Darumbal, also spelt Dharambal, is an Australian Aboriginal language of Queensland in Australia declared extinct. It was spoken in the Rockhampton area of Queensland. Dialects were Guwinmal, Karunbara, Rakiwara, and Wapabura. It is classified with Bayali as a Kingkel language, but the two are not close, with a low 21% shared vocabulary.[2][3] Indeed, Angela Terrill states that "there is no evidence on which to base a claim of a low-level genetic group including Dharumbal with any other language".[3]
There is some variation in the naming of the language community. Walter Roth spells Ta-rum-bal and Taroombal while Norman Tindale records Dharumbal and cites the alternatives Tarumbul, Tarambol, Tarmbal and Charumbul. Nils Holmer, who undertook the first modern field study of the language[4] uses Darumbal, as does the Darumbal-Noolar Murree Aboriginal Corporation for Land and Culture. However, Holmer also uses ⟨D⟩ to indicate an interdental stop (where others have used ⟨dh⟩), and indeed, he alphabetises Darumbal along with other words beginning with an interdental stop, making his Darumbal equivalent in pronunciation to Dharumbal. From the available material then, Angela Terrill justifiably uses Dharumbal.[5]
Dharumbal possesses a rare distinction (among Pama-Nyungan languages) between voiced and voiceless stops, which seems to be maintained intervocalically, but not in other environments, where voicing seems to be in free variation. This observation, posited by Holmer and maintained by Terrill, is supported by the consistency to which older authors transcribed certain words; intervocalically, there is greater consistency in the use of a certain symbol, while in other environments (word-initially, after liquids), there is more variation.
Laminal consonants are often realised interdentally, but may also be realised palatally in any position, except for the laminal nasal, which must be realised palatally in word-final position.
LateralsEdit
Lateral consonants may not appear word-initially.
RhoticsEdit
From the existing material, Terrill concludes that there were likely three phonemically distinct rhotic consonants: a retroflex continuant, and two trills, distinguished by voicing. The two trills only appear intervocalically and never word-initially. The (near) minimal pairs given by Stephen Wurm are:
wuru "son"
wurhu "nose"
gurru "fly"
Additional minimal pairs were observed by Holmer.
Vowel inventoryEdit
Front
Central
Back
Close
i
u
Open
a
Dharumbal has three phonemic vowels. Terrill finds no evidence for contrastive vowel length. Roth used various diacritics in his transcriptions, but no explanation for their function was provided.
PeopleEdit
The Koinmerburra people (Koinjmal, Guwinmal) spoke the Guwinmal dialect, while the Wapabara (Woppaburra) probably spoke their own dialect.
darumbal, language, darumbal, also, spelt, dharambal, australian, aboriginal, language, queensland, australia, declared, extinct, spoken, rockhampton, area, queensland, dialects, were, guwinmal, karunbara, rakiwara, wapabura, classified, with, bayali, kingkel,. Darumbal also spelt Dharambal is an Australian Aboriginal language of Queensland in Australia declared extinct It was spoken in the Rockhampton area of Queensland Dialects were Guwinmal Karunbara Rakiwara and Wapabura It is classified with Bayali as a Kingkel language but the two are not close with a low 21 shared vocabulary 2 3 Indeed Angela Terrill states that there is no evidence on which to base a claim of a low level genetic group including Dharumbal with any other language 3 DarumbalGuwinmalRegionQueenslandEthnicityDarumbal Koinjmal Guwinmal WoppaburraExtinct date missing Language familyPama Nyungan MaricKingkel DarumbalDialectsKuinmabara Guwinmal Karunbara Rakiwara WapabaraLanguage codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code xgm class extiw title iso639 3 xgm xgm a Glottologdhar1248AIATSIS 1 E46ELPDharumbal Map of traditional lands of Aboriginal people around Mackay Rockhampton and Gladstone Queensland Contents 1 Name 1 1 Spelling and Pronunciation 2 Phonology 6 2 1 Consonant inventory 2 1 1 Voicing distinction of stops 2 1 2 Laminals 2 1 3 Laterals 2 1 4 Rhotics 2 2 Vowel inventory 3 People 4 Notes 4 1 Citations 5 Sources 6 External linksName EditSpelling and Pronunciation Edit There is some variation in the naming of the language community Walter Roth spells Ta rum bal and Taroombal while Norman Tindale records Dharumbal and cites the alternatives Tarumbul Tarambol Tarmbal and Charumbul Nils Holmer who undertook the first modern field study of the language 4 uses Darumbal as does the Darumbal Noolar Murree Aboriginal Corporation for Land and Culture However Holmer also uses D to indicate an interdental stop where others have used dh and indeed he alphabetises Darumbal along with other words beginning with an interdental stop making his Darumbal equivalent in pronunciation to Dharumbal From the available material then Angela Terrill justifiably uses Dharumbal 5 Phonology 6 EditConsonant inventory Edit Labial Laminal Apical DorsalStop voiceless p t t kvoiced b d d gNasal m n n ŋLateral lRhotic voiceless trill r voiced trill rretroflex ɻSemivowel w jVoicing distinction of stops Edit Dharumbal possesses a rare distinction among Pama Nyungan languages between voiced and voiceless stops which seems to be maintained intervocalically but not in other environments where voicing seems to be in free variation This observation posited by Holmer and maintained by Terrill is supported by the consistency to which older authors transcribed certain words intervocalically there is greater consistency in the use of a certain symbol while in other environments word initially after liquids there is more variation Other Pama Nyungan languages with a voicing distinction of stops include Thangatti Marrgany Gunya Wangkumara and Diyari Laminals Edit Laminal consonants are often realised interdentally but may also be realised palatally in any position except for the laminal nasal which must be realised palatally in word final position Laterals Edit Lateral consonants may not appear word initially Rhotics Edit From the existing material Terrill concludes that there were likely three phonemically distinct rhotic consonants a retroflex continuant and two trills distinguished by voicing The two trills only appear intervocalically and never word initially The near minimal pairs given by Stephen Wurm are wuru son wurhu nose gurru fly Additional minimal pairs were observed by Holmer Vowel inventory Edit Front Central BackClose i uOpen aDharumbal has three phonemic vowels Terrill finds no evidence for contrastive vowel length Roth used various diacritics in his transcriptions but no explanation for their function was provided People EditThe Koinmerburra people Koinjmal Guwinmal spoke the Guwinmal dialect while the Wapabara Woppaburra probably spoke their own dialect Notes EditCitations Edit E46 Darumbal at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Dixon 2002 pp xxxiv a b Terrill 2002 pp 15 Holmer 1983 Terrill 2002 pp 14 Terrill 2002 pp 17 28 Sources EditDixon R M W 2002 Australian Languages Their Nature and Development Cambridge University Press Holmer Nils 1983 Darumbal Linguistic survey of south east Queensland Pacific Linguistics Pacific Linguistics p 456 485 Terrill Angela 2002 Dharumbal the language of Rockhampton Australia Pacific Linguistics 525 Pacific Linguistics p 108 External links EditBibliography of Darumbal people and language resources at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies nbsp This Australian Aboriginal languages related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Darumbal language amp oldid 1162818421, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
