Henry M. Jackson
Henry Martin "Scoop" Jackson (May 31, 1912 – September 1, 1983) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. representative (1941–1953) and U.S. senator (1953–1983) from the state of Washington. A Cold War liberal and anti-Communist Democrat, Jackson supported higher military spending and a hard line against the Soviet Union, while also supporting social welfare programs, civil rights, and labor unions.[1]
Henry M. Jackson | |
|---|---|
Official portrait of Jackson as Int. Cmte Chair, 1966 | |
| United States Senator from Washington | |
| In office January 3, 1953 – September 1, 1983 | |
| Preceded by | Harry P. Cain |
| Succeeded by | Daniel J. Evans |
| 28th Chair of the Democratic National Committee | |
| In office July 17, 1960 – January 21, 1961 | |
| Preceded by | Paul Butler |
| Succeeded by | John Moran Bailey |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Washington's 2nd district | |
| In office January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1953 | |
| Preceded by | Monrad Wallgren |
| Succeeded by | Jack Westland |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Henry Martin Jackson May 31, 1912 Everett, Washington, U.S. |
| Died | September 1, 1983 (aged 71) Everett, Washington, U.S. |
| Resting place | Evergreen Cemetery |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Helen Hardin (m. 1961) |
| Education | Stanford University (BA) University of Washington (JD) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
Born in Everett, Washington, to Norwegian immigrants, Jackson practiced law in Everett, after graduating from the University of Washington School of Law. He won election to Congress in 1940, and joined the Senate in 1953 after defeating incumbent Republican senator Harry P. Cain. Jackson supported the major civil rights of the 1960s, and authored the National Environmental Policy Act, which helped establish the principle of publicly analyzing environmental impacts. He co-sponsored the Jackson–Vanik amendment, which denied normal trade relations to countries with restrictive emigration policies.
Jackson served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources from 1963 to 1981. He was twice an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination, in 1972 and 1976. While still serving in the Senate, Jackson died in 1983.
His political beliefs were characterized by support of civil rights, human rights, and safeguarding the environment, but with an equally strong commitment to oppose totalitarianism in general, and communism in particular.[2] Jackson's political philosophies and positions have been cited as an influence on a number of key figures associated with neoconservatism, including Paul Wolfowitz and Richard Perle, both of whom previously served as aides to the Senator.[1] The Seattle-based Henry M. Jackson Foundation was created in 1983 by his former colleagues and staff, as well as his widow and other family members, to further his work. In 1987, the Department of Defense gave to the Jackson Foundation a one-time, $10 million appropriation for its endowment, in honor of the Senator. To date, the Foundation has awarded over $26 million in grants to educational and non-profit institutions. Jackson also sponsored legislation to form the Foundation to Advance Military Medicine, which was later renamed in his honor at the time of his death, to the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine.
Early life
Jackson was born in the home of his parents, Marine (Anderson) and Peter Jackson, in Everett, Washington, on May 31, 1912. His mother and father were both immigrants from Norway.[3] Peter Jackson was born Peter Gresseth, and changed his name when he immigrated. He met Marine at the Lutheran church in Everett, where they were married in 1897. Henry was the fifth, and youngest, of the Jackson children; he was nicknamed "Scoop" by his sister in his childhood, after a comic strip character that he was said to have resembled.
He went on to graduate with a B.A. degree from Stanford University, and a J.D. degree from the University of Washington School of Law, where he joined the Delta Chi fraternity.
Early career
In 1935, the year of his law school graduation, he was admitted to the bar, and began to practice law in Everett. He found immediate success, and was elected to become the prosecuting attorney for Snohomish County from 1938 to 1940, where he made a name for himself prosecuting bootleggers and gamblers.
In 1961, Jackson, called by Time the Senate's "most eligible bachelor",[4] married Helen Hardin, a 28-year-old Senate receptionist, but Jackson did not move out of his childhood home, where he lived with his unmarried sisters for several years. The Jacksons had two children: Anna Marie Laurence and Peter Jackson. Peter went on to serve as a speechwriter for Governor Christine Gregoire.
In Congress
Jackson successfully ran for Congress as a Democrat in 1940 and took his seat in the House of Representatives with the 77th Congress on January 3, 1941. From then on, Jackson did not lose any congressional elections.
