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Speed limit

April 11, 2024

This article is about road speed limits. For the speed of light, see Special relativity. For road speed limits in specific countries, see Speed limits by country. For rail speed limits, see Slow zone.
"Speed Limit" redirects here. For the video game, see Speed Limit (video game). For the austrian heavy metal band, see Speed Limit (band).

Speed limits on road traffic, as used in most countries, set the legal maximum speed at which vehicles may travel on a given stretch of road.[1] Speed limits are generally indicated on a traffic sign reflecting the maximum permitted speed, expressed as kilometres per hour (km/h) or miles per hour (mph) or both. Speed limits are commonly set by the legislative bodies of national or provincial governments and enforced by national or regional police and judicial authorities. Speed limits may also be variable, or in some places nonexistent, such as on most of the Autobahnen in Germany.[2]

A road sign shows maximum and minimum speed limit for different types of vehicle on expressway in China. Speed limit signs are shown in kilometres per hour.

The first numeric speed limit for automobiles was the 10 mph (16 km/h) limit introduced in the United Kingdom in 1861.[3]

As of 2018 the highest posted speed limit in the world is 160 km/h (99 mph), applied on two motorways in the UAE.[4] Speed limits and safety distance are poorly enforced in the UAE, specifically on the Abu Dhabi to Dubai motorway – which results in dangerous traffic, according to a French government travel advisory.[5] Additionally, "drivers often drive at high speeds [and] unsafe driving practices are common, especially on inter-city highways. On highways, unmarked speed bumps and drifting sand create additional hazards", according to a travel advisory issued by the U.S. State Department.[6]

There are several reasons to regulate speed on roads. It is often done in an attempt to improve road traffic safety and to reduce the number of casualties from traffic collisions. The World Health Organization (WHO) identified speed control as one of a number of steps that can be taken to reduce road casualties.[n 1] As of 2021, the WHO estimates that approximately 1.3 million people die of road traffic crashes each year.[7]

Authorities may also set speed limits to reduce the environmental impact of road traffic (vehicle noise, vibration, emissions) or to enhance the safety of pedestrians, cyclists, and other road-users. For example, a draft proposal from Germany's National Platform on the Future of Mobility task force recommended a blanket 130 km/h (81 mph) speed limit across the Autobahnen to curb fuel consumption and carbon emissions.[8] Some cities have reduced limits to as little as 30 km/h (19 mph) for both safety and efficiency reasons.[9] However, some research indicates that changes in the speed limit may not always alter average vehicle speed.[10] Lower speed limits could reduce the use of over-engineered vehicles.[11]

History edit

 
Historic New Hampshire speed limit sign

In Western cultures, speed limits predate the use of motorized vehicles. In 1652, the American colony of New Amsterdam passed a law stating, "No wagons, carts or sleighs shall be run, rode or driven at a gallop". The punishment for breaking the law was "two pounds Flemish", the equivalent of US $50 in 2019.[12] The 1832 Stage Carriage Act introduced the offense of endangering the safety of a passenger or person by "furious driving" in the United Kingdom (UK).[13] In 1872, then-President of the United States Ulysses S. Grant was arrested for speeding in his horse-drawn carriage in Washington, D.C.[14][15]

A series of Locomotive Acts (in 1861, 1865 and 1878) created the first numeric speed limits for mechanically propelled vehicles in the UK; the 1861 Act introduced a UK speed limit of 10 mph (16 km/h) on open roads in town, which was reduced to 2 mph (3 km/h) in towns and 4 mph (6 km/h) in rural areas by the 1865 "Red Flag Act".[16] The Locomotives on Highways Act 1896, which raised the speed limit to 14 mph (23 km/h) is celebrated by the annual London to Brighton Veteran Car Run.[citation needed]

On 28 January 1896, the first person to be convicted of speeding is believed to be Walter Arnold of East Peckham, Kent, UK, who was fined 1 shilling plus costs for speeding at 8 mph (13 km/h).[17][18][19]

 
In 1920 a pastor was fined US$10 for "overspeeding his machine ... at a rate greater than 25 mph (40 km/h) ... in what appeared to be a reckless manner."[20]

In 1901, Connecticut was the first state in the United States to impose a numerical speed limit for motor vehicles, setting the maximum legal speed to 12 mph in cities and 15 mph on rural roads. Speed limits then propagated across the United States; by 1930 all but 12 states had established numerical limits.[12]

In 1903, in the UK, the national speed limit was raised to 20 mph (32 km/h); however, as this was difficult to enforce due to the lack of speedometers, the 1930 "Road Traffic Act" abolished speed limits entirely. In 1934, a new limit of 30 mph (48 km/h) was imposed in urban centers, and in July 1967, a 70 mph (110 km/h) national speed limit was introduced.[21]

In Australia, during the early 20th century, there were people reported for "furious driving" offenses. One conviction in 1905 cited a vehicle furiously driving 20 mph (32 km/h) when passing a tram traveling at half that speed.[22]

In May 1934, the Nazi-era "Road Traffic Act" imposed the first nationwide speed limit in Germany.[citation needed]

In the 1960s, in continental Europe, some speed limits were established based on the V85 speed, (so that 85% of drivers respect this speed).[23]

In 1974, Australian speed limits underwent metrication: the urban speed limit of 35 mph (56 km/h) was converted to 60 km/h; the rural speed limits of 60 mph (97 km/h) and 65 mph (105 km/h) were changed to 100 km/h (62 mph) and 110 km/h (68 mph) respectively.[24]

In 2010, Sweden defined the Vision Zero program,[23] a multi-national road traffic safety project that aims to achieve a highway system with no fatalities or serious injuries involving road traffic.

Regulations edit

Main article: Speed limits by country
 
Speed limit units on traffic signs around the world:
  Kilometres per hour (km/h)
  Miles per hour (mph)
  Both
  none known

Most countries use the metric speed unit of kilometres per hour, while others, including the United States, United Kingdom, and Liberia, use speed limits given in miles per hour.

Vienna Convention on Road Traffic edit

In countries bound by the Vienna Conventions on Road Traffic (1968 & 1977), Article 13 defines a basic rule for speed and distance between vehicles:[25]

Every driver of a vehicle shall in all circumstances have his vehicle under control to be able to exercise due and proper care and to be at all times in a position to perform all manœuvres required of him. He shall, when adjusting the speed of his vehicle, pay constant regard to the circumstances, in particular the lie of the land, the state of the road, the condition and load of his vehicle, the weather conditions and the density of traffic, so as to be able to stop his vehicle within his range of forward vision and short of any foreseeable obstruction. He shall slow down and if necessary stop whenever circumstances so require, and particularly when visibility is not excellent.

Reasonable speed edit

Most legal systems expect drivers to drive at a safe speed for the conditions at hand, regardless of posted limits.

In the United Kingdom, and elsewhere in common law, this is known as the reasonable man requirement.[26]

The German Highway Code (Straßenverkehrs-Ordnung) section on speed begins with the statement (translated to English):[27]

Any person driving a vehicle may only drive so fast that the car is under control. Speeds must be adapted to the road, traffic, visibility and weather conditions as well as the personal skills and characteristics of the vehicle and load.

In France, the law clarifies that even if the speed is limited by law and by local authority, the driver assumes the responsibility to control a vehicle's speed, and to reduce that speed in various circumstances (such as when overtaking a pedestrian or bicycle, individually or in a group; when overtaking a stopped convoy; when passing a transportation vehicle loading or unloading people or children; when the road does not appear clear, or risky; when visibility is low; when the road descends rapidly; when road sections are small, busy, or residential in nature; when approaching the top of a hill; when nearing a crossing where visibility is uncertain; when specific lights are used; or when overtaking animals.[28] If drivers do not master their speed, or do not reduce it in such cases, they can be penalized. Other qualifying conditions include driving through fog, heavy rain, ice, snow, gravel,[29] or when drivers encounter sharp corners, a blinding glare,[30] darkness, crossing traffic,[31] or when there is an obstructed view of orthogonal traffic—such as by road curvature, parked cars, vegetation, or snow banks—thus limiting the Assured Clear Distance Ahead (ACDA).[32][33]

In the United States, this requirement is referred to as the basic rule,[34] as outlined by US federal government law (49 CFR 392.14[35]), which applies in all states as permitted under the commerce clause and due process clause.[36][37] The basic speed law is almost always supplemented by specific maximum or minimum limits but applies regardless. In California, for instance, Vehicle Code section 22350 states that "No person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway at speed greater than is reasonable ... and in no event at a speed which endangers the safety of persons or property".[38] The reasonable speed may be different than the posted speed limit. Basic rule speed laws are statutory reinforcements of the centuries-old common law negligence doctrine as specifically applied to vehicular speed.[39] Citations for violations of the basic speed law without a crash[40] have sometimes been ruled unfairly vague or arbitrary, hence a violation of the due process of law, at least in the State of Montana.[41] Even within states, differing jurisdictions (counties and cities) choose to prosecute similar cases with differing approaches.[42]

Excessive speed edit

Consequential results of basic law violations are often categorized as excessive speed crashes; for example, the leading cause of crashes on German autobahns in 2012 fell into that category: 6,587 so-called "speed related" crashes claimed the lives of 179 people, which represented almost half (46.3%) of 387 autobahn fatalities in 2012.[43] However, "excessive speed" does not necessarily mean the speed limit was exceeded, rather that police determined at least one party traveled too fast for existing conditions.[43][44][45] Examples of conditions where drivers may find themselves driving too fast include wet roadways (due to rain, snow, or ice), reduced visibility (due to fog[46] or "white out" snow[47]), uneven roads, construction zones,[48] curves,[49] intersections, gravel roads,[50] and heavy traffic.[51] Per distance traveled, consequences of inappropriate speed are more frequent on lower speed, lower quality roads;[52] in the United States, for example, the "speeding fatality rate for local roads is three times that for Interstates".[53]

For speed management a distinction can exist between excess speed which consists of driving in excess of the speed limit, and inappropriate speed which consists of going too fast for the conditions.[54]

Maximum speed limits edit

 
Maximum speed limits by country in Europe in km/h (and their matching highway signpost color)

Most countries have a legally assigned numerical maximum speed limit which applies on all roads when no other speed limit indications are present; lower speed limits are often shown on a sign at the start of the restricted section, although the presence of streetlights or the physical arrangement of the road may sometimes also be used instead. A posted speed limit may only apply to that road or to all roads beyond the sign that defines them depending on local laws.

The speed limit is commonly set at or below the 85th percentile speed (the operating speed which no more than 15% of traffic exceeds),[55][56][57] and in the US is frequently set 4 to 8 mph (6 to 13 km/h) below that speed.[58] Thus, if the 85th percentile operating speed as measured by a "Traffic and Engineering Survey" exceeds the design speed, legal protection is given to motorists traveling at such speeds (design speed is "based on conservative assumptions about the driver, the vehicle, and roadway characteristics").[59] The theory behind the 85th percentile rules is that, as a policy, most citizens should be deemed reasonable and prudent, and limits must be practical to enforce.[60][61] However, there are some circumstances where motorists do not tend to process all the risks involved, and as a mass, choose a poor 85th percentile speed.[citation needed] This rule, in practice, is a process for "voting the speed limit" by driving, in contrast to delegating the speed limit to an engineering expert.[62][63]

The maximum speed permitted by statute, as posted, is normally based on ideal driving conditions and the basic speed rule always applies.[64] Violation of the statute generally raises a rebuttable presumption of negligence.[65]

On international European roads, speed should be taken into account during the design stage.[citation needed]

Maximum speed recommended by international European road design standards:
Road classification 60 km/h 80 km/h (50 mph) 100 km/h (60 mph) 120 km/h (75 mph) 140 km/h (85 mph)
Motorway x 80 100 120 140
Express road 60 80 100 120 x
Road 60 80 100 x x

Minimum speed limits edit

Some roads also have minimum speed limits, usually where slow speeds can impede traffic flow or be dangerous.[66] The use of minimum speed limits is not as common as maximum speed limits, since the risks of speed are less common at lower speeds.[23] In some jurisdictions, laws requiring a minimum speed are primarily centered around red-light districts or similar areas, where they may colloquially be referred to as kerb crawling laws.[67]

Middle speed limits edit

Traffic rules limiting only middle speeds are rare. One such example exists on the ice roads in Estonia, where it is advised to avoid driving at the speed of 25–40 km/h (16–25 mph) as the vehicle may create resonance that may in turn induce the breaking of ice. This means that two sets of speeds are allowed: under 25 km/h (16 mph) and between 40–70 km/h (25–43 mph).[68]

Variable speed limits edit

 
Example variable speed limit sign in the United States, in mph
 
Digital speed limit sign for variable speed limits

In Germany, the first known experiments with variable speed limit signs took place in 1965 on a 30 kilometer stretch of German motorway, the A8 between Munich and the border city of Salzburg, Austria. Mechanically variable message signs could display speeds of 60, 80 and 100 km/h, as well as text indicating a "danger zone" or "accident". Personnel monitored traffic using video technology and manually controlled the signage.[69] Beginning in the 1970s, additional advanced traffic control systems were put into service. Modern motorway control systems can work without human intervention using various types of sensors to measure traffic flow and weather conditions. In 2009, 1,300 kilometers (810 miles) of German motorways were equipped with such systems.[70]

In the United States, heavily traveled portions of the New Jersey Turnpike began using variable speed limit signs in combination with variable message signs in the late 1960s. Officials can adjust the speed limit according to weather, traffic conditions, and construction.[71] More typically, variable speed limits are used on remote stretches of highway in the United States in areas with extreme changes in driving conditions.[72] For example, variable limits were introduced in October 2010 on a 52-mile (84 km) stretch of Interstate 80 in Wyoming, replacing the winter season speed reduction from 75 to 65 mph (121 to 105 km/h) that had been in place since 2008.[73][74] This Variable Speed Limit system has been proven effective in terms of reducing crash frequency and road closures.[75][76] Similarly, Interstate 90 at Snoqualmie Pass and other mountain passes in Washington State have variable speed limits as to slow traffic in severe winter weather.[72][77] As a response to fog-induced chain-reaction collisions involving 99 vehicles in 1990, a variable speed limit system covering 19 miles (31 km) of Interstate 75 in Tennessee was implemented in fog-prone areas around the Hiwassee River.[78] The Georgia Department of Transportation installed variable speed limits on part of Interstate 285 around Atlanta in 2014. These speeds can be as low as 35 mph (56 km/h) but are generally set to 35 mph (56 km/h).[79] In 2016, the Oregon Department of Transportation installed a variable speed zone on a 30-mile stretch of Interstate 84 between Baker City and Ladd Canyon. The new electronic signs collect data regarding temperature, skid resistance, and average motorist speed to determine the most effective speed limit for the area before presenting the limit on the sign. This speed zone was scheduled to be activated November 2016.[citation needed] Ohio established variable speed limits on three highways in 2017, then in 2019 granted the authority to the Ohio Department of Transportation to establish variable limits on any of its highways.[80][81]

In the United Kingdom, a variable speed limit was introduced on part of the M25 motorway in 1995, on the busiest 14-mile (23 km) section from junction 10 to 16. Initial results suggested savings in journey times, smoother-flowing traffic, and a decrease in the number of crashes; the scheme was made permanent in 1997.[82] However, a 2004 National Audit Organisation report noted that the business case was unproved; conditions at the site of the Variable Speed Limits trial were not stable before or during the trial, and the study was deemed neither properly controlled nor reliable. Since December 2008 the upgraded section of the M1 between the M25 and Luton has had the capability for variable speed limits.[83] In January 2010 temporary variable speed cameras on the M1 between J25 and J28 were made permanent.[84]

New Zealand introduced variable speed limits in February 2001. The first installation was on the Ngauranga Gorge section of the dual carriageway on State Highway 1, characterized by steep terrain, numerous bends, high traffic volumes, and a higher than average accident rate. The speed limit is normally 80 km/h (50 mph).[85]

Austria undertook a short-term experiment in 2006, with a variable limit configuration that could increase statutory limits under the most favorable conditions, as well as reduce them. In June 2006, a stretch of motorway was configured with variable speed limits that could increase the general Austrian motorway limit of 130 to 160 km/h (81 to 99 mph).[86] Then Austrian Transport Minister Hubert Gorbach called the experiment "a milestone in European transport policy-despite all predictions to the contrary"; however, the experiment was discontinued.[citation needed]

Roads without speed limits edit

Just over half of the German autobahns have only an advisory speed limit (a Richtgeschwindigkeit), 15% have temporary speed limits due to weather or traffic conditions, and 33% have permanent speed limits, according to 2008 estimates.[87] The advisory speed limit applies to any road in Germany outside of towns which is either a dual carriageway or features at least two lanes per direction, regardless of its classification (e.g. Autobahn, Federal Highway, State Road, etc.), unless there is a speed limit posted, although it is less common for non-autobahn roads to be unrestricted. All other roads in Germany outside of towns, regardless of classification, do have a general speed limit of 100 km/h, which is usually reduced to 80 km/h at Allée-streets (roads bordered by trees or bushes on one or both sites).[88] Travel speeds are not regularly monitored in Germany; however, a 2008 report noted that on the autobahn in Niemegk (between Leipzig and Berlin) "significantly more than 60% of road users exceed 130 km/h (81 mph) [and] more than 30% of motorists exceed 150 km/h (93 mph)".[89] Measurements from the state of Brandenburg in 2006 showed average speeds of 142 km/h (88 mph) on a 6-lane section of autobahn in free-flowing conditions.[90]

Prior to German reunification in 1990, accident reduction programs in eastern German states were primarily focused on restrictive traffic regulation. Within two years of reunification, the availability of high-powered vehicles and a 54% increase in motorized traffic led to a doubling of annual traffic deaths,[91] despite "interim arrangements [which] involved the continuation of the speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph) on autobahns and of 80 km/h (50 mph) outside cities". An extensive program of the four Es (enforcement, education, engineering, and emergency response) brought the number of traffic deaths back to pre-unification levels after a decade of effort, while traffic regulations were conformed to western standards (e.g., 130 km/h (81 mph) freeway advisory limit, 100 km/h (62 mph) on other rural roads).[92]

Many rural roads on the Isle of Man have no speed limits;[93] a 2004 proposal to introduce general speed limits of 60 mph and 70 mph on Mountain Road, for safety reasons, was not pursued following consultation.[93] Measured travel speeds on the island are relatively low.[94]

The Indian states of Andhra Pradesh,[95] Maharashtra,[96] and Telangana[97] also do not have speed limits by default.

Roads formerly without speed limits edit

Many roads without a maximum limit became permanently limited following the 1973 oil crisis. For example, Switzerland and Austria had no maximum restriction prior to 1973 on motorways and rural roads, but imposed a temporary 100 km/h (62 mph) maximum limit in response to higher fuel prices; the limit on motorways was increased to 130 km/h (81 mph) later in 1974.[98][99][100]

 
Typical speed limit sign that one would see at the Montana state line from December 1995 to June 1999

Montana and Nevada were the last remaining U.S. states relying exclusively on the basic rule, without a specific, numeric rural speed limit before the National Maximum Speed Law of 1974.[101] After the repeal of federal speed mandates in 1996, Montana was the only state to revert to the basic rule for daylight rural speed regulation. The Montana Supreme Court ruled that the basic rule was too vague to allow citation, prosecution, and conviction of a driver; concluding enforcement was a violation of the due process requirement of the Montana Constitution.[102] In response, Montana's legislature imposed a 75 mph (121 km/h) limit on rural freeways in 1999.[103]

Australia's Northern Territory had no rural speed limit until 2007, and again from 2014 to 2016. Sections of the Stuart Highway had no limits as part of an open speed limit trial.[104]

Method edit

Several methods exist to set up a speed limit:[105]

  • Engineering
  • Harm minimization
  • Economic optimization
  • Expert system

For instance, the Injury Minimization (known as Safe System) method takes into account the crash types that are likely to occur, the impact forces that result, and the tolerance of the human body to withstand these forces to set speed limit. This method is used in countries such as the Netherlands and Sweden.[106]

The Operating speed method sets the maximum speed at or around the 85th percentile speed. This reduces the need to enforce the speed limit, but also allows drivers to fail to select the appropriate travel speed, when they misjudge the risk their environment induces. This is one method used in the United States of America.[106]

Enforcement edit

Main article: Speed limit enforcement
 
Gatso speed camera

Speed limit enforcement is the action taken by appropriately empowered authorities to check that road vehicles are complying with the speed limit. Methods used include roadside speed monitoring, set up and operated by the police, and automated roadside speed camera systems, which may incorporate the use of an automatic number plate recognition system.[citation needed]

In 2012, in the UK, 30% of drivers did not comply with speed limits.[23]

In Europe, between 2009 and 2012, 20% of European drivers have been fined for excessive speed.[23] In 2012, in Europe, 62% of people supported the idea of setting up speed-limiting devices,[23] with adequate tolerance levels in order to limit driver confusion. One efficient scheme consists of penalty points and charges for speeding slightly over the speed limit.[23]

Another possibility is to alter the roadway by implementing traffic calming measures, vehicle activated signs, or safety cameras.[107]

The city of Munich has adopted self-explaining roads: roadway widths, intersection controls, and crossing types have been harmonized so that drivers assume the speed limit without a posted sign.[107]

Effectiveness edit

Compliance edit

Speed limits are more likely to be complied with if drivers have an expectation that the speed limits will be consistently enforced.[108]

To be effective and abided by, the speed limits need to be perceived as credible; they should be reasonable regarding factors such as how well the driver can see ahead and to the sides on a particular road.[23] Speed limits also need to conform to road infrastructure, education, and enforcement activity.[23]

Measure of effect of speed limit reduction from 90km/h to 80 km/h, in July 2018, on the French network
(ONISR, 28 janvier 2019)[109]

In the UK, in 2017 the average free flow speed for each vehicle type is correlated with the applicable speed limit for that road type and for motorways and national speed limit single carriageway roads, the average free flow speed is below the designated speed limit for each vehicle type, except motorcycles on motorways.[110]

Average free flow speed in UK in 2017

Relationship with crash frequency edit

A 1998 US Federal Highway Administration report cited a number of studies regarding the effects of reductions in speed limits and the observed changes in speeding, fatalities, injuries and property damage which followed.[111] Some states increase penalties for more serious offenses, by designating as reckless driving, speeds greatly exceeding the maximum limit.[citation needed]

A 2018 OECD-ITF case study established a strong relationship between speed and crash frequency: when the mean speed decreases, the number of crashes and casualties decreases; to the contrary, when speed increases, the number of crashes and casualties increases. In no case was an increase in mean speed associated with a decrease in the number of crashes or casualties.[112]

Relationship between change of mean speed and change of fatalities
Source OECD-ITF[112]
Results from lowering speed limits:[111]
Country (year of research publication) Speed limit reduction Reported change
Australia (1992) 110 km/h to 100 km/h Injury crashes declined by 19%
Australia (1996) 5–20 km/h decreases No significant change (4% increase relative to sites not changed)
Denmark (1990) 60 km/h to 50 km/h Fatal crashes declined by 24%
Injury crashes declined by 9%
Germany (1994) 60 km/h to 50 km/h Crashes declined by 20%
Sweden (1990) 110 km/h to 90 km/h Speeds declined by 14 km/h
Fatal crashes declined by 21%
Switzerland (1994) 130 km/h to 120 km/h Speeds declined by 5 km/h
Fatal crashes declined by 12%
UK (1991) 60 mph to 40 mph (100 km/h to 65 km/h) Speeds declined by 6 km/h (4 mph)
Crashes declined by 14%
US (22 states) (1992) 5 mph to 15 mph (8 km/h to 24 km/h) decreases No significant changes
NYC, US 30 mph to 25 mph decreases 28% reduction in all fatalities and 48 percent reduction in pedestrian fatalities[113]
Country (year) Speed limit reduction Reported change
France (2018/'19) Speed reduced from 90 km/h to 80 km/h (-11%) since July 2018, on 400,000 kilometers of the secondary network covered by 1,000 speed cameras.[114]

Five million euros have been spent on communication to explain the benefits of the speed reduction to 80 km/h, using various media, including television, radio, and social media (including 2 million euros for the "13 mètres" advertising movie explaining that speed reduction reduced braking distance by 13 meters).[115]

 Effective median speed was reduced from 87.0 km/h in June 2018 to 82.6 km/h (-5%) in July 2018. Median speed was reduced of 3.9 km/h (-4.5%) from 87.0 km/h to 83.2 km/h in September 2018.[109]

France to reach its historical best year for road fatalities, stopping a sequence of five years of increasing fatalities:

  • Decrease of 10.7% (from 1188 to 1061) of fatalities saving 127 lives during the 2018 semester on rural (non motorway) network mostly impacted by the speed decrease
  • Decrease of 5.3% at national level, including roads and semesters not impacted by the speed decrease, including, mainland and DOM but also COM/TOM oversea territories.
  • Decrease of 5.8% (200 lives saved) in mainland, from 3448 to 3248 including roads and semesters not impacted by the speed decrease;
  • Decrease of fatalities by 8 from 152 in 2017 to 144 in 2018 (-5%) in DOM oversea territories where national km/h speed limits applies, while an increase of 12 fatalities from 84 to 96 (+14%) occurs in COM/TOM oversea territories where national 80 km/h speed limit do not apply.
    Source: ONISR (National observatory).[116]
  • Speed excess were multiplied by 2.1 (2.4 for foreigners, 2.0 for French cars), with 260,000 additional new speed excess counted in July 2018, by the 1100 speed cameras, with 400 act of vandalism on speed cameras during July 2018[114]
  • A yellow vest revolt occurred vandalizing 80%[117] of the around 4,700[118] to 10,000 speed camera in 2018.[114]

In 2020, previous results are confirmed for the year 2019: mean car speed was reduced between 2.9 and 3.9 km/h, while mean speed of trucks was reduced by two km/h without speed limit change. By the same time, fatalities were reduce by 125 in the second semester 2018, by 84 in the first semester 2019, and 127 for the second semester 2019.[119] However results were not repeated in oversea territories.

