 kg 951 Gaspra, the first asteroid ever to be closely approached by a spacecraft (rough estimate)[125]
1×1016 kg Rough estimate of the total carbon content of all organisms on Earth.[126]
3×1016 kg Rough estimate of everything produced by the human species.[127]
3.8×1016 kg Total carbon stored in the oceans.[128]
1017 1.6×1017 kg Prometheus, a shepherd satellite for the inner edge of Saturn's F Ring[129]

1018 to 1023 kg edit

Factor (kg) Value Item
1018
zettagram (Zg) 		5.1×1018 kg Earth's atmosphere[130]
5.6×1018 kg Hyperion, a moon of Saturn[129]
1019 3×1019 kg 3 Juno, one of the larger asteroids in the asteroid belt[131]
3×1019 kg The rings of Saturn[132]
1020 9.4×1020 kg Ceres, dwarf planet within the asteroid belt[133]
1021
yottagram (Yg) 		1.4×1021 kg Earth's oceans[134]
1.5×1021 kg Charon, the largest moon of Pluto[135]
2.9–3.7×1021 kg The asteroid belt[136]
1022 1.3×1022 kg Pluto[135]
2.1×1022 kg Triton, largest moon of Neptune[137]
7.3×1022 kg Earth's Moon[138]
1023 1.3×1023 kg Titan, largest moon of Saturn[139]
1.5×1023 kg Ganymede, largest moon of Jupiter[140]
3.3×1023 kg Mercury[141]
6.4×1023 kg Mars[142]

1024 to 1029 kg edit

 
Jupiter is the most massive planet in the Solar System.
Factor (kg) Value Item
1024
ronnagram (Rg) 		4.9×1024 kg Venus[143]
6.0×1024 kg Earth[144]
1025 3×1025 kg Oort cloud[145]
8.7×1025 kg Uranus[146]
1026 1.0×1026 kg Neptune[147]
5.7×1026 kg Saturn[148]
1027
quettagram (Qg) 		1.9×1027 kg Jupiter[149]
1028 2–14×1028 kg Brown dwarfs (approximate)[150]
1029 3×1029 kg Barnard's Star, a nearby red dwarf[151]

1030 to 1035 kg edit

Factor (kg) Value Item
1030 2×1030 kg The Sun[152] (one solar mass or M☉ = 1.989×1030 kg)
2.8×1030 kg Chandrasekhar limit (1.4 M☉)[153][154]
1031 4×1031 kg Betelgeuse, a red supergiant star (20 M☉)[155]
1032 4–7×1032 kg R136a1, the most massive of known stars (230 to 345 M☉)[156]
6–8×1032 kg Hyades star cluster (300 to 400 M☉)[157]
1033 1.6×1033 kg Pleiades star cluster (800 M☉)[158]
1034
1035 ~1035 kg Typical globular cluster in the Milky Way (overall range: 3×103 to 4×106 M☉)[159]
2×1035 kg Low end of mass range for giant molecular clouds (1×105 to 1×107 M☉)[160][161]
7.3×1035 kg Jeans mass of a giant molecular cloud at 100 K and density 30 atoms per cubic centimeter;[162]
possible example: Orion molecular cloud complex

1036 to 1041 kg edit

Factor (kg) Value Item
1036 1.79×1036 kg The entire Carina complex.
2.4×1036 kg The Gould Belt of stars, including the Sun (1.2×106 M☉)[163]
7–8×1036 kg The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, associated with the radio source Sagittarius A* (3.7±0.2×106 M☉)[164]
8×1036 kg Omega centauri, the largest globular cluster in the Milky Way, containing approximately 10 million stars.