Jackson joined the Army when the United States entered World War II but left when Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered all representatives to return home or resign their seats. He visited the Buchenwald concentration camp a few days after its liberation in 1945. He attended the International Maritime Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1945 with the American delegation, and he was elected president of the same conference in 1946, when it was held in Seattle. From 1945 to 1947, Jackson was also the chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs.
In the 1952 election, Jackson relinquished his seat in the House for a run for one of Washington's Senate seats. Jackson soundly defeated Republican senator Harry P. Cain and remained a senator for over thirty years. He was Washington's first U.S. senator to be born in the state. Jackson died in office in 1983 after winning re-election for the fifth time in 1982.
Though Jackson opposed the excesses of Joe McCarthy, who had traveled to Washington state to campaign against him, he also criticized Dwight Eisenhower for not spending enough on national defense. Jackson called for more inter-continental ballistic missiles in the national arsenal, and his support for nuclear weapons resulted in a primary challenge from the left in 1958, when he handily defeated Seattle peace activist Alice Franklin Bryant before winning re-election with 67 percent of the vote, which he topped the next four times he ran for re-election.[1][5]
During the 1960 Democratic presidential primary, Jackson was the first choice of fellow senator John F. Kennedy for a running mate, though JFK became convinced that a Southerner would better balance the ticket.[6] Lyndon B. Johnson was later selected.
Jackson boasted one of the strongest records on civil rights during the civil rights movement.[7][8] He supported the 1957 and the 1964 Civil Rights Acts.
On July 22, 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Water Resources Planning Act into law, noting Jackson as one of the Congress members to "have made a very invaluable and very farsighted contribution to America's future."[9]
In April 1968, responding to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., Jackson gave a speech about the legacy and injustice of inequality.[10]
In 1963, Jackson was made chairman of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, which became the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources in 1977, a position he held until 1981. In the 1970s, Jackson joined with fellow senators Ernest Hollings and Edward Kennedy in a press conference to oppose President Gerald Ford's request for Congress to end Richard Nixon's price controls on domestic oil, which had provoked oil companies into withholding gasoline during the 1973 Oil Crisis.[11][12]
Kaufman writes that after 1968, Jackson "emerged as an intellectual and political leader in the perennial struggle of U.S. foreign policy to reconcile ideals with self-interest."[6]
Jackson authored the National Environmental Policy Act, which has been called one of the most influential environmental laws in history. It helped to stimulate similar laws and the principle of publicly analyzed environmental impact in other states and in much of the world.[13] Jackson was also a leader of the fight for statehood for Alaska and Hawaii. In 1974, Jackson sponsored the Jackson–Vanik amendment in the Senate (with Charles Vanik sponsoring it in the House), which denied normal trade relations to certain countries with non-market economies that restricted the freedom of emigration. The amendment was intended to help refugees, particularly minorities, specifically Jews, to emigrate from the Soviet Bloc. Jackson and his assistant, Richard Perle, also lobbied personally for some people who were affected by this law such as Anatoly (now Natan) Sharansky.
In March 1975, Jackson released a statement in which he expressed the view that it was paramount the Franklin Peroff case be found out to be either "an aberration or was symptomatic of much greater problem" within the Drug Enforcement Administration.[14]
In June 1975, Jackson stated that if accounts about the conduct of former director of the Drug Enforcement Agency John R. Bartels Jr. were correct then his actions amounted to obstruction of justice and that evidence disclosed "in the last two days would indicate that there was a conscious, premeditated plan involving misconduct at the highest levels of the D.E.A."[15]
In July 1977, the Senate approved a funding for the experimental nuclear reactor compromise proposal by Jackson and Idaho senator Frank Church. While the initial version by President Carter sought a decrease in funding from 150 million to 33 million, the Jackson and Church measure halved the funding to 75 million.[16]
In October 1979, the Senate voted in favor of President Carter's energy mobilization board plan, Jackson labeling the plan the "centerpiece" of Carter's program that was essential to guaranteeing the effectiveness of the rest of the legislation and was noted for successfully persuading colleagues to reject amendments to the plan.[17] Later that month, after the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee voted in favor of the Alaska public lands legislation, President Jimmy Carter issued a statement thanking Jackson and other members for supporting the legislation.[18]
Jackson also led the opposition within the Democratic Party against the SALT II treaty and was one of the leading proponents of increased foreign aid to Israel.
