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South Bauchi languages

January 01, 1970

"Zaar languages" redirects here. Not to be confused with Zaar language.

The South Bauchi languages (also called the B.3 West Chadic or Barawa languages) are a branch of West Chadic languages that are spoken in Bauchi State and Plateau State, Nigeria.

South Bauchi
Barawa; B.3 West Chadic
Geographic
distribution		Toro, Dass, Tafawa Balewa, Bauchi LGAs of Bauchi State and Kanam Plateau, Wase Plateau in Plateau State, Nigeria
Linguistic classificationAfro-Asiatic
Glottologwest2800
West Chadic per Newman (1977)
Main Chadic-speaking peoples in Nigeria

An extensive lexical survey of the South Bauchi languages had been carried out by Kiyoshi Shimizu from 1974 to 1975.[1] Another early survey was that of Gowers (1907), which included 42 languages of Bauchi.[2]

Languages edit

The South Bauchi languages include:[3]

South Bauchi languages

Roger Blench (2020) counted around 38 South Bauchi languages.[4]

Internal classification edit

Shimizu (1978) edit

Shimizu (1978) classifies the South Bauchi languages as follows.[1] Individual languages are highlighted in italics.

  • South Bauchi
    • East branch
      • Boghom subgroup
        • Bòghòm (Burrum)
        • Kir cluster
          • Kiir (Kir); Laàr (Balàr)
          • Mánsi (Mangas)
      • Guruntum subgroup
        • Guruntum cluster
          • Mbaarù
          • Gùrùntùm
        • Tala cluster
          • Sòòr (Zaŋwal); Zaŋwal of Zungur
          • Lungu (Tala)
          • Shò (Jù); Jimi
    • West branch
      • Barawa subgroup
        • North Barawa
          • Geji cluster
            • Mɨ̀gang (Booluu), Pelu; Gyaanzi (Gèèjì)
            • Buu (Zàràndaa)
          • Polci cluster
            • Zùl; Barang (Baram), Dììr (Baram Dutse)
            • Bɨ̀lɨ̀ (Bùlì); Nyámzàx (Laŋas), Lundur; Posɨ (Polci)
        • South Barawa
          • Zeem cluster
            • Zeem; Tule (Tulai); Chaari
            • Dokshì (Lushi)
          • Dass cluster
            • Dɨkshi (Bàraza?); Bàndas (Dur)
            • Boòdlɨ (Zumbul); Wangdày (Wanɗì); Zòdì (Dwàt)
          • Saya cluster
            • Zàksɨ̀ (Zàkshì); Bòòt (Boto); Zaarɨ (Zari); Sigidi
            • Zaar of Kàl; Zaar of Gàmbar Lèère; Zaar of Lùsa

Blench (2021) edit

Roger Blench (2021) classifies the South Bauchi languages as follows.[5]

  • South Bauchi
    • Jimi
    • Boghom cluster: Mantsi, Boghom, Kir-Balar
    • Gurdung cluster: Gurdung, Mbaaru, Ju, Tala, Zangwal
    • Zaar branch
      • Das cluster: Diksyhi, Dur, Zumbul, Dot, Wangdi
      • Polci cluster: Zul, Mbaram, Diir, Buli, Nyamzax, Polci, Luri (†)
      • Zeem cluster: Zeem (†), Tuli (†), Caari, Dyarim, Dokshi
      • Geji cluster: Megang, Pelu, Geji, Buu

Names and locations edit

Below is a comprehensive list of South Bauchi language names, populations, and locations from Blench (2019).[6]