1037    
1038    
1039    
1040 4.17×1040 kg NGC 4889, the largest measured supermassive black hole, weighing 21 billion solar masses (2.1×1010 M☉)
1041 4×1041 kg Visible mass of the Milky Way galaxy[165]

The most massive things: 1042 kg and greater edit

Factor (kg) Value Item
1042 1.2×1042 kg Milky Way galaxy (5.8×1011 M☉)[166]
2–3×1042 kg Local Group of galaxies, including the Milky Way (1.29±0.14×1012 M☉)[166]
1043 5.37×1043 kg ESO 146-5, the heaviest known galaxy in the universe[167]
1044    
1045 1–2×1045 kg Local or Virgo Supercluster of galaxies, including the Local Group (1×1015 M☉)[168]
1046    
1047 2×1047 kg Laniakea Supercluster of galaxies, which encompasses the Virgo supercluster
1048 2×1048 kg Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, a galaxy filament that includes the Laniakea Supercluster.
1049 4×1049 kg Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, the largest structure in the known universe
1050    
1051    
1052 4.4506×1052 kg Mass of the observable universe as estimated by NASA
1.4×1053 kg Mass of the observable universe as estimated by the U.S. National Solar Observatory[169]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Criterion: A combined total of at least 250,000 Google hits on both the modern spelling (‑gram) and the dated British spelling (‑gramme). 
  2. ^ Zyla, P.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2020). "Review of Particle Physics: Gauge and Higgs bosons" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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  4. ^ "Conversion from eV to kg". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  5. ^ "The most sensitive analysis on the neutrino mass [...] is compatible with a neutrino mass of zero. Considering its uncertainties this value corresponds to an upper limit on the electron neutrino mass of m<2.2 eV/c2 (95% Confidence Level)" The Mainz Neutrino Mass Experiment 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ "CODATA Value: electron mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  7. ^ K. Nakamura; Particle Data Group (2011). "PDGLive Particle Summary 'Quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t, b', t', Free)'" (PDF). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  8. ^ "CODATA Value: muon mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  9. ^ "CODATA Value: proton mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  10. ^ "CODATA Value: proton mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  11. ^ "CODATA Value: neutron mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  12. ^ "CODATA Value: neutron mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  13. ^ Amsler, C.; Doser, M.; Antonelli, M.; Asner, D.; Babu, K.; Baer, H.; Band, H.; Barnett, R.; Bergren, E.; Beringer, J.; Bernardi, G.; Bertl, W.; Bichsel, H.; Biebel, O.; Bloch, P.; Blucher, E.; Blusk, S.; Cahn, R. N.; Carena, M.; Caso, C.; Ceccucci, A.; Chakraborty, D.; Chen, M. -C.; Chivukula, R. S.; Cowan, G.; Dahl, O.; d'Ambrosio, G.; Damour, T.; De Gouvêa, A.; et al. (2008). "Review of Particle Physics⁎". Physics Letters B. 667 (1): 1. Bibcode:2008PhLB..667....1A. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2008.07.018. hdl:1854/LU-685594. S2CID 227119789. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012.
