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Chihuahua (dog)

February 16, 2024

"Chihuahuas" redirects here. For the baseball team, see El Paso Chihuahuas.

The Chihuahua[a] (or Spanish: Chihuahueño) is a Mexican breed of toy dog. It is named for the Mexican state of Chihuahua and is among the smallest of all dog breeds.[3] It is usually kept as a companion animal or for showing.

Chihuahua
Other namesChihuahueño
OriginMexico
Traits
Height 8–23 cm (3–9 in)[2]: 276 
Weight 1–3 kg (2–7 lb)[1]
Coat short-haired (smooth) or long-haired
Colour any, always unicolored[2]: 276 
Life span 12 years or more[2]: 276 
Kennel club standards
Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)

History edit

DNA studies suggest that native American dogs entered North America from Siberia roughly 10,000 years ago, and were then isolated for some 9,000 years until the arrival of the first Europeans; these pre-contact dogs exhibited a unique genetic signature that is now almost gone.[4] A study based on sequencing of ancient dog genomes, published in 2020, suggests that this pre-colonial ancestry survives in two Mexican breeds, to the extent of about 4% in the Chihuahua (and some 3% in the Xoloitzcuintli).[5]

Colonial records refer to small, nearly hairless dogs at the beginning of the nineteenth century; one claims that sixteenth-century conquistadores found them plentiful in the region later known as Chihuahua.[6] In a letter written in 1520, Hernan Cortés wrote that the Aztecs raised and sold little dogs as food.[7]

The American Kennel Club first registered a Chihuahua in 1904, Midget, owned by H. Raynor of Texas.[8][9]

Characteristics edit

 
A shorthair deer-head Chihuahua's head
 
A shorthair apple-head Chihuahua, showing pronounced stop

Chihuahuas are the smallest breed recognized by some kennel clubs.[10] Current breed standards defined by registries specify an "apple-head" or "apple-dome" skull conformation.[11] Chihuahuas occur in virtually any color combination, from solid to marked or splashed.[12] Apple-dome Chihuahuas have large, round eyes and large, erect ears, set in a high, dramatically rounded skull.[10] The stop is well defined, forming a near-90-degree angle where the muzzle meets the skull.[13] Dogs of the older "deer" type, with a flat-topped head, more widely set eyes, larger ears, and longer, more slender legs, may still be registered, but the deer head is not considered a separate type in competition and a deer-head dog's digression from the breed standard is considered a fault.[11][13]

Breed standards for this dog do not generally specify a height; only a weight and a description of their overall proportions. Generally, the height ranges between 6 and 9 in (15 and 23 cm);[10] however, some dogs grow as tall as 30 to 38 cm (12 to 15 in). Both British and American breed standards state that a Chihuahua must not weigh more than 5.9 lb (2.7 kg) for conformation.[10]

However, the British standard also states that a weight of 4–6 lb (1.8–2.7 kg) is preferred. A clause stating "if two dogs are equally good in type, the more diminutive one is preferred" was removed in 2009.[14] The Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard calls for dogs ideally between 1.5 and 3.0 kg (3.3 and 6.6 lbs), although smaller ones are acceptable in the show ring.[15]

Pet Chihuahuas (those bred or purchased as companions rather than as show dogs) often range above these weights, even above 10 lb (4.5 kg), if they have large bone structures or are allowed to become overweight.[10] This does not mean that they are not purebred Chihuahuas; they just do not meet the requirements to enter a conformation show. Oversized Chihuahuas are seen in some of the best, and worst, bloodlines. Chihuahuas do not breed true for size, and puppies from the same litter can mature in drastically different sizes from one another. Also, larger breeding females are less likely to experience dystocia (obstructed labor). Many breeders try to breed Chihuahuas to be as small as possible, because those marketed as "teacup" or "tiny teacup" demand higher prices.[16]

The Fédération Cynologique Internationale, which represents the major kennel clubs of 84 countries, disqualified the merle coat pattern, which appears mottled.[15] In May 2007, The Kennel Club decided not to register puppies with this coloration due to the health risks associated with the responsible gene, and in December of that year, formally amended its breed standard to disqualify merle dogs.[17]

Like many other small dogs, the Chihuahua may display above-average aggression toward people and other dogs.[18][19]