Language Branch Cluster Dialects Alternate spellings Own name for language Endonym(s) Other names (location-based) Other names for language Exonym(s) Speakers Location(s) Notes
Aja (extinct) Zaar North Bauchi Ajanci Extinct: formerly spoken at Kworko, Bauchi State no data
Das cluster Zaar Das Ɓarawa 8,830 (LA 1971) Bauchi State, Toro and Dass LGAs
Lukshi Zaar Das Dәkshi 1,130 (LA 1971)
Durr–Baraza Zaar Das Bandas 4,700 (LA 1971); 30–40,000 (Caron 2005) Bauchi State, Das LGA, Durr and Baraza villages
Zumbul Zaar Das Boodlә Zumbulawa, Dumbulawa See Wandi Bauchi State, Das LGA, Zumbul town
Wandi Zaar Das Wangday 700 (including Zumbul) (LA 1971) Bauchi State, Das LGA, Wandi town
Dot Zaar Das Dwat Zoɗi shérә́m zoɗi Dott 2,300 (LA 1971); a single large village. 37,582 (local census 2003). 7 wards (out of 11) speak Zoɗi South of Bauchi on the Dass road
Geji cluster Zaar Geji Kayauri, Kaiyorawa Ɓarawa Bauchi State, Toro LGA
Mәgang Zaar Geji Bolu, Buli Mәg̣ àŋ 1,250 (LA 1971), 'a few hundred' (Caron 2005)
Pyaalu Zaar Geji Pelu, Belu Pyààlù
Geji Zaar Geji Gyaazә Bagba Gezawa, Gaejawa 650 (LA 1971), 1000 (Caron 2005). 20 villages (2007) Toro, Bauchi LGAs, Bauchi State
Buu Zaar Geji Zaranda Bùù 750 (LA 1971), 'a few hundred' (Caron 2002)
Guus Zaar Guus Ɓarawa Sayanci 50,000 (1971 Schneeberg); 50,000 (1973 SIL) Bauchi State, Tafawa Balewa LGA. West of Tafawa Balewa town.
Guus Zaar Guus mur gúús (one person); Gùùs (people) vìì kә gúús (mouth of Guus) Sigidi, Sugudi, Sigdi, Segiddi 775 (1950 HDG). 17 villages (Caron 2002)
Polci cluster Zaar Polci Ɓarawa, Palsawa 6,150 or more (1971) Bauchi State, Bauchi and Toro LGAs
Zul Zaar Polci Zul is mutually comprehensible with Mbaram Bi Zule Nya Zule pl. Man Zule Mbarmi, Barma Zulawa 2,400 (LA 1971). 15 villages (2007) Bauchi State, Bauchi and Toro LGAs
Mbaram Zaar Polci Barang, Mbaram 250 CAPRO (1995a). One settlement only Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA
Dir Zaar Polci Diir 'a few hundred' (Caron 2005)
Buli Zaar Polci Bәlә 600 (LA 1971), 4000 (CAPRO 1995a), 'a few hundred' (Caron 2005)
Langas Zaar Polci Nyamzax Lundur 200 (LA 1971), 'a few hundred' (Caron 2005)
Luri Zaar Polci Lúr 30 (1973 SIL), 2 (Caron 2002) Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA
Polci Zaar Polci Posә, Polshi, Palci, Pәlci 2,950 (LA 1971); 70,000 (Caron 2005)
Zaar Zaar Kal, Gambar Leere, Lusa Zaʼr, Zar Vìk Zaar, Vigzar Zaar pl. Zàrsɛ̀ Sáyánci Bàsáyè pl. Sáyáːwá, Saya, Seya, Seiyara [Saya terms are now considered derogatory] 50,000 (1971 Schneeberg); 50,000 (1973 SIL) Bauchi State, Tafawa Balewa LGA. West of Tafawa Balewa town.
Zari cluster Zaar Zari Ɓarawa Bauchi State, Toro and Tafawa Balewa LGAs; Plateau State, Jos LGA
Zakshi Zaar Zari Zaksә 2,950 (1950 HDG)
Boto Zaar Zari Boot Bibot 1,000 (1950 HDG)
Zari Zaar Zari Kopti, Kwapm
Zeem-Caari-Danshe-Dyarim cluster Zaar Zeem-Caari-Danshe-Dyarim Ɓarawa Bauchi State, Toro LGA
Zeem (extinct) Zaar Zeem-Caari-Danshe-Dyarim Extinct (Caron 2005)
Tule (extinct) Zaar Zeem-Caari-Danshe-Dyarim Tulai Extinct (Caron 2005)
Danshe Zaar Zeem-Caari-Danshe-Dyarim Extinct (Caron 2005)
Chaari Zaar Zeem-Caari-Danshe-Dyarim Tulai a 'few hundred' speakers (Caron 2005)
Dyarim Zaar Zeem-Caari-Danshe-Dyarim one person Mәn Dyarim, people Dyarim Ndyarim Tә Kaiwari About 2000 ethnic Dyarim with about 100 fluent speakers (Blench 2005 est.) Their main settlement is about 7 km south of Toro town in Toro LGA (N10˚ 02, E 9˚ 04).
Lushi? Zaar Zeem-Caari-Danshe-Dyarim Lukshi Dokshi
Jimi Zaar 250 (LA 1971); 400 (1973 SIL) Bauchi State, Darazo LGA
Kir–Balar cluster Boghom Kir–Balar 360 (LA 1971) (Kir only) Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA no data
Kir Boghom Kir–Balar no data
Balar Boghom Kir–Balar Larbawa 50 CAPRO (1995a) no data
Boghom Boghom Burom, Burrum, Burma, Borrom, Boghorom, Bogghom, Bohom, Bokiyim Burumawa 9,500 (1952 W&B), 50,000 (1973 SIL) Plateau State, Kanam LGA
Mangas Boghom Maás 180 (LA 1971) Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA no data
Guruntum–Mbaaru Guruntum By settlements Dookà, Gàr, Gayàr, Kàràkara, Kuukù, and Mbaarù Gurutum Gùrduŋ 10,000 (1988 Jaggar) Bauchi State, Bauchi and Alkaleri LGAs
Ju Guruntum 150 (LA 1971) Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA
Tala Guruntum Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA, Zungur district
Zangwal Guruntum Bauchi State, Bauchi LGA no data