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  18. ^ From attograms to Daltons: Cornell NEMS device detects the mass of a single DNA molecule [1]. Retrieved 2010-10-14
  19. ^ a b . ETH Zurich. Archived from the original on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
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  21. ^ "Atomic mass of synaptic vesicle – Rat Rattus". BioNumbers. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
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  26. ^ Calculated : volume = 4/3 × π × (126e−9 m / 2)3 = 1.05e−21 m3. Assume density = 1 g/cm3 => mass = 1.05e−21 m3 × 1e3 kg/m3 = 1.05e−18 kg
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  31. ^ "Size (diameter) of most abundant cyanobacteri - Prochlorococcus - BNID 101520". BioNumbers. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  32. ^ a b c Mass calculated from volume assuming density of 1 g/mL
  33. ^ . The CyberCell Database. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
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  37. ^ "Cell dry weight - Green algae Dunaliella salina". BioNumbers. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  38. ^ "A quick introduction to elements of biology - cells, molecules, genes, functional genomics, microarrays". European Bioinformatics Institute. if we estimate the average weight of a human cell as about 10^-9 g
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External links edit

  • Mass units conversion calculator

January 01, 1970
orders, magnitude, mass, help, compare, different, orders, magnitude, following, lists, describe, various, mass, levels, between, 1052, least, massive, thing, listed, here, graviton, most, massive, thing, observable, universe, typically, object, having, greate. To help compare different orders of magnitude the following lists describe various mass levels between 10 67 kg and 1052 kg The least massive thing listed here is a graviton and the most massive thing is the observable universe Typically an object having greater mass will also have greater weight see mass versus weight especially if the objects are subject to the same gravitational field strength An overview of ranges of mass Contents 1 Units of mass 1 1 Other units 1 2 The least massive things below 10 24 kg 1 3 10 24 to 10 18 kg 1 4 10 18 to 10 12 kg 1 5 10 12 to 10 6 kg 1 6 10 6 to 1 kg 1 7 1 kg to 105 kg 1 8 106 to 1011 kg 1 9 1012 to 1017 kg 1 10 1018 to 1023 kg 1 11 1024 to 1029 kg 1 12 1030 to 1035 kg 1 13 1036 to 1041 kg 1 14 The most massive things 1042 kg and greater 2 See also 3 Notes 4 External linksUnits of mass editSI multiples of gram g Submultiples Multiples Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name 10 1 g dg decigram 101 g dag decagram 10 2 g cg centigram 102 g hg hectogram 10 3 g mg milligram 103 g kg kilogram 10 6 g mg microgram mcg 106 g Mg megagram tonne 10 9 g ng nanogram 109 g Gg gigagram 10 12 g pg picogram 1012 g Tg teragram 10 15 g fg femtogram 1015 g Pg petagram 10 18 g ag attogram 1018 g Eg exagram 10 21 g zg zeptogram 1021 g Zg zettagram 10 24 g yg yoctogram 1024 g Yg yottagram 10 27 g rg rontogram 1027 g Rg ronnagram 10 30 g qg quectogram 1030 g Qg quettagram Common prefixes are in bold face 1 The table at right is based on the kilogram kg the base unit of mass in the International System of Units SI The kilogram is the only standard unit to include an SI prefix kilo as part of its name The gram 10 3 kg is an SI derived unit of mass However the names of all SI mass units are based on gram rather