For decades, Democrats who support a strong international presence for the United States have been called "Scoop Jackson Democrats," and the term is still used to describe contemporary Democrats such as Joe Lieberman and R. James Woolsey, Jr.[19][20]
Jackson served for all but the last three years of his Senate tenure with Democratic colleague and friend Warren G. Magnuson. As a result, he spent 28 years as the state's junior senator, even though he had more seniority than all but a few of his colleagues. "Scoop" and "Maggie," as they affectionately called each other, gave Washington clout in national politics well beyond its population. They were one of the most effective delegations in the history of the Senate in terms of "bringing home the bacon" for their home state. Washington received nearly a sixth of public works appropriations but ranked only 23rd in population.[21]
Criticism
Jackson was known as a hawkish Democrat. He was often criticized for his support for the Vietnam War and his close ties to the defense industries of his state. His proposal of Fort Lawton as a site for an anti-ballistic missile system was strongly opposed by local residents, and Jackson was forced to modify his position on the location of the site several times, but continued to support ABM development. American Indian rights activists who protested Jackson's plan to give Fort Lawton to Seattle, instead of returning it to local tribes, staged a sit-in. In the eventual compromise, most of Fort Lawton became Discovery Park, with 20 acres (8.1 ha) leased to United Indians of All Tribes, who opened the Daybreak Star Cultural Center there in 1977.
Opponents derided him as "the senator from Boeing"[22] and a "whore for Boeing"[23] because of his consistent support for additional military spending on weapons systems and accusations of wrongful contributions from the company; in 1965, 80% of Boeing's contracts were military.[1][21] Jackson and Magnuson's campaigning for an expensive government supersonic transport plane project eventually failed. In addition, contrary claims he was an environmentalist, Jackson was almost as much a "whore for logging companies" as for Boeing, according Carsten Lien's book, the "Olympic Battleground."[24]
After his death, critics pointed to Jackson's support for Japanese American internment camps during World War II as a reason to protest the placement of his bust at the University of Washington.[25] Jackson was both an enthusiastic defender of the evacuation and a staunch proponent of the campaign to keep the Japanese-Americans from returning to the Pacific Coast after the war.[26]
Presidential campaigns
Jackson was not only successful as a politician in Washington state, but he also found recognition on the national level. He rose to the position of chairman of the Democratic National Committee in 1960, after being considered for the vice presidential ticket spot that eventually went to fellow senator Lyndon Johnson.
Jackson ran for president twice, and both campaigns were noted for the hostile reception they received from the left wing of the Democratic Party. Jackson's one-on-one campaigning skills, which were extremely successful in Washington state, did not translate as well to the national stage. Even his supporters admitted that he suffered from a certain lack of charisma.[1][27][28]
1972 presidential campaign
Jackson was little known nationally when he first ran in 1972. George McGovern, who eventually won the nomination, even accused Jackson of racism for his opposition to busing despite Jackson's longstanding record on civil rights issues. Jackson's high point in the campaign was a distant third in the early Florida primary, but he failed to stand out of the pack of better-known rivals, and he made real news only later in the campaign, as part of the "Stop McGovern" coalition, which raised what would be known as the "Acid, Amnesty and Abortion" questions about McGovern. Jackson suspended active campaigning in May after a weak showing in the Ohio primary and finishing well behind McGovern, Ed Muskie, George Wallace, and Hubert Humphrey in early primaries.
Jackson re-emerged at the August Democratic convention after the runner-up, Humphrey, dropped out of the race. Jackson's name was placed in nomination by Georgia governor Jimmy Carter, and he finished second in the delegate roll call, well behind nominee McGovern.[28][29]
While campaigning in New York City, Jackson invited Meir Kahane, the leader of the terrorist organization the Jewish Defense League, to stand with him on stage in order to gain favor with Jewish Americans.[30]
1976 presidential campaign
Jackson raised his national profile by speaking out on Soviet-U.S. relations and Middle East policy regularly, and he was considered a front-runner for the nomination when he announced the start of his campaign in February 1975. Jackson received substantial financial support from Jewish-Americans who admired his pro-Israel views, but his support of the Vietnam War resulted in hostility from the left wing of the Democratic Party.
