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National Resistance Front of Afghanistan

June 16, 2023

For the historical anti-Taliban military resistance, see Northern Alliance.

The National Resistance Front of Afghanistan (NRF),[1][10][11] also known as the Second Resistance,[12][13][14][15] is a military alliance of former Northern Alliance members and other anti-Taliban fighters loyal to the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.[16] The founder and president of NRF is Ahmad Massoud. When the Taliban captured Afghanistan on 15 August 2021, former first vice president Amrullah Saleh, citing provisions of the 2004 Constitution, declared himself the caretaker president of Afghanistan and announced the republican resistance against the Taliban.[17][18][19] Saleh's claim to the presidency was endorsed by Ahmad Massoud,[20][19][16] as well as by former Afghan Minister of Defence Bismillah Mohammadi, and the Afghan embassy in Tajikistan including its ambassador Mohammad Zahir Aghbar.[20][19][16]

National Resistance Front of Afghanistan
جبههٔ مقاومت ملی (Dari)
د ملي مقاومت جبهه (Pashto)
Flag of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (left)[1][2]
Flag of the National Resistance Front (right), used in parallel with the national flag[3]
LeaderAhmad Massoud
Foreign ministerAli Maisam Nazary[4]
Dates of operation17 August 2021 – present
HeadquartersTajikistan
Active regionsPanjshir, Parwan, Baghlan, Wardak, Daykundi, and Samangan provinces, Afghanistan
IdeologyDemocratism[5]
Decentralization[6]
Multiculturalism[6]
Social justice[6]
StatusActive
SizeUnknown[7]
Allies Afghanistan Freedom Front
 Tajikistan (alleged)[8][9]
Opponents Taliban
Battles and warsAfghan conflict

The NRF exercised de facto control over the Panjshir Valley, which is largely contiguous with Panjshir Province and, as of August 2021, was "the only region out of the Taliban's hands."[18][21] The alliance constitutes the only organized resistance to the Taliban in the country, and is possibly planning an anti-Taliban guerilla struggle.[16][22] The resistance has called for an "inclusive government" of Afghanistan;[20] one of their objectives is speculated to be a stake in the new Afghan government.[16] However, Hibatullah Akhundzada, the Taliban's reclusive leader, has effectively ruled out an inclusive government.[23]

On 6 September 2021, the Taliban claimed victory in controlling the province. The NRF, however, denied the Taliban victory, stating they continued to hold positions across the valley.[24] As of December 2022, the NRF controls no territory but continues to carry out hit and run guerrilla attacks.[25]

History

 
View of the Panjshir valley

A mountainous region, Panjshir was a formidable base of operations for anti-Soviet fighters and later for the original Northern Alliance.[16][22] It was the birthplace of anti-Soviet and Northern Alliance leader Ahmad Shah Massoud.[26] Ahmad Shah Massoud's son, Ahmad Massoud, is widely seen as his successor.[27]

In July 2021, during the 2021 Taliban offensive, the remnants of the Northern Alliance began mobilizing under an umbrella called Resistance II.[21][28]

On 9 September, the NRF announced that a parallel government will be created in response to the Taliban's formation of its government in Kabul.[29] It was announced on 29 September that Amrullah Saleh will lead the government in exile, according to a statement published by the Afghan Embassy in Geneva, Switzerland, which also backs the NRF.[30]

On 1 November, it was reported that the NRF has opened a liaison office in Washington DC after being registered with the US Justice Department in order to carry out lobbying missions to various politicians working in the city.[31]

On 23 November, Sibghatullah Ahmadi was appointed as the new spokesman of the NRF. The position was previously held by Mohammad Fahim Dashty, who was killed during the Taliban offensive into Panjshir on 5 September.[32] Ahmadi served in this capacity until his resignation in April 2023.[33][34]

Coalescence in Panjshir

Main article: Republican insurgency in Afghanistan

Following the Fall of Kabul, anti-Taliban forces, including former Vice President Saleh, moved into the Panjshir Valley, the only area of Afghanistan not controlled by the Taliban, in order to create a new resistance front.[35][36][18]

As of 17 August, the Panjshir Valley was—according to one observer—"under siege on all sides" but had not come under direct attack.[37] Ahmad Massoud wrote in an op-ed to The Washington Post on 18 August 2021, calling for the rest of the world to help them, as he admits that ammunition and supplies will run out unless Panjshir can be supplied.[38] Massoud has stated his desire to negotiate with the Taliban.[39] Ali Maisam Nazary, spokesman for the resistance, said that the Taliban were overstretched after they seized control of Kabul.[40]