Final report considered speed limit change induced a 3.5 km/h speed decrease and saved 349 lives during the two years which last 20 months[120]

Spain (2019) Decrease speed from 100 km/h to 90 km/h In Spain the year 2019 was the best year with the fewest people killed outside a built-up area.

The number of people killed outside built-up areas decreased by 7.6% while the number of people killed on regular roads decreased by 9.5%. The number of people killed in cars outside built-up areas decrease by 16% from 598 to 503.[121]

Results from increasing speed limits:[111]
Country Speed limit increase Reported change
Australia (1992) 100 km/h to 110 km/h Injury crashes increased by 25%
Australia (Victoria) (1996) 5–20 km/h increases Crashes increased overall by 8%, 35% decline in zones raised from 60 km/h to 80 km/h
Netherlands (2012) 120 km/h to 130 km/h Effect as of yet unclear, more research needed
US (1989) 55 mph to 65 mph (89 km/h to 105 km/h) Fatal crashes increased by 21%
US (1990) 55 mph to 65 mph (89 km/h to 105 km/h) Fatal crashes increased by 22%
Speeding increased by 48%
US (40 states) (1990) 55 mph to 65 mph (89 km/h to 105 km/h) Fatalities increased by 15%
Decrease or no effect in 12 States
US (Iowa) (1996) 55 mph to 65 mph (89 km/h to 105 km/h) Fatal crashes increased by 36%
US (Michigan) (1991) 55 mph to 65 mph (89 km/h to 105 km/h) Fatal and injury crashes increased significantly on rural freeways
US (Michigan) (1992) Various No significant changes
US (Ohio) (1992) 55 mph to 65 mph (89 km/h to 105 km/h) Injury and property damage increased but not fatal crashes.[122]
US (40 states) (1994) 55 mph to 65 mph (89 km/h to 105 km/h) Statewide fatality rates decreased 3–5% (Significant in 14 of 40 states)
US (22 states) (1997) 5 mph to 15 mph (8 km/h to 24 km/h) increase No significant changes

South Dakota increased its maximum speed limit from 65 to 75 mph (120 km/h) in 1996. Annual surveys of speed on South Dakota Interstate roads show that from 2000 to 2011, the average speed rose from 71 to 74 mph.[123] A 1999 study found that the U.S. states that increased speed limits in the wake of the repeal of federally mandated speed limits had a 15% increase in fatalities.[124]

The Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Limits report sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, published in 1998, found that changing speed limits on low and moderate speed roads appeared to have no significant effect on traffic speed or the number of crashes, whilst on high-speed roads such as freeways, increased speed limits generally resulted in higher traffic speeds and more crashes. The report stated that limited evidence suggests that speed limits have a positive effect on a system wide basis.[n 2]

Research in 1998 showed that the reduction of some 30 mph (48 km/h) United Kingdom speed limits to 20 mph (32 km/h) had achieved only a 1 mph drop in speeds and no discernible reduction in accidents; 20 mph speed limit zones, which use self-enforcing traffic calming, achieved average speed reductions of 10 mph; child pedestrian accidents were reduced by 70% and child cyclist accidents by 48%.[125] Zones where speeds are set at 30 km/h (or 20 mph) are gaining popularity[126] as they are found to be effective at reducing crashes and increasing community cohesion.[127]

Studies undertaken in conjunction with Australia's move from 60 km/h (37 mph) speed limits to 50 km/h (31 mph) in built-up areas found that the measure was effective in reducing speed and the frequency and severity of crashes.[128] A study of the impact of the replacement of 60 km/h (37 mph) with 50 km/h (31 mph) speed limits in New South Wales, Australia, showed only a 0.5 km/h drop in urban areas and a 0.7 km/h drop in rural areas. The report noted that widespread community compliance would require a combination of strategies including traffic calming treatments.[129] Information campaigns are also used by authorities to bolster support for speed limits, for example the Speeding. No one thinks big of you. campaign in Australia in 2007.

Justification edit

Speed limits are set primarily to balance road traffic safety concerns with the effect on travel time and mobility. Speed limits are also sometimes used to reduce consumption of fuel or in response to environmental concerns (e.g. to reduce vehicle emissions or fuel use).[130] Some speed limits have also been initiated to reduce gas-oil imports during the 1973 oil crisis.[131]

Road traffic safety edit

See also: Road traffic safety
 
The Pan-American Highway with central median and no freestanding obstructions increasing the level of safety at high speed

According to a 2004 report from the World Health Organization, 22% of all injury mortality worldwide was from road traffic injuries in 2002,[n 3] and without "increased efforts and new initiatives" casualty rates would increase by 65% between 2000 and 2020.[n 4] The report identified that the speed of vehicles was "at the core of the problem",[n 5] and recommended that speed limits be set appropriately for the road function and design, along with the implementation of physical measures related to the road and the vehicle, and increased effective enforcement by the police.[n 6] Road incidents are said to be the leading cause of deaths among children 10–19 years of age (260,000 children die a year; 10 million are injured).[132]

Maximum speed limits place an upper limit on speed choice and, if obeyed, can reduce the differences in vehicle speeds by drivers using the same road at the same time.[n 7] Traffic engineers observe that the likelihood of a crash happening is significantly higher if vehicles are traveling at speeds faster or slower than the mean speed of traffic;[n 8] when severity is taken into account, the risk is lowest for those traveling at or below the median speed and "increases exponentially for motorists travelling much faster".[n 9]

 
Traffic calming can be effective on lower speed roads.

It is desirable to attempt to reduce the speed of road vehicles in some circumstances because the kinetic energy involved in a motor vehicle collision is proportional to the square of the speed at impact. The probability of a fatality is, for typical collision speeds, empirically correlated to the fourth power of the speed difference (depending on the type of collision, not necessarily the same as travel speed) at impact,[133] rising much faster than kinetic energy.[citation needed]

Kinetic energy

 

Braking distance during danger

 

[134][135]

Typically motorways have higher speed limits than conventional roads because motorways have features which decrease the likelihood of collisions and the severity of impacts. For example, motorways separate opposing traffic and crossing traffic, employ traffic barriers, and prohibit the most vulnerable users such as pedestrians and bicyclists. Germany's crash experience illustrates the relative effectiveness of these strategies on crash severity: on autobahns 22 people died per 1,000 injury crashes, a lower rate than the 29 deaths per 1,000 injury accidents on conventional rural roads. However, the rural risk is five times higher than on urban roads; speeds are higher on rural roads and autobahns than urban roads, increasing the severity potential of a crash.[43] The net effect of speed, crash probability, and impact mitigation strategies may be measured by the rate of deaths per billion-travel-kilometres: the autobahn fatality rate is 2 deaths per billion-travel-kilometres, lower than either the 8.7 rates on rural roads or the 5.3 rate in urban areas. The overall national fatality rate was 5.6, slightly higher than urban rate and more than twice that of autobahns.[136]

The 2009 technical report An Analysis of Speeding-Related Crashes:Definitions and the Effects of Road Environments by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration showed that about 55% of all speeding-related crashes when fatal listed "exceeding posted speed limits" among their crash factors, and 45% had "driving too fast for conditions" among their crash factors. However, the authors of the report did not attempt to determine whether the factors were a crash cause, contributor, or an unrelated factor.[137] Furthermore, separate research finds that only 1.6% of crashes are caused by drivers that exceed the posted speed limit.[138] Finally, exceeding the posted limit may not be a remarkable factor in the crash analysis as there are roadways where virtually all motorists are in technical violation of the law.[139]

The speed limit will also take note of the speed at which the road was designed to be driven (the design speed), which is defined in the US as "a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of the roadway".[140] However, traffic engineers recognize that "operating speeds and even posted speed limits can be higher than design speeds without necessarily compromising safety"[141] since design speed is "based on conservative assumptions about driver, vehicle and roadway characteristics".[59]

Vision Zero, which envision reducing road fatalities and serious injuries to zero by 2020, suggests the following "possible long term maximum travel speeds related to the infrastructure, given best practice in vehicle design and 100% restraint use":[142]

Possible maximum travel speeds:
Type of infrastructure and traffic Possible travel speed (km/h)
Locations with possible conflicts between pedestrians and cars 30 km/h (19 mph)
Intersections with possible side impacts between cars 50 km/h (31 mph)
Roads with possible frontal impacts between cars, including rural roads[143] 70 km/h (43 mph)
Roads with no possibility of a side impact or frontal impact (only impact with the infrastructure) 100 km/h (62 mph)+

"Roads with no possibility of a side impact or frontal impact" are sometimes designated as Type 1 (motorways/freeways/Autobahns), Type 2 ("2+2 roads"), or Type 3 ("2+1 roads").[144] These roadways have crash barriers separating opposing traffic, limited access, grade separation and prohibitions on slower and more vulnerable road users. Undivided rural roads can be quite dangerous even with speed limits that appear low by comparison. For example, in 2011, Germany's 100 km/h (62 mph)-limited rural roads had a fatality rate of 8.7 deaths per billion travel-km, over four times higher than the autobahn rate of 2 deaths.[136] Autobahns accounted for 31% of German road travel in 2011,[136] but just 11% (453 of 4,009) of traffic deaths.

In 2018, an IRTAD WG published a document which recommended maximum speed limits, taking into account forces the human body can tolerate and survive.[112]

Towards a safe system, reasonable speed limits (IRTAD WG approach, 2018):
Type of infrastructure and traffic Possible travel speed (km/h)
Locations (built up areas) with possible conflicts between pedestrians and cars 30 km/h (19 mph) or 40 km/h (25 mph)
Intersections with possible side impacts between cars 50 km/h (31 mph)
rural roads without median barrier, with risk of head-on collisions 70 km/h (43 mph) or 80 km/h (50 mph)
Source IRTAD, 2018

Fuel efficiency edit

Fuel efficiency sometimes affects speed limit selection. The United States instituted a National Maximum Speed Law of 55 mph (89 km/h), as part of the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act, in response to the 1973 oil crisis to reduce fuel consumption.[145] According to a report published in 1986 by The Heritage Foundation, a Conservative advocacy group, the law was widely disregarded by motorists and hardly reduced consumption at all.[146] In 2009, the American Trucking Associations called for a 65 mph speed limit, and also national fuel economy standards, claiming that the lower speed limit was not effective at saving fuel.[147]

Environmental considerations edit

Speed limits can also be used to improve local air quality issues or other factors affecting environmental quality[148] (e.g. the "environmental speed limits" in an area of Texas).[149] The European Union is also increasingly using speed limits as in response to environmental concerns.[130] European studies have stated that, whereas the effects of specific speed reduction schemes on particulate emissions from trucks are ambiguous, lower maximums speed for trucks consistently result in lower emissions of CO2 and better fuel efficiency.[148]

Advocacy edit

Speed limits, and especially some of the methods used to attempt to enforce them, have always been controversial. A variety of organisations and individuals either oppose or support the use of speed limits and their enforcement.

Opposition edit

Speed limits and their enforcement have been opposed by various groups and for various reasons since their inception. In the UK, the Motorists' Mutual Association (est. 1905) was formed initially to warn members about speed traps; the organisation would go on to become the AA.[150]

More recently, advocacy groups seek to have certain speed limits as well as other measures removed. For example, automated camera enforcement has been criticised by motoring advocacy groups including the Association of British Drivers, and the German Auto Club (ADAC).[151]

Arguments used by those advocating a relaxation of speed limits or their removal include:

  • A 1994 peer-reviewed paper by Charles A. Lave et al. titled "Did the 65 mph Speed Limit Save Lives?" which states as evidence that a higher speed limit may create a positive shift in traffic to designated safer roads.[152]
  • A 1998 report in the Wall Street Journal titled "Highways are safe at any speed", stating when speed limits are set artificially low, tailgating, weaving and speed variance (the problem of some cars traveling significantly faster than others) make roads less safe.[153]
  • A 2007 ePetition to the UK government calling for speed cameras to be scrapped on the basis that the benefits were exaggerated and that they may actually increase casualty levels, conducted by Safe Speed, a UK advocacy organisation campaigning for higher speed limits, which received over 25,000 signatures.[154][155][156]
  • A 2008 declaration by the German Automobile Manufacturer's Association calling general limits "patronizing",[157] arguing instead for variable speed limits. The Association also stated that "raising the speed limits in Denmark (in 2004 from 110 km/h to 130 km/h)[158][159] and Italy (2003 increase on six-lane highways from 130 km/h to 150 km/h) had no negative impact on traffic safety. The number of accidental deaths even declined".[160]
  • In a 2010 ADAC report, it was said that an autobahn speed limit was unnecessary because numerous countries with a general highway speed limit had worse safety records than Germany.[151] However, more recent data show that Germany ranks in the lower middle field in a Europe-wide comparison regarding the number of fatalities per billion vehicle kilometers traveled on motorways.[161] ETSC considers that those data are not comparable, because estimations of the number of kilometers traveled are not estimated the same way in different countries.[162] Since 2020, the ADAC is "nicht mehr grundsätzlich" ("no longer in principle") against a speed limit on autobahns.[163]

Support edit

Various other advocacy groups press for stricter limits and better enforcement. The Pedestrians Association was formed in the United Kingdom in 1929 to protect the interests of the pedestrian. Their president published a critique of motoring legislation and the influence of motoring groups in 1947 titled "Murder most foul", which laid out in an emotional but detailed view of the situation as they saw it, calling for tighter speed limits.[164] Historically, the Pedestrians' Association and the Automobile Association were described as "bitterly opposed" in the early years of United Kingdom motoring legislation.[165] More recently organisations such as RoadPeace, Twenty is Plenty, and Vision Zero have campaigned for lower speed limits in residential areas. In the United States, advocacy groups favoring stricter limits and better enforcement include the Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety and the National Safety Council.

Signage edit

 
A stack of rectangular speed limit signs in the United States
 
German border crossing sign showing 50 km/h (31 mph) limit in built-up areas, 100 km/h (62 mph) in rural areas, but a legal advisory 130 km/h (81 mph) limit for the Autobahn (motorway), increasing liability in the case of an accident from driving faster[166]

Most countries worldwide measure speed limits in kilometres per hour, while the United Kingdom, United States, and several smaller countries measure speed limits in miles per hour instead. Signs in Samoa display both units simultaneously.

There are two basic designs for speed limit signs: the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals specifies a white or yellow circle with a red border, while the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) published by the United States Federal Highway Administration specifies a white rectangle with the legend SPEED LIMIT. Vienna-style speed limit signs originated in Europe and are used in most of the world, including many countries that otherwise follow the MUTCD. Variations on the MUTCD design are used in Canada, Guam, Liberia, Puerto Rico,[167] the mainland United States, the U.S. Virgin Islands. Australia also used a variation on the MUTCD design until the country metricated in 1974. The Central American Integration System (SICA) equivalent to the US MUTCD, specifies a variation on the MUTCD design as an option, though not widely used.[168]

In the United States, Canada, Australia and Peru, speed limit signs are rectangular. In most of the United States, speed limit signs bear the words SPEED LIMIT above the numeric speed limit, as specified in the MUTCD. However, in Alaska and California, speed limits are often labeled MAXIMUM SPEED instead. In Oregon, most speed limit signs are simply labeled SPEED. Canada has similar signs bearing the legend MAXIMUM, which has a similar meaning in English and French, the country's two main languages. Peru uses a similar, reversed variation of the MUTCD order in which the words VELOCIDAD MAXIMA (speed limit) are placed below the numeric limit. Australia uses the same rectangular design, but inscribes the numeric speed limit within a red circle as in Vienna Convention signs.[169] The MUTCD formerly specified an optional metric design that included the words SPEED LIMIT and the numeric limit inscribed within a black circle, though it was rarely used in the United States;[170] this design is still occasionally found in Liberia.[171][172][173] Speed limit signs of Mexico and Panama are square, unlike the United States.

In the European Union, large signposts showing the national (maximum) speed limits of the respective country are usually erected immediately after border crossings, with a repeater sign some 200 to 500 m (660 to 1,640 ft) after the first. Some places provide an additional "speed zone ahead" ahead of the restriction, and speed limit reminder signs may appear at regular intervals, which may be painted on the road surface.[174]

In Ontario, the type, location, and frequency of speed limit signs are covered by regulation 615 of the Ontario Highway Traffic Act.[175]

Maximum speed limit edit

 
Speed limit sign in Germany, showing a 60 km/h restriction in DIN 1451 font. Signs in other European countries are similar but make use of different fonts and sizes.
 
In France towns and city signs imply the speed limit of an urban road, by application of the Vienna Convention. For this reason the 50 sign on the picture is just a rappel (continuance of an existing speed limit).
  •  
    Speed limit sign for 50 km/h (Vienna Convention Sign C14, most of the world follows this pattern)
  •  
    UK sign for 50 mph
  •  
    Standard speed limit sign used in Australia showing 50 km/h (all speed limit signs are rectangular)
  •  
    Alternative Vienna Convention sign with an amber background used in few countries, such as Sweden, Finland and Iceland
  •  
    Ireland includes the text "km/h" since going metric in 2005
  •  
    Indonesia (in km/h) includes the text "km" on the top right corner; this model was also used by a number of European countries such as Germany, Italy and Switzerland until the 1960s.
  •  
    Japan uses blue numerals; km/h
  •  
    Samoa uses both miles per hour and kilometres per hour
  •  
    The United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia (km/h) use both Western Arabic and Eastern Arabic numerals
  •  
    Canada (displayed in km/h; All speed limit signs are MUTCD style)
  •  
    Canada (Ontario)
  •  
    Canada (Yukon and British Columbia)
  •  
    United States (in mph)
  •  
    United States (Oregon variant)
  •  
    United States (New York variant; "CITY", "VILLAGE", "TOWN", or a variant of the word "AREA" can be used in place of "STATE")[176]
  •  
    United States (metric)
  •  
    Peru (metric, all speed limit signs are rectangular, and the reversed MUTCD order is used there)

Some speed limits are applicable to a zone.

  •  
    Zone 30 entry in Germany with 30 km/h speed limit
  •  
    Zone 30 end in Germany
  •  
    Zone 30 entry in France with 30 km/h speed limit
  •  
    Zone 30 end in France

Minimum speed limit edit

Minimum speed limits are often expressed with signs using blue circles, based on the obligatory sign specifications of the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals. In the United States, minimum speed limit signs are identical to their respective maximum speed limit signs, with SPEED LIMIT replaced with MINIMUM SPEED.[citation needed] Some South American countries (e.g.: Argentina) use a red border.[citation needed] Japan[177] and South Korea[citation needed] use their normal speed limit sign, with a line below the limit.

Special speed limits edit

In some countries, speed limits may apply to certain classes of vehicles or special conditions such as night-time. Usually, these speed limits will be reduced from the normal limit for safety reasons.

  •  
    Australia – Speed limit during certain times
  •  
    Australia – Road Train speed limit
  •  
    New Zealand – Limited Speed Zone (Maximum speed limit is 100 km/h, reduces to 50 km/h if dangerous conditions exist such as bad weather)
  •  
    Romania – Car and truck speed limit
  •  
    United States – Roadworks zone speed limit
  •  
    United States – Trucks speed limit
  •  
    United States – Towed vehicles speed limit
  •  
    United States – Night time speed limit
  •  
    Unique speed limit sign in the United States on evacuation routes requiring drivers to maintain the maximum safe speed
  •  
    Safe speed sign in South Korea

Speed limit derestriction edit

 
End of 30 km/h speed limit; previous speed limit applies.
 
The UK national speed limit of 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) for ordinary vehicles applies beyond this sign.

In some countries, derestriction signs are used to mark where a speed zone ends. The speed limit beyond the sign is the prevailing limit for the general area; for example, the sign might be used to show the end of an urban area. In the United Kingdom, the sign means that the national speed limit applies (60 mph on open roads and 70 mph on dual carriageways and motorways). In New Zealand it means you are on an open road, but the maximum legal speed of 100 km/h still applies.[178] On roads without general speed limits, such as the German Autobahn, a portion of the Stuart Highway, and rural areas on the Isle of Man, it means the end of all quantitative speed limits.[citation needed]

Advisory speed limit edit

Further information: Advisory speed limit
 
Traffic signals showing an advisory speed limit

Advisory speed limits may provide a safe suggested speed in an area, or warn of the maximum safe speed for dangerous curves.[citation needed]

In Germany, an advisory speed limit may be combined with a traffic signal to recommend the speed at which drivers should drive to reach the next light at its green phase, thereby avoiding a stop.[180][181]

Technology edit

Some European cars include in-vehicle systems that support drivers’ compliance with the speed limit, known as intelligent speed adaptation (ISA). ISA supports drivers in complying with the speed limit in various parts of the network, while speed limiters for heavy goods vehicles and coaches only govern the maximum speed. These systems have positive effects on speed behaviour, and improve safety. A speed-limiting device, such as ISA are considered useful by 25% of European car drivers.[182] In 2019, Google Maps integrated alerts for speed traps within its application, along with audible alerts for nearby speed cameras.[183] The technology was first developed by Waze, with requests for it to be removed from the application by police officers.[184]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ World Health Organization (2004)
  2. ^ Federal Highway Administration (1998, p. 2) 'In general, changing speed limits on low and moderate speed roads appears to have little or no effect on speed and thus little or no effect on crashes, thereby suggesting that drivers travel at speeds they feel are reasonable and safe for the road and traffic regardless of the posted limit. However, on freeways and other high-speed roads, the speed limit increases generally lead to higher speeds and crashes. The change in speed is roughly one-fourth the change in speed limit. Results from international studies suggest that for every 1 mi/h change in speed, injury accidents will change by 5 percent (3 percent for every 1 km/h). However limited evidence suggests the net effect of speed limits may be positive on a system wide basis.'
  3. ^ World Health Organization (2004) p. 34 fig 2.1
  4. ^ World Health Organization (2004) p. 3
  5. ^ World Health Organization (2004) p. 76
  6. ^ World Health Organization (2004) p. 127
  7. ^ Federal Highway Administration (1998, p. 2)
  8. ^ British Columbia Ministry of Transportation (2003), p. v 'The likelihood of a crash occurring is significantly greater for motorists traveling at speed slower and faster than the mean speed of traffic'
  9. ^ Federal Highway Administration (1998, p. 2) 'When the consequences of crashes are taken into account, the risk of being involved in an injury crash is lowest for vehicles that travel near the median speed or slower and increases exponentially for motorists traveling much faster'

Documents referenced from 'Notes' section edit

  • Federal Highway Administration (1998). "Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Limits" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-09-23.
  • British Columbia Ministry of Transportation (Spring 2003). "Review and Analysis of Posted Speed Limits and Speed Limit Setting Practices in British Columbia" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-05-16.
  • World Health Organization (2004). World report on road traffic injury prevention. World Health Organization. ISBN 92-4-156260-9. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
  • Department for Transport (2008). "Reported Road Casualties Great Britain: 2008 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-01-09.

