Rail transportation in the Philippines

Rail transportation in the Philippines is currently used mostly to transport passengers within Metro Manila and provinces of Laguna and Quezon, as well as a commuter service in the Bicol Region. Freight transport services once operated in the country, but these services were halted. However, there are plans to restore old freight services and build new lines.^[3][4] From a peak of 1,100 kilometers (680 mi),^[5] the country currently has a railway footprint of 533.14 kilometers (331.28 mi), of which only 129.85 kilometers (80.69 mi) are operational as of 2024, including all the urban rail lines. World War II, natural calamities, underspending, and neglect have all contributed to the decline of the Philippine railway network.^[6] In the 2019 Global Competitiveness Report, the Philippines has the lowest efficiency score among other Asian countries in terms of efficiency of train services, receiving a score of 2.4, and ranking 86th out of 101 countries globally.^[7] The government is currently expanding the railway network up to 1,900 kilometers (1,200 mi) by 2022 through numerous projects.^[8][9][5]

Philippines
Clockwise (from top): PNR Metro Commuter, LRT Line 2, MRT Line 3, LRT Line 1
Operation
Major operators	DOTr (PNR, LRTA)
Statistics
Ridership	795,072 (2022)^[a]
System length
Total	533.15 km (331.28 mi) Operational: 266.75 km (165.75 mi)^[b]^[c]^[d]
Double track	59.23 km (36.80 mi)^[b]^[c]^[d]
Electrified	54.15 km (33.65 mi)^[c]^[d]
Track gauge
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)	403.3 km (250.6 mi)^[b]
1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)	54.15 km (33.65 mi)^[c]^[d]^[e]
Electrification
750 V DC	36.55 km (22.71 mi)
1,500 V DC	17.6 km (10.9 mi)^[c]^[d]
Features
No. stations	56 (operational)
Highest elevation	208.6 m (684 ft)^[2]
at	Camalig, Albay^[2]

The Philippine railway network consists of two commuter lines provided by the Philippine National Railways (PNR) and three urban mass transit lines operated by the Light Rail Transit Authority and Metro Rail Transit Corporation, all of which are located in Luzon. Within the last century, there were operating intercity rail lines extending from Manila both north and south operated by PNR. There were also lines on the Panay and Cebu islands, operated by Panay Railways, which currently does not own rolling stock or rail, only property. There were also short industrial railways in Negros Island operated by sugar mills such as the Hawaiian-Philippines Company.^[10]

History

Luzon

See also: Philippine National Railways § History, and Rail transportation in the Greater Manila Area § History

 

The "Ferrocarril de Manila a Dagupan" (ca. 1885).

 

Repair work on a railway line in Manila, circa pre-1900

There has been rail transport in the Philippines for over 120 years.^[11] On June 25, 1875, King Alfonso XII of Spain promulgated a Royal Decree directing the Office of the Inspector of Public Works of the Philippines to submit a general plan for railroads on Luzon.^[12] The plan, which was submitted five months later by Don Eduardo Lopez Navarro, was entitled Memoria Sobre el Plan General de Ferrocarriles en la Isla de Luzón, and was promptly approved. A concession for the construction of a railway line from Manila to Dagupan was granted to Don Edmundo Sykes of the Ferrocarril de Manila-Dagupan on June 1, 1887.^[13] The construction and running of the railway was done by Manila Railway Company Ltd that was a British owned company.^[14] The first rail tracks were laid in 1891 and its first commercial run was in 1892.^[13]

With the American takeover of the Philippines, the Philippine Commission allowed the Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company (Meralco) to take over the properties of the Compañia de los Tranvias de Filipinas,^[15] with the first of twelve mandated electric tranvia (tram) lines operated by Meralco opening in Manila in 1905.^[16] At the end of the first year around 63 kilometers (39 mi) of track had been laid.^[17] A five-year reconstruction program was initiated in 1920, and by 1924, 170 cars serviced many parts of the city and its outskirts.^[17] Although it was an efficient system for the city's 220,000 inhabitants, by the 1930s the streetcar network had stopped expanding.^[16][17][18]

At the Tutuban Central Terminal in a bustling district of old Manila was the terminal of the Philippine National Railways for two lines, to the north and to the south.^[11] From the center of Manila towards Baguio in the north, the line ended in San Fernando, La Union while the south line stopped in Legazpi in the Bicol region. To and from these points it carried people and their goods, their trade and livelihood.

