Wikipedia
Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
The proportions of various human Y-DNA haplogroups vary significantly from one ethnic or language group to another in Africa.
Data in the table below are based on genetic research. Each group sampled is identified in the second column by linguistic designation: AA = Afroasiatic, KS = Khoisan, NS = Nilo-Saharan and NC = Niger–Congo. The third column gives the total sample size studied, and the other columns indicate the percentage observed of particular haplogroups.
| Population | Language group | n | A | B | E1a | E1b1a | E1b1b | E2 | J | R1b | T | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afro-Asiatic[nb 1] | Afro-Asiatic (AA) | 236 | 5.5 | 3.8 | 0.4 | 3.3 | 34.8 | 0.8 | 19.5 | 20.8 | 3.8 | Wood 2005[1] |
| Alur | Nilotic (NS) | 9 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 67 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] |
| Amhara (Ethiopia) | Semitic (AA) | 48 | 14.6 | 2.1 | 0 | 45.8 | 0 | 33.3 | 0 | 4.2 | Hassan 2008[2] | |
| Bamileke | Grassfields (NC) | 85 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Luis 2004[3] |
| Bantus (Gabon) | Bantu (NC) | 795 | 0.5 | 6.7 | 0.2 | 79.4 | 0.1 | 6.2 | 0 | 5.5 | 0 | Berniell 2009[4] |
| Bantus (Kenya) | Bantu (NC) | 29 | 13.8 | 3.4 | 0 | 51.7 | 13.7 | 17.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Hurles 2005[5] |
| Bantus (Tanzania)[nb 2] | Bantu (NC) | 110 | 2.7 | 9.1 | 48.2 | 21.8 | 16.4 | 0 | 0 | 1.8 | [3][6] | |
| Bantus (South Africa)[nb 3] | Southern Bantu (NC) | 137 | 5.1 | 10.9 | 0 | 54.7 | 4.4 | 21.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] |
| Bantus (South-Eastern) | Bantu (NC) | 343 | 5.0 | 16.3 | 66.2 | 1.5 | 10.2 | 0 | Naidoo 2010[7] | |||
| Beja | Cushitic (AA) | 42 | 4.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 52.4 | 0 | 38.1 | 4.8 | 0 | Hassan 2008[2] |
| Benin (Fon) | Gbe (NC) | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 95 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Luis 2004[3] |
| Berbers | Berber (AA) | 64 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 80 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | Cruciani2002[8] |
| Bissagos Islands | Bijagó, Niger–Congo (NC) | 21 | 76.2 | 14.3 | Rosa 2007[9] | |||||||
| Burkina Faso[nb 4] | Niger–Congo (NC) | 106 | 0 | 0.9 | 3.8 | 81.1 | 2.8 | 11.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cruciani2002[8] |
| Burunge | Cushitic (AA) | 24 | 0 | 25 | 4 | 33 | Tishkoff 2007[6] | |||||
| Cameroon (North)[nb 5] | Adamawa (NC) | 72 | 1.4 | 12.5 | 4.2 | 54.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 27.8 | 0 | Cruciani2002[8] |
| Cameroon (North)[nb 6] | Chadic (AA) | 54 | 1.8 | 3.7 | 0 | 13.0 | 3.7 | 7.4 | 0 | 70.4 | 0 | Cruciani2002[8] |
| Cameroon (South)[nb 7] | Grassfields (NC) | 89 | 0 | 5.6 | 0 | 93.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.1 | 0 | Cruciani2002[8] |
| R.D. Congo (East)[nb 8] | Bantu (NC) | 36 | 2.8 | 0 | 0 | 63.9 | 13.9 | 19.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] |
| Copts (Sudanese) | Arabic (AA) | 33 | 0 | 15.2 | 0 | 0 | 21.2 | 0 | 45.5 | 15.2 | Hassan 2008[2] | |
| Cross River (Nigeria) | Cross River (NC) | 1113 | 0 | 87 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Veeramah2010[10] | ||||
| Datog | Nilotic (NS) | 35 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 54 | Tishkoff 2007[6] | |||||
| Daza (Chad) | Saharan (NS) | 11.1 | 5.6 | 33.3 | 44.4 | Shriner 2018[11] | ||||||
| Dinka | Nilotic (NS) | 26 | 62 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Hassan 2008[2] |
| Dogon | Dogon | 55 | 1.8 | 7.3 | 45.5 | 43.6 | 0 | 1.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] |