than on kilogram thus 103 kg is a megagram 106 g not a kilokilogram The tonne t is an SI compatible unit of mass equal to a megagram Mg or 103 kg The unit is in common use for masses above about 103 kg and is often used with SI prefixes For example a gigagram Gg or 109 g is 103 tonnes commonly called a kilotonne Other units edit Other units of mass are also in use Historical units include the stone the pound the carat and the grain For subatomic particles physicists use the mass equivalent to the energy represented by an electronvolt eV At the atomic level chemists use the mass of one twelfth of a carbon 12 atom the dalton Astronomers use the mass of the sun M The least massive things below 10 24 kg edit Unlike other physical quantities mass energy does not have an a priori expected minimal quantity or an observed basic quantum as in the case of electric charge Planck s law allows for the existence of photons with arbitrarily low energies Consequently there can only ever be an experimental upper bound on the mass of a supposedly massless particle in the case of the photon this confirmed upper bound is of the order of 3 10 27 eV c2 10 62 kg Factor kg Value Item 10 67 1 07 10 67 kg Graviton upper bound 6 10 32 eV c2 2 10 40 4 2 10 40 kg Mass equivalent of the energy of a photon at the peak of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation 0 235 meV c2 3 10 36 1 8 10 36 kg 1 eV c2 the mass equivalent of one electronvolt 4 3 6 10 36 kg Electron neutrino upper limit on mass 2 eV c2 5 10 33quectogram qg 10 31 9 11 10 31 kg Electron 511 keV c2 the lightest elementary particle with a measured nonzero rest mass 6 10 30rontogram rg 3 0 5 5 10 30 kg Up quark as a current quark 1 7 3 1 MeV c2 7 10 28 1 9 10 28 kg Muon 106 MeV c2 8 10 27yoctogram yg 1 661 10 27 kg Dalton Da a k a unified atomic mass unit u 1 673 10 27 kg Proton 938 3 MeV c2 9 10 1 674 10 27 kg Hydrogen atom the lightest atom 1 675 10 27 kg Neutron 939 6 MeV c2 11 12 10 26 1 2 10 26 kg Lithium atom 6 941 Da 3 0 10 26 kg Water molecule 18 015 Da 8 0 10 26 kg Titanium atom 47 867 Da 10 25 1 1 10 25 kg Copper atom 63 546 Da 1 6 10 25 kg Z boson 91 2 GeV c2 13 2 2 10 25 kg Higgs boson 125 GeV c2 3 1 10 25 kg Top quark 173 GeV c2 14 the heaviest known elementary particle 3 2 10 25 kg Caffeine molecule 194 Da 3 5 10 25 kg Lead 208 atom 4 9 10 25 kg Oganesson 294 atom the heaviest known nuclide 10 24 to 10 18 kg edit Factor kg Value Item 10 24zeptogram zg 1 2 10 24 kg Buckyball molecule 720 Da 10 23 1 4 10 23 kg Ubiquitin a small protein 8 6 kDa 15 5 5 10 23 kg A typical protein median size of roughly 300 amino acids 33 kDa 16 10 22 1 1 10 22 kg Haemoglobin A molecule in blood 64 5 kDa 17 10 21attogram ag 1 65 10 21 kg Double stranded DNA molecule consisting of 1 578 base pairs 995 kDa 18 4 3 10 21 kg Prokaryotic ribosome 2 6 MDa 19 7 1 10 21 kg Eukaryotic ribosome 4 3 MDa 19 7 6 10 21 kg Brome mosaic virus a small virus 4 6 MDa 20 10 20 3 10 20 kg Synaptic vesicle in rats 16 1 3 8 MDa 21 6 8 10 20 kg Tobacco mosaic virus 41 MDa 22 10 19 1 1 10 19 kg Nuclear pore complex in yeast 66 MDa 23 2 5 10 19 kg Human adenovirus 150 MDa 24 10 18 to 10 12 kg edit Factor kg Value Item 10 18femtogram fg 1 10 18 kg HIV 1 virus 25 26 4 7 10 18 kg DNA sequence of length 4 6 Mbp the weight of the E coli genome 27 10 17 1 10 17 kg Vaccinia virus a large virus 28 1 1 10 17 kg Mass equivalent of 1 joule 29 10 16 3 10 16 kg Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria the smallest and possibly most plentiful 30 photosynthetic organism on Earth 31 32 10 