 
A one-eyed Chihuahua relaxes by a window

Health edit

The Chihuahua has some genetic predisposition to several neurological diseases, among them atlantoaxial instability, ceroid lipofuscinosis, congenital deafness, congenital hydrocephalus, muscular dystrophy, necrotizing meningoencephalitis, and neuroaxonal dystrophy;[20]: 3 [21] it has a mild predisposition to congenital heart disease.[22]: 478  In a radiographical study of canine periodontal disease in 2001, the Chihuahua was found to have the lowest incidence of the six breeds studied.[23]: 206 [24]: 532  The predisposition to medial patellar luxation is believed to be significant.[25]: 46 

A study in Japan of pet cemetery data found the Chihuahua to have an average life expectancy of less than 12 years, below the average for the study.[26] A UK study on life expectancy of dog breeds based on veterinary data showed the average life expectancy to be below 8 years for the breed.[27][b]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Pronounced: /tʃɪˈwɑːwə, -wɑː, -ˈwaʊ.ə/ ⓘ[28]
  2. ^ The Japanese study reviewed cemetery data which is unlikely to have any records of still-births and altricial deaths whilst a veterinary clinic likely would have data on these.

References edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chihuahua (dog).
  1. ^ FCI-Standard N° 218: Chihuahueño (Chihuahua). Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed October 2022.
  2. ^ a b c Kim Dennis-Bryan (2020 [2012])). The Complete Dog Breed Book, second edition. London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 9780241412732.
  3. ^ "The 25 Smallest Dog Breeds". American Kennel Club. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  4. ^ Ní Leathlobhair, Máire; et al. (July 6, 2018). "The evolutionary history of dogs in the Americas". Science. 361 (6397): 81–85. Bibcode:2018Sci...361...81N. doi:10.1126/science.aao4776. PMC 7116273. PMID 29976825. S2CID 206663458.
  5. ^ Bergström, Anders; et al. (2020). "Origins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs". Science. 370 (6516): 557–564. doi:10.1126/science.aba9572. PMC 7116352. PMID 33122379. S2CID 225956269.
  6. ^ Pedro Baptista Pino y Juan Lopez Cancelada, Exposición sucinta y sencilla de la Provincia del Nuevo México y otros escritos. Ed. Jesus Paniagua Perez. Valladolid: Junta de Castilla / León: Universidad de León, 2007, p. 244: "even in the desert the tiny dogs could be found, hunting rats, mice, and lizards." The footnote that follows alludes to starving Conquistadores reportedly hunting and stewing the dogs (Universidad Veracruzana, Arquivo Viejo, XXVI.2711).
  7. ^ . Fordham University. Archived from the original on August 23, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  8. ^ Coile, C. (2013). Chihuahuas: Everything about purchase, care, nutrition, behavior, and training. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, p. 7: "Only in 1904 did the American Kennel Club (AKC) register its first Chihuahua; a total of five were registered that year."
  9. ^ "Chihuahua History: From Aztec Treasure to Popular Companion". American Kennel Club. January 6, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d e Charlotte Wilcox (April 1, 1999). "Quick Facts". The Chihuahua. Capstone. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-7368-0158-4. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
  11. ^ a b Walker, Joan Hustace (2006). The Everything Chihuahua Book: A Complete Guide to Raising, Training, And Caring for Your Chihuahua. Adams Media. pp. 16–18. ISBN 9781440523687. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  12. ^ American Kennel Club Chihuahua page, retrieved on July 29, 2007.
  13. ^ a b "Official Standard of the Chihuahua" (PDF). Retrieved November 12, 2019.
  14. ^ . thekennelclub.org.uk. Archived from the original on October 30, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2013.
  15. ^ a b "Chihuahua standard" (PDF). Fédération Cynologique Internationale. July 28, 2009. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
  16. ^ Segovia, Stacey Smith (March 21, 2004). "Runt of the litter". The Leaf Chronicle. ProQuest 441596979.
  17. ^ . Thekennelclub.org.uk. May 15, 2006. Archived from the original on January 3, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2009.
  18. ^ Deborah L. Duffy, Yuying Hsu, James A. Serpell (2008). Breed differences in canine aggression. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 114 (3–4, December 2008): 441–460. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.006. (subscription required).
  19. ^ Paul D. McGreevy, Dana Georgevsky, Johanna Carrasco, Michael Valenzuela, Deborah L. Duffy, James A. Serpell (December 2013). Dog Behavior Co-Varies with Height, Bodyweight and Skull Shape. PlosOne. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080529.
  20. ^ Curtis W. Dewey, Ronaldo C. Da Costa (2016). Signalment and History: The First Considerations. In: Curtis W. Dewey, Ronaldo C. Da Costa (2016). Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology, third edition. Ames, Iowa; Chichester, West Sussex; Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 9781119946113, pages 1–8.
  21. ^ Chihuahua (long and smooth coat): Hydrocephalus. Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals. Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire: The International Animal Welfare Science Society/Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. Accessed February 2021.
  22. ^ P. Oliveira, O. Domenech, J. Silva, S. Vannini, R. Bussadori, C. Bussadori (2011). Retrospective Review of Congenital Heart Disease in 976 Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 25: 477-483. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0711.x.
  23. ^ V. Butković, M. Šimpraga, M. Šehić, et al. (2001) Dental diseases of dogs: a retrospective study of radiological data. Acta Veterinaria Brno. 70: 203–208.
  24. ^ C. Wallis, L. J. Holcombe (2020). A review of the frequency and impact of periodontal disease in dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 61: 529–540. doi:10.1111/jsap.13218.
  25. ^ Alex Gough, Alison Thomas (2004). Breed Predispositions to Disease in Dogs and Cats. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405107488.
  26. ^ INOUE, Mai; KWAN, Nigel C. L.; SUGIURA, Katsuaki (2018). "Estimating the life expectancy of companion dogs in Japan using pet cemetery data". Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. Japanese Society of Veterinary Science. 80 (7): 1153–1158. doi:10.1292/jvms.17-0384. ISSN 0916-7250.
  27. ^ Teng, Kendy Tzu-yun; Brodbelt, Dave C.; Pegram, Camilla; Church, David B.; O’Neill, Dan G. (April 28, 2022). "Life tables of annual life expectancy and mortality for companion dogs in the United Kingdom". Scientific Reports. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 12 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10341-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9050668.
  28. ^ Wells, John (April 3, 2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.