In 1936, the first standard-gauge railway was introduced to the Philippines in the form of two Climax locomotives for the Dahican Lumber Company (DALCO). These were originally built in 1917 for the San Joaquin and Eastern Railroad in California and were sold after their closure in 1933.^[19] In July 1941, a 3T type Shay locomotive was also acquired from the Finkbine-Guild Lumber Company. The status of this short-line railroad after the war remains unknown.^[20]

Most of the improvements on the rail network were destroyed during Japanese invasion of the Philippines during the World War II. Of the more than a thousand route-kilometers before the war, only 452 were operational after it. For several years after the war, work was undertaken on what could be salvaged of the railroad system.^[21] By the war's end, the tram network was also damaged beyond repair amid a city that lay in ruins. It was dismantled and jeepneys became the city's primary form of transportation, plying the routes once served by the tram lines.^[16] With the return of buses and cars to the streets, traffic congestion became a problem.

In 1966, the Philippine government granted a franchise to Philippine Monorail Transport Systems (PMTS) for the operation of an inner-city monorail.^[22] The monorail's feasibility was still being evaluated when the government asked the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) to conduct a separate transport study.^[18] Prepared between 1971 and 1973, the JICA study proposed a series of circumferential and radial roads, an inner-city rapid transit system, a commuter railway, and an expressway with three branches.^[18] After further examination, many recommendations were adopted; however, none of them involved rapid transit and the monorail was never built. PMTS' franchise subsequently expired in 1974.^[23] Another study was performed between 1976 and 1977, this time by Freeman Fox and Associates and funded by the World Bank. It originally suggested a street-level railway, but its recommendations were revised by the newly formed Ministry of Transportation and Communications (now the DOTr). The ministry instead called for an elevated system because of the city's many intersections.^[16]

Introduction of rapid transit

President Marcos created the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) in 1980. The first lady Imelda Marcos, then governor of Metro Manila and minister of human settlements, became its first chairman. Construction of LRT Line 1 started in September 1981, test-run in March 1984, and the first half of the line from Baclaran to Central Terminal opened on December 1, 1984. The second half, from Central Terminal to Monumento, opened on May 12, 1985. Overcrowding and poor maintenance took its toll a few years after opening. With Japan's ODA amounting to 75 billion yen in total, the construction of LRT Line 2 began in the 1990s, and the first section of the line, from Santolan to Araneta Center-Cubao, was opened on April 5, 2003.^[24] The second section, from Araneta Center-Cubao to Legarda, was opened exactly a year later, with the entire line being fully operational by October 2004.^[25] During that time Line 1 was modernized. Automated fare collection systems using magnetic stripe plastic tickets were installed; air-conditioned trains added; pedestrian walkways between Lines 1, 2, and the privately operated 3 were completed.^[26] In 2005, the LRTA made a profit of ₱68 million, the first time the agency made a profit since the Line 1 became operational in 1984.^[27]

Rehabilitation

In the early 2000s, the government worked to rehabilitate rail transportation in the country, including the Philippine National Railways, through various investments and projects.^[13][28] Total reconstruction of rail bridges and tracks, including replacement of the current 35-kilogram (77-pound) track with newer 50-kilogram (110-pound) tracks and the refurbishing of stations, were part of the rehabilitation and expansion process. Much of those plans such as the Northrail Project were controversial and were never completed, due to allegations of being overpriced and anomalous.^[29]

MRT Line 3, which deteriorated since 2014 due to poor maintenance,^[30] underwent a total rehabilitation from 2019 to 2021, which is intended to restore it to its original state.^[31][32]

