A clonal colony or genet is a group of genetically identical individuals, such as plants, fungi, or bacteria, that have grown in a given location, all originating vegetatively, not sexually, from a single ancestor. In plants, an individual in such a population is referred to as a ramet. In fungi, "individuals" typically refers to the visible fruiting bodies or mushrooms that develop from a common mycelium which, although spread over a large area, is otherwise hidden in the soil. Clonal colonies are common in many plant species. Although many plants reproduce sexually through the production of seed, reproduction occurs by underground stolons or rhizomes in some plants. Above ground, these plants most often appear to be distinct individuals, but underground they remain interconnected and are all clones of the same plant. However, it is not always easy to recognize a clonal colony especially if it spreads underground and is also sexually reproducing.
The only known natural example of King's Lomatia (Lomatia tasmanica) found growing in the wild is a clonal colony in Tasmania estimated to be 43,600 years old.[1]
A group of 47,000 Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) trees (nicknamed "Pando") in the Wasatch Mountains, Utah, United States, has been shown to be a single clone connected by the root system. It is sometimes considered the world's largest organism by mass, covering 106 acres (43 ha), and also as among the world's oldest living organisms, at an estimated 14,000 years old.[2] It is however possible that undiscovered clonal colonies of trees rival or exceed its size and/or age.
^. Discovery Channel. Archived from the original on 2006-07-23. Retrieved 2008-05-07.
^Mock, K. E.; Rowe, C. A.; Hooten, M. B.; Dewoody, J.; Hipkins, V. D. (November 2008). "Clonal dynamics in western North American aspen ( Populus tremuloides )". Molecular Ecology. 17 (22): 4827–4844. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03963.x. PMID 19140975. S2CID 1425039.
^Lance, Ron (2004). Woody Plants of the Southeastern United States: A Winter Guide. University of Georgia Press. ISBN978-0-8203-2524-8.
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clonal colony.
Cook, R. E. (1983). "Clonal plant populations". American Scientist. 71: 244–253.
Kricher, J. C., & Morrison, G. (1988). A Field Guide to Eastern Forests, pp. 19–20. Peterson Field Guide Series. ISBN0-395-35346-7.
January 07, 2023
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Ramet redirects here For the commune in Alba County Romania see Rameţ A clonal colony or genet is a group of genetically identical individuals such as plants fungi or bacteria that have grown in a given location all originating vegetatively not sexually from a single ancestor In plants an individual in such a population is referred to as a ramet In fungi individuals typically refers to the visible fruiting bodies or mushrooms that develop from a common mycelium which although spread over a large area is otherwise hidden in the soil Clonal colonies are common in many plant species Although many plants reproduce sexually through the production of seed reproduction occurs by underground stolons or rhizomes in some plants Above ground these plants most often appear to be distinct individuals but underground they remain interconnected and are all clones of the same plant However it is not always easy to recognize a clonal colony especially if it spreads underground and is also sexually reproducing A clonal colony of Iris germanica note the rhizomatous stems by which the plant reproduces Contents 1 Methods of establishment 2 Record colonies 3 Examples 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingMethods of establishment EditWith most woody plants clonal colonies arise by wide ranging roots that at intervals send up new shoots termed suckers Trees and shrubs with branches that may tend to bend and rest on the ground or which possess the ability to form aerial roots can form colonies via layering or aerial rooting e g willow blackberry fig and banyan Some vines naturally form adventitious roots on their stems that take root in the soil when the stems contact the ground e g ivy and trumpet vine With other vines rooting of the stem where nodes come into contact with soil may establish a clonal colony e g Wisteria Ferns and many herbaceous flowering plants often form clonal colonies via horizontal underground stems termed rhizomes e g ostrich fern Matteuccia struthiopteris and goldenrod A number of herbaceous flowering plants form clonal colonies via horizontal surface stems termed stolons or runners e g strawberry and many grasses Non woody plants with underground storage organs such as bulbs and corms can also form colonies e g Narcissus and Crocus A few plant species can form colonies via adventitious plantlets that form on leaves e g Kalanchoe daigremontiana and Tolmiea menziesii A few plant species can form colonies via asexual seeds termed apomixis e g dandelion citation needed Record colonies EditThe only known natural example of King s Lomatia Lomatia tasmanica found growing in the wild is a clonal colony in Tasmania estimated to be 43 600 years old 1 A group of 47 000 Quaking Aspen Populus tremuloides trees nicknamed Pando in the Wasatch Mountains Utah United States has been shown to be a single clone connected by the root system It is sometimes considered the world s largest organism by mass covering 106 acres 43 ha and also as among the world s oldest living organisms at an estimated 14 000 years old 2 It is however possible that undiscovered clonal colonies of trees rival or exceed its size and or age Another possible candidate for oldest organism on earth is an underwater meadow of the marine plant Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean Sea which could be up to 100 000 years of age 3 Examples EditWhen woody plants form clonal colonies they often remain connected through the root system sharing roots water and mineral nutrients A few non vining woody plants that form clonal colonies are Bigelow oak Quercus sinuata var breviloba 4 quaking aspen Populus tremuloides bayberry Myrica pensylvanica black locust Robinia pseudoacacia creosote bush Larrea tridentata bladdernut blueberry Vaccinium devil s club Oplopanax horridus forsythia hazelnut Corylus honey locust Gleditsia triacanthos Kentucky coffeetree Gymnocladus dioicus kerria Kerria japonica pawpaw Asimina triloba poplars Populus sassafras Sassafras albidum sumac Rhus sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua and sweetshrub Calycanthus floridus citation needed See also EditKing Clone Tumour heterogeneityReferences Edit Tasmanian bush could be oldest living organism Discovery Channel Archived from the original on 2006 07 23 Retrieved 2008 05 07 Mock K E Rowe C A Hooten M B Dewoody J Hipkins V D November 2008 Clonal dynamics in western North American aspen Populus tremuloides Molecular Ecology 17 22 4827 4844 doi 10 1111 j 1365 294X 2008 03963 x PMID 19140975 S2CID 1425039 Ibiza s Monster Marine Plant Ibiza Spotlight Retrieved 2008 05 07 Lance Ron 2004 Woody Plants of the Southeastern United States A Winter Guide University of Georgia Press ISBN 978 0 8203 2524 8 Further reading Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clonal colony Cook R E 1983 Clonal plant populations American Scientist 71 244 253 Kricher J C amp Morrison G 1988 A Field Guide to Eastern Forests pp 19 20 Peterson Field Guide Series ISBN 0 395 35346 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Clonal colony amp oldid 1129069288, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