On 17 August 2021, ethnic Tajik former soldiers of the Afghan National Army began to arrive in the Panjshir valley, with tanks and personnel carriers in support of the resistance.[41][2] They regrouped in Andarab district, Baghlan after they escaped Kunduz, Badakhshan, Takhar, and Baghlan before moving to the safety of Panjshir.[2]

According to unconfirmed reports, Saleh's command managed to recapture Charikar, the provincial capital of Parwan Province, which had been held by the Taliban since 15 August, and that fighting had begun in Panjshir.[42][43] At around the same time, unconfirmed reports stated that remnants of the Afghan National Army had begun massing in the Panjshir Valley at the urging of Massoud, along with the Minister of Defense Bismillah Mohammadi and provincial commanders.[16][44][18] Local civilians also responded to his calls to be mobilized.[45]

 
Tasnim reporter interviewing resistance fighter, 11 September 2021

The Panjshir resistance also claimed to have the support of Abdul Rashid Dostum and Atta Muhammad Nur on 18 August 2021, while it was reported that members of Dostum's group, which had retreated into Uzbekistan, said that 10,000 of their soldiers could join forces with the Panjshir resistance, creating a combined force of 15,000 or more.[42][46] On the same day, Afghan Embassy employees in Tajikistan have replaced photos of Ghani in the embassy building with those of Saleh.[47]

According to anonymous ex-American and British soldiers, some of whom were formerly Afghan-based contractors, numerous Afghans living/working abroad have been working together to raise money in order to assist the Panjshir-based fighters.[48]

Baghlan Province

On 20 August 2021, a group of anti-Taliban forces was organised in Baghlan Province, headed by Abdul Hamid Dadgar.[49] The group took over the Andarab, Pul-e-Hesar and De Salah districts of Baghlan Province, killing or injuring 60 Taliban fighters as they did so. In the mid-afternoon, unconfirmed reports from Panjshir stated that Pul-e-Hesar was taken back from the Taliban, and that fighting was still raging in De Salah and Banu, with a reporter with Iran International reporting soon after that first Andarab and then De Salah fell to the resistance.[50]

According to Sediqullah Shuja, a former member of the Afghan National Security Forces, the reasons for the removal of the Taliban from the Andarab valley towns was the Taliban's searching of private houses, which was perceived as a violation of the agreement by which the Taliban had been allowed to take military control of the towns.[45] Shuja stated that the Taliban entered houses "and harassed people. In our villages, people are very traditional and Muslim.[45] There is no reason for Taliban to come and teach us about Islam." Former Baghlan prison commander Abdul Rahman stated that "All people of the valley have risen up against the Taliban. We are not afraid of Taliban fighters."[45]

Overseas work

On 16 September 2022, Ahmad Massoud urged fellow Afghans living overseas to work together to find a way to end Taliban rule and bring them back to negotiations.[51]

Analysis

Russian Ambassador to Afghanistan Dmitry Zhirnov labeled the resistance as "doomed" and that the resistance would fail. Zhirnov further stated that Saleh's proclamation of caretaker president is unconstitutional and added that they have "no military prospects".[52] Zhirnov also stated his plans to mediate talks between the Resistance and the Taliban.[53]

According to The Economist, the resistance's cause looked "forlorn".[54] The Independent mentions concerns that the fighters in Panjshir are likely to be outmatched as Taliban fighters have captured or acquired western-made military weapons and equipment with artillery and aircraft during the offensive.[48]

An anonymous Afghan journalist said that the group needs to start making plans for a drawn-out resistance against the Taliban if they are to hold Panjshir.[55] Analyst Bill Roggio also argued that the Panjshir resistance's "prospects are bleak", although their base was well-defendable, and Saleh could rely on a wide network of potential supporters across the entire country.[2] Afghan specialist Gilles Dorronsoro from Sorbonne University said that Taliban forces could enforce a lockdown on Panjshir, since it was not a major threat.[56] There was also a concern with Saleh and Massoud coming from different political backgrounds, with the latter not having the same level of charisma as his father, even though both oppose the Taliban.[56] Kim Sengupta said that support for the resistance would depend on how unpopular the Taliban were and how far people would be willing to stand up against them despite the Taliban's insistence that they would not allow their fighters to persecute people who had worked with the previous government or with NATO-led forces.[48]

