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Arawak

March 20, 2023

For other uses, see Arawak (disambiguation).

The Arawak are a group of indigenous peoples of northern South America and of the Caribbean. Specifically, the term "Arawak" has been applied at various times to the Lokono of South America and the Taíno, who historically lived in the Greater Antilles and northern Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean. All these groups spoke related Arawakan languages.[1]

Name

 
Arawak village (1860).

Early Spanish explorers and administrators used the terms Arawak and Caribs to distinguish the peoples of the Caribbean, with Carib reserved for indigenous groups that they considered hostile and Arawak for groups that they considered friendly.[2]: 121 

In 1871, ethnologist Daniel Garrison Brinton proposed calling the Caribbean populace "Island Arawak" due to their cultural and linguistic similarities with the mainland Arawak. Subsequent scholars shortened this convention to "Arawak", creating confusion between the island and mainland groups. In the 20th century, scholars such as Irving Rouse resumed using "Taíno" for the Caribbean group to emphasize their distinct culture and language.[1]

History

 
Arawakan languages in South America. The northern Arawakan languages are colored in light blue, while the southern Arawakan languages are colored in dark blue.

The Arawakan languages may have emerged in the Orinoco River valley. They subsequently spread widely, becoming by far the most extensive language family in South America at the time of European contact, with speakers located in various areas along the Orinoco and Amazonian rivers and their tributaries.[3] The group that self-identified as the Arawak, also known as the Lokono, settled the coastal areas of what is now Guyana, Suriname, Grenada, Bahamas, Jamaica[4] and parts of the islands of Trinidad and Tobago.[1][5]

Michael Heckenberger, an anthropologist at the University of Florida who helped found the Central Amazon Project, and his team found elaborate pottery, ringed villages, raised fields, large mounds, and evidence for regional trade networks that are all indicators of a complex culture. There is also evidence that they modified the soil using various techniques such as adding charcoal to transform it into black earth, which even today is famed for its agricultural productivity. According to Heckenberger, pottery and other cultural traits show these people belonged to the Arawakan language family, a group that included the Tainos, the first Native Americans Columbus encountered. It was the largest language group that ever existed in the pre-Columbian Americas.[6]

At some point, the Arawakan-speaking Taíno culture emerged in the Caribbean. Two major models have been presented to account for the arrival of Taíno ancestors in the islands; the "Circum-Caribbean" model suggests an origin in the Colombian Andes connected to the Arhuaco people, while the Amazonian model supports an origin in the Amazon basin, where the Arawakan languages developed.[7] The Taíno were among the first American people to encounter Europeans. Christopher Columbus visited multiple islands and chiefdoms on his first voyage in 1492, which was followed in 1493 by the establishment of La Navidad[8] on Hispaniola, the first permanent Spanish settlement in the Americas. Relationships between the Spaniards and the Taíno would ultimately take a sour turn. Some of the lower-level chiefs of the Taíno appeared to have assigned a supernatural origin to the explorers. When Columbus returned to La Navidad on his second voyage, he found that the settlement had been burned down and all 39 men he had left there had been killed.[9]

With the establishment of a second settlement, La Isabella, and the discovery of gold deposits on the island, the Spanish settler population on Hispaniola started to grow substantially, while disease and conflict with the Spanish began to kill tens of thousands of Taíno every year. By 1504, the Spanish had overthrown the last of the Taíno cacique chiefdoms on Hispaniola, and firmly established the supreme authority of the Spanish colonists over the now-subjugated Taíno. Over the next decade, the Spanish colonists presided over a genocide of the remaining Taíno on Hispaniola, who suffered enslavement, massacres, or exposure to diseases.[8] The population of Hispaniola at the point of first European contact is estimated at between several hundred thousand to over a million people,[8] but by 1514, it had dropped to a mere 35,000.[8] By 1509, the Spanish had successfully conquered Puerto Rico and subjugated the approximately 30,000 Taíno inhabitants. By 1530, there were 1,148 Taíno left alive in Puerto Rico.[10]