Expansion

As part of the government's recent investments in transportation in the country, numerous projects are ongoing to expand and rehabilitate the railways in Luzon. Projects include the North–South Commuter Railway, a 180-kilometer (110 mi) line from New Clark City in Capas, Tarlac to Calamba, Laguna,^[33][34] the Metro Manila Subway, a 36-kilometer (22 mi) underground rapid transit line from Quezon City to Taguig and NAIA Terminal 3,^[35][36] the LRT Line 1 South Extension, which would extend LRT Line 1 from Baclaran to Niog, the Subic–Clark Railway, a freight line from Subic to Clark,^[37] the PNR Batangas Railway, a new branch line serving commuters to and from Batangas, and the PNR South Long Haul, a total reconstruction and expansion of South Main Line from Manila to Matnog.^[33]

The current PNR service is also being expanded, with the PNR Metro Commuter now servicing Caloocan and Malabon.^[38][39] PNR is also planning to reintroduce services to the Carmona branch line.^[40] New rolling stock was also acquired from PT INKA in Indonesia.^[41]

 

The Panay line in 1917.

Panay

From the beginning of the American colonial period of the Philippines, the new American colonial Insular Government was committed to building new railways. The Philippine Railway Company, predecessor of the current Panay Railways, was incorporated in Connecticut on March 5, 1906.^[42] It was part of a "Manila syndicate", a collection of Philippine infrastructure companies including the Manila Electric Railway and Light Company, incorporated in New Jersey, the Manila Construction Company, and the Manila Suburban Railways Company.^[43] Later the Philippines Railways Construction Company was added.^[43] Cornelius Vanderbilt and William Salomon, among other leading American railwaymen sat on the board.

On May 28, 1906, the Philippine Commission granted to the Philippine Railway Corporation a concession to construct railways on the islands of Panay, Negros and Cebu.^[44]

 

Engine of the Panay Railways on display in a plaza of Iloilo City.

Construction began on a railroad from Iloilo City to Roxas City in Capiz with crews working from both cities and meeting in the middle in 1907.^[42] Operations began immediately upon completion.^[42] In 1985, passenger operations ceased while in 1989 freight operations ceased.^[45]

Cebu

The Philippine Railway Company, along with operating the Panay line, operated a line in Cebu from 1911 to 1942, when operations ceased because of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II.^[46] The line ran from Danao south through Cebu City to Argao.^[47] The line was built by the related Philippine Railways Construction Company.^[48]

Services

Commuter rail

The Philippines currently has three operational commuter lines: the PNR Metro Commuter Line, located in Metro Manila, the PNR Inter-Provincial Commuter between Laguna and Quezon, and the PNR Bicol Commuter Line, located in the Bicol Region. All of these lines are operated by Philippine National Railways.

 

A PNR 9000 class and 8300 class at Alabang station.

PNR Metro Commuter Line

Main article: PNR Metro Commuter Line

The PNR Metro Commuter line stretches from Tondo, Manila to the southern and northern edge of Metro Manila. It links the cities of Manila, Caloocan, Malabon, Makati, Taguig, Parañaque and Muntinlupa and the province of Laguna.^[49] Currently, there are 31 railway stations, with more stations planned to be reopened in the future.^[40] The current line is colored orange on most maps.

The line will be superseded by the North–South Commuter Railway upon its completion.

PNR Inter-Provincial Commuter

The Inter-Provincial Commuter is a 44-kilometer (27 mi) commuter and regional rail service between San Pablo, Laguna and Lucena, Quezon. It has been proposed as part of the PNR South Long Haul project in 2019. The service had its first trial run on February 14, 2022, and was reopened on June 26.^[50]

Bicol Commuter

The Bicol Commuter service is a commuter rail service in the Bicol Region, between stations in Tagkawayan, Quezon, and Legazpi, Albay, with Naga in Camarines Sur acting as a central terminal. It has three services: Tagkawayan-Naga (suspended), Sipocot-Naga (operational), and Naga-Legazpi (operational)

The service was first launched on September 16, 2009 as Tagkawayan-Naga and Naga-Ligao.^[51] The trains were planned to make seven trips a day, alternating between Tagkawayan, Sipocot, Naga City and Legazpi. All services used KiHa 52 in revised blue livery.