References edit

  1. ^ MINIMUM SPEED: REGULATION AND PENALTIES IN AUSTRIA, 23.02.2016, Autorevue Austria.
  2. ^ "Driving on the Autobahn". www.german-way.com. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  3. ^ Aubin, Jean-Pierre; Désilles, Anya (2016-07-13). Traffic Networks as Information Systems: A Viability Approach. Springer. ISBN 9783642547713.
  4. ^ . ARN News Centre. 2018-01-30. Archived from the original on 2018-01-31. Retrieved 2018-01-31.
  5. ^ "Emirats arabes unis- Dernière minute".
  6. ^ "United Arab Emirates International Travel Information".
  7. ^ Pietrasik, T (21 June 2021). "Road traffic injuries". www.who.int. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
  8. ^ "Germany considers Autobahn speed limit to fight climate change". The Local Germany. 2019-01-21. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  9. ^ "The impact of lowered speed limits in urban and metropolitan areas" (PDF).
  10. ^ Parker, M. R. Jr. (1997). Effects of Raising and Lowering Speed Limits on Selected Roadway Sections, FHWA-RD-9 7-084 (PDF). Washington DC: Federal Highway Commission. pp. 85–87. Retrieved 5 February 2017. There is statistically sufficient evidence [...] to reject the hypothesis that driver speeds do not change when posted speed limits are either raised or lowered.
  11. ^ Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Transport Committee (2 August 2005) [November 2004]. "Memorandum by Greenspeed (RP22)". Road Pricing: The Next Steps; Seventh Report of Session 2004-05, Volume 2. Volume 218 of Paper (Great Britain. Parliament. (Session 2004-05). House of Commons)). London: The Stationery Office (published 2005). p. 171. ISBN 9780215025661. Retrieved 9 December 2021. The introduction of lower speed limits could be extremely cheap and need not be delayed. [...] Just as modern cars have top speeds suitable for German Autobahns, if the 70 mph (110 km/h) limit is maintained car design will not make the changes necessary to an integrated and sustainable transport system.
  12. ^ a b "Connecticut enacts first speed-limit law". HISTORY. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  13. ^ Criminal on the Road:A Study of Serious Motoring Offences and Those Who Commit Them. Routledge. 1964. p. 64. ISBN 0415264162.
  14. ^ Kemp, Ben (2018-05-18). "The Thin Blue Line". Ulysses S. Grant Cottage National Historic Landmark. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
  15. ^ Rosenwald, Michael S. (2018-12-16). "The police officer who arrested a president". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
  16. ^ "Locomotive Act 1861". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  17. ^ . National Motoring Museum. Archived from the original on 2016-01-14. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
  18. ^ Adam Hart Davis. "The Eureka Years". BBC Radio 4.
  19. ^ . Archived from the original on 2010-05-03.
  20. ^ "D. C. Pastor Fined for Speed and Contempt in N. H. Police Court". The Washington Times. August 20, 1920. p. 1.
  21. ^ "The history of speed limits in the UK". Read Cars. 2017-06-20. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  22. ^ . Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015. On 7 April 1905, E Norton Grimwade ...appeared in the District Court [charged with] 'furious' driving [because] he passed a tram ... Several people ... [estimated] the car's speed at 20 mph ... It was going twice as fast as the tram.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Speed limits: A review of compliance" (PDF). www.racfoundation.org. 2012. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  24. ^ Cowley, J.E. (1980). A Review of Rural Speed Limits in Australia. The Office of Road Safety Commonwealth Department of Transport.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. ^ Vienna Convention on Road Traffic
  26. ^ "Road Traffic Act of 1991". Office of Public Sector Information. Retrieved 2010-05-03. A person is guilty of an offence if he intentionally and without lawful authority or reasonable cause— (a) causes anything to be on or over a road, or (b) interferes with a motor vehicle, trailer or cycle, or (c) interferes (directly or indirectly) with traffic equipment, in such circumstances that it would be obvious to a reasonable person that to do so would be dangerous. (2) In subsection (1) above "dangerous" refers to danger either of injury to any person while on or near a road, or of serious damage to property on or near a road; and in determining for the purposes of that subsection what would be obvious to a reasonable person in a particular case, regard shall be had not only to the circumstances of which he could be expected to be aware but also to any circumstances shown to have been within the knowledge of the accused.
  27. ^ "§ 3 StVO 2013 - Einzelnorm". www.gesetze-im-internet.de.
  28. ^ "Section 2 : Maîtrise de la vitesse. (Articles R413-17 à R413-19) - Légifrance". www.legifrance.gouv.fr.
  29. ^ "On Gravel Roads, People Drive At Speed They Are Comfortable With, Regardless Of Posted Limit". Retrieved 2010-10-13. "We found that people are driving at speeds based on their perceptions and existing conditions – regardless of the speed limit," said Dissanayake, who also is a faculty member with K-State's University Transportation Center...when it came to speed limits, and the actual speeds are driven, the difference was not significant between 35 mph (56 km/h) and 55 mph (89 km/h) roads. An example is the gravel roadways in Johnson County and Miami County. The study found that though two-speed limits exist, the driving characteristics were the same. While Johnson County's speed limit is 35 mph (56 km/h) and posted, the average actual speed of 37.5 mph (60.4 km/h) was higher than the average actual speed of 35.8 mph (57.6 km/h) in Miami County, where the speed limit is 55 mph (89 km/h) and not posted.
  30. ^ "Hatzakorzian v. Rucker-Fuller Desk Co., 197 Cal. 82". Official California Reports, Vol. 197, p. 82 (California Supreme Court reporter). September 21, 1925. Under the circumstances of the present case -- the narrowness of the unpaved portion of the highway, the darkness of the night and the blinding of Kennell by the glare of the lights reflected from the headlights of the approaching machine -- the highway over which Kennell was traveling was beset by danger of an extraordinary character from the time his vision became so obscured as to make it impossible for him to see plainly the road before him to the time that he struck the deceased. Thus the ordinary care with which Kennell was charged in driving his car over the highway required such an amount of such care as was commensurate with the exactions of the extraordinary dangerous circumstances under which he was then operating his car. The respective rights and duties of drivers of automobiles and other vehicles and of pedestrians have repeatedly been by the courts of this state clearly pointed out..
  31. ^ "Allin v. Snavely". Official California Appellate Reports (Report). 2nd Series Vol. 100. November 14, 1950. p. 411. Retrieved 2013-07-27. "A driver by insisting on his lawful right of way may violate the basic speed law as provided by Veh. Code, § 22350, and thus become guilty of negligence." (CA Reports Headnote #[2])
  32. ^ "Riggs v. Gasser Motors". Official California Appellate Reports (Report). 2nd Series Vol. 22. September 25, 1937. p. 636. Retrieved 2013-07-27. It is common knowledge that intersecting streets in cities present a continuing hazard, the degree of hazard depending upon the extent of the use of the intersecting streets and the surrounding circumstances or conditions of each intersection. Under such circumstances, the basic [speed] law...is always governing. See Official Reports Opinions Online
  33. ^ "Leeper v. Nelson, 139 Cal. App. 2d 65". Official California Appellate Reports (2nd Series Vol. 139, p. 65). Feb 6, 1956. Retrieved 2013-07-27. The operator of an automobile is bound to anticipate that he may meet persons or vehicles at any point of the street, and he must in order to avoid a charge of negligence, keep a proper lookout for them and keep his machine under such control as will enable him to avoid a collision with another automobile driven with care and caution as a reasonably prudent person would do under similar conditions. See Huetter v. Andrews, 91 Cal. App. 2d 142, Berlin v. Violett, 129 Cal.App. 337, Reaugh v. Cudahy Packing Co., 189 Cal. 335, and Official Reports Opinions Online
  34. ^ "An Analysis of Speeding-Related Crashes:Definitions and the Effects of Road Environments" (PDF). U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. February 2009. Retrieved 2010-04-25. Appendix: The basic rules governing the speed of vehicles in Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Montana, North Carolina, and Wisconsin.
  35. ^ "49 CFR 392.14 - Hazardous conditions; extreme caution". LII / Legal Information Institute.
  36. ^ "State v. Stanko". Supreme Court of Montana. 1998.
  37. ^ "Section 2 – Driving Safely" (PDF). Commercial Driver License Manual 2005. United States Department of Transportation. July 2014. pp. 2–15, 2–19, 2–26, 13–1. [pg 2-15] 2.6.4 – Speed and Distance Ahead: You should always be able to stop within the distance you can see ahead. Fog, rain, or other conditions may require that you slow down to be able to stop in the distance you can see. ... [pg 2-19] 2.8.3 – Drivers Who Are Hazards: Vehicles may be partly hidden by blind intersections or alleys. If you only can see the rear or front end of a vehicle but not the driver, then he or she can't see you. Be alert because he/she may back out or enter into your lane. Always be prepared to stop. ... [pg 2-26] 2.11.4 – Vehicle Factors: Headlights. At night your headlights will usually be the main source of light for you to see by and for others to see you. You can't see nearly as much with your headlights as you see in the daytime. With low beams, you can see ahead about 250 feet and with high beams about 350-500 feet. You must adjust your speed to keep your stopping distance within your sight distance. This means going slowly enough to be able to stop within the range of your headlights. ... [pg 13-1] 13.1.2 – Intersections As you approach an intersection: Check traffic thoroughly in all directions. Decelerate gently. Brake smoothly and, if necessary, change gears. If necessary, come to a complete stop (no coasting) behind any stop signs, signals, sidewalks, or stop lines maintaining a safe gap behind any vehicle in front of you. Your vehicle must not roll forward or backward. When driving through an intersection: Check traffic thoroughly in all directions. Decelerate and yield to any pedestrians and traffic in the intersection. Do not change lanes while proceeding through the intersection. Keep your hands on the wheel.
  38. ^ . California Department of Motor Vehicles. September 20, 1963. Archived from the original on 2010-05-05. Retrieved 2010-04-25. No person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway at speed greater than is reasonable or prudent having due regard for weather, visibility, the traffic on, and the surface and width of, the highway, and in no event at a speed which endangers the safety of persons or property.
  39. ^ "Reaugh v. Cudahy Packing Co., 189 Cal. 335". Official California Reports, Vol. 189, p. 335, (California Supreme Court reporter). July 27, 1922. Retrieved 2013-07-27. This is but a reiteration of the rule, in statutory form, which has always been in force without regard to a statutory promulgation to the effect that drivers or operators of vehicles, and more particularly motor vehicles, must be specially watchful in anticipation of the presence of others at places where other vehicles are constantly passing, and where men, women, and children are liable to be crossing, such as corners at the intersections of streets or other similar places or situations where people are likely to fail to observe an approaching automobile.
  40. ^ "TEMECULA: Inquiries prompt new speed survey". 13 August 2015.
  41. ^ "FindLaw's Supreme Court of Montana case and opinions". Findlaw.
  42. ^ Vincenzes, Brent. . Archived from the original on 2015-04-24. Retrieved 2015-04-21.
  43. ^ a b c "Unfallentwicklung auf deutschen Straßen 2012 (Accident trends on German roads 2012)" (PDF). www.destatis.de. Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistics Office). July 10, 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-23. (Seite 19) Mit 29 Getöteten je 1 000 Unfälle mit Personenschaden ist das Todesrisiko auf Landstraßen fünfmal höher als auf Innerortsstraßen und auch höher als auf Autobahnen, auf denen 22 Personen je 1000 Unfälle starben. Ein Grund für das wesentlich höhere Risiko auf Landstraßen und Autobahnen ist, dass hier wesentlich schneller gefahren wird als auf Innerortsstraßen und dadurch die Unfallschwere steigt.. (Seite 20) Hauptunfallursache auf Autobahnen ist die "nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit." Im Jahr 2012 waren mehr als ein Drittel aller Unfälle mit Personenschaden auf Autobahnen Unfälle, bei denen mindestens einem Beteiligten dieses Fehlverhalten zur Last gelegt wurde. Bei insgesamt 6 587 sogenannten Geschwindigkeitsunfällen kamen 179 Menschen zu Tode, das heißt nahezu die Hälfte (46,3 %) aller Getöteten auf Autobahnen... (Seite 20) Hierbei ist allerdings zu berücksichtigen, dass die Unfallursache "nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit" häufig nicht bedeutet, dass die zulässige Höchstgeschwindigkeit überschritten worden ist. "Nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit" wird von der Polizei bei einem Unfall auch dann als Ursache erfasst, wenn ein Beteiligter für die vorliegenden Straßen- oder Witterungsverhältnisse zu schnell gefahren ist.
  44. ^ "A 95: Polizei geschockt über "immenses Tempo" [Translation: A 95: Police Shocked At High Speed]". Merkur Online [The Mercury online version]. Aug 5, 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-29. den stellvertretenden Kommandanten der Feuerwehr aus Hohenschäftlarn (Kreis München), Daniel Buck... war mit seinen Kollegen einer der ersten an der Unfallstelle, an der ein Porschefahrer (51) so schnell in den Toyota einer 67-jährigen Weilheimerin bretterte, dass sich ihr Auto mehrmals überschlug. Die Frau musste noch vor Ort reanimiert werden, starb jedoch später im Krankenhaus. Die beiden Männer im Porsche kamen mit leichten Verletzungen davon... Auf Höhe des Dreiecks Starnberg verlor er auf der linken Spur die Kontrolle über sein Auto. Er kam ins Schleudern, schoss rechts über einen Grünstreifen und kam auf dem Zubringer aus Starnberg wieder auf die Fahrbahn. Dort rammte er die 67-jährige Weilheimerin in ihrem Toyota... Zeugen vor Ort schätzen, dass der Sportwagen mit rund 300 Kilometer pro Stunde unterwegs war... Ein Zeuge hatte seinen Tempomat auf 140 Stundenkilometer eingestellt und war von dem Sportwagen überholt worden. "Er schätzt, der Porsche war doppelt so schnell," sagt Buck. Und: "...Schneller wie 160 Kilometer pro Stunde ist hier absolut unangemessen.". [Translation: deputy commander of the fire brigade from Hohenschaeftlarn county (Munich), Daniel Buck...was one of the first with his colleagues at the accident site where a Porsche driver (age 51) bashed into the Toyota driven by a 67-year-old Weilheim in Oberbayern resident, rolling her car over several times. The woman had to be resuscitated on site but died later in hospital. The two men in the Porsche escaped with minor injuries... At the peak of the Starnberg interchange in the left lane, he lost control of his car. He went into a skid, shot right through a grass strip to ram the 67-year-old Weilheimer resident in her Toyota... Witnesses on site estimated that the sports car was traveling about 300 kilometers per hour... One witness had his cruise control set at 140 kilometers per hour and was overtaken by the sports car. "He estimates the Porsche was twice as fast," says Buck. And: "This is simply irresponsible; even as fast as 160 kilometers per hour is inappropriate. "]
  45. ^ "Autobahn Pileup: 52-Car German Crash Kills 3 (VIDEO)". Huffington Post. 2011-11-19.
  46. ^ Kennedy, Maev (6 September 2013). "'All you could hear was cars crashing': 120-car pile-up on Sheppey bridge". The Guardian.
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  48. ^ . The Post. 10 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
  49. ^ . Archived from the original on 2013-11-07. Retrieved 2013-11-06. [The teenage driver] lost control of the vehicle on a "curvy portion" of Sheed Road in Colerain Township and struck a parked Ford Titanium. The crash killed both .. passengers [, the driver] was traveling in excess of the posted 35 mph (56 km/h) speed limit to "catch up to a new model Audi R8 to get a better look at this costly vehicle"
  50. ^ . Detroit Free press. October 13, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-11-09. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
  51. ^ . Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (U.S. Department of Transportation). Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2013-10-31.
  52. ^ "No sign of alcohol for 6 teens killed in OH crash". the SUV was traveling between 62 mph (100 km/h) and 70 mph (110 km/h) on a 35 mph (56 km/h) road before it flipped into a pond in a dark, unlit area in Warren on March 10 [, 2013], killing the 19-year-old driver and five of the seven boys riding with her
  53. ^ (PDF). FHWA Safety (November 2000). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2013-10-14. almost 50 percent of speeding-related fatalities occur on lower speed collector and local roads, which carry only 28.1 percent of the total vehicle miles traveled in the United States... the deadly consequences of speeding on local and collector roads becomes even more dramatic. The speeding fatality rate for local roads is three times that for Interstates
  54. ^ "Speed Enforcement" (PDF). ec.europa.eu. 2018. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  55. ^ (PDF) (Report). Institute of Transportation Engineers. 22 March 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-05. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
  56. ^ MUTCD Sections 2B.13-16 #12
  57. ^ "California Vehicle Code § 21400(b)". The State of California. January 1, 2012. Retrieved 2020-04-07.
  58. ^ Transportation Research Board of the National Academies; Kay Fitzpatrick; Paul Carlson; Marcus A. Brewer; Mark D. Wooldridge; Shaw-Pin Miaou; Texas Transportation Institute (October 6, 2003). NCHRP Report 504 – Design Speed, Operating Speed, and Posted Speed Practices (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. p. 88. ISBN 0-309-08767-8. ISSN 0077-5614. (PDF) from the original on October 21, 2014. Retrieved 2009-09-16. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  59. ^ a b Krammes, R.A.; Fitzpatrick, K.; Blaschke, J.D.; Fambro, D.B. (March 1996). Speed: Understanding Design, Operating, and Posted Speed (PDF) (Report). College Station, TX: Texas Transportation Institute. Research Report 1465-1.
  60. ^ "Establishing Speed Limits". azdot.gov.
  61. ^ "ESTABLISHING SPEED LIMITS: a case of "MAJORITY RULE"" (PDF). Kansas Department of Transportation.
  62. ^ Public opposition to speed limits being set by an authority, often arise because such agency has been viewed as abusing its power--such as by arbitrary indiscretion or by creating "speed traps." Because an expert can theoretically calculate a safer speed limit, than the populace's vote by driving, it is beneficial that local governments preserve strong public trust with their integrity in speed regulation. See A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, AASHTO, 4th Ed., 2001; ISBN 1-56051-156-7
  63. ^ "USLIMITS2 - Safety - Federal Highway Administration". safety.fhwa.dot.gov.
  64. ^ "Riggs v. Gasser Motors, 22 Cal. App. 2d 636". Official California Appellate Reports (2nd Series, Vol. 22, p. 22). September 25, 1937.
  65. ^ "Alarid v. Vanier, 50 Cal.2d 617". Official California Reports, 2nd Series Vol. 50, p. 617 (California Supreme Court reporter). July 17, 1958. See Official California Reports online
  66. ^ Haney, James E. The relationships between speed, speed limits, and motor vehicle accidents. An annotated bibliography. 1974.
  67. ^ Hubbard, Phil. "Out of touch and out of time? The contemporary policing of sex work." Sex work now. Willan, 2013. 22-53.
  68. ^ Traffic rules on ice roads 2021-01-26 at the Wayback Machine - Transport Administration of the Republic of Estonia.
  69. ^ Peter Schick (June 2003), (translation) "Influence of Traffic Control Systems on Freeway Capacity and Stability of Traffic Flow"; Original Title "Einfluss von Streckenbeeinflussungsanlagen auf de Kapazitaet von Autobahnabschnitten sowie die Stabilitaet des Verkehrsflusses" (PDF), University of Stuttgart, p. 20, doi:10.18419/opus-175, ISBN 9783980821841, retrieved 2010-10-16, (translation) "The first experiment was carried out in 1965 on a 30 km section of the A8 from Salzburg to Munich. The system consisted of mechanically variable message signs at a distance of 2 km, which could display speeds of 60, 80 and 100 km/h, and "danger zone" and "accident." Personnel monitored traffic using video technology and manually controlled the signage. Studies reported a decrease in traffic disruptions and breakdowns, harmonization of the velocity distribution and an increase in performance (Zackor 1972, see also Chapter 3.2.2)." German text: "Die erste linienhafte Beeinflussung des Verkehrs erfolgte im Jahr 1965 durch die Errichtung einer Wechselverkehrszeichenanlage auf einem 30 km langen Abschnitt der A8 auf der Richtungsfahrbahn Salzburg – München. Die Anlage bestand aus neben der Fahrbahn angebrachten mechanischen Wechselverkehrszeichen im Abstand von 2 km, die StVO-gerechte Zeichen für die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzungen 60, 80 und 100 km/h sowie "Gefahrstelle" und "Unfall" anzeigen konnten (Abb. 2-1). Diese Zeichen wurden vom Betreiberpersonal, das mittels Videotechnologie eine Übersicht über das Verkehrsgeschehen hatte, manuell geschaltet. Somit konnte erstmals auf einer Autobahn die Geschwindigkeit des Verkehrs beeinflusst sowie eine Unfallwarnung vorgenommen werden. Die ersten Erfahrungen und wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen berichten von einer Abnahme der Störungen und Verkehrszusammenbrüche, einer Harmonisierung der Geschwindigkeitsverteilung sowie einer Steigerung der Leistungsfähigkeit (ZACKOR 1972, siehe auch Kapitel 3.2.2).
  70. ^ Ralf Schmahld (6 August 2009), (translation) "20 years waiting in traffic jams"; Original Title "20 Jahre im Stau gestanden", Reise (Travel) magazine, retrieved 2010-10-16, (translation) "A total of 1,300 kilometers of motorways now have traffic control systems for the harmonization of the traffic flow by speed limits and traffic warning, and the government expects to expand their use: 2500 km stretch of motorway could be controlled by these dynamic control systems." German text: "An insgesamt 1.300 Kilometern der Bundesautobahnen seien inzwischen Streckenbeeinflussungsanlagen zur Harmonisierung des Verkehrsablaufs durch Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkungen und Gefahrenwarnung installiert worden, teilt die Regierung weiter mit. 2.500 Kilometer Autobahnstrecke könnten mittels dynamischer Netzbeeinflussungsanlagen gesteuert werden"
  71. ^ Mark Robinson (January 9, 2000), (PDF), Transportation Research Board. 79th Annual Meeting, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27, retrieved 2010-10-17, "New Jersey. Status: Active (installed in the late 1960s). Objective: to provide early warning to motorists of slow traffic or hazardous road conditions. Setting: Urban/Rural - New Jersey Turnpike.
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  73. ^ "WYDOT proposes to lower I-80 speed limit". KSL-TV. September 29, 2008. Retrieved 2010-10-16. The Wyoming Department of Transportation says it plans to impose a speed limit of 65 mph (105 km/h) on a 52 mi (84 km) stretch of the interstate between Laramie and Rawlins. The reduction from the existing speed limit of 75 mph (121 km/h) will take effect Oct. 15 and continue for six months. Also, WYDOT intends to install variable speed-limit signs on the same stretch of highway so the limit can be lowered further because of bad weather. The section is between the Quealy Dome Interchange, 20 mi (32 km) west of Laramie, and the Peterson Interchange, 22 mi (35 km) east of Rawlins, the agency said.
  74. ^ . Land Line Magazine. October 15, 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-12-08. Retrieved 2010-10-16. "When it's all horizontal and drifts, it kills the visibility, and we have a horrible time trying to keep people on the road," Wyoming DOT engineer Tim McGary told Land Line Now on Sirius XM. McGary says this winter, truckers on I-80 will no longer see that 65 mph (105 km/h) seasonal speed limit between Laramie and Rawlins. Instead, the whole 52-mile stretch will have the electronic, variable speed limit signs that the DOT started installing last year. The variable signs allow the DOT to lower or raise the speed limit in 5 mph (8.0 km/h) increments depending on the weather conditions. And McGary says they work. The statistics are kind of showing that if we're on top of things with our plow operators and troopers out there, and we get the speed limits reduced appropriately to the weather conditions, people are complying pretty well with that," McGary said. "Our crash rates have gone down, and we're hoping to continue that trend."
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  76. ^ R. Young; V. Sabawat; P. Saha; Y. Sui (2012-05-01). Rural Variable Speed Limits: Phase II (Report). FHWA-WY-13/03F. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
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  82. ^ (PDF), National Audit Office, 26 November 2004, p. 21, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-30, retrieved 2009-09-17, The initial results of the one year trial of Variable Speed Limits indicated savings in journey times, smoother flowing traffic and a fall in the number of accidents. Based on these findings, the Agency converted the trial into a permanent facility in 1997. Variable Speed Limits have generally been popular with road users who have reported perceived benefits, including less congestion and less stressful journeys. The Agency could not prove a business case to use the measure elsewhere. Conditions at the site of the Variable Speed Limits trial were not stable before or during the trial, or in the period of extended monitoring that followed it. Traffic volumes changed and the Agency introduced new technology and new lighting and widened the motorway at both ends of the trial site, preventing it from establishing properly controlled and reliable "before and after" data to assess the measure's impact. Without reliable data, the Agency could not prove a business case to use the measure elsewhere. As a result, in 2002 the Agency extended the Variable Speed Limits trial, at a further budgeted cost of £3.9 million, to cover an additional eight kilometres of the M25, where conditions were expected to be more stable, in order to collect sufficient before and after data to prepare a business case.
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  85. ^ Andrew W Fergus and David J Turner (MWH NZ Ltd.) (22–25 September 2002). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-21. initial results of a Transfund Research project being undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of Variable Message Speed Signs (VMSS) within the Ngauranga Active Traffic Management System ( NATMS). NATMS is an incident based system whose objective is to facilitate the passage of traffic through a very demanding section of state highway just north of Wellington...A unique feature of the NATMS is the use of VMSS which display a mandatory speed imposed by controllers in response to an incident or prevailing traffic conditions...In February 2001 Transit New Zealand (TNZ) commissioned the operation of the Ngauranga Active Traffic Management System (NATMS) on State Highway 1, north of Wellington, New Zealand. The NATMS covers a 4 km stretch of State Highway between Johnsonville and the SH1 / SH2 Interchange. The NATMS is the first system in New Zealand to use Automatic Incident Detection (AID) and was chosen because of the challenging driving conditions which are compounded by steep terrain, numerous bends and a high degree of weaving between lanes. This, in conjunction with a volume over 60,000 vehicles per day and an accident rate higher than the national average were contributing factors in the introduction of the NATMS.
  86. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2010-04-16. "German: Den 'Tempo 160-Test' auf der A10 bezeichnete Gorbach "allen Unkenrufen zum Trotz" als 'Meilenstein in der europäischen Verkehrspolitik'. Er betonte im Rahmen einer Pressekonferenz in Wien, dass mit Tempo 160 'nicht die Raser gefördert, sondern die Geschwindigkeit flexibilisiert' werden soll. English: '[The then Austrian Minister for Transportation Hubert] Gorbach said the 'Test Speed 160' on the A10 [motorway] was 'a milestone in European transport policy-despite all predictions to the contrary.' He said at a press conference in Vienna that a 160 limit 'does not promote speeding, but more flexible travel speeds'.
  87. ^ (PDF). European Transport Safety Council. Feb 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-06. Retrieved 2010-10-16. Currently, 52% of the German motorways do not have a speed limit, 15% have temporary speed limits due to weather or traffic conditions, and 33% have permanent speed limits. On unlimited sections, there is a 130 km/h recommendation.
  88. ^ "§ 3 StVO: Speed". Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz. Retrieved 2014-04-29. Diese Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung gilt nicht [...] auf anderen Straßen mit Fahrbahnen für eine Richtung, die durch Mittelstreifen oder sonstige bauliche Einrichtungen getrennt sind. Sie gilt ferner nicht auf Straßen, die mindestens zwei durch Fahrstreifenbegrenzung (Zeichen 295) oder durch Leitlinien (Zeichen 340) markierte Fahrstreifen für jede Richtung haben.
  89. ^ "Lärmaktionsplan 2008 der Stadt Gera" [Noise Action Plan of Gera 2008] (PDF). Die Berechnung basiert dabei auf der in Deutschland gültigen Richtgeschwindigkeit von 130 km/h. Die real gefahrene Geschwindigkeit auf "freigegebenen" Autobahnabschnitten liegt jedoch deutlich höher, wie das in Abb. 54 dargestellte Beispiel von der A9 im Bereich Niemegk zeigt. Die V85 liegt teilweise bei über 170 km/h. Im Schnitt fahren deutlich über 60 % der Verkehrsteilnehmer schneller als 130 km/h. Mehr als 30 % der Verkehrsteilnehmer fahren im Schnitt schneller als 150 km/h
    (English translation) Calculations are based on the German recommended a speed of 130 km/h. Actual driving speeds on motorway sections is much higher, as shown in Figure 54, for example, the A9 in Niemegk. The V85 [85th percentile speed] exceeds 170 km/h. On average, significantly more than 60% of road users exceed 130 km/h. More than 30% of motorists exceed 150 km/h.
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  125. ^ . Hansard. House of Commons. 2003-01-31. Archived from the original on 2010-04-24. Retrieved 2010-04-23. TRL research on urban speed management methods published in 1998 (TRL Report 363) found only an average 1 mph drop in speeds and no discernible accident reduction in accidents in 20 mph limits using only signs. Advisory speed limits are not normally approved in England and Wales. However, the more successful 20 mph zones that use self enforcing traffic calming features achieved average speed reductions of around 10 mph which produced a 70 per cent. reduction in child pedestrian accidents and 48 per cent. reduction in child cyclist accidents.
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  128. ^ "A 50 km/h default urban speed limit for Australia?" (PDF). Monash University Accident Research Centre. Retrieved 2010-04-26. After Norway reduced its urban speed limit from 60 km/h to 50 km/h, the average speed fell by 3.5-4 km/h, and the number of fatal accidents was reduced by 45 per cent (Norwegian Traffic Safety Handbook, cited in 9)... The bulk of the casualty crash benefit relates to the implementation of 50 km/h default speed limits on urban arterials currently zoned 60 km/h. Extending the default 50 km/h urban speed limit to all residential streets across Australia contributes about 6% of the total saving in casualty crashes.
  129. ^ "Evaluation of a 50 km/h Default Urban Speed Limit for Australia". Monash University Accident Research Centre. November 2001. Retrieved 2012-09-15. The trial achieved reductions in average speeds of 1.5 to 2 km/h in some councils and a 7% reduction in the number of casualties and casualty crashes in the trial LGAs compared to the rest of the State.
  130. ^ a b . European Commission. Archived from the original on 2013-01-25. Retrieved 2010-04-23. A speed limit is based on both safety and mobility considerations and increasingly also on environmental considerations.
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  137. ^ Liu, Cejun; Chen, Chou-Lin (2009). An Analysis of Speeding-Related Crashes:Definitions and the Effects of Road Environments (PDF) (Report). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
  138. ^ "State Reports Show Speeding Not a Significant Cause of Accidents". www.thenewspaper.com.
  139. ^ Friedman, Scott (7 February 2012). "Nearly Everyone Speeds on Dallas Co. Freeways". NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth.
  140. ^ Design Speed, Operating Speed, and Posted Speed Practices (PDF) (Report). National Cooperative Highway Research Program. Report 504.
  141. ^ Design Speed, Operating Speed, and Posted Speed Practices (PDF) (Report). National Cooperative Highway Research Program. Report 504. A significant concern with the 1954 design speed concept was the language of the definition and its relationship with operational speed measures. The term "maximum safe speed" is used in the definition, and it was recognized that operating speeds and even posted speed limits can be higher than design speeds without necessarily compromising safety. In 1997, Fambro et al. (15) recommended a revised definition of design speed for the Green Book while maintaining the five provisions noted above. The definition recommended was, "The design speed is a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of the roadway." The term "safe" was removed to avoid the perception that speeds greater than the design speed were "unsafe." The AASHTO Task Force on Geometric Design voted in November 1998 to adopt this definition, and it was included in the 2001 Green Book (17).
  142. ^ Claes Tingvall & Narelle Haworth. "Vision Zero - An ethical approach to safety and mobility". Table 1. Possible long term maximum travel speeds related to the infrastructure, given best practice in vehicle design and 100% restraint use...
  143. ^ "EU wants to slash rural speed limit". Irish Independent. 2010-10-13. Retrieved 2010-11-10. Europe's top road safety agency warned yesterday that the speed limit on our killer rural roads is too high and should be slashed by a third...The general speed limit of 100 kmh on main rural roads which do not have dividing crash barriers should be cut to 70kmh or less, an official report recommended yesterday.
  144. ^ (PDF). (Ireland) National Road Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-03. Retrieved 2010-11-22. Type 2 Dual Carriageway: A divided all-purpose road with two lanes in each direction Type 3 Dual Carriageway: A divided all purpose road with two lanes in one direction of travel and one lane in the other direction. the two-lane section, which provides the overtaking opportunity, alternates with a one-lane section at intervals
  145. ^ . Archived from the original on 2010-11-28.
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  148. ^ a b Int Panis L, et al. (2011). "PM, NOX and CO2 emission reductions from speed management policies in Europe". Transport Policy. 18 (1): 32–37. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.05.005.
  149. ^ . Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. 2002. Archived from the original on 2010-01-26. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
  150. ^ "AA History, The story of the AA since 1905". The Automobile Association. Retrieved 2008-10-26. A group of motoring enthusiasts met at the Trocadero restaurant in London's West End on 29 June to form the Automobile Association (the AA) – a body initially intended to help motorists avoid police speed traps.
  151. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 2015-01-01. Retrieved 2010-11-22. German:Der ADAC hält ein allgemeines Tempolimit auf Autobahnen für nicht erforderlich... Ein Zusammenhang zwischen generellem Tempolimit und dem Sicherheitsniveau auf Autobahnen ist nicht feststellbar. Die Zahl der Getöteten auf Autobahnen pro einer Milliarde Fahrzeugkilometer liegt in Deutschland bei 2,2, mit fallender Tendenz. Zahlreiche Länder mit genereller Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung schneiden schlechter ab, z.B. Dänemark, Belgien, Österreich, USA. In Österreich, wo ein generelles Tempolimit von 130 km/h gilt, ist die Getötetenrate auf Autobahnen etwa 1,5-mal höher als in Deutschland. English: ADAC holds a general speed limit on motorways to be unnecessary... A connection between general speed limit on highways and safety is undetectable. The number of deaths on motorways per 1 billion vehicle-kilometers in Germany is 2.2 with a falling trend. Many countries fare worse with a general speed limit than Germany (e.g. Denmark, Belgium, Austria, USA). In Austria, where speed is generally 130, the death rate on motorways is about 1.5 times higher, Press Release, June 2010.
  152. ^ Lave, Charles; Elias, Patrick (February 1994). (PDF). Accident Analysis & Prevention. 26 (1). Elsevier: 49–62. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(94)90068-X. PMID 8110357. S2CID 21929276. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-12. Retrieved 20 Apr 2010. This study analyzes the statewide consequences of raising the speed limit, treating highways and enforcement as a total system. We find that the 65 mph speed limit reduced the statewide fatality rate by 3.4%-5.1%, compared to those states that did not raise their speed limit.on rural interstate highways [p.49] VMT grew 1.62 times faster in the 65 mph states than it did in the 55 mph states...These numbers are consistent with the expected pattern of traffic shifts [p.53]
  153. ^ Peters, Eric (24 November 1998). (PDF). Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-17. When speed limits are set arbitrarily low--as under the old system--tailgating, weaving and "speed variance" (the problem of some cars traveling significantly faster than others) make roads less safe
  154. ^ "Speed limits". Safe Speed. Retrieved 2010-04-17. Note that the "average" driver at the 50% percentile has a greater crash risk than the 85th percentile driver. Below the 30th percentile, crash risk is significantly increased, and these speeds tend to be used by less skilled and competent drivers ... Doddery old fool at 30 mph / 50 km/h on a UK "A" road suitable for 60 mph / 100 km/h. Of course, he has an elevated crash risk. He does not know what he is doing ... A single vehicle in lane 3 of a busy motorway. It's obvious that as the speed is reduced below 55 mph / 90 km/h the crash risk will increase
  155. ^ Smith, Paul (14 March 2007). "Welcome to Safe Speed". Safe Speed. Retrieved 2010-04-18. In March we learned via Freedom of Information request that the speed camera side effects research (announced in May 2005) had been axed. It is inconceivable that the side effects DON'T cost more than 25 lives per year, meaning that speed cameras are making road safety worse. But DfT doesn't want to hear this, which is the only possible reason for axing the most important research. So here's the truth. Speed camera policy has failed catastrophically. Department for Transport KNOWS that it has failed but won't admit their deadly mistake and pull the plug.
  156. ^ Smith, Paul (2007-06-23). "Scrap speed cameras now". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
  157. ^ . Verband der Automobilindustrie. March 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-07-02. A general speed limit on Germany's autobahns will not offer additional benefits in terms of climate protection or driving safety," said VDA Managing Director Dr. Kunibert Schmidt.. "Much more important than the mantra-like repetition of old demands are measures designed to prevent motorists from driving at speeds that are not in line with weather conditions and the flow of the surrounding traffic - the leading cause of motor vehicle accidents.
  158. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2014-02-22. Nine years ago the speed limit on certain motorways was increased from 110 km/h to 130 km/h, and this resulted in fewer traffic fatalities on those stretches of road.
  159. ^ Carsten Thomsen (11 July 2012). "Socialists open up several highways to 130 km / h (S åbner for flere motorveje med 130 km/t)". Socialists are now open to raising the speed limit to 130 km/h on several of the country's motorways. Previously, the party was strongly opposed when the Liberal government in 2005 raised the speed limit from 110 to 130 on several stretches. However, it has not resulted in increased fatalities. Which it has convinced the Socialists, says Transport Coordinator Rasmus Prehn. 'There might be places where you can raise the limit from 110 km/h to 130 km/h. There should be a detailed assessment of that. What is important is that people get a feeling that there is a correlation between how things are and how fast you can drive, says Rasmus Prehn. The number of fatalities last year was 220, which is the lowest since World War II. Only 12 were killed on motorways. (ORIGINAL DANISH: Socialdemokraterne åbner nu for at hæve fartgrænsen til 130 kilometers i timen på flere af landets motorvejsstrækninger. Partiet var ellers stærkt imod, da VK-regeringen i 2005 hævede fartgrænsen fra 110 til 130 på en lang række strækninger. Men det har ikke betydet flere dræbte i trafikken. Og det har overbevist Socialdemokraterne. trafikordfører Rasmus Prehn. Der kan godt være steder, hvor man kan hæve grænsen fra 110 km/t til 130 km/t. Det skal der en nærmere vurdering til. Men det, der er vigtigt, er, at folk får en oplevelse af, at der er en sammenhæng mellem hvordan forholdene er, og hvor hurtigt man må køre, siger Rasmus Prehn. Antallet af trafikdræbte var sidste år 220. Det er det laveste siden Anden Verdenskrig. Kun 12 omkom på motorveje.)
  160. ^ . Mar 31, 2007. Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011. Thus, Denmark in April 2004 increased its speed limit 110 km/h to 130 km / h on all highways. Italy enacted its 2003 speed limit on six-lane highways of 130 km/h to 150 km/h...Raising the speed limits in Denmark and Italy had no negative impact on traffic safety. The number of accidental deaths even declined over the year before the increase in the limit of -10% (Italy) or -15% (Denmark).(German) So hat Dänemark im April 2004 sein Tempolimit von 110 km/h auf 130 km/h auf allen Autobahnen heraufgesetzt. Italien setzte 2003 sein Tempolimit auf sechsspurigen Autobahnen von 130 km/h auf 150 km/h herauf. Auch die schwedische Regierung hat jetzt eine Anhebung des Tempolimits auf ausgewählten Streckenabschnitten wie auch auf vierspurigen Landstraßen beschlossen. ...Die Anhebung der Tempolimits in Dänemark und Italien hatten keinerlei negative Auswirkungen auf die Verkehrssicherheit. Die Zahl der Unfalltoten sank sogar gegenüber dem Jahr vor der Anhebung des Limits um –10 % (Italien) bzw. –15 %(Dänemark).
  161. ^ "Infografik: Todesfälle auf Autobahnen im Europa-Vergleich". Statista Infografiken (in German). Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  162. ^ RANKING EU PROGRESS ON IMPROVING MOTORWAY SAFETY: PIN Flash Report 28 (PDF) (Report). March 2015.
  163. ^ Luther, Carsten (2020-01-24). "ADAC sperrt sich nicht mehr gegen Tempolimit auf Autobahnen". Die Zeit. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
  164. ^ J.S.Dean (18 April 2010). "Murder most foul".
  165. ^ Criminal on the road. Tavistock Publications. 1964. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-415-26416-7. Retrieved 2010-04-27. Moreover it has been the result of a continued compromise between two bitterly opposed factions: those who are against the motorist and will do all they can to constrain him, and those who oppose constraints unless they are relatively minor in their effects. Examples of both sides are, respectively, the Pedestrians' Association and the Automobile Association. The survey also shows that motoring law in 1903 and 1930 wa framed by legislators who knew little of the motor vehicle.
  166. ^ "Autobahnrichtgeschwindigkeitsverordnung" (PDF) (in German). German Federal Government. (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  167. ^ (PDF) (in Spanish). Puerto Rico Department of Transportation and Public Works. 1979. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 7, 2019.
  168. ^ "Catálogo de Señales Manual SIECA 2000" (PDF). Catálogo de Señales Manual SIECA 2000. 1 January 2000.
  169. ^ . Government of South Australia. 2002-08-23. Archived from the original on July 2, 2009. Retrieved 2010-09-26. Most regulatory signs are rectangular with a black legend on a white background...[exceptions include] speed restriction signs (symbol enclosed in a red circle)"
  170. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions - General Questions on the MUTCD". Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. United States Department of Transportation. March 8, 2017. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
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  175. ^ "Regulation 615 of the H.T.A." E-laws Government Website. 24 July 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  176. ^ New York State Department of Transportation (2011). "New York State Supplement to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways" (PDF). Section 2B.13. The NYR2-4, NYR2-5, and NYR2-6 signs...shall be used for posting area speed limits which are essentially city-wide, village-wide, and town-wide, respectively.... The word 'AREA' in the NYR2-3 sign may be replaced by other generic legend (for example, 'CAMPUS', 'PLAZA', 'MALL', 'PARK', etc.) where it would more clearly and appropriately identify a physically defined area.
  177. ^ "Driving in Japan - essential info if you plan to drive in Japan (2018)". Kyushu Journeys. 2018-02-13. Retrieved 2021-05-29.
  178. ^ "About limits - Speed limits". The official New Zealand Road Code. New Zealand Transport Agency. Retrieved 8 August 2012. Open road speed limits - The signs below mean that the maximum speed that you can travel at is 100 km/h.
  179. ^ (PDF). Australian Road Rules. 2011-01-12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-05. Retrieved 2012-08-08.
  180. ^ Forschungsgesellschaft für Straßen- und Verkehrswesen (2000). Begriffsbestimmungen, Teil: Verkehrsplanung, Straßenentwurf und Straßenbetrieb. FGSV Verlag. p. 81.
  181. ^ Andreas Richter (2005). Geschwindigkeitsvorgabe an Lichtsignalanlagen. DUV. pp. 33–34. ISBN 3-8244-0828-7.
  182. ^ "Speed and speed management" (PDF). ec.europa.eu. 2015. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  183. ^ Schoon, Ben (2019-01-16). "Google Maps appears to be testing speed trap icons w/ audible alerts, rolling out for some users". 9to5Google. Retrieved 2019-01-16.
  184. ^ "Police Ask Waze To Remove Speed Trap Alerts To Protect Cops". Consumerist. 2015-01-26. Retrieved 2019-01-16.