February 16, 2024
chihuahua, chihuahuas, redirects, here, baseball, team, paso, chihuahuas, chihuahua, spanish, chihuahueño, mexican, breed, named, mexican, state, chihuahua, among, smallest, breeds, usually, kept, companion, animal, showing, chihuahuaother, nameschihuahueñoori. Chihuahuas redirects here For the baseball team see El Paso Chihuahuas The Chihuahua a or Spanish Chihuahueno is a Mexican breed of toy dog It is named for the Mexican state of Chihuahua and is among the smallest of all dog breeds 3 It is usually kept as a companion animal or for showing ChihuahuaOther namesChihuahuenoOriginMexicoTraitsHeight8 23 cm 3 9 in 2 276 Weight1 3 kg 2 7 lb 1 Coatshort haired smooth or long hairedColourany always unicolored 2 276 Life span12 years or more 2 276 Kennel club standardsFederation Cynologique InternationalestandardDog domestic dog Contents 1 History 2 Characteristics 3 Health 4 See also 5 Notes 6 ReferencesHistory editDNA studies suggest that native American dogs entered North America from Siberia roughly 10 000 years ago and were then isolated for some 9 000 years until the arrival of the first Europeans these pre contact dogs exhibited a unique genetic signature that is now almost gone 4 A study based on sequencing of ancient dog genomes published in 2020 suggests that this pre colonial ancestry survives in two Mexican breeds to the extent of about 4 in the Chihuahua and some 3 in the Xoloitzcuintli 5 Colonial records refer to small nearly hairless dogs at the beginning of the nineteenth century one claims that sixteenth century conquistadores found them plentiful in the region later known as Chihuahua 6 In a letter written in 1520 Hernan Cortes wrote that the Aztecs raised and sold little dogs as food 7 The American Kennel Club first registered a Chihuahua in 1904 Midget owned by H Raynor of Texas 8 9 Characteristics edit nbsp A shorthair deer head Chihuahua s head nbsp A shorthair apple head Chihuahua showing pronounced stop Chihuahuas are the smallest breed recognized by some kennel clubs 10 Current breed standards defined by registries specify an apple head or apple dome skull conformation 11 Chihuahuas occur in virtually any color combination from solid to marked or splashed 12 Apple dome Chihuahuas have large round eyes and large erect ears set in a high dramatically rounded skull 10 The stop is well defined forming a near 90 degree angle where the muzzle meets the skull 13 Dogs of the older deer type with a flat topped head more widely set eyes larger ears and longer more slender legs may still be registered but the deer head is not considered a separate type in competition and a deer head dog s digression from the breed standard is considered a fault 11 13 Breed standards for this dog do not generally specify a height only a weight and a description of their overall proportions Generally the height ranges between 6 and 9 in 15 and 23 cm 10 however some dogs grow as tall as 30 to 38 cm 12 to 15 in Both British and American breed standards state that a Chihuahua must not weigh more than 5 9 lb 2 7 kg for conformation 10 However the British standard also states that a weight of 4 6 lb 1 8 2 7 kg is preferred A clause stating if two dogs are equally good in type the more diminutive one is preferred was removed in 2009 14 The Federation Cynologique Internationale standard calls for dogs ideally between 1 5 and 3 0 kg 3 3 and 6 6 lbs although smaller ones are acceptable in the show ring 15 Pet Chihuahuas those bred or purchased as companions rather than as show dogs often range above these weights even above 10 lb 4 5 kg if they have large bone structures or are allowed to become overweight 10 This does not mean that