However after further reductions, only the service between Sipocot and Naga was operating by December 2013.^[52] Service resumed between Naga and Legazpi on September 18, 2015, with one train a day.^[53] However, services were again cut in April 2017 due to an absence of rolling stock, which was worsened by a succession of typhoons that damaged railroads in the Bicol region.^[54]

Definitive plans to restore the entire route from Sipocot, Naga and Legazpi were bared with an inspection trip from Tutuban on September 20, 2019, with a rerailment crew, including certain areas of Quezon Province, in preparation of the restoration of more routes previously suspended.^[55] First to be restored was the operation of the Naga-Sipocot segment of the Bicol Commuter service in 2022. On the 31th of July 2022, the PNR resumed operations between Ligao and Naga, with two daily trips in service. The Naga–Legazpi route was reopened on December 27, 2023, six years after its suspension in April 2017 due to insufficient trains.^[56]

As of 2024^[update], the train used for the Naga-Legazpi Route is the 8300 class coaches pulled by a INKA CC300 locomotive. While the 8000 class DMU is used in the Naga - Sipocot Line.

Rapid transit

 

A LRT Line 1 train of the LRTA System at the Blumentritt Station.

 

A LRT Line 2 train at the platform of the J. Ruiz Station.

 

A MRT Line 3 train near Kamuning station.

There are two rapid transit systems operating in the country: the Manila Light Rail Transit System, and the Manila Metro Rail System, both serving passengers in Metro Manila. Many passengers who ride the systems also take various forms of road-based public transport, such as buses, to and from a station to reach their intended destination.^[57] Beep, a contactless smart card, is used to pay fares for the lines.

Manila Light Rail Transit System

Main article: Manila Light Rail Transit System

The Manila Light Rail Transit System is one of the two rapid transit systems serving the Metro Manila area of the Philippines. There are two lines to the system: Line 1 and Line 2 The system is under the jurisdiction of the Light Rail Transit Authority, although the Light Rail Manila Corporation is responsible for the operations and maintenance of Line 1.

Although the system is referred to as a "light rail" system, arguably because the network is mostly elevated, the system is more akin to a rapid transit (metro) system in European-North American terms. The Manila LRT system is the first metro system in Southeast Asia, earlier than the Singapore MRT by three years.^[58]

Its 33 stations along over 37.24 kilometers (23.14 mi) of mostly elevated track form two lines. LRT Line 1, opened in 1984, travels a north–south route. LRT Line 2, opened in 2003, travels along an east–west route. All of the stations of LRT lines 1 and 2 are elevated, except for the Katipunan station (which is underground).^[59]

The system is not related to the MRT, or the Yellow Line, which forms a completely different but linked system.

Manila Metro Rail Transit System

Main article: Manila Metro Rail Transit System

The Metro Rail Transit (MRT) is the second rapid transit system serving Metro Manila in the Philippines. It originally began as a single line (MRT Line 3) that was first opened in 1999 and became fully operational by the year 2000. The MRT branding is currently associated with rapid transit lines in Metro Manila not under the jurisdiction of the LRTA, including lines 7 and 9, although the three lines will have different operators.

The system currently has 13 stations along 16.9 kilometers (10.5 mi) of mostly elevated track in an orbital north–south route. MRT Line 3, the first line in the system, opened in 1999.

Operators

Philippine National Railways

Main article: Philippine National Railways

The Philippine National Railways (PNR) is a state-owned railway company. As of 2016, it operates one commuter rail service in Metro Manila and local services between Sipocot, Naga City and Legazpi City in the Bicol Region.^[60] PNR began operations on November 24, 1892, as the Ferrocarril de Manila-Dagupan, during the Spanish colonial period, and later becoming the Manila Railroad Company (MRR) during the American colonial period.^[61] It became the Philippine National Railways on June 20, 1964, by virtue of Republic Act No. 4156. The PNR is an agency of the Department of Transportation.