David Loyn suggested that the resistance had a better chance of gaining more support from Afghans of other ethnic groups resisting the Taliban if Saleh were seen as the head of a broad coalition rather than only representing Tajiks.[57] Loyn said that the rest of the world might have a reason not to recognize the Taliban if the fighters continued to face the Taliban and recapture territory.[57]

Foreign Policy stated that there are generations of Afghans who had not previously experienced life under Taliban rule and were likely to resist.[58] They stated that if the Taliban continued to target persons with links to the former government, then support for resistance would grow, but that support would drop if a future government included Hamid Karzai and Abdullah Abdullah.[58]

Kaweh Kerami warned that if the Taliban were able to defeat the Panjshir fighters, then they would be able to roll back the gains[clarification needed] made by the international community in developing Afghanistan. He also said that there would be resistance if the Taliban's ideas on an inclusive government meant the inclusion of a few "weak" politicians from previous government administrations.[59]

See also

References

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June 16, 2023
national, resistance, front, afghanistan, historical, anti, taliban, military, resistance, northern, alliance, also, known, second, resistance, military, alliance, former, northern, alliance, members, other, anti, taliban, fighters, loyal, islamic, republic, a. For the historical anti Taliban military resistance see Northern Alliance The National Resistance Front of Afghanistan NRF 1 10 11 also known as the Second Resistance 12 13 14 15 is a military alliance of former Northern Alliance members and other anti Taliban fighters loyal to the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 16 The founder and president of NRF is Ahmad Massoud When the Taliban captured Afghanistan on 15 August 2021 former first vice president Amrullah Saleh citing provisions of the 2004 Constitution declared himself the caretaker president of Afghanistan and announced the republican resistance against the Taliban 17 18 19 Saleh s claim to the presidency was endorsed by Ahmad Massoud 20 19 16 as well as by former Afghan Minister of Defence Bismillah Mohammadi and the Afghan embassy in Tajikistan including its ambassador Mohammad Zahir Aghbar 20 19 16 National Resistance Front of Afghanistanجبهه مقاومت ملی Dari د ملي مقاومت جبهه Pashto Flag of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan left 1 2 Flag of the National Resistance Front right used in parallel with the national flag 3 LeaderAhmad MassoudForeign ministerAli Maisam Nazary 4 Dates of operation17 August 2021 presentHeadquartersTajikistanActive regionsPanjshir Parwan Baghlan Wardak Daykundi and Samangan provinces AfghanistanIdeologyDemocratism 5 Decentralization 6 Multiculturalism 6 Social justice 6 StatusActiveSizeUnknown 7 AlliesAfghanistan Freedom Front Tajikistan alleged 8 9 Opponents TalibanBattles and warsAfghan conflict Republican insurgency in AfghanistanThe NRF exercised de facto control over the Panjshir Valley which is largely contiguous with Panjshir Province and as of August 2021 was the only region out of the Taliban s hands 18 21 The alliance constitutes the only organized resistance to the Taliban in the country and is possibly planning an anti Taliban guerilla struggle 16 22 The resistance has called for an inclusive government of Afghanistan 20 one of their objectives is speculated to be a stake in the new Afghan government 16 However Hibatullah Akhundzada the Taliban s reclusive leader has effectively ruled out an inclusive government 23 On 6 September 2021 the Taliban claimed victory in controlling the province The NRF however denied the Taliban victory stating they continued to hold positions across the valley 24 As of December 2022 update the NRF controls no territory but continues to carry out hit and run guerrilla attacks 25 Contents 1 History 1 1 Coalescence in Panjshir 1 2 Baghlan Province 1 3 Overseas work 2 Analysis 3 See also 4 ReferencesHistoryThis section needs to be updated Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information September 2022 View of the Panjshir valley A mountainous region Panjshir was a formidable base of operations for anti Soviet fighters and later for the original Northern Alliance 16 22 It was the birthplace of anti Soviet and Northern Alliance leader Ahmad Shah Massoud 26 Ahmad Shah Massoud s son Ahmad Massoud is widely seen as his successor 27 In July 2021 during the 2021 Taliban offensive the remnants of the Northern Alliance began mobilizing under an umbrella called Resistance II 21 28 On 9 September the NRF announced that a parallel government will be created in response to the Taliban s formation of its government in Kabul 29 It was announced on 29 September that Amrullah Saleh will lead the government in exile according to a statement published by the Afghan Embassy in Geneva Switzerland which also backs the NRF 30 On 1 November it was reported that the NRF has opened a liaison office in Washington DC after being registered with the US Justice