Further reading edit

  • Actual Speeds on the Roads Compared to the Posted Limits, Final Report 551, Arizona Dept of Transportation, October 2004.
  • Effects of Raising and Lowering Speed Limits on Selected Roadway Sections 2008-06-25 at the Wayback Machine, United States Publication No. FHWA-RD-97-084, January 1997.
  • Effect of 20 mph traffic speed zones on road injuries in London, 1986–2006: controlled interrupted time series analysis British Medical Journal 2009.
  • Engineering Speed Limits – FHWA Safety Program United States Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration, Office of Safety, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE, Washington DC 20590.
  • "Reducing Speeding-Related Crashes Involving Passenger Vehicles". National Transportation Safety Board, 490 L'Enfant Plaza, SW, Washington, D.C. 20594, July 2017.
  • Special Report 254: Managing Speed, Transportation Research Board, 1998.
  • The Speeding Driver: Who, How and Why? A research report by the Scottish government into the psychology of the speeding driver.
  • The comprehensive UK report into the effects of speeding.
  • Elvik, R. (2012). "Speed Limits, Enforcement, and Health Consequences". Annual Review of Public Health. 33: 225–238. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124634. PMID 22224882.
  • "3.11 Fartsgrenser". Trafikksikkerhetshåndboken (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway: Transportøkonomisk Institutt. 2000. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
  • Khondaker, Bidoura; Kattan, Lina (September 2015). "Variable speed limit: A microscopic analysis in a connected vehicle environment". Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. 58: 146–159. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2015.07.014.