Light Rail Transit Authority

Main article: Light Rail Transit Authority

The Light Rail Transit Authority, founded in 1981,^[62] is the owner of the Manila LRT system. It was the operator of LRT Line 1 and the current operator of LRT Line 2.^[63]

Light Rail Manila Corporation

Main article: Light Rail Manila Corporation

Light Rail Manila Corporation is a rail service company formed in 2014. It is the current operator of Line 1.^[64][65]

Metro Rail Transit Corporation

Main article: Metro Rail Transit Corporation

A private consortium of seven companies, Metro Rail Transit Corporation is owner and operator of Line 3 under a Build–operate–transfer agreement with the Department of Transportation. It was formed in 1995.^[66]

Other

• Panay Railways: a government owned and controlled corporation of the Philippines, the company previously operated services on the Panay and Cebu islands. Panay Railways currently does not own rail and rolling stock, only properties.^[10]
• SMC-Mass Rail Transit 7: previously known as the Universal LRT Corporation, the company will be the owner and operator of MRT Line 7 upon completion, under a build–operate–transfer agreement with the Department of Transportation. It is a subsidiary of San Miguel Corporation.^[67]

Railways under construction

Commuter rail

North–South Commuter Railway

Main article: North–South Commuter Railway

The North–South Commuter Railway (NSCR), is a 147 km (91 mi) railway being constructed in Luzon.^[68][69][70] Partial operations will begin by 2026,^[71] and full operations is expected to begin by 2029.^[72]

Rapid transit

Line extensions

• LRT Line 1 south extension: LRT Line 1 will be extended further south by 11.7 kilometers (7.3 mi), from its terminus in Baclaran station in Pasay to Niog station in Bacoor.^[73] Construction started in 2019, and is expected to be partially finished by 2024.^[74]
• LRT Line 2 west extension: LRT Line 2 will be extended by 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) westward. The west extension is projected to start by 2021.^{[needs update][75][76]}

 

Construction of Batasan station along Commonwealth Avenue, Quezon City as of August 2018.

MRT Line 7

Main article: MRT Line 7

The Metro Rail Transit Line 7 (MRT Line 7) is a rapid transit line under construction.^[77] When completed, the line will be 22.8 kilometers long serviced by 14 stations. The line runs in a northeast–southwest direction, beginning at San Jose del Monte, Bulacan up to the under construction North Avenue Grand Central station located in North Avenue, Quezon City.

Metro Manila Subway

Main article: Metro Manila Subway

The Metro Manila Subway (MMS)^[78] is an underground rapid transit line currently under construction in Metro Manila, Philippines. The 36-kilometer (22 mi) line, which will run north–south between Valenzuela City, Quezon City, Pasig, Makati, Taguig, and Pasay, consists of 15 stations between the Quirino Highway and FTI stations.

Makati Intra-city Subway

Main article: Makati Intra-city Subway

The Makati Intra-city Subway is an 11-kilometer (6.8 mi)^[79] under-construction underground rapid transit line to be located in Makati, Metro Manila, that will link establishments across the city's business district. It will be built under a public-private partnership program between the Makati city government and a private consortium, led by Philippine Infradev Holdings. The subway was expected to begin construction by December 2020, and Makati Mayor Abigail Binay projects completion by the year 2025.^[80] On June 20, 2018, IRC Properties Inc. and its Chinese partners secured an ‘original proponent status’ from the city government of Makati for the proposed $3.7-billion Makati intra-city rail transport system.^[81][82] The subway will cost $3.7 billion (or ₱192 billion) and is expected to accommodate 700,000 passengers daily.^[83][84] It will also have ten stations, with connections to the existing Line 3, the Pasig River Ferry Service, and the approved Line 9 (Metro Manila Subway).^[79][81]

Planned or proposed

Rapid transit

Automated Guideway Transit System

Main article: Automated Guideway Transit System project (Philippines)

 

UP Diliman AGT

 

Bicutan AGT

The Department of Science and Technology has commenced a project to develop a locally designed and manufactured Automated Guideway Transit System.

• Bicutan AGT — Originally one of the two proposed AGT lines, the other being the cancelled UP Diliman AGT. It will follow the alignment of General Santos Avenue and C-6 road in southern Taguig, connecting the offices of DOST and nearby areas.