Jackson chose to run on social issues, emphasizing law and order and his opposition to busing. He was hoping for support from labor, but the possibility that Hubert Humphrey might enter the race caused unions to offer only lukewarm support.[1][27][28][31]
Jackson made the fateful decision not to compete in the early Iowa caucus and New Hampshire primary, which Jimmy Carter won after liberals split their votes among four other candidates. Though Jackson won the Massachusetts and New York primaries, he dropped out on May 1 after losing the critical Pennsylvania primary to Carter by 12% and running out of money.[1][27][28][31]
Death
On September 1, 1983, Jackson died suddenly in Everett of an aortic aneurysm at the age of 71, shortly after giving a news conference condemning the Soviet attack on Korean Air Lines Flight 007. News reports showed video footage in which he was seen reflexively massaging the left side of his chest while talking, and speculated that it was his reaction to an early symptom of the fatal attack.[citation needed]
Jackson's death was greatly mourned. New York Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan stated "Henry Jackson is proof of the old belief in the Judaic tradition that at any moment in history goodness in the world is preserved by the deeds of 36 just men who do not know that this is the role the Lord has given them. Henry Jackson was one of those men." Jackson is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Everett.
Legacy
- Jackson was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1984. Ronald Reagan called him "one of the greatest lawmakers of our century," and stated:
Scoop Jackson was convinced that there's no place for partisanship in foreign and defense policy. He used to say, 'In matters of national security, the best politics is no politics.' His sense of bipartisanship was not only natural and complete; it was courageous. He wanted to be President, but I think he must have known that his outspoken ideas on the security of the Nation would deprive him of the chance to be his party's nominee in 1972 and '76. Still, he would not cut his convictions to fit the prevailing style. I'm deeply proud, as he would have been, to have Jackson Democrats serve in my administration. I'm proud that some of them have found a home here.
- In 1983, Jackson was awarded Delta Chi of the Year.
- One of Jackson's last acts as Senator was to sponsor legislation creating what became the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine,[32] which was named after him after his death.
- Jackson's extended community of staff, colleagues and family members created the Henry M. Jackson Foundation from public monies and private donations to give grants to nonprofits and educational institutions. Its board members have included Richard Perle, Tom Foley, and Jeane Kirkpatrick.[33][34]
- On March 28, 1981, Jackson gave the principal address at the christening of the USS Bremerton (SSN 698). The Bremerton was the second ship to have the name, preceded by the USS Bremerton (CA 130). It was christened by Mrs. Henry M. Jackson on July 22, 1978. The USS Bremerton (SSN 698) was mentioned in the classic Tom Clancy novel, The Hunt for Red October.
- The University of Washington has named the Jackson School of International Studies in his honor. However, students objecting to Jackson's hawkish views on the Cold War in the mid-1980s caused the university to move a bust of the senator to the end of an abandoned corridor until it was restored to a more prominent place outside the Jackson School in 2006.[25]
- The U.S. Navy Ohio-class ballistic missile submarine Henry M. Jackson was also named after him, in recognition of his longtime support of the nation's military. It is the only Ohio-class submarine not named after a U.S. state.
- In 1983, the Snohomish County Public Utility District began operation of the Henry M. Jackson Hydroelectric Project outside Sultan, Washington.
- In 1994, the Everett School District completed construction of Henry M. Jackson High School in Mill Creek, Washington.
- The Henry M. Jackson Wilderness Area was created in his honor by the 1984 Washington Wilderness Act.