| Ethiopians | Afro-Asiatic (AA) | 242 | 17.8 | 0.8 | 0 | 48.8 | 0.4 | 26.9 | 0 | 3.7 | Moran 2004[12] | |
| Ethiopian Jews | Semitic (AA) | 22 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | Cruciani2002[8] |
| Fulbe (Burkina Faso & Cameroon) | Senegambian (NC) | 37 | 5.4 | 0 | 29.7 | 48.6 | 0 | 0 | 8.1 | Cruciani2002[8] | ||
| Fulbe (Guinea-Bissau) | Senegambian (NC) | 59 | 13.6 | 1.7 | Rosa 2007[9] | |||||||
| Fulbe (Sudan) | Senegambian (NC) | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 34.6 | 0 | 0 | 53.8 | 0 | Hassan 2008[2] |
| Fulbe (Niger) | Senegambian (NC) | 7 | 14.3 | Cruciani2010[13] | ||||||||
| Fur | Fur (NS) | 32 | 31.3 | 3.1 | 0 | 0 | 59.4 | 0 | 6.3 | 0 | 0 | Hassan 2008[2] |
| Ghana[nb 9] | Kwa (NC) | 91 | 0 | 0 | 2.2 | 92.3 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 | 1.1 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] |
| Guinea-Bissau | NC | 282 | 3.2 | 0.4 | 15.6 | 72.0 | 6.0 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.7 | 0 | Rosa 2007[9] |
| Hadza | Hadza (Isolate/KS) | 80 | 0 | 57.5 | 26.2 | 15.0 | Tishkoff 2007[6] | |||||
| Hausa (Sudan) | Chadic (AA) | 32 | 12.5 | 15.6 | 0 | 12.5 | 3.1 | 0 | 0 | 40.6 | 0 | Hassan 2008[2] |
| Hema | Northeast Bantu (NC) | 18 | 6 | 0 | 2.2 | 28 | 28 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] |
| Herero | Bantu | 24 | 4.2 | 70.8 | 12.5 | I = 4.2%; R1a = 4.2%. (Wood 2005)[1] | ||||||
| Hutu (Rwanda) | Northeast Bantu (NC) | 69 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 83 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Luis 2004[3] |
| Igbo[nb 10] | Igboid (NC) | 209 | A3b2=0 | 89.3 | 0 | 0 | Veeramah 2010[10] | |||||
| Iraqw | Cushitic (AA) | 9 | 0 | 22 | 0 | 11 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] |
| Kanembu | Saharan (NS) | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | Shriner 2018[11] | |
| Khoisan[nb 11] | Khoisan (KS) | 90 | 47.7 | 14.4 | 0 | 24.4 | 6.7 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] |
| Khoisan | Khoisan (KS) | 183 | 44.3 | 11.5 | 0 | 23.0 | 16.4 | 1.6 | 0 | 1.6 | 0 | Naidoo 2010[7] |
| Khoisan (South Africa)[nb 12] | Khoisan (KS) | 129 | 33.3 | 12.4 | 0 | 35.7 | 14.7 | 3.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Tishkoff 2007[6] |
| Kikuyu & Kamba | Northeast Bantu (NC) | 42 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 73 | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Wood 2005[1][dead link] |
| ǃKung | Northern Khoisan (KS) | 64 | 36 | 8 | 0 | 39 | 11 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cruciani2002[8] |
| Luo | Nilotic (NS) | 9 | 11 | 22 | 0 | 66 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] |
| Maasai | Nilotic (NS) | 26 | 27 | 8 | 0 | 16 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] |
| Malagasy | Malayo-Polynesian | 35 | 0 | 8.6 | 0 | 34.3 | 0 | 8.6 | 5.7 | 0 | O = 34.3% (Hurles 2005)[5] | |
| Mandinka | Mande | 39 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 79 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] |
| Mandinka (Guinea-Bissau) | Mande | 45 | 86.7 | 4.4 | Rosa 2007[9] | |||||||
| Masalit | Maban (NS) | 32 | 18.8 | 3.1 | 0 | 0 | 71.9 | 0 | 6.3 | 0 | 0 | Hassan 2008[2] |
| Mossi | Gur (NC) | 49 | 0 | 2 | 90 | 2 | Tishkoff 2007[6] | |||||
| Namibia (Nama) | Khoikhoi (KS) | 11 | 64 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] | |
| Nande | Northeast Bantu (NC) | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] |
| Niger–Congo[nb 13] | Niger–Congo (NC) | 705 | 2.7 | 9.6 | 4.5 | 68.2 | 3.9 | 6.9 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] |
| Nilo-Saharan[nb 14] | Nilo-Saharan | 91 | 12.1 | 35.2 | 0 | 29.7 | 14.3 | 8.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] |