Law Review edit

  • R. A. Vinluan (2008). "Indefiniteness of automobile speed regulations as affecting validity". American Law Reports--Annotated, 3rd Series. Vol. 6. The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company. p. 1326.
  • C. C. Marvel (2010). "Meaning of "residence district," "business district," "school area," and the like, in statutes and ordinances regulating speed of motor vehicles". American Law Reports--Annotated, 2nd Series. Vol. 50. The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company. p. 343.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Speed limit signs and Driver speed and relative risk of an accident.
  • A Walk Through The History of Speed Limit Signs in The US
  • John F. Carr's State Traffic and Speed Laws
  • Global map of speed limits from OpenStreetMap 2015-11-13 at the Wayback Machine

April 11, 2024
speed, limit, this, article, about, road, speed, limits, speed, light, special, relativity, road, speed, limits, specific, countries, country, rail, speed, limits, slow, zone, speed, limit, redirects, here, video, game, speed, limit, video, game, austrian, hea. This article is about road speed limits For the speed of light see Special relativity For road speed limits in specific countries see Speed limits by country For rail speed limits see Slow zone Speed Limit redirects here For the video game see Speed Limit video game For the austrian heavy metal band see Speed Limit band Speed limits on road traffic as used in most countries set the legal maximum speed at which vehicles may travel on a given stretch of road 1 Speed limits are generally indicated on a traffic sign reflecting the maximum permitted speed expressed as kilometres per hour km h or miles per hour mph or both Speed limits are commonly set by the legislative bodies of national or provincial governments and enforced by national or regional police and judicial authorities Speed limits may also be variable or in some places nonexistent such as on most of the Autobahnen in Germany 2 A road sign shows maximum and minimum speed limit for different types of vehicle on expressway in China Speed limit signs are shown in kilometres per hour The first numeric speed limit for automobiles was the 10 mph 16 km h limit introduced in the United Kingdom in 1861 3 As of 2018 update the highest posted speed limit in the world is 160 km h 99 mph applied on two motorways in the UAE 4 Speed limits and safety distance are poorly enforced in the UAE specifically on the Abu Dhabi to Dubai motorway which results in dangerous traffic according to a French government travel advisory 5 Additionally drivers often drive at high speeds and unsafe driving practices are common especially on inter city highways On highways unmarked speed bumps and drifting sand create additional hazards according to a travel advisory issued by the U S State Department 6 There are several reasons to regulate speed on roads It is often done in an attempt to improve road traffic safety and to reduce the number of casualties from traffic collisions The World Health Organization WHO identified speed control as one of a number of steps that can be taken to reduce road casualties n 1 As of 2021 the WHO estimates that approximately 1 3 million people die of road traffic crashes each year 7 Authorities may also set speed limits to reduce the environmental impact of road traffic vehicle noise vibration emissions or to enhance the safety of pedestrians cyclists and other road users For example a draft proposal from Germany s National Platform on the Future of Mobility task force recommended a blanket 130 km h 81 mph speed limit across the Autobahnen to curb fuel consumption and carbon emissions 8 Some cities have reduced limits to as little as 30 km h 19 mph for both safety and efficiency reasons 9 However some research indicates that changes in the speed limit may not always alter average vehicle speed 10 Lower speed limits could reduce the use of over engineered vehicles 11 Contents 1 History 2 Regulations 2 1 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic 2 2 Reasonable speed 2 3 Excessive speed 2 4 Maximum speed limits 2 5 Minimum speed limits 2 6 Middle speed limits 2 7 Variable speed limits 2 8 Roads without speed limits 2 8 1 Roads formerly without speed limits 3 Method 4 Enforcement 5 Effectiveness 5 1 Compliance 5 2 Relationship with crash frequency 6 Justification 6 1 Road traffic safety 6 2 Fuel efficiency 6 3 Environmental considerations 7 Advocacy 7 1 Opposition 7 2 Support 8 Signage 8 1 Maximum speed limit 8 2 Minimum speed limit 8 3 Special speed limits 8 4 Speed limit derestriction 8 5 Advisory speed limit 9 Technology 10 See also 11 Notes 11 1 Documents referenced from Notes section 12 References 13 Further reading 13 1 Law Review 14 External linksHistory editThe examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this section discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new section as appropriate August 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message nbsp Historic New Hampshire speed limit signIn Western cultures speed limits predate the use of motorized vehicles In 1652 the American colony of New Amsterdam passed a law stating No wagons carts or sleighs shall be run rode or driven at a gallop The punishment for breaking the law was two pounds Flemish the equivalent of US 50 in 2019 12 The 1832 Stage Carriage Act introduced the offense of endangering the safety of a passenger or person by furious driving in the United Kingdom UK 13 In 1872 then President of the United States Ulysses S Grant was arrested for speeding in his horse drawn carriage in Washington D C 14 15 A series of Locomotive Acts in 1861 1865 and 1878 created the first numeric speed limits for mechanically propelled vehicles in the UK the 1861 Act introduced a UK speed limit of 10 mph 16 km h on open roads in town which was reduced to 2 mph 3 km h in towns and 4 mph 6 km h in rural areas by the 1865 Red Flag Act 16 The Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 which raised the speed limit to 14 mph 23 km h is celebrated by the annual London to Brighton Veteran Car Run citation needed On 28 January 1896 the first person to be convicted of speeding is believed to be Walter Arnold of East Peckham Kent UK who was fined 1 shilling plus costs for speeding at 8 mph 13 km h 17 18 19 nbsp In 1920 a pastor was fined US 10 for overspeeding his machine at a rate greater than 25 mph 40 km h in what appeared to be a reckless manner 20 In 1901 Connecticut was the first state in the United States to impose a numerical speed limit for motor vehicles setting the maximum legal speed to 12 mph in cities and 15 mph on rural roads Speed limits then propagated across the United States by 1930 all but 12 states had established numerical limits 12 In 1903 in the UK the national speed limit was raised to 20 mph 32 km h however as this was difficult to enforce due to the lack of speedometers the 1930 Road Traffic Act abolished speed limits entirely In 1934 a new limit of 30 mph 48 km h was imposed in urban centers and in July 1967 a 70 mph 110 km h national speed limit was introduced 21 In Australia during the early 20th century there were people reported for furious driving offenses One conviction in 1905 cited a vehicle furiously driving 20 mph 32 km h when passing a tram traveling at half that speed 22 In May 1934 the Nazi era Road Traffic Act imposed the first nationwide speed limit in Germany citation needed In the 1960s in continental Europe some speed limits were established based on the V85 speed so that 85 of drivers respect this speed 23 In 1974 Australian speed limits underwent metrication the urban speed limit of 35 mph 56 km h was converted to 60 km h the rural speed limits of 60 mph 97 km h and 65 mph 105 km h were changed to 100 km h 62 mph and 110 km h 68 mph respectively 24 In 2010 Sweden defined the Vision Zero program 23 a multi national road traffic safety project that aims to achieve a highway system with no fatalities or serious injuries involving road traffic Regulations editMain article Speed limits by country nbsp Speed limit units on traffic signs around the world Kilometres per hour km h Miles per hour mph Both none knownMost countries use the metric speed unit of kilometres per hour while others including the United States United Kingdom and Liberia use speed limits given in miles per hour Vienna Convention on Road Traffic edit In countries bound by the Vienna Conventions on Road Traffic 1968 amp 1977 Article 13 defines a basic rule for speed and distance between vehicles 25 Every driver of a vehicle shall in all circumstances have his vehicle under control to be able to exercise due and proper care and to be at all times in a position to perform all manœuvres required of him He shall when adjusting the speed of his vehicle pay constant regard to the circumstances in particular the lie of the land the state of the road the condition and load of his vehicle the weather conditions and the density of traffic so as to be able to stop his vehicle within his range of forward vision and short of any foreseeable obstruction He shall slow down and if necessary stop whenever circumstances so require and particularly when visibility is not excellent Reasonable speed edit Most legal systems expect drivers to drive at a safe speed for the conditions at hand regardless of posted limits In the United Kingdom and elsewhere in common law this is known as the reasonable man requirement 26 The German Highway Code Strassenverkehrs Ordnung section on speed begins with the statement translated to English 27 Any person driving a vehicle may only drive so fast that the car is under control Speeds must be adapted to the road traffic visibility and weather conditions as well as the personal skills and characteristics of the vehicle and load In France the law clarifies that even if the speed is limited by law and by local authority the driver assumes the responsibility to control a vehicle s speed and to reduce that speed in various circumstances such as when overtaking a pedestrian or bicycle individually or in a group when overtaking a stopped convoy when passing a transportation vehicle loading or unloading people or children when the road does not appear clear or risky when visibility is low when the road descends rapidly when road sections are small busy or residential in nature when approaching the top of a hill when nearing a crossing where visibility is uncertain when specific lights are used or when overtaking animals 28 If drivers do not master their speed or do not reduce it in such cases they can be penalized Other qualifying conditions include driving through fog heavy rain ice snow gravel 29 or when drivers encounter sharp corners a blinding glare 30 darkness crossing traffic 31 or when there is an obstructed view of orthogonal traffic such as by road curvature parked cars vegetation or snow banks thus limiting the Assured Clear Distance Ahead ACDA 32 33 In the United States this requirement is referred to as the basic rule 34 as outlined by US federal government law 49 CFR 392 14 35 which applies in all states as permitted under the commerce clause and due process clause 36 37 The basic speed law is almost always supplemented by specific maximum or minimum limits but applies regardless In California for instance Vehicle Code section 22350 states that No person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway at speed greater than is reasonable and in no event at a speed which endangers the safety of persons or property 38 The reasonable speed may be different than the posted speed limit Basic rule speed laws are statutory reinforcements of the centuries old common law negligence doctrine as specifically applied to vehicular speed 39 Citations for violations of the basic speed law without a crash 40 have sometimes been ruled unfairly vague or arbitrary hence a violation of the due process of law at least in the State of Montana 41 Even within states differing jurisdictions counties and cities choose to prosecute similar cases with differing approaches 42 Excessive speed edit Consequential results of basic law violations are often categorized as excessive speed crashes for example the leading cause of crashes on German autobahns in 2012 fell into that category 6 587 so called speed related crashes claimed the lives of 179 people which represented almost half 46 3 of 387 autobahn fatalities in 2012 43 However excessive speed does not necessarily mean the speed limit was exceeded rather that police determined at least one party traveled too fast for existing conditions 43 44 45 Examples of conditions where drivers may find themselves driving too fast include wet roadways due to rain snow or ice reduced visibility due to fog 46 or white out snow 47 uneven roads construction zones 48 curves 49 intersections gravel roads 50 and heavy traffic 51 Per distance traveled consequences of inappropriate speed are more frequent on lower speed lower quality roads 52 in the United States for example the speeding fatality rate for local roads is three times that for Interstates 53 For speed management a distinction can exist between excess speed which consists of driving in excess of the speed limit and inappropriate speed which consists of going too fast for the conditions 54 Maximum speed limits edit nbsp Maximum speed limits by country in Europe in km h and their matching highway signpost color Most countries have a legally assigned numerical maximum speed limit which applies on all roads when no other speed limit indications are present lower speed limits are often shown on a sign at the start of the restricted section although the presence of streetlights or the physical arrangement of the road may sometimes also be used instead A posted speed limit may only apply to that road or to all roads beyond the sign that defines them depending on local laws The speed limit is commonly set at or below the 85th percentile speed the operating speed which no more than 15 of traffic exceeds 55 56 57 and in the US is frequently set 4 to 8 mph 6 to 13 km h below that speed 58 Thus if the 85th percentile operating speed as measured by a Traffic and Engineering Survey exceeds the design speed legal protection is given to motorists traveling at such speeds design speed is based on conservative assumptions about the driver the vehicle and roadway characteristics 59 The theory behind the 85th percentile rules is that as a policy most citizens should be deemed reasonable and prudent and limits must be practical to enforce 60 61 However there are some circumstances where motorists do not tend to process all the risks involved and as a mass choose a poor 85th percentile speed citation needed This rule in practice is a process for voting the speed limit by driving in contrast to delegating the speed limit to an engineering expert 62 63 The maximum speed permitted by statute as posted is normally based on ideal driving conditions and the basic speed rule always applies 64 Violation of the statute generally raises a rebuttable presumption of negligence 65 On international European roads speed should be taken into account during the design stage citation needed Maximum speed recommended by international European road design standards Road classification 60 km h 80 km h 50 mph 100 km h 60 mph 120 km h 75 mph 140 km h 85 mph Motorway x 80 100 120 140Express road 60 80 100 120 xRoad 60 80 100 x xMinimum speed limits edit Some roads also have minimum speed limits usually where slow speeds can impede traffic flow or be dangerous 66 The use of minimum speed limits is not as common as maximum speed limits since the risks of speed are less common at lower speeds 23 In some jurisdictions laws requiring a minimum speed are primarily centered around red light districts or similar areas where they may colloquially be referred to as kerb crawling laws 67 Middle speed limits edit Traffic rules limiting only middle speeds are rare One such example exists on the ice roads in Estonia where it is advised to avoid driving at the speed of 25 40 km h 16 25 mph as the vehicle may create resonance that may in turn induce the breaking of ice This means that two sets of speeds are allowed under 25 km h 16 mph and between 40 70 km h 25 43 mph 68 Variable speed limits edit nbsp Example variable speed limit sign in the United States in mph nbsp Digital speed limit sign for variable speed limitsIn Germany the first known experiments with variable speed limit signs took place in 1965 on a 30 kilometer stretch of German motorway the A8 between Munich and the border city of Salzburg Austria Mechanically variable message signs could display speeds of 60 80 and 100 km h as well as text indicating a danger zone or accident Personnel monitored traffic using video technology and manually controlled the signage 69 Beginning in the 1970s additional advanced traffic control systems were put into service Modern motorway control systems can work without human intervention using various types of sensors to measure traffic flow and weather conditions In 2009 1 300 kilometers 810 miles of German motorways were equipped with such systems 70 In the United States heavily traveled portions of the New Jersey Turnpike began using variable speed limit signs in combination with variable message signs in the late 1960s Officials can adjust the speed limit according to weather traffic conditions and construction 71 More typically variable speed limits are used on remote stretches of highway in the United States in areas with extreme changes in driving conditions 72 For example variable limits were introduced in October 2010 on a 52 mile 84 km stretch of Interstate 80 in Wyoming replacing the winter season speed reduction from 75 to 65 mph 121 to 105 km h that had been in place since 2008 73 74 This Variable Speed Limit system has been proven effective in terms of reducing crash frequency and road closures 75 76 Similarly Interstate 90 at Snoqualmie Pass and other mountain passes in Washington State have variable speed limits as to slow traffic in severe winter weather 72 77 As a response to fog induced chain reaction collisions involving 99 vehicles in 1990 a variable speed limit system covering 19 miles 31 km of Interstate 75 in Tennessee was implemented in fog prone areas around the Hiwassee River 78 The Georgia Department of Transportation installed variable speed limits on part of Interstate 285 around Atlanta in 2014 These speeds can be as low as 35 mph 56 km h but are generally set to 35 mph 56 km h 79 In 2016 the Oregon Department of Transportation installed a variable speed zone on a 30 mile stretch of Interstate 84 between Baker City and Ladd Canyon The new electronic signs collect data regarding temperature skid resistance and average motorist speed to determine the most effective speed limit for the area before presenting the limit on the sign This speed zone was scheduled to be activated November 2016 citation needed Ohio established variable speed limits on three highways in 2017 then in 2019 granted the authority to the Ohio Department of Transportation to establish variable limits on any of its highways 80 81 In the United Kingdom a variable speed limit was introduced on part of the M25 motorway in 1995 on the busiest 14 mile 23 km section from junction 10 to 16 Initial results suggested savings in journey times smoother flowing traffic and a decrease in the number of crashes the scheme was made permanent in 1997 82 However a 2004 National Audit Organisation report noted that the business case was unproved conditions at the site of the Variable Speed Limits trial were not stable before or during the trial and the study was deemed neither properly controlled nor reliable Since December 2008 the upgraded section of the M1 between the M25 and Luton has had the capability for variable speed limits 83 In January 2010 temporary variable speed cameras on the M1 between J25 and J28 were made permanent 84 New Zealand introduced variable speed limits in February 2001 The first installation was on the Ngauranga Gorge section of the dual carriageway on State Highway 1 characterized by steep terrain numerous bends high traffic volumes and a higher than average accident rate The speed limit is normally 80 km h 50 mph 85 Austria undertook a short term experiment in 2006 with a variable limit configuration that could increase statutory limits under the most favorable conditions as well as reduce them In June 2006 a stretch of motorway was configured with variable speed limits that could increase the general Austrian motorway limit of 130 to 160 km h 81 to 99 mph 86 Then Austrian Transport Minister Hubert Gorbach called the experiment a milestone in European transport policy despite all predictions to the contrary however the experiment was discontinued citation needed Roads without speed limits edit Just over half of the German autobahns have only an advisory speed limit a Richtgeschwindigkeit 15 have temporary speed limits due to weather or traffic conditions and 33 have permanent speed limits according to 2008 estimates 87 The advisory speed limit applies to any road in Germany outside of towns which is either a dual carriageway or features at least two lanes per direction regardless of its classification e g Autobahn Federal Highway State Road etc unless there is a speed limit posted although it is less common for non autobahn roads to be unrestricted All other roads in Germany outside of towns regardless of classification do have a general speed limit of 100 km h which is usually reduced to 80 km h at Allee streets roads bordered by trees or bushes on one or both sites 88 Travel speeds are not regularly monitored in Germany however a 2008 report noted that on the autobahn in Niemegk between Leipzig and Berlin significantly more than 60 of road users exceed 130 km h 81 mph and more than 30 of motorists exceed 150 km h 93 mph 89 Measurements from the state of Brandenburg in 2006 showed average speeds of 142 km h 88 mph on a 6 lane section of autobahn in free flowing conditions 90 Prior to German reunification in 1990 accident reduction programs in eastern German states were primarily focused on restrictive traffic regulation Within two years of reunification the availability of high powered vehicles and a 54 increase in motorized traffic led to a doubling of annual traffic deaths 91 despite interim arrangements which involved the continuation of the speed limit of 100 km h 62 mph on autobahns and of 80 km h 50 mph outside cities An extensive program of the four Es enforcement education engineering and emergency response brought the number of traffic deaths back to pre unification levels after a decade of effort while traffic regulations were conformed to western standards e g 130 km h 81 mph freeway advisory limit 100 km h 62 mph on other rural roads 92 Many rural roads on the Isle of Man have no speed limits 93 a 2004 proposal to introduce general speed limits of 60 mph and 70 mph on Mountain Road for safety reasons was not pursued following consultation 93 Measured travel speeds on the island are relatively low 94 The Indian states of Andhra Pradesh 95 Maharashtra 96 and Telangana 97 also do not have speed limits by default Roads formerly without speed limits edit Many roads without a maximum limit became permanently limited following the 1973 oil crisis For example Switzerland and Austria had no maximum restriction prior to 1973 on motorways and rural roads but imposed a temporary 100 km h 62 mph maximum limit in response to higher fuel prices the limit on motorways was increased to 130 km h 81 mph later in 1974 98 99 100 nbsp Typical speed limit sign that one would see at the Montana state line from December 1995 to June 1999Montana and Nevada were the last remaining U S states relying exclusively on the basic rule without a specific numeric rural speed limit before the National Maximum Speed Law of 1974 101 After the repeal of federal speed mandates in 1996 Montana was the only state to revert to the basic rule for daylight rural speed regulation The Montana Supreme Court ruled that the basic rule was too vague to allow citation prosecution and conviction of a driver concluding enforcement was a violation of the due process requirement of the Montana Constitution 102 In response Montana s legislature imposed a 75 mph 121 km h limit on rural freeways in 1999 103 Australia s Northern Territory had no rural speed limit until 2007 and again from 2014 to 2016 Sections of the Stuart Highway had no limits as part of an open speed limit trial 104 Method editSeveral methods exist to set up a speed limit 105 Engineering Harm minimization Economic optimization Expert systemFor instance the Injury Minimization known as Safe System method takes into account the crash types that are likely to occur the impact forces that result and the tolerance of the human body to withstand these forces to set speed limit This method is used in countries such as the Netherlands and Sweden 106 The Operating speed method sets the maximum speed at or around the 85th percentile speed This reduces the need to enforce the speed limit but also allows drivers to fail to select the appropriate travel speed when they misjudge the risk their environment induces This is one method used in the United States of America 106 Enforcement editMain article Speed limit enforcement nbsp Gatso speed cameraSpeed limit enforcement is the action taken by appropriately empowered authorities to check that road vehicles are complying with the speed limit Methods used include roadside speed monitoring set up and operated by the police and automated roadside speed camera systems which may incorporate the use of an automatic number plate recognition system citation needed In 2012 in the UK 30 of drivers did not comply with speed limits 23 In Europe between 2009 and 2012 20 of European drivers have been fined for excessive speed 23 In 2012 in Europe 62 of people supported the idea of setting up speed limiting devices 23 with adequate tolerance levels in order to limit driver confusion One efficient scheme consists of penalty points and charges for speeding slightly over the speed limit 23 Another possibility is to alter the roadway by implementing traffic calming measures vehicle activated signs or safety cameras 107 The city of Munich has adopted self explaining roads roadway widths intersection controls and crossing types have been harmonized so that drivers assume the speed limit without a posted sign 107 Effectiveness editCompliance edit Speed limits are more likely to be complied with if drivers have an expectation that the speed limits will be consistently enforced 108 To be effective and abided by the speed limits need to be perceived as credible they should be reasonable regarding factors such as how well the driver can see ahead and to the sides on a particular road 23 Speed limits also need to conform to road infrastructure education and enforcement activity 23 Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki org Measure of effect of speed limit reduction from 90km h to 80 km h in July 2018 on the French network ONISR 28 janvier 2019 109 In the UK in 2017 the average free flow speed for each vehicle type is correlated with the applicable speed limit for that road type and for motorways and national speed limit single carriageway roads the average free flow speed is below the designated speed limit for each vehicle type except motorcycles on motorways 110 Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki org Average free flow speed in UK in 2017 Relationship with crash frequency edit A 1998 US Federal Highway Administration report cited a number of studies regarding the effects of reductions in speed limits and the observed changes in speeding fatalities injuries and property damage which followed 111 Some states increase penalties for more serious offenses by designating as reckless driving speeds greatly exceeding the maximum limit citation needed A 2018 OECD ITF case study established a strong relationship between speed and crash frequency when the mean speed decreases the number of crashes and casualties decreases to the contrary when speed increases the number of crashes and casualties increases In no case was an increase in mean speed associated with a decrease in the number of crashes or casualties 112 Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki org Relationship between change of mean speed and change of fatalitiesSource OECD ITF 112 Results from lowering speed limits 111 Country year of research publication Speed limit reduction Reported changeAustralia 1992 110 km h to 100 km h Injury crashes declined by 19 Australia 1996 5 20 km h decreases No significant change 4 increase relative to sites not changed Denmark 1990 60 km h to 50 km h Fatal crashes declined by 24 