- The Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs, with the cooperation of the Jackson family, awards a Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson Distinguished Service Award to individuals for their career dedication to U.S. national security. Jackson won the first award in 1982, and it was named after him after his death. Winners include Max Cleland, Joe Lieberman, Dick Cheney, Jane Harman, and Paul Wolfowitz.[35]
Influence on neoconservatism
Jackson believed that evil should be confronted with power.[34] His support for civil rights and equality at home,[25] married to his opposition to détente,[34] his support for human rights[36] and democratic allies,[37] and his firm belief that the United States could be a force for good in the world[38] inspired a legion of loyal aides who went on to propound Jackson's philosophy as part of neoconservatism. In addition to Richard Perle, neoconservatives Paul Wolfowitz, Bill Kristol, Charles Horner, and Douglas Feith were former Democratic aides to Jackson who, disillusioned with the Carter administration, supported Ronald Reagan and joined his administration in 1981, later becoming prominent foreign policy makers in the 21st-century Bush administration. Neoconservative Ben Wattenberg was a prominent political aide to Jackson's 1972 and 1976 presidential campaigns. Wolfowitz has called himself a "Scoop Jackson Republican" on multiple occasions.[36][39] Many journalists and scholars across the political spectrum have noted links between Senator Jackson and modern neoconservatism.[1][34][37][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]
Jackson's influence on foreign policy has been cited as foundational to the George W. Bush administration's foreign policy, and the Iraq War.[47] Jackson biographer Robert Kaufman says "There is no question in my mind that the people who supported Iraq are supporting Henry Jackson's instincts."[34]
Peter Beinart, author of The Good Fight: Why Liberals—and Only Liberals—Can Win the War on Terror and Make America Great Again, argues that the Democratic Party should return to Jackson's values in its foreign policy, criticizing current-day neoconservatives for failing to adopt Jackson's domestic policy views along with his foreign policy views.[38][41]
The Henry Jackson Society
In 2005, the Henry Jackson Society was formed at the University of Cambridge, England. The non-partisan British group is dedicated to "pursuit of a robust foreign policy ... based on clear universal principles such as the global promotion of the rule of law, liberal democracy, civil rights, environmental responsibility and the market economy" as part of "Henry Jackson's legacy."[48] The organization is now based in London and hosts high-profile speaker events in the House of Commons.
Jackson Papers controversy
Senator Jackson's documents were donated to the University of Washington shortly after his death in 1983, and have been archived there ever since.[49] When the materials were donated in 1983, university staff removed all information considered classified at the time.[50] Additional materials were added to the collection until 1995.[49]
At some point, library staff discovered a classified document in the collection and sent it to the government for declassification.[51] In response, in the summer of 2004, a man who identified himself as an employee of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) called the University of Washington asking to inspect Senator Jackson's archived documents housed there. He found a document labeled as classified and showed this to a librarian.[52] In February 2005, 22 years after Jackson's death, a five-person team including staff of the CIA, Department of Defense, the Department of Energy, and the Information Security Oversight Office came to the library to review all of Jackson's papers to remove anything still considered classified, or reclassified since then. The Department of Energy found nothing of concern, but the CIA blanked lines in about 20 papers and pulled 8 documents out of collection.[52][53][50][54][55] As of 2018[update], some files in the collection are available only to those regarded by the library as "serious researchers", who must first sign a release not to divulge some of the information contained in the files.[56][49]
Electoral history
| Year | Democrat | Votes | Pct | Republican | Votes | Pct | 3rd party | Party | Votes | Pct | 3rd party | Party | Votes | Pct | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1952 | Henry M. Jackson | 595,288 | 56.23% | Harry P. Cain | 460,884 | 43.53% | Thomas C. Rabbitt | Progressive | 1,912 | 0.18% | Henry Killman | Socialist Labor | 651 | 0.06% | |||||
| 1958 | Henry M. Jackson | 597,040 | 67.32% | William B. Bantz | 278,271 | 31.38% | Henry Killman | Socialist Labor | 7,592 | 0.86% | Archie G. Idso | Constitution | 2,257 | 0.26% | |||||
| 1964 | Henry M. Jackson | 875,950 | 72.21% | Lloyd J. Andrews | 337,138 | 27.79% | |||||||||||||
| 1970 | Henry M. Jackson | 879,385 | 82.43% | Charles W. Elicker | 170,790 | 16.01% | William Massey | Socialist Workers | 9,255 | 0.87% | Edison Fisk | Buffalo | 7,377 | 0.69% | |||||
| 1976 | Henry M. Jackson | 1,071,219 | 71.84% | George M. Brown | 361,546 | 24.25% | Dave Smith | American Independent | 28,182 | 1.89% | Richard K. Kenney | Libertarian | 19,373 | 1.30% | |||||
| 1982 | Henry M. Jackson | 943,665 | 68.96% | Douglas Jewett | 332,273 | 24.28% | King Lysen | Independent | 72,297 | 5.28% | Jesse Chiang | Independent | 20,251 | 1.48% |
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Oldham, Kit (August 19, 2003). "Jackson, Henry M. "Scoop"". History Link, The free online encyclopedia of Washington state history. from the original on November 18, 2007. Retrieved June 1, 2006.