they are not purebred Chihuahuas they just do not meet the requirements to enter a conformation show Oversized Chihuahuas are seen in some of the best and worst bloodlines Chihuahuas do not breed true for size and puppies from the same litter can mature in drastically different sizes from one another Also larger breeding females are less likely to experience dystocia obstructed labor Many breeders try to breed Chihuahuas to be as small as possible because those marketed as teacup or tiny teacup demand higher prices 16 The Federation Cynologique Internationale which represents the major kennel clubs of 84 countries disqualified the merle coat pattern which appears mottled 15 In May 2007 The Kennel Club decided not to register puppies with this coloration due to the health risks associated with the responsible gene and in December of that year formally amended its breed standard to disqualify merle dogs 17 Like many other small dogs the Chihuahua may display above average aggression toward people and other dogs 18 19 nbsp A one eyed Chihuahua relaxes by a windowHealth editThe Chihuahua has some genetic predisposition to several neurological diseases among them atlantoaxial instability ceroid lipofuscinosis congenital deafness congenital hydrocephalus muscular dystrophy necrotizing meningoencephalitis and neuroaxonal dystrophy 20 3 21 it has a mild predisposition to congenital heart disease 22 478 In a radiographical study of canine periodontal disease in 2001 the Chihuahua was found to have the lowest incidence of the six breeds studied 23 206 24 532 The predisposition to medial patellar luxation is believed to be significant 25 46 A study in Japan of pet cemetery data found the Chihuahua to have an average life expectancy of less than 12 years below the average for the study 26 A UK study on life expectancy of dog breeds based on veterinary data showed the average life expectancy to be below 8 years for the breed 27 b See also edit nbsp Dogs portalList of dog breeds Ren Hoek from Nickelodeon s The Ren amp Stimpy Show Beverly Hills Chihuahua Chihuahua state Notes edit Pronounced tʃ ɪ ˈ w ɑː w e w ɑː ˈ w aʊ e 28 The Japanese study reviewed cemetery data which is unlikely to have any records of still births and altricial deaths whilst a veterinary clinic likely would have data on these References edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chihuahua dog FCI Standard N 218 Chihuahueno Chihuahua Federation Cynologique Internationale Accessed October 2022 a b c Kim Dennis Bryan 2020 2012 The Complete Dog Breed Book second edition London Dorling Kindersley ISBN 9780241412732 The 25 Smallest Dog Breeds American Kennel Club Retrieved January 26 2021 Ni Leathlobhair Maire et al July 6 2018 The evolutionary history of dogs in the Americas Science 361 6397 81 85 Bibcode 2018Sci 361 81N doi 10 1126 science aao4776 PMC 7116273 PMID 29976825 S2CID 206663458 Bergstrom Anders et al 2020 Origins and genetic legacy of prehistoric dogs Science 370 6516 557 564 doi 10 1126 science aba9572 PMC 7116352 PMID 33122379 S2CID 225956269 Pedro Baptista Pino y Juan Lopez Cancelada Exposicion sucinta y sencilla de la Provincia del Nuevo Mexico y otros escritos Ed Jesus Paniagua Perez Valladolid Junta de Castilla Leon Universidad de Leon 2007 p 244 even in the desert the tiny dogs could be found hunting rats mice and lizards The footnote that follows alludes to starving Conquistadores reportedly hunting and stewing the dogs Universidad Veracruzana Arquivo Viejo XXVI 2711 Hernan Cortes from Second Letter to Charles V 1520 Fordham University Archived from the original on August 23 2014 Retrieved March 25 2014 Coile C 2013 Chihuahuas Everything about