Taíno influence has survived even until today, though, as can be seen in the religions, languages, and music of Caribbean cultures.[11] The Lokono and other South American groups resisted colonization for a longer period, and the Spanish remained unable to subdue them throughout the 16th century. In the early 17th century, they allied with the Spanish against the neighbouring Kalina (Caribs), who allied with the English and Dutch.[12] The Lokono benefited from trade with European powers into the early 19th century, but suffered thereafter from economic and social changes in their region, including the end of the plantation economy. Their population declined until the 20th century, when it began to increase again.[13]

Most of the Arawak of the Antilles died out or intermarried after the Spanish conquest. In South America, Arawakan-speaking groups are widespread, from southwest Brazil to the Guianas in the north, representing a wide range of cultures. They are found mostly in the tropical forest areas north of the Amazon. As with all Amazonian native peoples, contact with European settlement has led to culture change and depopulation among these groups.[14]

Modern population and descendants

 
Arawak people gathered for an audience with the Dutch Governor in Paramaribo, Suriname, 1880

The Spaniards who arrived in the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola (today Haiti and the Dominican Republic) in 1492, and later in Puerto Rico, brought few women on their first expeditions. Many of the explorers and early colonists raped Taíno women, who subsequently bore mestizo or mixed-race children. Over subsequent generations, the remnant Taíno population continued to mix with Spaniards and other Europeans, as well as with other Indigenous groups and enslaved Africans brought over during the Atlantic slave trade. Today, numerous mixed-race descendants still identify as Taíno or Lokono.

In the 21st century, about 10,000 Lokono live primarily in the coastal areas of Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana, with additional Lokono living throughout the larger region. Unlike many Indigenous groups in South America, the Lokono population is growing.[15]

Notable Arawak

  • Damon Gerard Corrie, Barbados Lokono of Guyana Lokono descent, radical International Indigenous Rights activist, and creator of the militant Indigenous Democracy Defence Organization/IDDO, the only such global Pan-Tribal & Multi-Racial Indigenous NGO in existence.[16] He is also the creator of the only Phonetic English to Arawak dictionary (2021),[17] and the only comprehensive books about Lokono-Arawak Culture called 'Lokono Arawaks' (2020),[18] and on traditional Lokono-Arawak spirituality in 'Amazonia's Mythical and Legendary Creatures in the Eagle Clan Lokono-Arawak Oral Tradition of Guyana',[19] and another work that challenges the 'No natives were here when European settlement occurred colonial version of the history of Barbados in the book 'Last Arawak Girl Born in Barbados - a 17th Century Tale' (2021) [20]
  • John P. Bennett (Lokono), first Amerindian ordained as an Anglican priest in Guyana, linguist, and author of An Arawak-English Dictionary (1989).[21]
  • Foster Simon, Artist,[22]
  • Oswald Hussein, Artist
  • Jean La Rose, Arawak environmentalist and indigenous rights activist in Guyana.
  • Lenox Shuman, Guyanese politician
  • George Simon (Lokono), artist and archaeologist from Guyana.[23]
  • Tituba, The first woman to be accused of practicing witchcraft during the year 1692. See Salem witch trials for more information.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Rouse, Irving (1992). The Tainos. Yale University Press. p. 5. ISBN 0300051816. Retrieved 16 June 2015. Island Carib.
  2. ^ Kim, Julie Chun (2013). "The Caribs of St. Vincent and Indigenous Resistance during the Age of Revolutions". Early American Studies. 11 (1): 117–132. doi:10.1353/eam.2013.0007. JSTOR 23546705. S2CID 144195511.
  3. ^ Hill, Jonathan David; Santos-Granero, Fernando (2002). Comparative Arawakan Histories: Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia. University of Illinois Press. pp. 1–4. ISBN 0252073843. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  4. ^ "The History of Jamaica". Government of Jamaica.
  5. ^ Olson, James Stewart (1991). The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood. p. 29. ISBN 0313263876. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  6. ^ Tennesen, M. (September–October 2010). "Uncovering the Arawacks". Archaeology. 63 (5): 51–52, 54, 56. JSTOR 41780608.
  7. ^ Rouse, Irving (1992). The Tainos. Yale University Press. pp. 30–48. ISBN 0300051816. Retrieved 16 June 2014. Island Carib.
  8. ^ a b c d "Hispaniola | Genocide Studies Program". gsp.yale.edu. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  9. ^ Keegan, William F. (1992). Destruction of the Taino. pp. 51–56.
  10. ^ "Puerto Rico | Genocide Studies Program". gsp.yale.edu. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  11. ^ "Exploring the Early Americas". Library of Congress. 12 December 2007.
  12. ^ Hill, Jonathan David; Santos-Granero, Fernando (2002). Comparative Arawakan Histories: Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia. University of Illinois Press. pp. 39–42. ISBN 0252073843. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  13. ^ Olson, James Stewart (1991). The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood. pp. 30, 211. ISBN 0313263876. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  14. ^ Lagasse, P. "Arawak".
  15. ^ Olson, James Stewart (1991). The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethno-historical Dictionary. Greenwood. p. 211. ISBN 0313263876. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  16. ^ "The Law on the Indigenous Peoples of Ukraine does not fully comply with international standards - Damon Gerard Corrie | CTRC". Ctrcenter.org. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  17. ^ Vincent Esca (26 July 2022). "A Phonetic English to Arawak Dictionary: Corrie, Damon: 9798201102036: Amazon.com: Books". Amazon. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  18. ^ Corrie, Damon (2 September 2020). Lokono-Arawaks: Corrie, Damon: 9781393432555: Amazon.com: Books. ISBN 978-1393432555.
  19. ^ Corrie, Damon (14 October 2019). Amazonia's Mythical and Legendary Creatures in the Eagle Clan Lokono-Arawak Oral Tradition of Guyana: 9781393821069: Corrie, Damon: Books. ISBN 978-1393821069.
  20. ^ Corrie, Damon (28 September 2021). The Last Arawak girl born in Barbados - A 17th Century Tale: Corrie, Damon: 9781393841937: Amazon.com: Books. ISBN 978-1393841937.
  21. ^ "As Indigenous Heritage Month continues… Indigenous artists pay homage to Lokono Priest John Bennett". Guyana Chronicle. 13 September 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  22. ^ Neola Damon (8 September 2019). "Indigenous art exhibition honors George Simon – Department of Public Information, Guyana". Dpi.gov.gy. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  23. ^ "The Arawaks left their physical signatures here - George Simon". Guyana Chronicle. 7 September 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  24. ^ "Tituba's Race—Black, Indian, Mixed? How Would We Know?". ThoughtCo. 1 January 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2021.