Monorail

• Baguio Monorail — A 4-km elevated monorail with 8 stations around the central business area will be funded by Metro Global Holdings Corporation through a public-private partnership.^[85][86]
• Davao People Mover — A 28-kilometer monorail project has been endorsed by the City Government of Davao to the Department of Transportation (DOTr) and Philippine National Railways (PNR).^[87]
• Iloilo Monorail — BYD, a Shenzhen-based company conducted a two-month feasibility study to construct a monorail in Iloilo. The first phase of the 20-kilometer (12-mile) system was expected to start operations by 2019.^[88][89] This project was shelved after 2018.
• SkyTrain (Metro Manila) — The construction of the SkyTrain is projected to cost ₱3.5 billion and is yet to commence.^[90][91][92] Infracorp will construct the monorail line for two years and planned to make the SkyTrain operational by the end of 2021. Infracorp aimed to commence Groundbreaking in Late 2020, but not update has been given as of December 7, 2020.^[90] The Monorail is also set to connect to the Makati Intra-city Subway, MRT 3 Guadalupe, and the Pasig River Ferry Service.^[93]
• Cebu Monorail — Previously the Cebu LRT,^[94] the system will have two lines. One will be Central Line passing through downtown Cebu and its neighboring areas, and the Airport Line heading towards Mactan–Cebu International Airport.^[95] It is set to open before the end of 2021.^[96]
• Pasay Monorail — A 1.89 km monorail that will connect with MRT-3 Taft Station and LRT-1 EDSA Station to SM Mall of Asia.^[97]
• Pasig City Transit Express — A 16.35 kilometer monorail that connects within the urban of Pasig City.^[98]

Light rail

• LRT Line 6 — A proposed rapid transit line in Cavite that will connect with LRT Line 1 in Bacoor and end at Dasmariñas. The project is indefinitely shelved by the national government due to space constraints along Aguinaldo Highway where it will be routed, but a private firm has presented an unsolicited proposal that modifies the alignment so to follow Bacoor Boulevard and Molino-Paliparan Road, and include 4 branches serving southern Metro Manila.^[99]
• MRT 10 — The project will be approximately 22.5 kilometers and a mostly elevated Light Railway Transit (LRT) System consisting of sixteen (16) stations along circumferential road C-5 connecting the Ninoy Aquino Terminal Airport (NAIA) Terminal 3 to Quezon City, terminating at Commonwealth Avenue with possible interchange with MRT7 at Tandang Sora Station and LRT Line 2 at Aurora Station. Trains will be stabled at the depot to be built at the UP property in Diliman, Quezon City.^{[100][101][102]}
• Pampanga Mass Transit System — An LRT system is proposed for the Center Line of the Pampanga Mass Transit System, having been originally proposed in 2018. It will be served by feeder bus rapid transit lines.^[103]
• Pasig River Light Rail — A 27 km (17 mi) east–west light rail line along the Pasig River was proposed in 2019 by Hong Kong-based Kwan On Holdings and PowerChina Huadong of Hangzhou, China, and was endorsed to the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority. The line will have 22 stations running beside the river from Manila Bay to Laguna de Bay and some portions will be located beside the Pasig River Expressway.^[104]
• Cagayan de Oro Metropolitan Railway – A proposed railway system that will located on Northern Mindanao and CARAGA Regions. It has 2 phases, one of them will connect the cities of Cagayan de Oro and Butuan.

Heavy rail

• MRT Line 4 — Initially proposed as a "heavy monorail" line,^[105] the line has been revised to heavy rail in September 2022.^[106]
• MRT 8 — The Metro Rail Transit Line 8, or MRT-8 (formerly designated as MRT-9, now designated to Metro Manila Subway), also known as PNR East-West Line, is a proposed rapid transit line in the Philippines. It would be a 9-kilometer (5.6 mi) railway system connecting Sampaloc, Manila and Diliman, Quezon City via Commonwealth Avenue, Quezon Avenue, and España Boulevard. The unsolicited proposal for the project was submitted to the Philippine government by Malaysia-based construction engineering company AlloyMTD group in 2016,^[107] and is awaiting approval by the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA). According to MTD Philippines, Inc. President Patrick Nicholas David, the project would cost ₱60 billion.^[108]
• MRT 11 — The project involves the construction of an approximately 18 kilometers Metro Railway Transit System (MRTS) of elevated structure starting from Epifanio Delos Santos Avenue (EDSA), Balintawak in Quezon City traversing along Quirino Highway, Novaliches and Zabarte Road in north Caloocan up to Barangay Gaya-gaya in San Jose del Monte, Bulacan. A passenger transfer facility shall be provided proximate to the EDSA-Balintawak station of LRT Line 1 and the MRT 11 Balintawak station.^[100][109]