- ^ "SENATOR HENRY M. JACKSON IS DEAD AT 71". The New York Times. September 3, 1983. from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
- ^ "::: Jackson (Henry M.) Collection :::". content.lib.washington.edu. from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
- ^ Time: "Time weekly round-up." Retrieved April 17, 2007.
- ^ Oldham, Kit (November 1, 2003). "Voters re-elect Senator Henry Jackson and six U.S. Representatives on November 4, 1958". HistoryLink.org. from the original on November 18, 2007. Retrieved June 2, 2006.
- ^ a b Kaufman, Robert G. (2011). Henry M. Jackson: A Life in Politics. University of Washington Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-295-99854-1. from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
- ^ Peter J. Ognibene, Scoop: The Life and Politics of Henry Jackson, 1975.
- ^ . Time. March 22, 1971. Archived from the original on December 21, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ^ Johnson, Lyndon B. (July 22, 1965). "Remarks at the Signing of the Water Resources Planning Act". American Presidency Project. from the original on May 19, 2018. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
- ^ Miller, Paul Steven. "Civil Rights and American Values: Understanding the Legacy of Senator Henry M. Jackson and its Relationship to the Emergence of Disability Human Rights" (PDF). School of Law, University of Washington. (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2008.
- ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York City: Basic Books. p. 321. ISBN 978-0-465-04195-4. from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
- ^ Rinde, Meir (2017). "Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism". Distillations. 3 (1): 16–29. from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
- ^ Oldham, Kit (November 13, 2003). "President Richard Nixon signs Senator Henry Jackson's National Environmental Policy Act into law on January 1, 1970". History Link. from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
- ^ "Senate Study Calls U. S. Drug Agents Lax in Checking Alleged Link of Vesco to Heroin". New York Times. March 10, 1975. from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
- ^ "Jackson Asserts Ex‐Drug Aide May Have Obstructed Justice". New York Times. June 12, 1975. from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
- ^ "SENATE SNUBS CARTER IN BACKING REACTOR". New York Times. July 12, 1977. from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
- ^ Weaver, Warren Jr. (October 5, 1979). "Energy Unit Voted By Senate". New York Times. from the original on May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
- ^ Carter, Jimmy (October 30, 1979). "Alaska Public Lands Legislation Statement on Approval by the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee". American Presidency Project. from the original on March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
- ^ Meyerson, Adam. "Scoop Jackson Democrat May 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine", Hoover Institution, Policy Review, 1990.
- ^ "Media Influence on National Security Decisionmaking June 2, 2006, at the Wayback Machine", Brookings Institution, December 12, 2001.
- ^ a b Boswell, Sharon; Lorraine McConaghy (September 29, 1996). "Twin towers of power". Seattle Times. from the original on May 7, 2006. Retrieved June 2, 2006.
- ^ Jason Vest. "The Men From JINSA and CSP" June 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, The Nation, August 15, 2002.
- ^ Alexander Cockburn. Al Gore: A User's Manual, p. 82, 2000.
- ^ "Olympic Battleground: The Power Politics of Timber Preservation by Carsten Lien". from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
- ^ a b c Perry, Nick (May 12, 2006). . Seattle Times. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007.
- ^ "Part VIII: White Man's Land March 31, 2007, at the Wayback Machine", Eliminationism in America, "Orcinus", January 23, 2007.
- ^ a b c David Wilma and Kit Oldham (November 7, 2003). "State voters elect Dixy Lee Ray as first woman governor of Washington, re-elect Senator Henry Jackson and House incumbents, and prefer Ford to Carter on November 2, 1976". HistoryLink.org. from the original on April 10, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
- ^ a b c d Salam, Reihan (May 27, 2003). "Double Scoop". The New Republic Online. from the original on June 21, 2003. Retrieved June 2, 2006.
- ^ "A Message of Discontent from Wisconsin November 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine", "AllPolitics", Time, April 17, 1972.
- ^ Friedman, Robert (1990). The False Prophet: Rabbi Meir Kahane. Lawrence Hill Books March. p. 147.