Bibliography

  • Jesse, C., (2000). The Amerindians in St. Lucia (Iouanalao). St. Lucia: Archaeological and Historical Society.
  • Haviser, J. B.,Wilson, S. M. (ed.), (1997). Settlement Strategies in the Early Ceramic Age. In The Indigenous People of the Caribbean, Gainesville, Florida: University Press.
  • Hofman, C. L., (1993). The Native Population of Pre-columbian Saba. Part One. Pottery Styles and their Interpretations. [Ph.D. dissertation], Leiden: University of Leiden (Faculty of Archaeology).
  • Haviser, J. B., (1987). Amerindian cultural Geography on Curaçao. [Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation], Leiden: Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University.
  • Handler, Jerome S. (January 1977). "Amerindians and Their Contributions to Barbadian Life in the Seventeenth Century". The Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society. no.3. Barbados: Museum and Historical Society. 33: 189–210.
  • Joseph, P. Musée, C. Celma (ed.), (1968). "LГhomme Amérindien dans son environnement (quelques enseignements généraux)", In Les Civilisations Amérindiennes des Petites Antilles, Fort-de-France: Départemental d’Archéologie Précolombienne et de Préhistoire.
  • Bullen, Ripley P., (1966). "Barbados and the Archeology of the Caribbean", The Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society, 32.
  • Haag, William G., (1964). A Comparison of Arawak Sites in the Lesser Antilles. Fort-de-France: Proceedings of the First International Congress on Pre-Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles, pp. 111–136
  • Deutsche, Presse-Agentur. , Science and Nature, M&C, 08/02/2010. Web. 29 May 2011.
  • Hill, Jonathan David; Santos-Granero, Fernando (2002). Comparative Arawakan Histories: Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0252073843. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  • Olson, James Stewart (1991). The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood. ISBN 0313263876. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  • Rouse, Irving (1992). The Tainos. Yale University Press. p. 40. ISBN 0300051816. Retrieved 16 June 2014. Island Carib.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arawak.