Injury crashes declined by 9 Germany 1994 60 km h to 50 km h Crashes declined by 20 Sweden 1990 110 km h to 90 km h Speeds declined by 14 km hFatal crashes declined by 21 Switzerland 1994 130 km h to 120 km h Speeds declined by 5 km hFatal crashes declined by 12 UK 1991 60 mph to 40 mph 100 km h to 65 km h Speeds declined by 6 km h 4 mph Crashes declined by 14 US 22 states 1992 5 mph to 15 mph 8 km h to 24 km h decreases No significant changesNYC US 30 mph to 25 mph decreases 28 reduction in all fatalities and 48 percent reduction in pedestrian fatalities 113 Country year Speed limit reduction Reported changeFrance 2018 19 Speed reduced from 90 km h to 80 km h 11 since July 2018 on 400 000 kilometers of the secondary network covered by 1 000 speed cameras 114 Five million euros have been spent on communication to explain the benefits of the speed reduction to 80 km h using various media including television radio and social media including 2 million euros for the 13 metres advertising movie explaining that speed reduction reduced braking distance by 13 meters 115 Effective median speed was reduced from 87 0 km h in June 2018 to 82 6 km h 5 in July 2018 Median speed was reduced of 3 9 km h 4 5 from 87 0 km h to 83 2 km h in September 2018 109 France to reach its historical best year for road fatalities stopping a sequence of five years of increasing fatalities Decrease of 10 7 from 1188 to 1061 of fatalities saving 127 lives during the 2018 semester on rural non motorway network mostly impacted by the speed decrease Decrease of 5 3 at national level including roads and semesters not impacted by the speed decrease including mainland and DOM but also COM TOM oversea territories Decrease of 5 8 200 lives saved in mainland from 3448 to 3248 including roads and semesters not impacted by the speed decrease Decrease of fatalities by 8 from 152 in 2017 to 144 in 2018 5 in DOM oversea territories where national km h speed limits applies while an increase of 12 fatalities from 84 to 96 14 occurs in COM TOM oversea territories where national 80 km h speed limit do not apply Source ONISR National observatory 116 Speed excess were multiplied by 2 1 2 4 for foreigners 2 0 for French cars with 260 000 additional new speed excess counted in July 2018 by the 1100 speed cameras with 400 act of vandalism on speed cameras during July 2018 114 A yellow vest revolt occurred vandalizing 80 117 of the around 4 700 118 to 10 000 speed camera in 2018 114 In 2020 previous results are confirmed for the year 2019 mean car speed was reduced between 2 9 and 3 9 km h while mean speed of trucks was reduced by two km h without speed limit change By the same time fatalities were reduce by 125 in the second semester 2018 by 84 in the first semester 2019 and 127 for the second semester 2019 119 However results were not repeated in oversea territories Final report considered speed limit change induced a 3 5 km h speed decrease and saved 349 lives during the two years which last 20 months 120 Spain 2019 Decrease speed from 100 km h to 90 km h In Spain the year 2019 was the best year with the fewest people killed outside a built up area The number of people killed outside built up areas decreased by 7 6 while the number of people killed on regular roads decreased by 9 5 The number of people killed in cars outside built up areas decrease by 16 from 598 to 503 121 Results from increasing speed limits 111 Country Speed limit increase Reported changeAustralia 1992 100 km h to 110 km h Injury crashes increased by 25 Australia Victoria 1996 5 20 km h increases Crashes increased overall by 8 35 decline in zones raised from 60 km h to 80 km hNetherlands 2012 120 km h to 130 km h Effect as of yet unclear more research neededUS 1989 55 mph to 65 mph 89 km h to 105 km h Fatal crashes increased by 21 US 1990 55 mph to 65 mph 89 km h to 105 km h Fatal crashes increased by 22 Speeding increased by 48 US 40 states 1990 55 mph to 65 mph 89 km h to 105 km h Fatalities increased by 15 Decrease or no effect in 12 StatesUS Iowa 1996 55 mph to 65 mph 89 km h to 105 km h Fatal crashes increased by 36 US Michigan 1991 55 mph to 65 mph 89 km h to 105 km h Fatal and injury crashes increased significantly on rural freewaysUS Michigan 1992 Various No significant changesUS Ohio 1992 55 mph to 65 mph 89 km h to 105 km h Injury and property damage increased but not fatal crashes 122 US 40 states 1994 55 mph to 65 mph 89 km h to 105 km h Statewide fatality rates decreased 3 5 Significant in 14 of 40 states US 22 states 1997 5 mph to 15 mph 8 km h to 24 km h increase No significant changesSouth Dakota increased its maximum speed limit from 65 to 75 mph 120 km h in 1996 Annual surveys of speed on South Dakota Interstate roads show that from 2000 to 2011 the average speed rose from 71 to 74 mph 123 A 1999 study found that the U S states that increased speed limits in the wake of the repeal of federally mandated speed limits had a 15 increase in fatalities 124 The Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Limits report sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration published in 1998 found that changing speed limits on low and moderate speed roads appeared to have no significant effect on traffic speed or the number of crashes whilst on high speed roads such as freeways increased speed limits generally resulted in higher traffic speeds and more crashes The report stated that limited evidence suggests that speed limits have a positive effect on a system wide basis n 2 Research in 1998 showed that the reduction of some 30 mph 48 km h United Kingdom speed limits to 20 mph 32 km h had achieved only a 1 mph drop in speeds and no discernible reduction in accidents 20 mph speed limit zones which use self enforcing traffic calming achieved average speed reductions of 10 mph child pedestrian accidents were reduced by 70 and child cyclist accidents by 48 125 Zones where speeds are set at 30 km h or 20 mph are gaining popularity 126 as they are found to be effective at reducing crashes and increasing community cohesion 127 Studies undertaken in conjunction with Australia s move from 60 km h 37 mph speed limits to 50 km h 31 mph in built up areas found that the measure was effective in reducing speed and the frequency and severity of crashes 128 A study of the impact of the replacement of 60 km h 37 mph with 50 km h 31 mph speed limits in New South Wales Australia showed only a 0 5 km h drop in urban areas and a 0 7 km h drop in rural areas The report noted that widespread community compliance would require a combination of strategies including traffic calming treatments 129 Information campaigns are also used by authorities to bolster support for speed limits for example the Speeding No one thinks big of you campaign in Australia in 2007 Justification editSpeed limits are set primarily to balance road traffic safety concerns with the effect on travel time and mobility Speed limits are also sometimes used to reduce consumption of fuel or in response to environmental concerns e g to reduce vehicle emissions or fuel use 130 Some speed limits have also been initiated to reduce gas oil imports during the 1973 oil crisis 131 Road traffic safety edit See also Road traffic safety nbsp The Pan American Highway with central median and no freestanding obstructions increasing the level of safety at high speedAccording to a 2004 report from the World Health Organization 22 of all injury mortality worldwide was from road traffic injuries in 2002 n 3 and without increased efforts and new initiatives casualty rates would increase by 65 between 2000 and 2020 n 4 The report identified that the speed of vehicles was at the core of the problem n 5 and recommended that speed limits be set appropriately for the road function and design along with the implementation of physical measures related to the road and the vehicle and increased effective enforcement by the police n 6 Road incidents are said to be the leading cause of deaths among children 10 19 years of age 260 000 children die a year 10 million are injured 132 Maximum speed limits place an upper limit on speed choice and if obeyed can reduce the differences in vehicle speeds by drivers using the same road at the same time n 7 Traffic engineers observe that the likelihood of a crash happening is significantly higher if vehicles are traveling at speeds faster or slower than the mean speed of traffic n 8 when severity is taken into account the risk is lowest for those traveling at or below the median speed and increases exponentially for motorists travelling much faster n 9 nbsp Traffic calming can be effective on lower speed roads It is desirable to attempt to reduce the speed of road vehicles in some circumstances because the kinetic energy involved in a motor vehicle collision is proportional to the square of the speed at impact The probability of a fatality is for typical collision speeds empirically correlated to the fourth power of the speed difference depending on the type of collision not necessarily the same as travel speed at impact 133 rising much faster than kinetic energy citation needed Kinetic energyEkin 12mv2 displaystyle E mathrm kin frac 1 2 mv 2 nbsp Braking distance during dangersGefahrBrems 12 v2102 displaystyle s mathrm GefahrBrems approx frac 1 2 cdot left frac v 2 10 2 right nbsp Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki org 134 135 Typically motorways have higher speed limits than conventional roads because motorways have features which decrease the likelihood of collisions and the severity of impacts For example motorways separate opposing traffic and crossing traffic employ traffic barriers and prohibit the most vulnerable users such as pedestrians and bicyclists Germany s crash experience illustrates the relative effectiveness of these strategies on crash severity on autobahns 22 people died per 1 000 injury crashes a lower rate than the 29 deaths per 1 000 injury accidents on conventional rural roads However the rural risk is five times higher than on urban roads speeds are higher on rural roads and autobahns than urban roads increasing the severity potential of a crash 43 The net effect of speed crash probability and impact mitigation strategies may be measured by the rate of deaths per billion travel kilometres the autobahn fatality rate is 2 deaths per billion travel kilometres lower than either the 8 7 rates on rural roads or the 5 3 rate in urban areas The overall national fatality rate was 5 6 slightly higher than urban rate and more than twice that of autobahns 136 The 2009 technical report An Analysis of Speeding Related Crashes Definitions and the Effects of Road Environments by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration showed that about 55 of all speeding related crashes when fatal listed exceeding posted speed limits among their crash factors and 45 had driving too fast for conditions among their crash factors However the authors of the report did not attempt to determine whether the factors were a crash cause contributor or an unrelated factor 137 Furthermore separate research finds that only 1 6 of crashes are caused by drivers that exceed the posted speed limit 138 Finally exceeding the posted limit may not be a remarkable factor in the crash analysis as there are roadways where virtually all motorists are in technical violation of the law 139 The speed limit will also take note of the speed at which the road was designed to be driven the design speed which is defined in the US as a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of the roadway 140 However traffic engineers recognize that operating speeds and even posted speed limits can be higher than design speeds without necessarily compromising safety 141 since design speed is based on conservative assumptions about driver vehicle and roadway characteristics 59 Vision Zero which envision reducing road fatalities and serious injuries to zero by 2020 suggests the following possible long term maximum travel speeds related to the infrastructure given best practice in vehicle design and 100 restraint use 142 Possible maximum travel speeds Type of infrastructure and traffic Possible travel speed km h Locations with possible conflicts between pedestrians and cars 30 km h 19 mph Intersections with possible side impacts between cars 50 km h 31 mph Roads with possible frontal impacts between cars including rural roads 143 70 km h 43 mph Roads with no possibility of a side impact or frontal impact only impact with the infrastructure 100 km h 62 mph Roads with no possibility of a side impact or frontal impact are sometimes designated as Type 1 motorways freeways Autobahns Type 2 2 2 roads or Type 3 2 1 roads 144 These roadways have crash barriers separating opposing traffic limited access grade separation and prohibitions on slower and more vulnerable road users Undivided rural roads can be quite dangerous even with speed limits that appear low by comparison For example in 2011 Germany s 100 km h 62 mph limited rural roads had a fatality rate of 8 7 deaths per billion travel km over four times higher than the autobahn rate of 2 deaths 136 Autobahns accounted for 31 of German road travel in 2011 136 but just 11 453 of 4 009 of traffic deaths In 2018 an IRTAD WG published a document which recommended maximum speed limits taking into account forces the human body can tolerate and survive 112 Towards a safe system reasonable speed limits IRTAD WG approach 2018 Type of infrastructure and traffic Possible travel speed km h Locations built up areas with possible conflicts between pedestrians and cars 30 km h 19 mph or 40 km h 25 mph Intersections with possible side impacts between cars 50 km h 31 mph rural roads without median barrier with risk of head on collisions 70 km h 43 mph or 80 km h 50 mph Source IRTAD 2018Fuel efficiency edit Fuel efficiency sometimes affects speed limit selection The United States instituted a National Maximum Speed Law of 55 mph 89 km h as part of the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act in response to the 1973 oil crisis to reduce fuel consumption 145 According to a report published in 1986 by The Heritage Foundation a Conservative advocacy group the law was widely disregarded by motorists and hardly reduced consumption at all 146 In 2009 the American Trucking Associations called for a 65 mph speed limit and also national fuel economy standards claiming that the lower speed limit was not effective at saving fuel 147 Environmental considerations edit Speed limits can also be used to improve local air quality issues or other factors affecting environmental quality 148 e g the environmental speed limits in an area of Texas 149 The European Union is also increasingly using speed limits as in response to environmental concerns 130 European studies have stated that whereas the effects of specific speed reduction schemes on particulate emissions from trucks are ambiguous lower maximums speed for trucks consistently result in lower emissions of CO2 and better fuel efficiency 148 Advocacy editSpeed limits and especially some of the methods used to attempt to enforce them have always been controversial A variety of organisations and individuals either oppose or support the use of speed limits and their enforcement Opposition edit Speed limits and their enforcement have been opposed by various groups and for various reasons since their inception In the UK the Motorists Mutual Association est 1905 was formed initially to warn members about speed traps the organisation would go on to become the AA 150 More recently advocacy groups seek to have certain speed limits as well as other measures removed For example automated camera enforcement has been criticised by motoring advocacy groups including the Association of British Drivers and the German Auto Club ADAC 151 Arguments used by those advocating a relaxation of speed limits or their removal include A 1994 peer reviewed paper by Charles A Lave et al titled Did the 65 mph Speed Limit Save Lives which states as evidence that a higher speed limit may create a positive shift in traffic to designated safer roads 152 A 1998 report in the Wall Street Journal titled Highways are safe at any speed stating when speed limits are set artificially low tailgating weaving and speed variance the problem of some cars traveling significantly faster than others make roads less safe 153 A 2007 ePetition to the UK government calling for speed cameras to be scrapped on the basis that the benefits were exaggerated and that they may actually increase casualty levels conducted by Safe Speed a UK advocacy organisation campaigning for higher speed limits which received over 25 000 signatures 154 155 156 A 2008 declaration by the German Automobile Manufacturer s Association calling general limits patronizing 157 arguing instead for variable speed limits The Association also stated that raising the speed limits in Denmark in 2004 from 110 km h to 130 km h 158 159 and Italy 2003 increase on six lane highways from 130 km h to 150 km h had no negative impact on traffic safety The number of accidental deaths even declined 160 In a 2010 ADAC report it was said that an autobahn speed limit was unnecessary because numerous countries with a general highway speed limit had worse safety records than Germany 151 However more recent data show that Germany ranks in the lower middle field in a Europe wide comparison regarding the number of fatalities per billion vehicle kilometers traveled on motorways 161 ETSC considers that those data are not comparable because estimations of the number of kilometers traveled are not estimated the same way in different countries 162 Since 2020 the ADAC is nicht mehr grundsatzlich no longer in principle against a speed limit on autobahns 163 Support edit Various other advocacy groups press for stricter limits and better enforcement The Pedestrians Association was formed in the United Kingdom in 1929 to protect the interests of the pedestrian Their president published a critique of motoring legislation and the influence of motoring groups in 1947 titled Murder most foul which laid out in an emotional but detailed view of the situation as they saw it calling for tighter speed limits 164 Historically the Pedestrians Association and the Automobile Association were described as bitterly opposed in the early years of United Kingdom motoring legislation 165 More recently organisations such as RoadPeace Twenty is Plenty and Vision Zero have campaigned for lower speed limits in residential areas In the United States advocacy groups favoring stricter limits and better enforcement include the Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety Insurance Institute for Highway Safety and the National Safety Council Signage edit nbsp A stack of rectangular speed limit signs in the United States nbsp German border crossing sign showing 50 km h 31 mph limit in built up areas 100 km h 62 mph in rural areas but a legal advisory 130 km h 81 mph limit for the Autobahn motorway increasing liability in the case of an accident from driving faster 166 Most countries worldwide measure speed limits in kilometres per hour while the United Kingdom United States and several smaller countries measure speed limits in miles per hour instead Signs in Samoa display both units simultaneously There are two basic designs for speed limit signs the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals specifies a white or yellow circle with a red border while the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices MUTCD published by the United States Federal Highway Administration specifies a white rectangle with the legend SPEED LIMIT Vienna style speed limit signs originated in Europe and are used in most of the world including many countries that otherwise follow the MUTCD Variations on the MUTCD design are used in Canada Guam Liberia Puerto Rico 167 the mainland United States the U S Virgin Islands Australia also used a variation on the MUTCD design until the country metricated in 1974 The Central American Integration System SICA equivalent to the US MUTCD specifies a variation on the MUTCD design as an option though not widely used 168 In the United States Canada Australia and Peru speed limit signs are rectangular In most of the United States speed limit signs bear the words SPEED LIMIT above the numeric speed limit as specified in the MUTCD However in Alaska and California speed limits are often labeled MAXIMUM SPEED instead In Oregon most speed limit signs are simply labeled SPEED Canada has similar signs bearing the legend MAXIMUM which has a similar meaning in English and French the country s two main languages Peru uses a similar reversed variation of the MUTCD order in which the words VELOCIDAD MAXIMA speed limit are placed below the numeric limit Australia uses the same rectangular design but inscribes the numeric speed limit within a red circle as in Vienna Convention signs 169 The MUTCD formerly specified an optional metric design that included the words SPEED LIMIT and the numeric limit inscribed within a black circle though it was rarely used in the United States 170 this design is still occasionally found in Liberia 171 172 173 Speed limit signs of Mexico and Panama are square unlike the United States In the European Union large signposts showing the national maximum speed limits of the respective country are usually erected immediately after border crossings with a repeater sign some 200 to 500 m 660 to 1 640 ft after the first Some places provide an additional speed zone ahead ahead of the restriction and speed limit reminder signs may appear at regular intervals which may be painted on the road surface 174 In Ontario the type location and frequency of speed limit signs are covered by regulation 615 of the Ontario Highway Traffic Act 175 Maximum speed limit edit nbsp Speed limit sign in Germany showing a 60 km h restriction in DIN 1451 font Signs in other European countries are similar but make use of different fonts and sizes nbsp In France towns and city signs imply the speed limit of an urban road by application of the Vienna Convention For this reason the 50 sign on the picture is just a rappel continuance of an existing speed limit nbsp Speed limit sign for 50 km h Vienna Convention Sign C14 most of the world follows this pattern nbsp UK sign for 50 mph nbsp Standard speed limit sign used in Australia showing 50 km h all speed limit signs are rectangular nbsp Alternative Vienna Convention sign with an amber background used in few countries such as Sweden Finland and Iceland nbsp Ireland includes the text km h since going metric in 2005 nbsp Indonesia in km h includes the text km on the top right corner this model was also used by a number of European countries such as Germany Italy and Switzerland until the 1960s nbsp Japan uses blue numerals km h nbsp Samoa uses both miles per hour and kilometres per hour nbsp The United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia km h use both Western Arabic and Eastern Arabic numerals nbsp Canada displayed in km h All speed limit signs are MUTCD style nbsp Canada Ontario nbsp Canada Yukon and British Columbia nbsp United States in mph nbsp United States Oregon variant nbsp United States New York variant CITY VILLAGE TOWN or a variant of the word AREA can be used in place of STATE 176 nbsp United States metric nbsp Peru metric all speed limit signs are rectangular and the reversed MUTCD order is used there Some speed limits are applicable to a zone nbsp Zone 30 entry in Germany with 30 km h speed limit nbsp Zone 30 end in Germany nbsp Zone 30 entry in France with 30 km h speed limit nbsp Zone 30 end in FranceMinimum speed limit edit Minimum speed limits are often expressed with signs using blue circles based on the obligatory sign specifications of the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals In the United States minimum speed limit signs are identical to their respective maximum speed limit signs with SPEED LIMIT replaced with MINIMUM SPEED citation needed Some South American countries e g Argentina use a red border citation needed Japan 177 and South Korea citation needed use their normal speed limit sign with a line below the limit nbsp Common minimum speed limit sign nbsp The United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia km h use both Western Arabic and Eastern Arabic numerals nbsp Argentina km h nbsp Canada km h rare outside the province of Quebec nbsp Chile km h nbsp Colombia km h nbsp Indonesia includes the text km on the top right corner km h nbsp Japan km h nbsp Philippines km h nbsp South Korea which looks similar to this sign from Japan except the numerals are black km h nbsp UK minimum speed limit sign in mph nbsp United States mph nbsp United States dual maximum and minimum speeds nbsp United States metric nbsp United States metric dual maximum and minimum speeds Special speed limits edit In some countries speed limits may apply to certain classes of vehicles or special conditions such as night time Usually these speed limits will be reduced from the normal limit for safety reasons nbsp Australia Speed limit during certain times nbsp Australia Road Train speed limit nbsp New Zealand Limited Speed Zone Maximum speed limit is 100 km h reduces to 50 km h if dangerous conditions exist such as bad weather nbsp Romania Car and truck speed limit nbsp United States Roadworks zone speed limit nbsp United States Trucks speed limit nbsp United States Towed vehicles speed limit nbsp United States Night time speed limit nbsp Unique speed limit sign in the United States on evacuation routes requiring drivers to maintain the maximum safe speed nbsp Safe speed sign in South KoreaSpeed limit derestriction edit nbsp End of 30 km h speed limit previous speed limit applies nbsp The UK national speed limit of 60 miles per hour 97 km h for ordinary vehicles applies beyond this sign In some countries derestriction signs are used to mark where a speed zone ends The speed limit beyond the sign is the prevailing limit for the general area for example the sign might be used to show the end of an urban area In the United Kingdom the sign means that the national speed limit applies 60 mph on open roads and 70 mph on dual carriageways and motorways In New Zealand it means you are on an open road but the maximum legal speed of 100 km h still applies 178 On roads without general speed limits such as the German Autobahn a portion of the Stuart Highway and rural areas on the Isle of Man it means the end of all quantitative speed limits citation needed nbsp Common maximum speed limit derestriction sign nbsp Common minimum speed limit derestriction sign nbsp Common advisory speed limit derestriction sign nbsp Australia 179 now relatively rare nbsp Australia nbsp Belgium United Kingdom Ireland pre 2005 New Zealand Singapore Malaysia and Switzerland nbsp Germany nbsp Japan nbsp Japan Left arrow Right arrow means from here nbsp Philippines nbsp Philippines nbsp End speed limit 35 mph United States nbsp End speed limit custom United States archaic Advisory speed limit edit Further information Advisory speed limit nbsp Traffic signals showing an advisory speed limitAdvisory speed limits may provide a safe suggested speed in an area or warn of the maximum safe speed for dangerous curves citation needed In Germany an advisory speed limit may be combined with a traffic signal to recommend the speed at which drivers should drive to reach the next light at its green phase thereby avoiding a stop 180 181 Technology editSome European cars include in vehicle systems that support drivers compliance with the speed limit known as intelligent speed adaptation ISA ISA supports drivers in complying with the speed limit in various parts of the network while speed limiters for heavy goods vehicles and coaches only govern the maximum speed These systems have positive effects on speed behaviour and improve safety A speed limiting device such as ISA are considered useful by 25 of European car drivers 182 In 2019 Google Maps integrated alerts for speed traps within its application along with audible alerts for nearby speed cameras 183 The technology was first developed by Waze with requests for it to be removed from the application by police officers 184 See also editAdvisory speed limit Assured clear distance ahead ACDA Design speed Functional classification Negligence per se Operating speed Radar speed sign Solomon curve Speed limits by country Stopping sight distance Traffic violations reciprocity Traffic psychologyNotes edit World Health Organization 2004 Federal Highway Administration 1998 p 2 In general changing speed limits on low and moderate speed roads appears to have little or no effect on speed and thus little or no effect on crashes thereby suggesting that drivers travel at speeds they feel are reasonable and safe for the road and traffic