| Nilo-Saharan[nb 15] | Nilo-Saharan | 345 | 23.2 | 17.4 | 9.9 | 33.9 | 2.6 | 6.1 | Wood 2005,[1] Hassan 2008,[2] Tishkoff 2007,[6] Cruciani 2002[8] | |||
| Nubians | Nubian(NS), Arabic(AA) | 39 | 0 | 7.7 | 0 | 0 | 23.1 | 0 | 43.6 | 10.3 | 0 | Hassan 2008[2] |
| Nuba | Nuba (NS) | 28 | 46.4 | 14.3 | 0 | 0 | 39.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Hassan 2008[2] |
| Nuer | Nilotic (NS) | 12 | 33.3 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 16.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Hassan 2008[2] |
| Oromo (Ethiopia) | Cushitic (AA) | 78 | 10.3 | 1.3 | 0 | 62.8 | 1.3 | 3.8 | 0 | 5.1 | Hassan 2008[2] | |
| Ouldeme | Chadic (AA) | 13 | 95.5 | Cruciani2010[13] | ||||||||
| Pygmy (Mbuti) | Central Sudanic (NS) | 47 | 2 | 59 | 0 | 34 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] |
| Pygmy (Western)[nb 16] | Niger–Congo (NC) | 60 | 5 | 53.3 | 28.3 | 0 | 0 | 3.3 | 0 | Berniell 2009[4] | ||
| São Tomé and Príncipe | Indo-European | 150 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 84.0 | 0 | 0 | 8.7 | 0 | Gonçalves 2008[14] | |
| Sandawe | Sandawe (tentative/KS) | 68 | 4 | 14 | 43 | 34 | Tishkoff 2007[6] | |||||
| Senegalese | Niger–Congo (NC) | 139 | 0 | 0 | 5.0 | 81.3 | 6.5 | 2.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Hassan 2008[2] |
| Shilluk | Nilotic (NS) | 15 | 53.3 | 26.7 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Hassan 2008[2] |
| Shuwa Arabs | Arabic (AA) | 5 | 40 | Cruciani2010[13] | ||||||||
| Somalis | Cushitic (AA) | 201 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0 | 1.5 | 81.1 | 0.5 | 3.0 | 0 | 10.4 | R1a=1, Sanchez2005[15] |
| South African Whites | Indo-European | 157 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 9.6 | 0 | 3.8 | 51.6 | Others=33.8[7] | |
| Sudan (Arabs)[nb 17] | Semitic (AA) | 102 | 2.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16.7 | 0 | 47.1 | 15.7 | 0 | Hassan 2008[2] |
| South Sudan (Nilotic)[nb 18] | Nilotic (NS) | 81 | 50.6 | 24.7 | 0 | 0 | 24.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Hassan 2008[2] | |
| West Sudan (Darfur)[nb 19] | Nilo-Saharan (NS) | 90 | 27.8 | 2.2 | 0 | 0 | 62.2 | 0 | 4.4 | 0 | Hassan 2008[2] | |
| Tuareg (Burkina Faso)[nb 20] | Berber (AA) | 38 | 0 | 16.7 | 77.8 | 0 | 0 | Pereira 2010[16] | ||||
| Tuareg (Mali)[nb 21] | Berber (AA) | 21 | 0 | 9.1 | 90.9 | 0 | 0 | Pereira 2010[16] | ||||
| Tuareg (Niger)[nb 22] | Berber (AA) | 31 | 0 | 44.4 | 16.7 | 0 | 33.3 | Pereira 2010[16] | ||||
| Tutsi (Rwanda) | Northeast Bantu (NC) | 94 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 80 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Luis 2004[3] |
| Wolof | Senegambian (NC) | 34 | 0 | 0 | 12.0 | 68.0 | 12.0 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] | |
| Yoruba | Defoid (NC) | 13 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 92 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Tishkoff 2007[6] |
| Yoruba | Defoid (NC) | 28 | 93.1 | IHC 2005[17] | ||||||||
| Yoruba | Defoid (NC) | 21 | 4.8 | Cruciani 2010[13] | ||||||||
| Xhosa | Southern Bantu (NC) | 80 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 54 | 5 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] |
| Zulu | Southern Bantu (NC) | 29 | 3 | 20 | 0 | 55 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Wood 2005[1] |
See also
- Africa
- Y-DNA haplogroups by population
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Oceania
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Central and North Asia
- Y-DNA haplogroups in indigenous peoples of the Americas
Notes
- ^ Afroasiatic from: Ethiopia, Cameroon, Egypt, Tunisia.