March 20, 2023
arawak, other, uses, disambiguation, group, indigenous, peoples, northern, south, america, caribbean, specifically, term, been, applied, various, times, lokono, south, america, taíno, historically, lived, greater, antilles, northern, lesser, antilles, caribbea. For other uses see Arawak disambiguation The Arawak are a group of indigenous peoples of northern South America and of the Caribbean Specifically the term Arawak has been applied at various times to the Lokono of South America and the Taino who historically lived in the Greater Antilles and northern Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean All these groups spoke related Arawakan languages 1 ArawakArawak woman by John Gabriel StedmanRegions with significant populationsSouth America CaribbeanLanguagesArawak Arawakan languages Taino Caribbean English Caribbean Spanish Creole languagesReligionNative American religion Christianity Contents 1 Name 2 History 3 Modern population and descendants 4 Notable Arawak 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External linksName Edit Arawak village 1860 Early Spanish explorers and administrators used the terms Arawak and Caribs to distinguish the peoples of the Caribbean with Carib reserved for indigenous groups that they considered hostile and Arawak for groups that they considered friendly 2 121 In 1871 ethnologist Daniel Garrison Brinton proposed calling the Caribbean populace Island Arawak due to their cultural and linguistic similarities with the mainland Arawak Subsequent scholars shortened this convention to Arawak creating confusion between the island and mainland groups In the 20th century scholars such as Irving Rouse resumed using Taino for the Caribbean group to emphasize their distinct culture and language 1 History Edit Arawakan languages in South America The northern Arawakan languages are colored in light blue while the southern Arawakan languages are colored in dark blue The Arawakan languages may have emerged in the Orinoco River valley They subsequently spread widely becoming by far the most extensive language family in South America at the time of European contact with speakers located in various areas along the Orinoco and Amazonian rivers and their tributaries 3 The group that self identified as the Arawak also known as the Lokono settled the coastal areas of what is now Guyana Suriname Grenada Bahamas Jamaica 4 and parts of the islands of Trinidad and Tobago 1 5 Michael Heckenberger an anthropologist at the University of Florida who helped found the Central Amazon Project and his team found elaborate pottery ringed villages raised fields large mounds and evidence for regional trade networks that are all indicators of a complex culture There is also evidence that they modified the soil using various techniques such as adding charcoal to transform it into black earth which even today is famed for its agricultural productivity According to Heckenberger pottery and other cultural traits show these people belonged to the Arawakan language family a group that included the Tainos the first Native Americans Columbus encountered It was the largest language group that ever existed in the pre Columbian Americas 6 At some point the Arawakan speaking Taino culture emerged in the Caribbean Two major models have been presented to account for the arrival of Taino ancestors in the islands the Circum Caribbean model suggests an origin in the Colombian Andes connected to the Arhuaco people while the Amazonian model supports an origin in the Amazon basin where the Arawakan languages developed 7 The Taino were among the first American people to encounter Europeans Christopher Columbus visited multiple islands and chiefdoms on his first voyage in 1492 which was followed in 1493 by the establishment of La Navidad 8 on Hispaniola the first permanent Spanish settlement in the Americas Relationships between the Spaniards and the Taino would ultimately take a sour turn Some of the lower level chiefs of the Taino appeared to have assigned a supernatural origin to the explorers When Columbus returned to La Navidad on his second voyage he found that the settlement had been burned down and all 39 men he had left there had been killed 9 With the establishment of a second settlement La Isabella and the discovery of gold deposits on the island the Spanish settler population on Hispaniola started to grow substantially while disease and conflict with the Spanish began to kill tens of thousands of Taino every year By 1504 the Spanish had overthrown the last of the Taino cacique chiefdoms on Hispaniola and firmly established the supreme authority of the Spanish colonists over the now subjugated Taino Over the next decade the Spanish colonists presided over a