Phonology edit

Consonants

Like the other West Chadic languages, South Bauchi languages have a rich consonant inventory. They also generally have the lateral fricatives /ɬ, ɮ/, whereas the West Chadic A languages have not preserved such consonants.[4]

Vowels

Blench (2020) proposes that Proto-South Bauchi had a 6-vowel system consisting of /i, ɨ, u, ɛ, ɔ, a/, with length contrast.[4]

Tones

South Bauchi languages have 2-3 tone levels, with Proto-South Bauchi likely having three tones like the nearby A3 West Chadic languages. Some languages also have contour tones (falling or rising).[4]

Morphology edit

Like the neighbouring A3 West Chadic languages but unlike Hausa, South Bauchi languages do not usually have plural nouns, although certain words for persons such as ‘woman’, ‘child’, and sometimes ‘man/person’ have suppletive nominal forms.[4] Blench (2021) hypothesises that this may be due to contact with Adamawa languages.[7]

Stop consonants at the ends of morphemes are underlyingly voiceless.[4]

See also edit

  • South Bauchi word lists (Wiktionary)
  • Proto-South Bauchi reconstructions (Wiktionary)

References edit

  1. ^ a b Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1978. The Southern Bauchi group of Chadic languages: a survey report. (Africana Marburgensia: Sonderheft, 2.) Marburg/Lahn: Africana Marburgensia. 48pp.
  2. ^ Gowers, W.F. 1907. Forty-two vocabularies of languages spoken in Bauchi Province, N. Nigeria. Ms. 77pp.
  3. ^ Blench, Roger. 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms)
  4. ^ a b c d e f Blench, Roger. 2020. The South Bauchi languages of Central Nigeria: a fresh view based on recent fieldwork. CALL 50. Leiden University, August 31, 2020.
  5. ^ Blench, Roger (2021-01-01). "West Chadic classification 2021". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
  7. ^ Blench, Roger. 2021. The erosion of number marking in West Chadic Roger Blench. WOCAL, Leiden.

  This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 3.0 license.

Bibliography edit

  • Caron, Bernard 2002. Review of Ɓarawa lexicon: a wordlist of eight South Bauchi (West Chadic) languages: Boghom, Buli, Dott, Geji, Sayanci and Zul by Ronald Cosper, Munich: LINCOM EUROPA, 1999. Chadic Newsletter, 23: 46–80.
  • Cosper, Ronald 1999. Barawa lexicon: a wordlist of eight South Bauchi (West Chadic) languages; Boghom, Buli, Dott, Geji, Jimi, Polci, Sayanci and Zul. (LINCOM Studies in African Linguistics, 39.) München: Lincom.
  • Kraft, Charles H. 1981. Chadic Wordlists: Volume I (Plateau-Sahel). Marburger Studien zur Afrika- und Asienkunde: Serie A: Afrika, 23. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.