Department in order to carry out lobbying missions to various politicians working in the city 31 On 23 November Sibghatullah Ahmadi was appointed as the new spokesman of the NRF The position was previously held by Mohammad Fahim Dashty who was killed during the Taliban offensive into Panjshir on 5 September 32 Ahmadi served in this capacity until his resignation in April 2023 33 34 Coalescence in Panjshir Main article Republican insurgency in Afghanistan Following the Fall of Kabul anti Taliban forces including former Vice President Saleh moved into the Panjshir Valley the only area of Afghanistan not controlled by the Taliban in order to create a new resistance front 35 36 18 As of 17 August the Panjshir Valley was according to one observer under siege on all sides but had not come under direct attack 37 Ahmad Massoud wrote in an op ed to The Washington Post on 18 August 2021 calling for the rest of the world to help them as he admits that ammunition and supplies will run out unless Panjshir can be supplied 38 Massoud has stated his desire to negotiate with the Taliban 39 Ali Maisam Nazary spokesman for the resistance said that the Taliban were overstretched after they seized control of Kabul 40 On 17 August 2021 ethnic Tajik former soldiers of the Afghan National Army began to arrive in the Panjshir valley with tanks and personnel carriers in support of the resistance 41 2 They regrouped in Andarab district Baghlan after they escaped Kunduz Badakhshan Takhar and Baghlan before moving to the safety of Panjshir 2 According to unconfirmed reports Saleh s command managed to recapture Charikar the provincial capital of Parwan Province which had been held by the Taliban since 15 August and that fighting had begun in Panjshir 42 43 At around the same time unconfirmed reports stated that remnants of the Afghan National Army had begun massing in the Panjshir Valley at the urging of Massoud along with the Minister of Defense Bismillah Mohammadi and provincial commanders 16 44 18 Local civilians also responded to his calls to be mobilized 45 Tasnim reporter interviewing resistance fighter 11 September 2021 The Panjshir resistance also claimed to have the support of Abdul Rashid Dostum and Atta Muhammad Nur on 18 August 2021 while it was reported that members of Dostum s group which had retreated into Uzbekistan said that 10 000 of their soldiers could join forces with the Panjshir resistance creating a combined force of 15 000 or more 42 46 On the same day Afghan Embassy employees in Tajikistan have replaced photos of Ghani in the embassy building with those of Saleh 47 According to anonymous ex American and British soldiers some of whom were formerly Afghan based contractors numerous Afghans living working abroad have been working together to raise money in order to assist the Panjshir based fighters 48 Baghlan Province On 20 August 2021 a group of anti Taliban forces was organised in Baghlan Province headed by Abdul Hamid Dadgar 49 The group took over the Andarab Pul e Hesar and De Salah districts of Baghlan Province killing or injuring 60 Taliban fighters as they did so In the mid afternoon unconfirmed reports from Panjshir stated that Pul e Hesar was taken back from the Taliban and that fighting was still raging in De Salah and Banu with a reporter with Iran International reporting soon after that first Andarab and then De Salah fell to the resistance 50 According to Sediqullah Shuja a former member of the Afghan National Security Forces the reasons for the removal of the Taliban from the Andarab valley towns was the Taliban s searching of private houses which was perceived as a violation of the agreement by which the Taliban had been allowed to take military control of the towns 45 Shuja stated that the Taliban entered houses and harassed people In our villages people are very traditional and Muslim 45 There is no reason for Taliban to come and teach us about Islam Former Baghlan prison commander Abdul Rahman stated that All people of the valley have risen up against the Taliban We are not afraid of Taliban fighters 45 Overseas work On 16 September 2022 Ahmad Massoud urged fellow Afghans living overseas to work together to find a way to end Taliban rule and bring them back to negotiations 51 AnalysisRussian Ambassador to Afghanistan Dmitry Zhirnov labeled the resistance as doomed and that the resistance would fail Zhirnov further stated that Saleh s proclamation of caretaker president is unconstitutional and added that they have no military prospects 52 Zhirnov also stated his plans to mediate talks between the Resistance and the Taliban 53 According to The Economist the resistance s cause looked forlorn 54 The Independent mentions concerns that the fighters in Panjshir are likely to be outmatched as Taliban fighters have captured or acquired western made military weapons and equipment with artillery and aircraft during the offensive 48 An anonymous Afghan journalist said that the group needs to start making plans for a drawn out resistance against the Taliban if they are to hold Panjshir 55 Analyst Bill Roggio also argued that the Panjshir resistance s prospects are bleak although their base was well defendable and