purchase care nutrition behavior and training Hauppauge NY Barron s Educational Series p 7 Only in 1904 did the American Kennel Club AKC register its first Chihuahua a total of five were registered that year Chihuahua History From Aztec Treasure to Popular Companion American Kennel Club January 6 2022 Retrieved September 28 2022 a b c d e Charlotte Wilcox April 1 1999 Quick Facts The Chihuahua Capstone pp 4 5 ISBN 978 0 7368 0158 4 Retrieved March 1 2013 a b Walker Joan Hustace 2006 The Everything Chihuahua Book A Complete Guide to Raising Training And Caring for Your Chihuahua Adams Media pp 16 18 ISBN 9781440523687 Retrieved June 15 2019 American Kennel Club Chihuahua page retrieved on July 29 2007 a b Official Standard of the Chihuahua PDF Retrieved November 12 2019 The Kennel Club thekennelclub org uk Archived from the original on October 30 2017 Retrieved October 17 2013 a b Chihuahua standard PDF Federation Cynologique Internationale July 28 2009 Retrieved October 25 2011 Segovia Stacey Smith March 21 2004 Runt of the litter The Leaf Chronicle ProQuest 441596979 Kennel Club breed standard Thekennelclub org uk May 15 2006 Archived from the original on January 3 2009 Retrieved August 14 2009 Deborah L Duffy Yuying Hsu James A Serpell 2008 Breed differences in canine aggression Applied Animal Behaviour Science 114 3 4 December 2008 441 460 doi 10 1016 j applanim 2008 04 006 subscription required Paul D McGreevy Dana Georgevsky Johanna Carrasco Michael Valenzuela Deborah L Duffy James A Serpell December 2013 Dog Behavior Co Varies with Height Bodyweight and Skull Shape PlosOne doi 10 1371 journal pone 0080529 Curtis W Dewey Ronaldo C Da Costa 2016 Signalment and History The First Considerations In Curtis W Dewey Ronaldo C Da Costa 2016 Practical Guide to Canine and Feline Neurology third edition Ames Iowa Chichester West Sussex Oxford Wiley Blackwell ISBN 9781119946113 pages 1 8 Chihuahua long and smooth coat Hydrocephalus Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals Wheathampstead Hertfordshire The International Animal Welfare Science Society Universities Federation for Animal Welfare Accessed February 2021 P Oliveira O Domenech J Silva S Vannini R Bussadori C Bussadori 2011 Retrospective Review of Congenital Heart Disease in 976 Dogs Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 25 477 483 doi 10 1111 j 1939 1676 2011 0711 x V Butkovic M Simpraga M Sehic et al 2001 Dental diseases of dogs a retrospective study of radiological data Acta Veterinaria Brno 70 203 208 C Wallis L J Holcombe 2020 A review of the frequency and impact of periodontal disease in dogs Journal of Small Animal Practice 61 529 540 doi 10 1111 jsap 13218 Alex Gough Alison Thomas 2004 Breed Predispositions to Disease in Dogs and Cats Oxford Blackwell Publishing ISBN 9781405107488 INOUE Mai KWAN Nigel C L SUGIURA Katsuaki 2018 Estimating the life expectancy of companion dogs in Japan using pet cemetery data Journal of Veterinary Medical Science Japanese Society of Veterinary Science 80 7 1153 1158 doi 10 1292 jvms 17 0384 ISSN 0916 7250 Teng Kendy Tzu yun Brodbelt Dave C Pegram Camilla Church David B O Neill Dan G April 28 2022 Life tables of annual life expectancy and mortality for companion dogs in the United Kingdom Scientific Reports Springer Science and Business Media LLC 12 1 doi 10 1038 s41598 022 10341 6 ISSN 2045 2322 PMC 9050668 Wells John April 3 2008 Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd ed Pearson Longman ISBN 978 1 4058 8118 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chihuahua dog amp oldid 1206383924, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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