External links edit

January 01, 1970
south, bauchi, languages, zaar, languages, redirects, here, confused, with, zaar, language, also, called, west, chadic, barawa, languages, branch, west, chadic, languages, that, spoken, bauchi, state, plateau, state, nigeria, south, bauchibarawa, west, chadicg. Zaar languages redirects here Not to be confused with Zaar language The South Bauchi languages also called the B 3 West Chadic or Barawa languages are a branch of West Chadic languages that are spoken in Bauchi State and Plateau State Nigeria South BauchiBarawa B 3 West ChadicGeographicdistributionToro Dass Tafawa Balewa Bauchi LGAs of Bauchi State and Kanam Plateau Wase Plateau in Plateau State NigeriaLinguistic classificationAfro AsiaticChadicWest ChadicSouth BauchiGlottologwest2800West Chadic per Newman 1977 Main Chadic speaking peoples in Nigeria An extensive lexical survey of the South Bauchi languages had been carried out by Kiyoshi Shimizu from 1974 to 1975 1 Another early survey was that of Gowers 1907 which included 42 languages of Bauchi 2 Contents 1 Languages 2 Internal classification 2 1 Shimizu 1978 2 2 Blench 2021 3 Names and locations 4 Phonology 5 Morphology 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External linksLanguages editThe South Bauchi languages include 3 South Bauchi languages Zaar group Dass Geji Polci Polchi Saya Zari Zeem Guruntum group Guruntum Mbaaru Ju Tala Zangwal Boghom group Jimi Jum Boghom Kir Balar Mangas Roger Blench 2020 counted around 38 South Bauchi languages 4 Internal classification editShimizu 1978 edit Shimizu 1978 classifies the South Bauchi languages as follows 1 Individual languages are highlighted in italics South Bauchi East branch Boghom subgroup Boghom Burrum Kir cluster Kiir Kir Laar Balar Mansi Mangas Guruntum subgroup Guruntum cluster Mbaaru Guruntum Tala cluster Soor Zaŋwal Zaŋwal of Zungur Lungu Tala Sho Ju Jimi West branch Barawa subgroup North Barawa Geji cluster Mɨ gang Booluu Pelu Gyaanzi Geeji Buu Zarandaa Polci cluster Zul Barang Baram Diir Baram Dutse Bɨ lɨ Buli Nyamzax Laŋas Lundur Posɨ Polci South Barawa Zeem cluster Zeem Tule Tulai Chaari Dokshi Lushi Dass cluster Dɨkshi Baraza Bandas Dur Boodlɨ Zumbul Wangday Wanɗi Zodi Dwat Saya cluster Zaksɨ Zakshi Boot Boto Zaarɨ Zari Sigidi Zaar of Kal Zaar of Gambar Leere Zaar of Lusa Blench 2021 edit Roger Blench 2021 classifies the South Bauchi languages as follows 5 South Bauchi Jimi Boghom cluster Mantsi Boghom Kir Balar Gurdung cluster Gurdung Mbaaru Ju Tala Zangwal Zaar branch Das cluster Diksyhi Dur Zumbul Dot Wangdi Polci cluster Zul Mbaram Diir Buli Nyamzax Polci Luri Zeem cluster Zeem Tuli Caari Dyarim Dokshi Geji cluster Megang Pelu Geji BuuNames and locations editBelow is a comprehensive list of South Bauchi language names populations and locations from Blench 2019 6 Language Branch Cluster Dialects Alternate spellings Own name for language Endonym s Other names location based Other names for language Exonym s Speakers Location s Notes Aja extinct Zaar North Bauchi Ajanci Extinct formerly spoken at Kworko Bauchi State no data Das cluster Zaar Das Ɓarawa 8 830 LA 1971 Bauchi State Toro and Dass LGAs Lukshi Zaar Das Dәkshi 1 130 LA 1971 Durr Baraza Zaar Das Bandas 4 700 LA 1971 30 40 000 Caron 2005 Bauchi State