Saleh could rely on a wide network of potential supporters across the entire country 2 Afghan specialist Gilles Dorronsoro from Sorbonne University said that Taliban forces could enforce a lockdown on Panjshir since it was not a major threat 56 There was also a concern with Saleh and Massoud coming from different political backgrounds with the latter not having the same level of charisma as his father even though both oppose the Taliban 56 Kim Sengupta said that support for the resistance would depend on how unpopular the Taliban were and how far people would be willing to stand up against them despite the Taliban s insistence that they would not allow their fighters to persecute people who had worked with the previous government or with NATO led forces 48 David Loyn suggested that the resistance had a better chance of gaining more support from Afghans of other ethnic groups resisting the Taliban if Saleh were seen as the head of a broad coalition rather than only representing Tajiks 57 Loyn said that the rest of the world might have a reason not to recognize the Taliban if the fighters continued to face the Taliban and recapture territory 57 Foreign Policy stated that there are generations of Afghans who had not previously experienced life under Taliban rule and were likely to resist 58 They stated that if the Taliban continued to target persons with links to the former government then support for resistance would grow but that support would drop if a future government included Hamid Karzai and Abdullah Abdullah 58 Kaweh Kerami warned that if the Taliban were able to defeat the Panjshir fighters then they would be able to roll back the gains clarification needed made by the international community in developing Afghanistan He also said that there would be resistance if the Taliban s ideas on an inclusive government meant the inclusion of a few weak politicians from previous government administrations 59 See alsoNational Front of Afghanistan 2021 2022 Afghan protestsReferences a b The mujahideen resistance to the Taliban begins now But we need help Washington Post 18 August 2021 Archived from the original on 12 May 2023 Retrieved 18 August 2021 a b c d Roggio Bill 18 August 2021 After fall of Kabul resistance to Taliban emerges in Panjshir Long War Journal Archived from the original on 3 April 2023 Retrieved 20 August 2021 Filseth Trevor 7 September 2021 Panjshir Resistance Heavy Fighting as Taliban Escalate Attacks Archived from the original on 21 May 2022 Retrieved 10 September 2021 Afghanistan The undefeated Panjshir Valley an hour from Kabul BBC News 26 August 2021 Archived from the original on 14 March 2023 The Red Army with its might was unable to defeat us And the Taliban also 25 years ago they tried to take over the valley and they failed they faced a crushing defeat Ali Nazary the NRF s head of foreign relations told the BBC Ali Maisam Nazary 19 August 2021 What the Taliban Really Fear Foreign Affairs Archived from the original on 18 March 2023 a b c Peter Bergen 1 September 2021 The leader of the anti Taliban resistance speaks out CNN Archived from the original on 26 May 2023 Do the Taliban Face Potent Armed Resistance in Afghanistan VOA Retrieved 28 April 2023 Afghan resistance has sanctuary in Tajikistan but fighting Taliban a non viable prospect France24 10 October 2021 Archived from the original on 30 March 2023 Retrieved 7 December 2021 Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan diverge on approaches to Afghanistan eurasianet 24 September 2021 Archived from the original on 1 February 2023 Afghan leader of Taliban resistance urges West to supply us without delay Newsweek 19 August 2021 Archived from the original on 19 April 2023 Retrieved 20 August 2021 National Resistance Front Of Afghanistan The Irish Times www irishtimes com Archived from the original on 23 June 2022 Retrieved 20 August 2021 Analysis Northern Afghanistan once kept out the Taliban Why has it fallen so quickly this time Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Archived from the original on 15 August 2021 Retrieved 18 August 2021 Taliban promises not to move to Panshir Ahmad Massoud says he is ready to give his blood for his land asiaplustj info Archived from the original on 12 April 2023 Retrieved 19 August 2021 Preparing for a Post Departure Afghanistan Changing political dynamics in the wake of the US troop withdrawal announcement Afghanistan Analysts Network 4 June 2021 Archived from the original on 24 May 2023 Retrieved 19 August 2021 He promised an organized resistance to Taliban rule Now he wants U S help to lead the fight www cbsnews com Archived from the original on 30 November 2022 Retrieved 19 August 2021 a b c d e f g Graham Harrison Emma 18 August 2021 Panjshir stands strong Afghanistan s last holdout against the Taliban The Guardian Archived from the original on 24 May 2023 Retrieved 19 August 2021 Afghan vice president says he is caretaker president reuters com 17 August 2021 Archived from the original on 17 August 2021 Retrieved 26 August 2021 a b c d An anti Taliban front forming in Panjshir Ex top spy Saleh son of Lion of Panjshir meet at 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