15picogram pg 1 10 15 kg E coli bacterium wet weight 33 6 10 15 kg DNA in a typical diploid human cell approximate 10 14 2 2 10 14 kg Human sperm cell 32 34 6 10 14 kg Yeast cell quite variable 35 36 10 13 1 5 10 13 kg Dunaliella salina a green alga dry weight 37 10 12 to 10 6 kg edit nbsp Scanning electron micrograph showing grains of sand Factor kg Value Item 10 12nanogram ng 1 10 12 kg Average human cell 1 nanogram 38 2 3 10 12 kg HeLa human cell 39 40 41 8 10 12 kg Grain of birch pollen 42 10 11 10 10 2 5 10 10 kg Grain of maize pollen 43 3 5 10 10 kg Very fine grain of sand 0 063 mm diameter 350 nanograms 10 9microgram mg 3 6 10 9 kg Human ovum 32 44 2 4 10 9 kg US RDA for vitamin B12 for adults 45 10 8 10 8 kg Speculated approximate lower limit of the mass of a primordial black hole 1 5 10 8 kg US RDA for vitamin D for adults 46 2 10 8 kg Uncertainty in the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram IPK 20 mg 47 2 2 10 8 kg Planck mass 48 can be expressed as the mass of a 2 Planck Length radius black hole 7 10 8 kg One eyelash hair approximate 49 10 7 1 5 10 7 kg US RDA for iodine for adults 50 2 3 10 7 kg Fruit fly dry weight 51 52 10 6 to 1 kg edit Factor kg Value Item 10 6milligram mg 2 5 10 6 kg Mosquitoes common smaller species about 2 5 milligrams 53 grain of salt or sand 54 medicines are typically expressed in milligrams 55 10 5centigram cg 1 1 10 5 kg Small granule of quartz 2 mm diameter 11 milligrams 56 2 10 5 kg Adult housefly Musca domestica 21 4 milligrams 57 10 4decigram dg 0 27 2 0 10 4 kg Range of amounts of caffeine in one cup of coffee 27 200 milligrams 58 1 5 10 4 kg A frame of 35mm motion picture film 157 milligrams 59 2 10 4 kg Metric carat 200 milligrams 59 10 3gram g 1 10 3 kg One cubic centimeter of water 1 gram 60 1 10 3 kg US dollar bill 1 gram 61 1 10 3 kg Two raisins approximately 1 gram 62 8 10 3 kg Coins of one euro 7 5 grams 63 one U S dollar 8 1 grams 64 and one Canadian loonie 7 grams pre 2012 6 27 grams 2012 65 10 2decagram dag 1 2 10 2 kg Mass of one mole 6 02214 1023 atoms of carbon 12 12 grams 1 37 10 2 kg Amount of ethanol defined as one standard drink in the U S 13 7 grams 66 2 4 10 2 kg Adult mouse Mus musculus 20 40 grams 67 2 8 10 2 kg Ounce avoirdupois 28 3495 grams 59 4 7 10 2 kg Mass equivalent of the energy that is 1 megaton of TNT equivalent 59 68 10 1hectogram hg 0 1 0 2 kg An orange 100 200 grams 69 0 142 0 149 kg A baseball used in the major league 70 0 454 kg Pound avoirdupois 453 6 grams 59 1 kg to 105 kg edit nbsp Iron weights up to 50 kilograms depicted in Dictionnaire encyclopedique de l epicerie et des industries annexes Factor kg Value Item 1 kgkilogram kg 1 kg One litre 0 001 m3 of water 71 1 3 kg Smallest breed of dog Chihuahua 72 1 3 kg Typical laptop computer 2010 73 1 3 kg Adult domestic tortoise 2 5 4 kg Newborn human baby 74 4 0 kg Women s shot 75 4 5 kg Housecat 76 7 26 kg Men s shot 75 101 9 27 kg Medium sized dog 77 10 30 kg A CRT computer monitor or television set citation needed 50 kg Large dog breed Great Dane 70 kg Adult human 78 102 130 180 kg Mature lion female 130 kg and male 180 kg 79 200 250 kg Giant tortoise 240 450 kg Grand piano 80 81 400 900 kg Dairy cow 82 500 500 000 kg A teaspoon 5 ml of white dwarf material 0 5 500 tonnes 83 84 635 kg Heaviest human in recorded history Jon Brower Minnoch 907 2 kg 1 short ton 2000 pounds U S 59 103megagram Mg 1000 kg 1 tonne U S spelling metric ton 59 1000 kg 1 cubic metre of water 71 1016 05 kg Ton British 1 long ton 2240 pounds U S 59 1300 1600 kg Typical passenger cars 