regardless of the posted limit However on freeways and other high speed roads the speed limit increases generally lead to higher speeds and crashes The change in speed is roughly one fourth the change in speed limit Results from international studies suggest that for every 1 mi h change in speed injury accidents will change by 5 percent 3 percent for every 1 km h However limited evidence suggests the net effect of speed limits may be positive on a system wide basis World Health Organization 2004 p 34 fig 2 1 World Health Organization 2004 p 3 World Health Organization 2004 p 76 World Health Organization 2004 p 127 Federal Highway Administration 1998 p 2 British Columbia Ministry of Transportation 2003 p v The likelihood of a crash occurring is significantly greater for motorists traveling at speed slower and faster than the mean speed of traffic Federal Highway Administration 1998 p 2 When the consequences of crashes are taken into account the risk of being involved in an injury crash is lowest for vehicles that travel near the median speed or slower and increases exponentially for motorists traveling much faster Documents referenced from Notes section edit Federal Highway Administration 1998 Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Limits PDF Retrieved 2013 09 23 British Columbia Ministry of Transportation Spring 2003 Review and Analysis of Posted Speed Limits and Speed Limit Setting Practices in British Columbia PDF Retrieved 2019 05 16 World Health Organization 2004 World report on road traffic injury prevention World Health Organization ISBN 92 4 156260 9 Retrieved 2010 04 13 Department for Transport 2008 Reported Road Casualties Great Britain 2008 Annual Report PDF Retrieved 2010 01 09 References edit MINIMUM SPEED REGULATION AND PENALTIES IN AUSTRIA 23 02 2016 Autorevue Austria Driving on the Autobahn www german way com Retrieved 2019 04 14 Aubin Jean Pierre Desilles Anya 2016 07 13 Traffic Networks as Information Systems A Viability Approach Springer ISBN 9783642547713 New speed limit for Abu Dhabi s Mafraq Ghweifat highway ARN News Centre ARN News Centre 2018 01 30 Archived from the original on 2018 01 31 Retrieved 2018 01 31 Emirats arabes unis Derniere minute United Arab Emirates International Travel Information Pietrasik T 21 June 2021 Road traffic injuries www who int Retrieved 2021 12 25 Germany considers Autobahn speed limit to fight climate change The Local Germany 2019 01 21 Retrieved 2019 04 14 The impact of lowered speed limits in urban and metropolitan areas PDF Parker M R Jr 1997 Effects of Raising and Lowering Speed Limits on Selected Roadway Sections FHWA RD 9 7 084 PDF Washington DC Federal Highway Commission pp 85 87 Retrieved 5 February 2017 There is statistically sufficient evidence to reject the hypothesis that driver speeds do not change when posted speed limits are either raised or lowered Great Britain Parliament House of Commons Transport Committee 2 August 2005 November 2004 Memorandum by Greenspeed RP22 Road Pricing The Next Steps Seventh Report of Session 2004 05 Volume 2 Volume 218 of Paper Great Britain Parliament Session 2004 05 House of Commons London The Stationery Office published 2005 p 171 ISBN 9780215025661 Retrieved 9 December 2021 The introduction of lower speed limits could be extremely cheap and need not be delayed Just as modern cars have top speeds suitable for German Autobahns if the 70 mph 110 km h limit is maintained car design will not make the changes necessary to an integrated and sustainable transport system a b Connecticut enacts first speed limit law HISTORY Retrieved 2019 04 14 Criminal on the Road A Study of Serious Motoring Offences and Those Who Commit Them Routledge 1964 p 64 ISBN 0415264162 Kemp Ben 2018 05 18 The Thin Blue Line Ulysses S Grant Cottage National Historic Landmark Retrieved April 2 2023 Rosenwald Michael S 2018 12 16 The police officer who arrested a president The Washington Post Retrieved April 2 2023 Locomotive Act 1861 www legislation gov uk Retrieved 2019 04 14 Motoring firsts National Motoring Museum Archived from the original on 2016 01 14 Retrieved 2009 12 01 Adam Hart Davis The Eureka Years BBC Radio 4 US History Criminal Justice The first speeding ticket Archived from the original on 2010 05 03 D C Pastor Fined for Speed and Contempt in N H Police Court The Washington Times August 20 1920 p 1 The history of speed limits in the UK Read Cars 2017 06 20 Retrieved 2019 04 14 Keeping Order Motor Car Regulation and the Defeat of Victoria s 1905 Motor Car Bill Archived from the original on 18 March 2015 Retrieved 25 February 2015 On 7 April 1905 E Norton Grimwade appeared in the District Court charged with furious driving because he passed a tram Several people estimated the car s speed at 20 mph It was going twice as fast as the tram a b c d e f g h i Speed limits A review of compliance PDF www racfoundation org 2012 Retrieved 2020 12 29 Cowley J E 1980 A Review of Rural Speed Limits in Australia The Office of Road Safety Commonwealth Department of Transport a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Road Traffic Act of 1991 Office of Public Sector Information Retrieved 2010 05 03 A person is guilty of an offence if he intentionally and without lawful authority or reasonable cause a causes anything to be on or over a road or b interferes with a motor vehicle trailer or cycle or c interferes directly or indirectly with traffic equipment in such circumstances that it would be obvious to a reasonable person that to do so would be dangerous 2 In subsection 1 above dangerous refers to danger either of injury to any person while on or near a road or of serious damage to property on or near a road and in determining for the purposes of that subsection what would be obvious to a reasonable person in a particular case regard shall be had not only to the circumstances of which he could be expected to be aware but also to any circumstances shown to have been within the knowledge of the accused 3 StVO 2013 Einzelnorm www gesetze im internet de Section 2 Maitrise de la vitesse Articles R413 17 a R413 19 Legifrance www legifrance gouv fr On Gravel Roads People Drive At Speed They Are Comfortable With Regardless Of Posted Limit Retrieved 2010 10 13 We found that people are driving at speeds based on their perceptions and existing conditions regardless of the speed limit said Dissanayake who also is a faculty member with K State s University Transportation Center when it came to speed limits and the actual speeds are driven the difference was not significant between 35 mph 56 km h and 55 mph 89 km h roads An example is the gravel roadways in Johnson County and Miami County The study found that though two speed limits exist the driving characteristics were the same While Johnson County s speed limit is 35 mph 56 km h and posted the average actual speed of 37 5 mph 60 4 km h was higher than the average actual speed of 35 8 mph 57 6 km h in Miami County where the speed limit is 55 mph 89 km h and not posted Hatzakorzian v Rucker Fuller Desk Co 197 Cal 82 Official California Reports Vol 197 p 82 California Supreme Court reporter September 21 1925 Under the circumstances of the present case the narrowness of the unpaved portion of the highway the darkness of the night and the blinding of Kennell by the glare of the lights reflected from the headlights of the approaching machine the highway over which Kennell was traveling was beset by danger of an extraordinary character from the time his vision became so obscured as to make it impossible for him to see plainly the road before him to the time that he struck the deceased Thus the ordinary care with which Kennell was charged in driving his car over the highway required such an amount of such care as was commensurate with the exactions of the extraordinary dangerous circumstances under which he was then operating his car The respective rights and duties of drivers of automobiles and other vehicles and of pedestrians have repeatedly been by the courts of this state clearly pointed out Allin v Snavely Official California Appellate Reports Report 2nd Series Vol 100 November 14 1950 p 411 Retrieved 2013 07 27 A driver by insisting on his lawful right of way may violate the basic speed law as provided by Veh Code 22350 and thus become guilty of negligence CA Reports Headnote 2 Riggs v Gasser Motors Official California Appellate Reports Report 2nd Series Vol 22 September 25 1937 p 636 Retrieved 2013 07 27 It is common knowledge that intersecting streets in cities present a continuing hazard the degree of hazard depending upon the extent of the use of the intersecting streets and the surrounding circumstances or conditions of each intersection Under such circumstances the basic speed law is always governing See Official Reports Opinions Online Leeper v Nelson 139 Cal App 2d 65 Official California Appellate Reports 2nd Series Vol 139 p 65 Feb 6 1956 Retrieved 2013 07 27 The operator of an automobile is bound to anticipate that he may meet persons or vehicles at any point of the street and he must in order to avoid a charge of negligence keep a proper lookout for them and keep his machine under such control as will enable him to avoid a collision with another automobile driven with care and caution as a reasonably prudent person would do under similar conditions See Huetter v Andrews 91 Cal App 2d 142 Berlin v Violett 129 Cal App 337 Reaugh v Cudahy Packing Co 189 Cal 335 and Official Reports Opinions Online An Analysis of Speeding Related Crashes Definitions and the Effects of Road Environments PDF U S Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration February 2009 Retrieved 2010 04 25 Appendix The basic rules governing the speed of vehicles in Kansas Kentucky Maryland Montana North Carolina and Wisconsin 49 CFR 392 14 Hazardous conditions extreme caution LII Legal Information Institute State v Stanko Supreme Court of Montana 1998 Section 2 Driving Safely PDF Commercial Driver License Manual 2005 United States Department of Transportation July 2014 pp 2 15 2 19 2 26 13 1 pg 2 15 2 6 4 Speed and Distance Ahead You should always be able to stop within the distance you can see ahead Fog rain or other conditions may require that you slow down to be able to stop in the distance you can see pg 2 19 2 8 3 Drivers Who Are Hazards Vehicles may be partly hidden by blind intersections or alleys If you only can see the rear or front end of a vehicle but not the driver then he or she can t see you Be alert because he she may back out or enter into your lane Always be prepared to stop pg 2 26 2 11 4 Vehicle Factors Headlights At night your headlights will usually be the main source of light for you to see by and for others to see you You can t see nearly as much with your headlights as you see in the daytime With low beams you can see ahead about 250 feet and with high beams about 350 500 feet You must adjust your speed to keep your stopping distance within your sight distance This means going slowly enough to be able to stop within the range of your headlights pg 13 1 13 1 2 Intersections As you approach an intersection Check traffic thoroughly in all directions Decelerate gently Brake smoothly and if necessary change gears If necessary come to a complete stop no coasting behind any stop signs signals sidewalks or stop lines maintaining a safe gap behind any vehicle in front of you Your vehicle must not roll forward or backward When driving through an intersection Check traffic thoroughly in all directions Decelerate and yield to any pedestrians and traffic in the intersection Do not change lanes while proceeding through the intersection Keep your hands on the wheel California Vehicle Code section 22350 Basic Speed Law California Department of Motor Vehicles September 20 1963 Archived from the original on 2010 05 05 Retrieved 2010 04 25 No person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway at speed greater than is reasonable or prudent having due regard for weather visibility the traffic on and the surface and width of the highway and in no event at a speed which endangers the safety of persons or property Reaugh v Cudahy Packing Co 189 Cal 335 Official California Reports Vol 189 p 335 California Supreme Court reporter July 27 1922 Retrieved 2013 07 27 This is but a reiteration of the rule in statutory form which has always been in force without regard to a statutory promulgation to the effect that drivers or operators of vehicles and more particularly motor vehicles must be specially watchful in anticipation of the presence of others at places where other vehicles are constantly passing and where men women and children are liable to be crossing such as corners at the intersections of streets or other similar places or situations where people are likely to fail to observe an approaching automobile TEMECULA Inquiries prompt new speed survey 13 August 2015 FindLaw s Supreme Court of Montana case and opinions Findlaw Vincenzes Brent 4 ways Virginia Reckless Driving charges are handled differently in Fairfax County Arlington Alexandria and Stafford Archived from the original on 2015 04 24 Retrieved 2015 04 21 a b c Unfallentwicklung auf deutschen Strassen 2012 Accident trends on German roads 2012 PDF www destatis de Statistisches Bundesamt Federal Statistics Office July 10 2013 Retrieved 2013 09 23 Seite 19 Mit 29 Getoteten je 1 000 Unfalle mit Personenschaden ist das Todesrisiko auf Landstrassen funfmal hoher als auf Innerortsstrassen und auch hoher als auf Autobahnen auf denen 22 Personen je 1000 Unfalle starben Ein Grund fur das wesentlich hohere Risiko auf Landstrassen und Autobahnen ist dass hier wesentlich schneller gefahren wird als auf Innerortsstrassen und dadurch die Unfallschwere steigt Seite 20 Hauptunfallursache auf Autobahnen ist die nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit Im Jahr 2012 waren mehr als ein Drittel aller Unfalle mit Personenschaden auf Autobahnen Unfalle bei denen mindestens einem Beteiligten dieses Fehlverhalten zur Last gelegt wurde Bei insgesamt 6 587 sogenannten Geschwindigkeitsunfallen kamen 179 Menschen zu Tode das heisst nahezu die Halfte 46 3 aller Getoteten auf Autobahnen Seite 20 Hierbei ist allerdings zu berucksichtigen dass die Unfallursache nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit haufig nicht bedeutet dass die zulassige Hochstgeschwindigkeit uberschritten worden ist Nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit wird von der Polizei bei einem Unfall auch dann als Ursache erfasst wenn ein Beteiligter fur die vorliegenden Strassen oder Witterungsverhaltnisse zu schnell gefahren ist A 95 Polizei geschockt uber immenses Tempo Translation A 95 Police Shocked At High Speed Merkur Online The Mercury online version Aug 5 2013 Retrieved 2013 09 29 den stellvertretenden Kommandanten der Feuerwehr aus Hohenschaftlarn Kreis Munchen Daniel Buck war mit seinen Kollegen einer der ersten an der Unfallstelle an der ein Porschefahrer 51 so schnell in den Toyota einer 67 jahrigen Weilheimerin bretterte dass sich ihr Auto mehrmals uberschlug Die Frau musste noch vor Ort reanimiert werden starb jedoch spater im Krankenhaus Die beiden Manner im Porsche kamen mit leichten Verletzungen davon Auf Hohe des Dreiecks Starnberg verlor er auf der linken Spur die Kontrolle uber sein Auto Er kam ins Schleudern schoss rechts uber einen Grunstreifen und kam auf dem Zubringer aus Starnberg wieder auf die Fahrbahn Dort rammte er die 67 jahrige Weilheimerin in ihrem Toyota Zeugen vor Ort schatzen dass der Sportwagen mit rund 300 Kilometer pro Stunde unterwegs war Ein Zeuge hatte seinen Tempomat auf 140 Stundenkilometer eingestellt und war von dem Sportwagen uberholt worden Er schatzt der Porsche war doppelt so schnell sagt Buck Und Schneller wie 160 Kilometer pro Stunde ist hier absolut unangemessen Translation deputy commander of the fire brigade from Hohenschaeftlarn county Munich Daniel Buck was one of the first with his colleagues at the accident site where a Porsche driver age 51 bashed into the Toyota driven by a 67 year old Weilheim in Oberbayern resident rolling her car over several times The woman had to be resuscitated on site but died later in hospital The two men in the Porsche escaped with minor injuries At the peak of the Starnberg interchange in the left lane he lost control of his car He went into a skid shot right through a grass strip to ram the 67 year old Weilheimer resident in her Toyota Witnesses on site estimated that the sports car was traveling about 300 kilometers per hour One witness had his cruise control set at 140 kilometers per hour and was overtaken by the sports car He estimates the Porsche was twice as fast says Buck And This is simply irresponsible even as fast as 160 kilometers per hour is inappropriate Autobahn Pileup 52 Car German Crash Kills 3 VIDEO Huffington Post 2011 11 19 Kennedy Maev 6 September 2013 All you could hear was cars crashing 120 car pile up on Sheppey bridge The Guardian Girl killed 138 cars involved in two massive pileups Fox 19 Jan 21 2013 Archived from the original on 2013 11 09 Retrieved 2013 11 06 Detectives Excessive Speed Factor In 422 Crash Death The Post 10 July 2013 Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 Retrieved 6 November 2013 Kyle Stein charged in Colerain Twp crash that killed Rachel McGrath and Eric Moormann Archived from the original on 2013 11 07 Retrieved 2013 11 06 The teenage driver lost control of the vehicle on a curvy portion of Sheed Road in Colerain Township and struck a parked Ford Titanium The crash killed both passengers the driver was traveling in excess of the posted 35 mph 56 km h speed limit to catch up to a new model Audi R8 to get a better look at this costly vehicle Teen dies when fast Camaro crashes on gravel road in Spring Arbor Township Detroit Free press October 13 2013 Archived from the original on 2013 11 09 Retrieved 2013 11 06 Too Fast for Conditions Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration U S Department of Transportation Archived from the original on 2013 11 05 Retrieved 2013 10 31 No sign of alcohol for 6 teens killed in OH crash the SUV was traveling between 62 mph 100 km h and 70 mph 110 km h on a 35 mph 56 km h road before it flipped into a pond in a dark unlit area in Warren on March 10 2013 killing the 19 year old driver and five of the seven boys riding with her Speeding Counts on All Roads PDF FHWA Safety November 2000 Archived from the original PDF on 2013 10 16 Retrieved 2013 10 14 almost 50 percent of speeding related fatalities occur on lower speed collector and local roads which carry only 28 1 percent of the total vehicle miles traveled in the United States the deadly consequences of speeding on local and collector roads becomes even more dramatic The speeding fatality rate for local roads is three times that for Interstates Speed Enforcement PDF ec europa eu 2018 Retrieved 2020 12 29 Speed Zoning Information PDF Report Institute of Transportation Engineers 22 March 2004 Archived from the original PDF on 2010 07 05 Retrieved 2009 09 17 MUTCD Sections 2B 13 16 12 California Vehicle Code 21400 b The State of California January 1 2012 Retrieved 2020 04 07 Transportation Research Board of the National Academies Kay Fitzpatrick Paul Carlson Marcus A Brewer Mark D Wooldridge Shaw Pin Miaou Texas Transportation Institute October 6 2003 NCHRP Report 504 Design Speed Operating Speed and Posted Speed Practices PDF Washington D C National Academies Press p 88 ISBN 0 309 08767 8 ISSN 0077 5614 Archived PDF from the original on October 21 2014 Retrieved 2009 09 16 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help a b Krammes R A Fitzpatrick K Blaschke J D Fambro D B March 1996 Speed Understanding Design Operating and Posted Speed PDF Report College Station TX Texas Transportation Institute Research Report 1465 1 Establishing Speed Limits azdot gov ESTABLISHING SPEED LIMITS a case of MAJORITY RULE PDF Kansas Department of Transportation Public opposition to speed limits being set by an authority often arise because such agency has been viewed as abusing its power such as by arbitrary indiscretion or by creating speed traps Because an expert can theoretically calculate a safer speed limit than the populace s vote by driving it is beneficial that local governments preserve strong public trust with their integrity in speed regulation See A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets AASHTO 4th Ed 2001 ISBN 1 56051 156 7 USLIMITS2 Safety Federal Highway Administration safety fhwa dot gov Riggs v Gasser Motors 22 Cal App 2d 636 Official California Appellate Reports 2nd Series Vol 22 p 22 September 25 1937 Alarid v Vanier 50 Cal 2d 617 Official California Reports 2nd Series Vol 50 p 617 California Supreme Court reporter July 17 1958 See Official California Reports online Haney James E The relationships between speed speed limits and motor vehicle accidents An annotated bibliography 1974 Hubbard Phil Out of touch and out of time The contemporary policing of sex work Sex work now Willan 2013 22 53 Traffic rules on ice roads Archived 2021 01 26 at the Wayback Machine Transport Administration of the Republic of Estonia Peter Schick June 2003 translation Influence of Traffic Control Systems on Freeway Capacity and Stability of Traffic Flow Original Title Einfluss von Streckenbeeinflussungsanlagen auf de Kapazitaet von Autobahnabschnitten sowie die Stabilitaet des Verkehrsflusses PDF University of Stuttgart p 20 doi 10 18419 opus 175 ISBN 9783980821841 retrieved 2010 10 16 translation The first experiment was carried out in 1965 on a 30 km section of the A8 from Salzburg to Munich The system consisted of mechanically variable message signs at a distance of 2 km which could display speeds of 60 80 and 100 km h and danger zone and accident Personnel monitored traffic using video technology and manually controlled the signage Studies reported a decrease in traffic disruptions and breakdowns harmonization of the velocity distribution and an increase in performance Zackor 1972 see also Chapter 3 2 2 German text Die erste linienhafte Beeinflussung des Verkehrs erfolgte im Jahr 1965 durch die Errichtung einer Wechselverkehrszeichenanlage auf einem 30 km langen Abschnitt der A8 auf der Richtungsfahrbahn Salzburg Munchen Die Anlage bestand aus neben der Fahrbahn angebrachten mechanischen Wechselverkehrszeichen im Abstand von 2 km die StVO gerechte Zeichen fur die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzungen 60 80 und 100 km h sowie Gefahrstelle und Unfall anzeigen konnten Abb 2 1 Diese Zeichen wurden vom Betreiberpersonal das mittels Videotechnologie eine Ubersicht uber das Verkehrsgeschehen hatte manuell geschaltet Somit konnte erstmals auf einer Autobahn die Geschwindigkeit des Verkehrs beeinflusst sowie eine Unfallwarnung vorgenommen werden Die ersten Erfahrungen und wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen berichten von einer Abnahme der Storungen und Verkehrszusammenbruche einer Harmonisierung der Geschwindigkeitsverteilung sowie einer Steigerung der Leistungsfahigkeit ZACKOR 1972 siehe auch Kapitel 3 2 2 Ralf Schmahld 6 August 2009 translation 20 years waiting in traffic jams Original Title 20 Jahre im Stau gestanden Reise Travel magazine retrieved 2010 10 16 translation A total of 1 300 kilometers of motorways now have traffic control systems for the harmonization of the traffic flow by speed limits and traffic warning and the government expects to expand their use 2500 km stretch of motorway could be controlled by these dynamic control systems German text An insgesamt 1 300 Kilometern der Bundesautobahnen seien inzwischen Streckenbeeinflussungsanlagen zur Harmonisierung des Verkehrsablaufs durch Geschwindigkeitsbeschrankungen und Gefahrenwarnung installiert worden teilt die Regierung weiter mit 2 500 Kilometer Autobahnstrecke konnten mittels dynamischer Netzbeeinflussungsanlagen gesteuert werden Mark Robinson January 9 2000 Examples of Variable Speed Limit Applications Speed Management Workshop PDF Transportation Research Board 79th Annual Meeting archived from the original PDF on 2011 09 27 retrieved 2010 10 17 New Jersey Status Active installed in the late 1960s Objective to provide early warning to motorists of slow traffic or hazardous road conditions Setting Urban Rural New Jersey Turnpike a b Repository Notice Bureau of Transportation Statistics ntl bts gov Archived from the original on 2019 01 02 Retrieved 2019 01 01 WYDOT proposes to lower I 80 speed limit KSL TV September 29 2008 Retrieved 2010 10 16 The Wyoming Department of Transportation says it plans to impose a speed limit of 65 mph 105 km h on a 52 mi 84 km stretch of the interstate between Laramie and Rawlins The reduction from the existing speed limit of 75 mph 121 km h will take effect Oct 15 and continue for six months Also WYDOT intends to install variable speed limit signs on the same stretch of highway so the limit can be lowered further because of bad weather The section is between the Quealy Dome Interchange 20 mi 32 km west of Laramie and the Peterson Interchange 22 mi 35 km east of Rawlins the agency said Wyoming seasonal speed limit will vary with conditions Land Line Magazine October 15 2010 Archived from the original on 2010 12 08 Retrieved 2010 10 16 When it s all horizontal and drifts it kills the visibility and we have a horrible time trying to keep people on the road Wyoming DOT engineer Tim McGary told Land Line Now on Sirius XM McGary says this winter truckers on I 80 will no longer see that 65 mph 105 km h seasonal speed limit between Laramie and Rawlins Instead the whole 52 mile stretch will have the electronic variable speed limit signs that the DOT started installing last year The variable signs allow the DOT to lower or raise the speed limit in 5 mph 8 0 km h increments depending on the weather conditions And McGary says they work The statistics are kind of showing that if we re on top of things with our plow operators and troopers out there and we get the speed limits reduced appropriately to the weather conditions people are complying pretty well with that McGary said Our crash rates have gone down and we re hoping to continue that trend Saha P Young R August 1 2014 Weather Based Safety Analysis for the Effectiveness of Rural Variable Speed Limit VSL Corridors PDF Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting No 14 2293 Archived from the original PDF on 2015 02 23 R Young V Sabawat P Saha Y Sui 2012 05 01 Rural Variable Speed Limits Phase II Report FHWA WY 13 03F Retrieved 2022 04 10 Final Report FHWA WY 13 03F PDF Report May 2013 Archived from the original PDF on 2015 05 22 Retrieved 2022 04 11 Managing Speed Public Roads www tfhrc gov January February 2003 Archived from the original on 2008 09 21 Retrieved 2008 07 06 Tennessee Low Visibility Warning System PDF Federal Highway Administration Retrieved 2010 10 17 Moving speed limits on I 285 Atlanta Journal Constitution September 29 2014 Retrieved 2015 08 22 Ohio Rev Code 4511 21 H 3 Felton Chad April 5 2019 ODOT Variable speed limits only used to improve safety The News Herald Willoughby OH Retrieved April 6 2019 Report HC 15 2004 05 Tackling congestion by making better use of England s motorways and trunk roads Full Report PDF National Audit Office 26 November 2004 p 21 archived from the original PDF on 2008 10 30 retrieved 2009 09 17 The initial results of the one year trial of Variable Speed Limits indicated savings in journey times smoother flowing traffic and a fall in the number of accidents Based on these findings the Agency converted the trial into a permanent facility in 1997 Variable Speed Limits have generally been popular with road users who have reported perceived benefits including less congestion and less stressful journeys The Agency could not prove a business case to use the measure elsewhere Conditions at the site of the Variable Speed Limits trial were not stable before or during the trial or in the period of extended monitoring that followed it Traffic volumes changed and the Agency introduced new technology and new lighting and widened the motorway at both ends of the trial site preventing it from establishing properly controlled and reliable before and after data to assess the measure s impact Without reliable data the Agency could not prove a business case to use the measure elsewhere As a result in 2002 the Agency extended the Variable Speed Limits trial at a further budgeted cost of 3 9 million to cover an additional eight kilometres of the M25 where conditions were expected to be more stable in order to collect sufficient before and after data to prepare a business case M1 Junctions 6A to 10 Official Completion Ceremony PDF Highways Agency Archived from the original PDF on 2009 11 15 M1 works speed cameras will stay BBC News 2010 01 03 Retrieved 2010 04 13 Andrew W Fergus and David J Turner MWH NZ Ltd 22 25 September 2002 