genocide of the remaining Taino on Hispaniola who suffered enslavement massacres or exposure to diseases 8 The population of Hispaniola at the point of first European contact is estimated at between several hundred thousand to over a million people 8 but by 1514 it had dropped to a mere 35 000 8 By 1509 the Spanish had successfully conquered Puerto Rico and subjugated the approximately 30 000 Taino inhabitants By 1530 there were 1 148 Taino left alive in Puerto Rico 10 Taino influence has survived even until today though as can be seen in the religions languages and music of Caribbean cultures 11 The Lokono and other South American groups resisted colonization for a longer period and the Spanish remained unable to subdue them throughout the 16th century In the early 17th century they allied with the Spanish against the neighbouring Kalina Caribs who allied with the English and Dutch 12 The Lokono benefited from trade with European powers into the early 19th century but suffered thereafter from economic and social changes in their region including the end of the plantation economy Their population declined until the 20th century when it began to increase again 13 Most of the Arawak of the Antilles died out or intermarried after the Spanish conquest In South America Arawakan speaking groups are widespread from southwest Brazil to the Guianas in the north representing a wide range of cultures They are found mostly in the tropical forest areas north of the Amazon As with all Amazonian native peoples contact with European settlement has led to culture change and depopulation among these groups 14 Modern population and descendants Edit Arawak people gathered for an audience with the Dutch Governor in Paramaribo Suriname 1880 The Spaniards who arrived in the Bahamas Cuba and Hispaniola today Haiti and the Dominican Republic in 1492 and later in Puerto Rico brought few women on their first expeditions Many of the explorers and early colonists raped Taino women who subsequently bore mestizo or mixed race children Over subsequent generations the remnant Taino population continued to mix with Spaniards and other Europeans as well as with other Indigenous groups and enslaved Africans brought over during the Atlantic slave trade Today numerous mixed race descendants still identify as Taino or Lokono In the 21st century about 10 000 Lokono live primarily in the coastal areas of Venezuela Guyana Suriname and French Guiana with additional Lokono living throughout the larger region Unlike many Indigenous groups in South America the Lokono population is growing 15 Notable Arawak EditDamon Gerard Corrie Barbados Lokono of Guyana Lokono descent radical International Indigenous Rights activist and creator of the militant Indigenous Democracy Defence Organization IDDO the only such global Pan Tribal amp Multi Racial Indigenous NGO in existence 16 He is also the creator of the only Phonetic English to Arawak dictionary 2021 17 and the only comprehensive books about Lokono Arawak Culture called Lokono Arawaks 2020 18 and on traditional Lokono Arawak spirituality in Amazonia s Mythical and Legendary Creatures in the Eagle Clan Lokono Arawak Oral Tradition of Guyana 19 and another work that challenges the No natives were here when European settlement occurred colonial version of the history of Barbados in the book Last Arawak Girl Born in Barbados a 17th Century Tale 2021 20 John P Bennett Lokono first Amerindian ordained as an Anglican priest in Guyana linguist and author of An Arawak English Dictionary 1989 21 Foster Simon Artist 22 Oswald Hussein Artist Jean La Rose Arawak environmentalist and indigenous rights activist in Guyana Lenox Shuman Guyanese politician George Simon Lokono artist and archaeologist from Guyana 23 Tituba The first woman to be accused of practicing witchcraft during the year 1692 See Salem witch trials for more information 24 See also EditAdaheli the Sun in the mythology of the Orinoco region Aiomun Kondi Arawak deity created the world in Arawak mythology Arawakan languages Cariban languages Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas Garifuna language List of indigenous names of Eastern Caribbean islands List of Native American peoples in the United States Maipurean languagesReferences Edit a b c Rouse Irving 1992 The Tainos Yale University Press p 5 ISBN 0300051816 Retrieved 16 June 2015 Island Carib Kim Julie Chun 2013 The Caribs of St Vincent and Indigenous Resistance during the Age of Revolutions Early American Studies 11 1 117 132 doi 10 1353 eam 2013 0007 JSTOR 23546705 S2CID 144195511 Hill Jonathan David Santos Granero Fernando 2002 Comparative Arawakan Histories Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia University of Illinois Press pp 1 4 ISBN 0252073843 