Das LGA Durr and Baraza villages Zumbul Zaar Das Boodlә Zumbulawa Dumbulawa See Wandi Bauchi State Das LGA Zumbul town Wandi Zaar Das Wangday 700 including Zumbul LA 1971 Bauchi State Das LGA Wandi town Dot Zaar Das Dwat Zoɗi sherә m zoɗi Dott 2 300 LA 1971 a single large village 37 582 local census 2003 7 wards out of 11 speak Zoɗi South of Bauchi on the Dass road Geji cluster Zaar Geji Kayauri Kaiyorawa Ɓarawa Bauchi State Toro LGA Mәgang Zaar Geji Bolu Buli Mәg aŋ 1 250 LA 1971 a few hundred Caron 2005 Pyaalu Zaar Geji Pelu Belu Pyaalu Geji Zaar Geji Gyaazә Bagba Gezawa Gaejawa 650 LA 1971 1000 Caron 2005 20 villages 2007 Toro Bauchi LGAs Bauchi State Buu Zaar Geji Zaranda Buu 750 LA 1971 a few hundred Caron 2002 Guus Zaar Guus Ɓarawa Sayanci 50 000 1971 Schneeberg 50 000 1973 SIL Bauchi State Tafawa Balewa LGA West of Tafawa Balewa town Guus Zaar Guus mur guus one person Guus people vii kә guus mouth of Guus Sigidi Sugudi Sigdi Segiddi 775 1950 HDG 17 villages Caron 2002 Polci cluster Zaar Polci Ɓarawa Palsawa 6 150 or more 1971 Bauchi State Bauchi and Toro LGAs Zul Zaar Polci Zul is mutually comprehensible with Mbaram Bi Zule Nya Zule pl Man Zule Mbarmi Barma Zulawa 2 400 LA 1971 15 villages 2007 Bauchi State Bauchi and Toro LGAs Mbaram Zaar Polci Barang Mbaram 250 CAPRO 1995a One settlement only Bauchi State Bauchi LGA Dir Zaar Polci Diir a few hundred Caron 2005 Buli Zaar Polci Bәlә 600 LA 1971 4000 CAPRO 1995a a few hundred Caron 2005 Langas Zaar Polci Nyamzax Lundur 200 LA 1971 a few hundred Caron 2005 Luri Zaar Polci Lur 30 1973 SIL 2 Caron 2002 Bauchi State Bauchi LGA Polci Zaar Polci Posә Polshi Palci Pәlci 2 950 LA 1971 70 000 Caron 2005 Zaar Zaar Kal Gambar Leere Lusa Zaʼr Zar Vik Zaar Vigzar Zaar pl Zarsɛ Sayanci Basaye pl Sayaːwa Saya Seya Seiyara Saya terms are now considered derogatory 50 000 1971 Schneeberg 50 000 1973 SIL Bauchi State Tafawa Balewa LGA West of Tafawa Balewa town Zari cluster Zaar Zari Ɓarawa Bauchi State Toro and Tafawa Balewa LGAs Plateau State Jos LGA Zakshi Zaar Zari Zaksә 2 950 1950 HDG Boto Zaar Zari Boot Bibot 1 000 1950 HDG Zari Zaar Zari Kopti Kwapm Zeem Caari Danshe Dyarim cluster Zaar Zeem Caari Danshe Dyarim Ɓarawa Bauchi State Toro LGA Zeem extinct Zaar Zeem Caari Danshe Dyarim Extinct Caron 2005 Tule extinct Zaar Zeem Caari Danshe Dyarim Tulai Extinct Caron 2005 Danshe Zaar Zeem Caari Danshe Dyarim Extinct Caron 2005 Chaari Zaar Zeem Caari Danshe Dyarim Tulai a few hundred speakers Caron 2005 Dyarim Zaar Zeem Caari Danshe Dyarim one person Mәn Dyarim people Dyarim Ndyarim Tә Kaiwari About 2000 ethnic Dyarim with about 100 fluent speakers Blench 2005 est Their main settlement is about 7 km south of Toro town in Toro LGA N10 02 E 9 04 Lushi Zaar Zeem Caari Danshe Dyarim Lukshi Dokshi Jimi Zaar 250 LA 1971 400 1973 SIL Bauchi State Darazo LGA Kir Balar cluster Boghom Kir Balar 360 LA 1971 Kir only Bauchi State Bauchi LGA no data Kir Boghom Kir Balar no data Balar Boghom Kir Balar Larbawa 50 CAPRO 1995a no data Boghom Boghom Burom Burrum Burma Borrom Boghorom Bogghom Bohom Bokiyim Burumawa 9 500 1952 W amp B 50 000 1973 SIL Plateau State Kanam LGA Mangas Boghom Maas 180 LA 1971 Bauchi State Bauchi LGA no data Guruntum Mbaaru Guruntum By settlements Dooka Gar Gayar Karakara Kuuku and Mbaaru