85 2700 6000 kg Adult elephant 86 104 1 1 104 kg Hubble Space Telescope 11 tonnes 87 1 2 104 kg Largest elephant on record 12 tonnes 88 1 4 104 kg Big Ben bell 14 tonnes 89 2 7 104 kg ENIAC computer 1946 30 tonnes 90 4 104 kg Maximum gross mass truck load combined of a semi trailer truck in the EU 40 44 tonnes 91 5 104 6 104 kg Tank Bulldozer 50 60 tonnes 6 0 104 kg Largest single piece meteorite Hoba West Meteorite 60 tonnes 92 7 3 104 kg Largest dinosaur Argentinosaurus 73 tonnes 93 105 1 74 1 83 105 kg Operational empty weight of a Boeing 747 300 1 8 105 kg Largest animal ever a blue whale 180 tonnes 94 4 2 105 kg International Space Station 417 tonnes 95 6 105 kg World s heaviest aircraft Antonov An 225 maximum take off mass 600 tonnes payload 250 tonnes 96 106 to 1011 kg edit Factor kg Value Item 106gigagram Gg 1 106 kg Trunk of the giant sequoia tree named General Sherman largest living tree by trunk volume 1121 tonnes 97 2 0 106 kg Launch mass of the Space Shuttle 2041 tonnes 98 6 106 kg Largest clonal colony the quaking aspen named Pando largest living organism 6000 tonnes 99 7 8 106 kg Virginia class nuclear submarine submerged weight 100 107 1 107 kg Annual production of Darjeeling tea 101 5 2 107 kg RMS Titanic when fully loaded 52 000 tonnes 102 9 97 107 kg Heaviest train ever Australia s BHP Iron Ore 2001 record 99 700 tonnes 103 108 6 6 108 kg Largest ship and largest mobile man made object Seawise Giant when fully loaded 660 000 tonnes 104 7 108 kg Heaviest non pyramid building Palace of the Parliament in Bucharest Romania 105 109teragram Tg 4 3 109 kg Amount of matter converted into energy by the Sun each second 106 6 109 kg Great Pyramid of Giza 107 1010 6 1010 kg Amount of concrete in the Three Gorges Dam the world s largest concrete structure 108 109 1011 1 1011 kg The mass of a primordial black hole with an evaporation time equal to the age of the universe 110 2 1011 kg Amount of water stored in London storage reservoirs 0 2 km3 111 6 1011 kg Total mass of the world s human population 112 5 1011 kg Total biomass of Antarctic krill one of the most plentiful animal species on the planet in terms of biomass 113 1012 to 1017 kg edit Factor kg Value Item 1012petagram Pg 0 8 2 1 1012 kg Global biomass of fish 114 4 1012 kg Global annual human food production 115 4 1012 kg World crude oil production in 2009 3 843 Mt 116 5 5 1012 kg A teaspoon 5 ml of neutron star material 5000 million tonnes 117 1013 1 1013 kg Mass of comet 67P Churyumov Gerasimenko 118 4 1013 kg Global annual human carbon dioxide emission 119 120 1014 1 05 1014 kg Global net primary production the total mass of carbon fixed in organic compounds by photosynthesis each year on Earth 121 7 2 1014 kg Total carbon stored in Earth s atmosphere 122 1015exagram Eg 2 0 1015 kg Total carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere 123 3 5 1015 kg Total carbon stored in coal deposits worldwide 124 1016 1 1016 kg 951 Gaspra the first asteroid ever to be closely approached by a spacecraft rough estimate 125 1 1016 kg Rough estimate of the total carbon content of all organisms on Earth 126 3 1016 kg Rough estimate of everything produced by the human species 127 3 8 1016 kg Total carbon stored in the oceans 128 1017 1 6 1017 kg Prometheus a shepherd satellite for the inner edge of Saturn s F Ring 129 1018 to 1023 kg edit Factor kg Value Item 1018zettagram Zg 5 1 1018 kg Earth s atmosphere 130 5 6 1018 kg Hyperion a moon of Saturn 129 1019 3 1019 kg 3 Juno one of the larger asteroids in the asteroid belt 131 3 1019 kg The rings