Retrieved 16 June 2014 The History of Jamaica Government of Jamaica Olson James Stewart 1991 The Indians of Central and South America An Ethnohistorical Dictionary Greenwood p 29 ISBN 0313263876 Retrieved 16 June 2014 Tennesen M September October 2010 Uncovering the Arawacks Archaeology 63 5 51 52 54 56 JSTOR 41780608 Rouse Irving 1992 The Tainos Yale University Press pp 30 48 ISBN 0300051816 Retrieved 16 June 2014 Island Carib a b c d Hispaniola Genocide Studies Program gsp yale edu Retrieved 19 January 2017 Keegan William F 1992 Destruction of the Taino pp 51 56 Puerto Rico Genocide Studies Program gsp yale edu Retrieved 19 January 2017 Exploring the Early Americas Library of Congress 12 December 2007 Hill Jonathan David Santos Granero Fernando 2002 Comparative Arawakan Histories Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia University of Illinois Press pp 39 42 ISBN 0252073843 Retrieved 16 June 2014 Olson James Stewart 1991 The Indians of Central and South America An Ethnohistorical Dictionary Greenwood pp 30 211 ISBN 0313263876 Retrieved 16 June 2014 Lagasse P Arawak Olson James Stewart 1991 The Indians of Central and South America An Ethno historical Dictionary Greenwood p 211 ISBN 0313263876 Retrieved 16 June 2014 The Law on the Indigenous Peoples of Ukraine does not fully comply with international standards Damon Gerard Corrie CTRC Ctrcenter org Retrieved 8 August 2022 Vincent Esca 26 July 2022 A Phonetic English to Arawak Dictionary Corrie Damon 9798201102036 Amazon com Books Amazon Retrieved 8 August 2022 Corrie Damon 2 September 2020 Lokono Arawaks Corrie Damon 9781393432555 Amazon com Books ISBN 978 1393432555 Corrie Damon 14 October 2019 Amazonia s Mythical and Legendary Creatures in the Eagle Clan Lokono Arawak Oral Tradition of Guyana 9781393821069 Corrie Damon Books ISBN 978 1393821069 Corrie Damon 28 September 2021 The Last Arawak girl born in Barbados A 17th Century Tale Corrie Damon 9781393841937 Amazon com Books ISBN 978 1393841937 As Indigenous Heritage Month continues Indigenous artists pay homage to Lokono Priest John Bennett Guyana Chronicle 13 September 2015 Retrieved 20 January 2021 Neola Damon 8 September 2019 Indigenous art exhibition honors George Simon Department of Public Information Guyana Dpi gov gy Retrieved 8 August 2022 The Arawaks left their physical signatures here George Simon Guyana Chronicle 7 September 2015 Retrieved 20 January 2021 Tituba s Race Black Indian Mixed How Would We Know ThoughtCo 1 January 2010 Retrieved 20 January 2021 Bibliography EditJesse C 2000 The Amerindians in St Lucia Iouanalao St Lucia Archaeological and Historical Society Haviser J B Wilson S M ed 1997 Settlement Strategies in the Early Ceramic Age In The Indigenous People of the Caribbean Gainesville Florida University Press Hofman C L 1993 The Native Population of Pre columbian Saba Part One Pottery Styles and their Interpretations Ph D dissertation Leiden University of Leiden Faculty of Archaeology Haviser J B 1987 Amerindian cultural Geography on Curacao Unpublished Ph D dissertation Leiden Faculty of Archaeology Leiden University Handler Jerome S January 1977 Amerindians and Their Contributions to Barbadian Life in the Seventeenth Century The Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society no 3 Barbados Museum and Historical Society 33 189 210 Joseph P Musee C Celma ed 1968 LGhomme Amerindien dans son environnement quelques enseignements generaux In Les Civilisations Amerindiennes des Petites Antilles Fort de France Departemental d Archeologie Precolombienne et de Prehistoire Bullen Ripley P 1966 Barbados and the Archeology of the Caribbean The Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society 32 Haag William G 1964 A Comparison of Arawak Sites in the Lesser Antilles Fort de France Proceedings of the First International Congress on Pre Columbian Cultures of the Lesser Antilles pp 111 136 Deutsche Presse Agentur Archeologist studies signs of ancient civilization in Amazon basin Science and Nature M amp C 08 02 2010 Web 29 May 2011 Hill Jonathan David Santos Granero Fernando 2002 Comparative Arawakan Histories Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia University of Illinois Press ISBN 0252073843 Retrieved 16 June 2014 Olson James Stewart 1991 The Indians of Central and South America An Ethnohistorical Dictionary Greenwood ISBN 0313263876 Retrieved 16 June 2014 Rouse Irving 1992 The Tainos Yale University Press p 40 ISBN 0300051816 Retrieved 16 June 2014 Island Carib External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arawak Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Arawak amp oldid 1143311343, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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