Monitoring Incident and Travel Behaviour Through the Use of ATMS Architecture PDF Archived from the original PDF on 5 August 2010 Retrieved 2010 10 21 initial results of a Transfund Research project being undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of Variable Message Speed Signs VMSS within the Ngauranga Active Traffic Management System NATMS NATMS is an incident based system whose objective is to facilitate the passage of traffic through a very demanding section of state highway just north of Wellington A unique feature of the NATMS is the use of VMSS which display a mandatory speed imposed by controllers in response to an incident or prevailing traffic conditions In February 2001 Transit New Zealand TNZ commissioned the operation of the Ngauranga Active Traffic Management System NATMS on State Highway 1 north of Wellington New Zealand The NATMS covers a 4 km stretch of State Highway between Johnsonville and the SH1 SH2 Interchange The NATMS is the first system in New Zealand to use Automatic Incident Detection AID and was chosen because of the challenging driving conditions which are compounded by steep terrain numerous bends and a high degree of weaving between lanes This in conjunction with a volume over 60 000 vehicles per day and an accident rate higher than the national average were contributing factors in the introduction of the NATMS German Ein Monat Tempo 160 auf der A10 English A month of Tempo 160 on the A10 Archived from the original on 2011 07 18 Retrieved 2010 04 16 German Den Tempo 160 Test auf der A10 bezeichnete Gorbach allen Unkenrufen zum Trotz als Meilenstein in der europaischen Verkehrspolitik Er betonte im Rahmen einer Pressekonferenz in Wien dass mit Tempo 160 nicht die Raser gefordert sondern die Geschwindigkeit flexibilisiert werden soll English The then Austrian Minister for Transportation Hubert Gorbach said the Test Speed 160 on the A10 motorway was a milestone in European transport policy despite all predictions to the contrary He said at a press conference in Vienna that a 160 limit does not promote speeding but more flexible travel speeds SPEED Fact Sheet German Autobahn The Speed Limit Debate PDF European Transport Safety Council Feb 2008 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 01 06 Retrieved 2010 10 16 Currently 52 of the German motorways do not have a speed limit 15 have temporary speed limits due to weather or traffic conditions and 33 have permanent speed limits On unlimited sections there is a 130 km h recommendation 3 StVO Speed Bundesministerium der Justiz und fur Verbraucherschutz Retrieved 2014 04 29 Diese Geschwindigkeitsbeschrankung gilt nicht auf anderen Strassen mit Fahrbahnen fur eine Richtung die durch Mittelstreifen oder sonstige bauliche Einrichtungen getrennt sind Sie gilt ferner nicht auf Strassen die mindestens zwei durch Fahrstreifenbegrenzung Zeichen 295 oder durch Leitlinien Zeichen 340 markierte Fahrstreifen fur jede Richtung haben Larmaktionsplan 2008 der Stadt Gera Noise Action Plan of Gera 2008 PDF Die Berechnung basiert dabei auf der in Deutschland gultigen Richtgeschwindigkeit von 130 km h Die real gefahrene Geschwindigkeit auf freigegebenen Autobahnabschnitten liegt jedoch deutlich hoher wie das in Abb 54 dargestellte Beispiel von der A9 im Bereich Niemegk zeigt Die V85 liegt teilweise bei uber 170 km h Im Schnitt fahren deutlich uber 60 der Verkehrsteilnehmer schneller als 130 km h Mehr als 30 der Verkehrsteilnehmer fahren im Schnitt schneller als 150 km h English translation Calculations are based on the German recommended a speed of 130 km h Actual driving speeds on motorway sections is much higher as shown in Figure 54 for example the A9 in Niemegk The V85 85th percentile speed exceeds 170 km h On average significantly more than 60 of road users exceed 130 km h More than 30 of motorists exceed 150 km h Auswirkungen eines allgemeinen Tempolimits auf Autobahnen im Land Brandenburg PDF Brandenburg October 2007 Archived from the original PDF on 2012 09 07 Retrieved 2010 12 04 German Auf einer 6 streifigen Autobahn ergibt sich fur den Pkw Verkehr im Mittel eine Geschwindigkeit von 142 km h English On clear stretches of 6 lane highway cars average a speed of 142 km h East German Traffic Deaths Jumped Dramatically After Reunification Researchers Cite Rapid Increase In Young Unskilled Drivers ScienceDaily Traffic Safety The German Experience after Reunification PDF German Society for Technical Cooperation 2004 11 06 Archived from the original PDF on 2015 09 24 Retrieved 2009 09 17 a b No All Island Speed Limit Isle of Man Guide 6 November 2004 Retrieved 2009 09 17 Transport Implications of the Isle of Man Strategic Plan Report PDF JMP Consulting 2007 04 27 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 01 25 Retrieved 2010 09 26 The Table of Maximum Speed Limits at a Glance PDF Data Retrieved 2020 12 29 TRANSPORT DEPARTMENT GOVERNMENT OF TELANGANA INDIA www transport telangana gov in The duties of the Swiss Federal Roads Office ASTRA Bundesamt 2009 Archived from the original on 2011 07 06 Retrieved 2010 10 26 Outside of built up areas Prior to 1973 no restriction 1973 100 km h provisional 1977 100 km h definitive 1985 80 km h trial 1989 80 km h definitive national referendum on 26 November 1989 Motorways Prior to 1973 no restriction 1973 100 km h temporary due to oil crisis 1974 130 km h provisional 1977 130 km h definitive 1985 120 km h trial 1989 120 km h definitive national referendum on 26 November 1989 Seit 35 Jahren Tempolimit auf Autobahnen oesterreich ORF at oesv1 orf at Willkommen OAMTC 4 December 2023 Darren L Jorgenson Kumares C Sinha April 2000 The Development of a Speed Monitoring Program for Indiana FHWA IN JTRP 98 19 Indiana Department of Transportation Retrieved 2010 09 26 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 Background Information Before 1974 Interstate highways through various states had different speed limits except Montana and Nevada which had none FindLaw s MT case and opinions Findlaw Sky no longer the limit on Montanabahn Deseret News 1999 05 28 Retrieved 2022 04 18 The need for speed on Stuart Highway Australian Broadcasting Corporation ABC 15 October 2013 Retrieved 7 December 2020 Dell Acqua Gianluca Wegman Fred 2017 03 16 Transport Infrastructure and Systems Proceedings of the AIIT International Congress on Transport Infrastructure and Systems Rome Italy 10 12 April 2017 CRC Press ISBN 978 1 315 28188 9 a b Methods and Practices for Setting Speed Limits An Informational Report Safety Federal Highway Administration safety fhwa dot gov a b Speed limit compliance and enforcement PDF www niassembly gov uk 27 February 2014 Retrieved 2020 12 29 Bauernschuster Stefan Rekers Ramona 2022 Speed limit enforcement and road safety Journal of Public Economics 210 104663 doi 10 1016 j jpubeco 2022 104663 hdl 10419 215026 ISSN 0047 2727 a b 1 dead link Vehicle Speed Compliance Statistics PDF assets publishing service gov uk 2017 Retrieved 2020 12 29 a b c Table 3 J Stuster and Z Coffman Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Management FHWA RD 98 154 July 1998 a b c Speed crash risk PDF www itf oecd org Retrieved 2020 12 29 30km h speed limit eyed for all Auckland CBD roads Radio New Zealand 26 September 2018 a b c 80 km h deux fois plus de vehicules flashes en juillet LExpress fr July 31 2018 Archived from the original on June 9 2019 Retrieved June 9 2019 80 km h la com a 5 millions d euros LExpress fr June 29 2018 Accidents PDF www onisr securite routiere interieur gouv fr Retrieved 2020 12 29 permanent dead link Is your departement planning to scrap France s 80km h speed limit PDF The Local France 22 May 2019 Retrieved 2020 12 29 Speed Camera Blackspots in France 2016 www french property com 7 March 2018 80 km h speed limit on rural single carriageways French road safety observatory www onisr securite routiere gouv fr Presentation PDF www onisr securite routiere interieur gouv fr Archived from the original PDF on December 4 2020 Retrieved 2020 12 29 Finaliza con 1 098 fallecidos el minimo historico de victimas mortales en carretera PDF www dgt es 2019 Archived from the original PDF on 2021 01 26 Retrieved 2020 12 29 EFFECTS OF THE 65 MPH SPEED LIMIT ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN OHIO Report University of Cincinnati 1992 Retrieved 2010 07 10 fatal accident rates on rural Interstate highways posted at 65 mph or rural non Interstate highways posted at 55 mph had not significantly changed after the implementation of the 65 mph speed limit South Dakota Speed Monitoring PDF South Dakota Department of Transportation 2012 Retrieved 2014 12 19 Farmer Charles M Retting Richard A Lund Adrian K 1999 09 01 Changes in motor vehicle occupant fatalities after repeal of the national maximum speed limit Accident Analysis amp Prevention 31 5 537 543 doi 10 1016 S0001 4575 99 00010 X PMID 10440551 Written Answers to Questions Road Accidents Hansard House of Commons 2003 01 31 Archived from the original on 2010 04 24 Retrieved 2010 04 23 TRL research on urban speed management methods published in 1998 TRL Report 363 found only an average 1 mph drop in speeds and no discernible accident reduction in accidents in 20 mph limits using only signs Advisory speed limits are not normally approved in England and Wales However the more successful 20 mph zones that use self enforcing traffic calming features achieved average speed reductions of around 10 mph which produced a 70 per cent reduction in child pedestrian accidents and 48 per cent reduction in child cyclist accidents Streetfilms No Need for Speed 20 s Plenty for Us Joshua Hart Driven To Excess A Study of Motor Vehicle Impacts on Three Streets in Bristol UK PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2012 04 26 Retrieved 2011 11 27 A 50 km h default urban speed limit for Australia PDF Monash University Accident Research Centre Retrieved 2010 04 26 After Norway reduced its urban speed limit from 60 km h to 50 km h the average speed fell by 3 5 4 km h and the number of fatal accidents was reduced by 45 per cent Norwegian Traffic Safety Handbook cited in 9 The bulk of the casualty crash benefit relates to the implementation of 50 km h default speed limits on urban arterials currently zoned 60 km h Extending the default 50 km h urban speed limit to all residential streets across Australia contributes about 6 of the total saving in casualty crashes Evaluation of a 50 km h Default Urban Speed Limit for Australia Monash University Accident Research Centre November 2001 Retrieved 2012 09 15 The trial achieved reductions in average speeds of 1 5 to 2 km h in some councils and a 7 reduction in the number of casualties and casualty crashes in the trial LGAs compared to the rest of the State a b Current speed limit policies European Commission Archived from the original on 2013 01 25 Retrieved 2010 04 23 A speed limit is based on both safety and mobility considerations and increasingly also on environmental considerations Nixon signs national speed limit into law HISTORY Retrieved 2019 11 06 UN raises child accidents alarm BBC News 2008 12 10 Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Limits PDF Report Federal Highway Administration 1998 Retrieved 2009 09 17 Source Reproduced from AASHTO 2010 Countermeasures guide PDF www onisr securite routiere gouv fr Retrieved 2020 12 29 permanent dead link a b c Traffic and Accident Data Summary Statistics Germany PDF Bundesanstalt fur Strassenwesen Federal Highway Research Institute December 2012 Archived from the original PDF on 2013 06 26 Retrieved 2013 09 10 Liu Cejun Chen Chou Lin 2009 An Analysis of Speeding Related Crashes Definitions and the Effects of Road Environments PDF Report National Highway Traffic Safety Administration State Reports Show Speeding Not a Significant Cause of Accidents www thenewspaper com Friedman Scott 7 February 2012 Nearly Everyone Speeds on Dallas Co Freeways NBC 5 Dallas Fort Worth Design Speed Operating Speed and Posted Speed Practices PDF Report National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 504 Design Speed Operating Speed and Posted Speed Practices PDF Report National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 504 A significant concern with the 1954 design speed concept was the language of the definition and its relationship with operational speed measures The term maximum safe speed is used in the definition and it was recognized that operating speeds and even posted speed limits can be higher than design speeds without necessarily compromising safety In 1997 Fambro et al 15 recommended a revised definition of design speed for the Green Book while maintaining the five provisions noted above The definition recommended was The design speed is a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of the roadway The term safe was removed to avoid the perception that speeds greater than the design speed were unsafe The AASHTO Task Force on Geometric Design voted in November 1998 to adopt this definition and it was included in the 2001 Green Book 17 Claes Tingvall amp Narelle Haworth Vision Zero An ethical approach to safety and mobility Table 1 Possible long term maximum travel speeds related to the infrastructure given best practice in vehicle design and 100 restraint use EU wants to slash rural speed limit Irish Independent 2010 10 13 Retrieved 2010 11 10 Europe s top road safety agency warned yesterday that the speed limit on our killer rural roads is too high and should be slashed by a third The general speed limit of 100 kmh on main rural roads which do not have dividing crash barriers should be cut to 70kmh or less an official report recommended yesterday NRA New Divided Road Types Type 2 and Type 3 Dual carriageways PDF Ireland National Road Authority Archived from the original PDF on 2011 01 03 Retrieved 2010 11 22 Type 2 Dual Carriageway A divided all purpose road with two lanes in each direction Type 3 Dual Carriageway A divided all purpose road with two lanes in one direction of travel and one lane in the other direction the two lane section which provides the overtaking opportunity alternates with a one lane section at intervals Nevada brief in Nevada v Skinner Archived from the original on 2010 11 28 Copulos Milton R 1986 09 09 The High Cost of the 55 MPH Speed Limit The Heritage Foundation Archived from the original on 2007 05 10 Retrieved 2007 04 19 Trucking Industry Asks Congress for National 65 mph Speed Limit Environment News Service January 27 2009 Archived from the original on 2009 01 31 Retrieved 2009 02 08 a b Int Panis L et al 2011 PM NOX and CO2 emission reductions from speed management policies in Europe Transport Policy 18 1 32 37 doi 10 1016 j tranpol 2010 05 005 Vehicular Speed Limit Reduction Texas Commission on Environmental Quality 2002 Archived from the original on 2010 01 26 Retrieved 2010 04 13 AA History The story of the AA since 1905 The Automobile Association Retrieved 2008 10 26 A group of motoring enthusiasts met at the Trocadero restaurant in London s West End on 29 June to form the Automobile Association the AA a body initially intended to help motorists avoid police speed traps a b Autobahn Temporegelung Archived from the original on 2015 01 01 Retrieved 2010 11 22 German Der ADAC halt ein allgemeines Tempolimit auf Autobahnen fur nicht erforderlich Ein Zusammenhang zwischen generellem Tempolimit und dem Sicherheitsniveau auf Autobahnen ist nicht feststellbar Die Zahl der Getoteten auf Autobahnen pro einer Milliarde Fahrzeugkilometer liegt in Deutschland bei 2 2 mit fallender Tendenz Zahlreiche Lander mit genereller Geschwindigkeitsbeschrankung schneiden schlechter ab z B Danemark Belgien Osterreich USA In Osterreich wo ein generelles Tempolimit von 130 km h gilt ist die Getotetenrate auf Autobahnen etwa 1 5 mal hoher als in Deutschland English ADAC holds a general speed limit on motorways to be unnecessary A connection between general speed limit on highways and safety is undetectable The number of deaths on motorways per 1 billion vehicle kilometers in Germany is 2 2 with a falling trend Many countries fare worse with a general speed limit than Germany e g Denmark Belgium Austria USA In Austria where speed is generally 130 the death rate on motorways is about 1 5 times higher Press Release June 2010 Lave Charles Elias Patrick February 1994 Did the 65 mph speed limit save lives PDF Accident Analysis amp Prevention 26 1 Elsevier 49 62 doi 10 1016 0001 4575 94 90068 X PMID 8110357 S2CID 21929276 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 05 12 Retrieved 20 Apr 2010 This study analyzes the statewide consequences of raising the speed limit treating highways and enforcement as a total system We find that the 65 mph speed limit reduced the statewide fatality rate by 3 4 5 1 compared to those states that did not raise their speed limit on rural interstate highways p 49 VMT grew 1 62 times faster in the 65 mph states than it did in the 55 mph states These numbers are consistent with the expected pattern of traffic shifts p 53 Peters Eric 24 November 1998 Highways Are Safe at Any Speed PDF Wall Street Journal Archived from the original PDF on 12 April 2012 Retrieved 2012 02 17 When speed limits are set arbitrarily low as under the old system tailgating weaving and speed variance the problem of some cars traveling significantly faster than others make roads less safe Speed limits Safe Speed Retrieved 2010 04 17 Note that the average driver at the 50 percentile has a greater crash risk than the 85th percentile driver Below the 30th percentile crash risk is significantly increased and these speeds tend to be used by less skilled and competent drivers Doddery old fool at 30 mph 50 km h on a UK A road suitable for 60 mph 100 km h Of course he has an elevated crash risk He does not know what he is doing A single vehicle in lane 3 of a busy motorway It s obvious that as the speed is reduced below 55 mph 90 km h the crash risk will increase Smith Paul 14 March 2007 Welcome to Safe Speed Safe Speed Retrieved 2010 04 18 In March we learned via Freedom of Information request that the speed camera side effects research announced in May 2005 had been axed It is inconceivable that the side effects DON T cost more than 25 lives per year meaning that speed cameras are making road safety worse But DfT doesn t want to hear this which is the only possible reason for axing the most important research So here s the truth Speed camera policy has failed catastrophically Department for Transport KNOWS that it has failed but won t admit their deadly mistake and pull the plug Smith Paul 2007 06 23 Scrap speed cameras now The Telegraph London Archived from the original on 2022 01 12 Retrieved 2010 04 17 VDA opposes using speed limit to patronize the public General Speed Limit Will Not Help with Climate Protection or Safety Verband der Automobilindustrie March 2008 Archived from the original on 2011 09 28 Retrieved 2011 07 02 A general speed limit on Germany s autobahns will not offer additional benefits in terms of climate protection or driving safety said VDA Managing Director Dr Kunibert Schmidt Much more important than the mantra like repetition of old demands are measures designed to prevent motorists from driving at speeds that are not in line with weather conditions and the flow of the surrounding traffic the leading cause of motor vehicle accidents Higher speed limits reducing accidents on rural roads Few accidents stem from cars overtaking Archived from the original on 2014 02 21 Retrieved 2014 02 22 Nine years ago the speed limit on certain motorways was increased from 110 km h to 130 km h and this resulted in fewer traffic fatalities on those stretches of road Carsten Thomsen 11 July 2012 Socialists open up several highways to 130 km h S abner for flere motorveje med 130 km t Socialists are now open to raising the speed limit to 130 km h on several of the country s motorways Previously the party was strongly opposed when the Liberal government in 2005 raised the speed limit from 110 to 130 on several stretches However it has not resulted in increased fatalities Which it has convinced the Socialists says Transport Coordinator Rasmus Prehn There might be places where you can raise the limit from 110 km h to 130 km h There should be a detailed assessment of that What is important is that people get a feeling that there is a correlation between how things are and how fast you can drive says Rasmus Prehn The number of fatalities last year was 220 which is the lowest since World War II Only 12 were killed on motorways ORIGINAL DANISH Socialdemokraterne abner nu for at haeve fartgraensen til 130 kilometers i timen pa flere af landets motorvejsstraekninger Partiet var ellers staerkt imod da VK regeringen i 2005 haevede fartgraensen fra 110 til 130 pa en lang raekke straekninger Men det har ikke betydet flere draebte i trafikken Og det har overbevist Socialdemokraterne trafikordforer Rasmus Prehn Der kan godt vaere steder hvor man kan haeve graensen fra 110 km t til 130 km t Det skal der en naermere vurdering til Men det der er vigtigt er at folk far en oplevelse af at der er en sammenhaeng mellem hvordan forholdene er og hvor hurtigt man ma kore siger Rasmus Prehn Antallet af trafikdraebte var sidste ar 220 Det er det laveste siden Anden Verdenskrig Kun 12 omkom pa motorveje Fakten gegen ein generelles Tempolimit Facts Against A General Speed Limit Mar 31 2007 Archived from the original on September 28 2011 Retrieved July 2 2011 Thus Denmark in April 2004 increased its speed limit 110 km h to 130 km h on all highways Italy enacted its 2003 speed limit on six lane highways of 130 km h to 150 km h Raising the speed limits in Denmark and Italy had no negative impact on traffic safety The number of accidental deaths even declined over the year before the increase in the limit of 10 Italy or 15 Denmark German So hat Danemark im April 2004 sein Tempolimit von 110 km h auf 130 km h auf allen Autobahnen heraufgesetzt Italien setzte 2003 sein Tempolimit auf sechsspurigen Autobahnen von 130 km h auf 150 km h herauf Auch die schwedische Regierung hat jetzt eine Anhebung des Tempolimits auf ausgewahlten Streckenabschnitten wie auch auf vierspurigen Landstrassen beschlossen Die Anhebung der Tempolimits in Danemark und Italien hatten keinerlei negative Auswirkungen auf die Verkehrssicherheit Die Zahl der Unfalltoten sank sogar gegenuber dem Jahr vor der Anhebung des Limits um 10 Italien bzw 15 Danemark Infografik Todesfalle auf Autobahnen im Europa Vergleich Statista Infografiken in German Retrieved 2021 06 06 RANKING EU PROGRESS ON IMPROVING MOTORWAY SAFETY PIN Flash Report 28 PDF Report March 2015 Luther Carsten 2020 01 24 ADAC sperrt sich nicht mehr gegen Tempolimit auf Autobahnen Die Zeit Retrieved 2021 06 06 J S Dean 18 April 2010 Murder most foul Criminal on the road Tavistock Publications 1964 p 102 ISBN 978 0 415 26416 7 Retrieved 2010 04 27 Moreover it has been the result of a continued compromise between two bitterly opposed factions those who are against the motorist and will do all they can to constrain him and those who oppose constraints unless they are relatively minor in their effects Examples of both sides are respectively the Pedestrians Association and the Automobile Association The survey also shows that motoring law in 1903 and 1930 wa framed by legislators who knew little of the motor vehicle Autobahnrichtgeschwindigkeitsverordnung PDF in German German Federal Government Archived PDF from the original on 29 September 2007 Retrieved 2007 10 28 Manual de Senales de Transito para las Vias Publicas de Puerto Rico PDF in Spanish Puerto Rico Department of Transportation and Public Works 1979 p 5 Archived from the original PDF on July 7 2019 Catalogo de Senales Manual SIECA 2000 PDF Catalogo de Senales Manual SIECA 2000 1 January 2000 Traffic Operations Road Signs Government of South Australia 2002 08 23 Archived from the original on July 2 2009 Retrieved 2010 09 26 Most regulatory signs are rectangular with a black legend on a white background exceptions include speed restriction signs symbol enclosed in a red circle Frequently Asked Questions General Questions on the MUTCD Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices United States Department of Transportation March 8 2017 Retrieved November 22 2019 Image by mkanyala Mapillary September 11 2017 Retrieved April 21 2019 Image by mkanyala Mapillary September 11 2017 Retrieved April 21 2019 Image by mkanyala Mapillary September 11 2017 Retrieved April 21 2019 Information about the Speed Limit in force European Commission EU Mobility and Transport 2016 10 17 Retrieved 28 January 2020 Regulation 615 of the H T A E laws Government Website 24 July 2014 Retrieved 28 March 2015 New York State Department of Transportation 2011 New York State Supplement to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways PDF Section 2B 13 The NYR2 4 NYR2 5 and NYR2 6 signs shall be used for posting area speed limits which are essentially city wide village wide and town wide respectively The word AREA in the NYR2 3 sign may be replaced by other generic legend for example CAMPUS PLAZA MALL PARK etc where it would more clearly and appropriately identify a physically defined area Driving in Japan essential info if you plan to drive in Japan 2018 Kyushu Journeys 2018 02 13 Retrieved 2021 05 29 About limits Speed limits The official New Zealand Road Code New Zealand Transport Agency Retrieved 8 August 2012 Open road speed limits The signs below mean that the maximum speed that you can travel at is 100 km h Rule 21 PDF Australian Road Rules 2011 01 12 Archived from the original PDF on 2012 05 05 Retrieved 2012 08 08 Forschungsgesellschaft fur Strassen und Verkehrswesen 2000 Begriffsbestimmungen Teil Verkehrsplanung Strassenentwurf und Strassenbetrieb FGSV Verlag p 81 Andreas Richter 2005 Geschwindigkeitsvorgabe an Lichtsignalanlagen DUV pp 33 34 ISBN 3 8244 0828 7 Speed and speed management PDF ec europa eu 2015 Retrieved 2020 12 29 Schoon Ben 2019 01 16 Google Maps appears to be testing speed trap icons w audible alerts rolling out for some users 9to5Google Retrieved 2019 01 16 Police Ask Waze To Remove Speed Trap Alerts To Protect Cops Consumerist 2015 01 26 Retrieved 2019 01 16 Further reading editActual Speeds on the Roads Compared to the Posted Limits Final Report 551 Arizona Dept of Transportation October 2004 Effects of Raising and Lowering Speed Limits on Selected Roadway Sections Archived 2008 06 25 at the Wayback Machine United States Publication No FHWA RD 97 084 January 1997 Effect of 20 mph traffic speed zones on road injuries in London 1986 2006 controlled interrupted time series analysis British Medical Journal 2009 Engineering Speed Limits FHWA Safety Program United States Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Office of Safety 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE Washington DC 20590 Reducing Speeding Related Crashes Involving Passenger Vehicles National Transportation Safety Board 490 L Enfant Plaza SW Washington D C 20594 July 2017 Special Report 254 Managing Speed Transportation Research Board 1998 The Speeding Driver Who How and Why A research report by the Scottish government into the psychology of the speeding driver Transport Local Government and the Regions Ninth Report The comprehensive UK report into the effects of speeding Elvik R 2012 Speed Limits Enforcement and Health Consequences Annual Review of Public Health 33 225 238 doi 10 1146 annurev publhealth 031811 124634 PMID 22224882 3 11 Fartsgrenser Trafikksikkerhetshandboken in Norwegian Oslo Norway Transportokonomisk Institutt 2000 Retrieved 8 August 2012 Khondaker Bidoura Kattan Lina September 2015 Variable speed limit A microscopic analysis in a connected vehicle environment Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies 58 146 159 doi 10 1016 j trc 2015 07 014 Law Review edit R A Vinluan 2008 Indefiniteness of automobile speed regulations as affecting validity American Law Reports Annotated 3rd Series Vol 6 The Lawyers Co operative Publishing Company Bancroft Whitney West Group Annotation Company p 1326 C C Marvel 2010 Meaning of residence district business district school area and the like in statutes and ordinances regulating speed of motor vehicles American Law Reports Annotated 2nd Series Vol 50 The Lawyers Co operative Publishing Company Bancroft Whitney West Group Annotation Company p 343 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to wbr Speed limit signs and wbr Driver speed and relative risk of an accident A Walk Through The History of Speed Limit Signs in The US John F Carr s State Traffic and Speed Laws Global map of speed limits from OpenStreetMap Archived 2015 11 13 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Speed limit amp oldid 1210421407, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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