Gurutum Gurduŋ 10 000 1988 Jaggar Bauchi State Bauchi and Alkaleri LGAs Ju Guruntum 150 LA 1971 Bauchi State Bauchi LGA Tala Guruntum Bauchi State Bauchi LGA Zungur district Zangwal Guruntum Bauchi State Bauchi LGA no dataPhonology editConsonants Like the other West Chadic languages South Bauchi languages have a rich consonant inventory They also generally have the lateral fricatives ɬ ɮ whereas the West Chadic A languages have not preserved such consonants 4 Labial Alveolar Alveolo palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ɲ ŋ Stop p b t d k g ʔ Implosive ɓ ɗ Fricative f v s z ʃ ʒ ɣ h Tap ɾ Approximant w j Lateral approximant l Lateral fricative ɬ ɮ Vowels Blench 2020 proposes that Proto South Bauchi had a 6 vowel system consisting of i ɨ u ɛ ɔ a with length contrast 4 Tones South Bauchi languages have 2 3 tone levels with Proto South Bauchi likely having three tones like the nearby A3 West Chadic languages Some languages also have contour tones falling or rising 4 Morphology editLike the neighbouring A3 West Chadic languages but unlike Hausa South Bauchi languages do not usually have plural nouns although certain words for persons such as woman child and sometimes man person have suppletive nominal forms 4 Blench 2021 hypothesises that this may be due to contact with Adamawa languages 7 Stop consonants at the ends of morphemes are underlyingly voiceless 4 See also editSouth Bauchi word lists Wiktionary Proto South Bauchi reconstructions Wiktionary References edit a b Shimizu Kiyoshi 1978 The Southern Bauchi group of Chadic languages a survey report Africana Marburgensia Sonderheft 2 Marburg Lahn Africana Marburgensia 48pp Gowers W F 1907 Forty two vocabularies of languages spoken in Bauchi Province N Nigeria Ms 77pp Blench Roger 2006 The Afro Asiatic Languages Classification and Reference List ms a b c d e f Blench Roger 2020 The South Bauchi languages of Central Nigeria a fresh view based on recent fieldwork CALL 50 Leiden University August 31 2020 Blench Roger 2021 01 01 West Chadic classification 2021 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Blench Roger 2019 An Atlas of Nigerian Languages 4th ed Cambridge Kay Williamson Educational Foundation Blench Roger 2021 The erosion of number marking in West Chadic Roger Blench WOCAL Leiden nbsp This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 3 0 license Bibliography editCaron Bernard 2002 Review of Ɓarawa lexicon a wordlist of eight South Bauchi West Chadic languages Boghom Buli Dott Geji Sayanci and Zul by Ronald Cosper Munich LINCOM EUROPA 1999 Chadic Newsletter 23 46 80 Cosper Ronald 1999 Barawa lexicon a wordlist of eight South Bauchi West Chadic languages Boghom Buli Dott Geji Jimi Polci Sayanci and Zul LINCOM Studies in African Linguistics 39 Munchen Lincom Kraft Charles H 1981 Chadic Wordlists Volume I Plateau Sahel Marburger Studien zur Afrika und Asienkunde Serie A Afrika 23 Berlin Dietrich Reimer External links editMap of South Bauchi languages by Roger Blench The template below West Chadic languages is being considered for merging See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title South Bauchi languages amp oldid 1212615361, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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