- ^ a b . Time Magazine. May 10, 1976. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010.
- ^ Jackson, Henry M. (May 27, 1983). "S.653 – 98th Congress (1983–1984): An act to amend title 10, United States Code, to establish a Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, and for other purposes". www.congress.gov. from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved January 29, 2021.
- ^ "Homepage". Henry M. Jackson Foundation. from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Fryer, Alex (January 12, 2004). . Seattle Times. Archived from the original on October 15, 2006.
- ^ . Jinsa.org. September 21, 2004. Archived from the original on October 2, 2006.
- ^ a b Wolfowitz, Paul (November 18, 2002). "Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson Distinguished Service Award". United States Department of Defense. from the original on November 22, 2002. Retrieved March 25, 2006.
- ^ a b Borger, Julian (December 6, 2002). "Democrat hawk whose ghost guides Bush". The Guardian. London. from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
- ^ a b Wasserman, Elizabeth (April 12, 2006). "Beinart Talks Back". The Atlantic. from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
- ^ "Ronald Reagan Dies". Paula Zahn Now. CNN. June 5, 2004. from the original on September 11, 2010. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ^ "Empire builders: Neocon 101". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on September 4, 2005.
- ^ a b "Return of the liberal hawks". Los Angeles Times. May 28, 2006. from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2016.
- ^ Kaplan, Lawrence F. "Regime Change June 22, 2003, at the Wayback Machine", The New Republic, February 19, 2003.
- ^ The Washington Times, (broken link) February 28, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Pseudo-Random Thoughts May 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine", Jim Miller on Politics, SEANET, 03-2005.
- ^ Harrop, Froma. "Dems Need Another Scoop Jackson June 2, 2006, at the Wayback Machine", RealClearPolitics, November 23, 2005.
- ^ Shribman, David (September 3, 1983). "Senator Henry M. Jackson is dead at 71". The New York Times. from the original on February 5, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
- ^ Morris, Roger (April 6, 2003). "The road the U.S. traveled to Baghdad was paved by 'Scoop' Jackson". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
- ^ "Statement of Principles April 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine", Henry Jackson Society, March 11, 2005.
- ^ a b c . Henry M. Jackson papers. September 26, 2012. Archived from the original on September 26, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b Webley, Kayla (February 8, 2005). "CIA looks into papers donated to University". The Daily. University of Washington. from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
- ^ Staff writer (February 7, 2005). "Security team to review Sen. Jackson's papers". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
- ^ a b Kaste, Martin (March 15, 2005). "CIA's Seizure of Files Raises Questions". Morning Edition. National Public Radio. from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
- ^ Gup, Ted (2008). Nation of Secrets: The Threat to Democracy and the American Way of Life. New York: Anchor Books. pp. 120–121. ISBN 978-0-307-47291-5. from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
- ^ Bain, Lara (February 15, 2005). "CIA seizes Sen. Jackson papers". Everett Herald. from the original on September 5, 2018.
- ^ Staff writer (February 21, 2005). "Federal Officials Remove Jackson Documents from UW". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
- ^ "Archives West: Henry M. Jackson papers, 1912–1987". Archives West. February 22, 1999. from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
- ^ "OurCampaigns, Henry Martin "Scoop" Jackson". OurCampaigns. from the original on June 2, 2009. Retrieved November 29, 2009.
External links
Henry Martin Jackson
- Henry M. Jackson Collection – University of Washington Digital Collection
- United States Congress. "Henry M. Jackson (id: J000013)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
- Henry M. Jackson at Find a Grave
- 1972 presidential campaign brochure, at 4president.org
- Henry M Jackson Papers August 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, at the University of Washington
- Bust of Henry Jackson, at the U.S. Senate
- Henry M Jackson Foundation
- The Henry Jackson Society, at the University of Cambridge
- Henry M. Jackson—A Life in Politics, biography
- Henry M. Jackson, late a senator
- Appearances on C-SPAN
Archives
- Guide to the Henry M. Jackson Papers. 1912–1987. Approximately 1,240 Cubic Ft. At the University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.
- Richard J. Brooks Papers. 1956–2000. 7.62 cubic feet. 8 boxes, one vertical file, one oversize folder, one mapcase folder. At the University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Contains correspondence from Senator Henry M. Jackson.