- ^ Tanzania: Turu, Mbugwe, Wairak, Sukuma.
- ^ South Africa: Sotho–Tswana, Xhosa, Zulu.
- ^ Burkina Faso ethnic groups: Mossi, Rimaibe, Fulbe.
- ^ Adamawa Cameroon: Fali, Tali, mixed.
- ^ Chadic Cameroon: Ouldeme, Daba, mixed.
- ^ Southern Cameroon: Bamileke, Ewondo, Bakaka.
- ^ RDC: Nande, Hema.
- ^ Ghana: Ewe, Ga, Fante.
- ^ Calculated by averaging the haplogroup frequencies of the IG-C (Calabar), IG-E (Enugu) and IG-N (Nenwe) Igbo samples (see Table 1) in Table 4.
- ^ Khoisan: !Kung/Sekele, Tsumkwe San, Dama, Nama.
- ^ Khoisan from South Africa: Khwe, !Kung, and mixed.
- ^ Niger–Congo from: Gambia, Senegal, Mali, Ghana, Cameroon, CAR, DRC, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.
- ^ Nilo-Saharan: Alur, Mbuti (R.D.Congo), Massai, Luo (Kenya). Clade was exclusively carried by the Maasai amongst the Nilo-Saharan speakers - Appendix A
- ^ Nilo-Saharan: 14 populations from R.D.Congo, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania and Cameroon
- ^ Pygmies: Baka, Bakola.
- ^ Northern Sudan: Gaalien, Meseria, Arakien.
- ^ South Sudan: Dinka, Shilluk, Nuer.
- ^ Western Sudan: Fur, Masalit, Borgu. Clade introduced from North Africa. High frequencies likely due to a population bottleneck.
- ^ Tgor: Tuareg from Burkina Faso, around the village of Gorom-Gorom.
- ^ Tgos: Tuareg from Mali, near Gossi.
- ^ Ttan: Tuareg from Niger, in the vicinity of Tanut.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Wood, Elizabeth T et al 2005 Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes. Eur J Hum Genet 13, 867–876 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Hassan, Hisham Y. et al. 2008 Y-Chromosome Variation Among Sudanese: Restricted Gene Flow, Concordance With Language, Geography, and History
- ^ a b c d e J. R. Luis et al 2004, The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations
- ^ a b Berniell-Lee, Gemma et al 2009 Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights from Human Paternal Lineages
- ^ a b Hurles, Matthew E. et al 2005, The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Tishkoff, Sarah A. et al 2007 History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation
- ^ a b c Naidoo, Thijessen et al 2010, Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Cruciani, Fulvio et al 2002, A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes
- ^ a b c d Rosa Alexandra; Ornelas Carolina; Jobling Mark A; Brehm António; Villems Richard (2007). "Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 124. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-124. PMC 1976131. PMID 17662131.
- ^ a b Veeramah, Krishna R; et al. (2010). "Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 92. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-92. PMC 2867817. PMID 20356404. & Supplementary material
- ^ a b Shriner, Daniel, and Charles N Rotimi. “Genetic history of Chad.” American journal of physical anthropology vol. 167,4 (2018): 804-812. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23711
- ^ Moran CN et al 2004, Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners.
- ^ a b c d Cruciani, Fulvio et al. “Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: a paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan connections and the spread of Chadic languages.” European journal of human genetics : EJHG vol. 18,7 (2010): 800-7. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.231
- ^ Rita Gonçalves, Hélder Spínola & António Brehm (2010) Y-chromosome lineages in São Tomé e Príncipe and Cabo Verde islands: Different input of European influence. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series, Volume 1, Issue 1, August 2008, Pages 210-211
- ^ Sánchez, Juan J et al 2005, High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males
- ^ a b c Pereira, Luísa; Černý, Viktor; Cerezo, María; Silva, Nuno M; Hájek, Martin; Vašíková, Alžběta; Kujanová, Martina; Brdička, Radim; Salas, Antonio (August 2010). "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (8): 915–923. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21. ISSN 1018-4813. PMC 2987384. PMID 20234393.
- ^ International HapMap Consortium, 2005, "A haplotype map of the human genome", Nature, no. 437 (27 October), pp. 1299-1320.