of Saturn 132 1020 9 4 1020 kg Ceres dwarf planet within the asteroid belt 133 1021yottagram Yg 1 4 1021 kg Earth s oceans 134 1 5 1021 kg Charon the largest moon of Pluto 135 2 9 3 7 1021 kg The asteroid belt 136 1022 1 3 1022 kg Pluto 135 2 1 1022 kg Triton largest moon of Neptune 137 7 3 1022 kg Earth s Moon 138 1023 1 3 1023 kg Titan largest moon of Saturn 139 1 5 1023 kg Ganymede largest moon of Jupiter 140 3 3 1023 kg Mercury 141 6 4 1023 kg Mars 142 1024 to 1029 kg edit nbsp Jupiter is the most massive planet in the Solar System Factor kg Value Item 1024ronnagram Rg 4 9 1024 kg Venus 143 6 0 1024 kg Earth 144 1025 3 1025 kg Oort cloud 145 8 7 1025 kg Uranus 146 1026 1 0 1026 kg Neptune 147 5 7 1026 kg Saturn 148 1027quettagram Qg 1 9 1027 kg Jupiter 149 1028 2 14 1028 kg Brown dwarfs approximate 150 1029 3 1029 kg Barnard s Star a nearby red dwarf 151 1030 to 1035 kg edit Factor kg Value Item 1030 2 1030 kg The Sun 152 one solar mass or M 1 989 1030 kg 2 8 1030 kg Chandrasekhar limit 1 4 M 153 154 1031 4 1031 kg Betelgeuse a red supergiant star 20 M 155 1032 4 7 1032 kg R136a1 the most massive of known stars 230 to 345 M 156 6 8 1032 kg Hyades star cluster 300 to 400 M 157 1033 1 6 1033 kg Pleiades star cluster 800 M 158 1034 1035 1035 kg Typical globular cluster in the Milky Way overall range 3 103 to 4 106 M 159 2 1035 kg Low end of mass range for giant molecular clouds 1 105 to 1 107 M 160 161 7 3 1035 kg Jeans mass of a giant molecular cloud at 100 K and density 30 atoms per cubic centimeter 162 possible example Orion molecular cloud complex 1036 to 1041 kg edit Factor kg Value Item 1036 1 79 1036 kg The entire Carina complex 2 4 1036 kg The Gould Belt of stars including the Sun 1 2 106 M 163 7 8 1036 kg The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way associated with the radio source Sagittarius A 3 7 0 2 106 M 164 8 1036 kg Omega centauri the largest globular cluster in the Milky Way containing approximately 10 million stars 1037 1038 1039 1040 4 17 1040 kg NGC 4889 the largest measured supermassive black hole weighing 21 billion solar masses 2 1 1010 M 1041 4 1041 kg Visible mass of the Milky Way galaxy 165 The most massive things 1042 kg and greater edit Factor kg Value Item 1042 1 2 1042 kg Milky Way galaxy 5 8 1011 M 166 2 3 1042 kg Local Group of galaxies including the Milky Way 1 29 0 14 1012 M 166 1043 5 37 1043 kg ESO 146 5 the heaviest known galaxy in the universe 167 1044 1045 1 2 1045 kg Local or Virgo Supercluster of galaxies including the Local Group 1 1015 M 168 1046 1047 2 1047 kg Laniakea Supercluster of galaxies which encompasses the Virgo supercluster 1048 2 1048 kg Pisces Cetus Supercluster Complex a galaxy filament that includes the Laniakea Supercluster 1049 4 1049 kg Hercules Corona Borealis Great Wall the largest structure in the known universe 1050 1051 1052 4 4506 1052 kg Mass of the observable universe as estimated by NASA 1 4 1053 kg Mass of the observable universe as estimated by the U S National Solar Observatory 169 See also editLists of astronomical objectsNotes edit Criterion A combined total of at least 250 000 Google hits on both the modern spelling gram and the dated British spelling gramme Zyla P et al Particle Data Group 2020 Review of Particle Physics Gauge and Higgs bosons PDF Archived PDF from the original on 30 September 2020 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Fixsen D J 2009 The Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background The Astrophysical Journal 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