Commuter rail

• The PNR Northeast Commuter Line or Cabanatuan–Makati line is a proposed reconstruction of the Balagtas–Cabanatuan branch of the North Main Line. It will branch off the northern half of the North–South Commuter Railway at Balagtas station in Bulacan. Once completed, it will become one of the three major commuter rail corridors in the Greater Capital Region, which consists of the NSCR and the intercity section of the South Main Line. It will connect Nueva Ecija and eastern Bulacan with Makati City in southern Metro Manila.^[110] There is also a proposed extension to San Jose, sealing a loop with the NSCR North Phase 4 between Tarlac City in Tarlac and San Jose.^[111]
• The Cavite–Laguna Railway is a rail line connecting the two provinces neighboring Metro Manila to the south, Cavite and Laguna.^[112]

Intercity rail

 

A map of the PNR Luzon System development prior to 2019.

• The PNR South Long Haul project will involve the reconstruction of the old South Main Line and its branch to Batangas City, both as unelectrified standard-gauge lines initially to operate on single-track configuration. It will be funded by the Chinese government. The line is set to be partially operational by 2022.^[113]
• Considered to be one of the primary infrastructure projects of the Build! Build! Build! Infrastructure Plan, the Mindanao Railway will consist of about 2,000 kilometers of trackage, with construction of the system divided into phases. The first phase, which is 105 km, is expected to be completed by 2022.^[114] The second phase will commence its feasibility study by 2021.^[115] The initial railway will connect the cities of Tagum, Davao City and Digos in Davao Region, and the cities of General Santos and Koronadal (Marbel) in Soccsksargen Region with planned phases to connect other major cities in Mindanao, such as Cagayan de Oro, Zamboanga City, Cotabato City and Butuan.
• There are two projects being proposed to reconstruct and extend the PNR North Main Line's intercity section beyond New Clark City in Capas, Tarlac.^[116]
  • The North Long Haul Inter-Regional Railway, simply known as the North Long Haul and previously known as the North Long Haul West^[117] is the planned long-distance rail system between Manila and northern Luzon.^[118][119] The project is divided into four phases: Phase 1 will be the overhaul of the old PNR North Main Line from Manila to Poro Point Freeport Zone in San Fernando, La Union; Phase 2 will cover the old line's reconstruction to Bacnotan and its extension to Vigan; Phase 3 will be from Vigan to Laoag; and Phase 4 is the Northeast Long Haul line to the Cagayan Valley.^[120]
  • The Northeast Long Haul line,^[118] previously the North Long Haul East^[117] is the Phase 4 of the North Long Haul project as well as the latest plan to connect the Cagayan Valley to the rest of Luzon by rail,^[121] a project in its planning stages since 1875.^[122] If it follows the original 1962 plans, its most notable feature is a 10 km (6.2 mi) railway tunnel, the longest of its kind in the country and would be the highest point in the entire PNR system.^[123] There is also a planned extension to Aparri, as well as connecting the two main lines through a series of rail lines passing the Cordillera Administrative Region.^[124]
• The Philippine National Railways is interested in constructing a train network in the Visayas, to be known as the Visayas Railway, although no formal proposals have been made. On its vision statement, the PNR aims to become a transnational railroad operator covering all three major island groups in the country including the Visayas.^[125] Since 2016, two House Bills were sponsored for the reorganization of the PNR into three government-owned and controlled corporations, one of them being the Visayas Railway Corporation (VRC).^[126][127]
  • The Panay Railways aims to rebuild its network as a loop line around Panay island. Initially a 117 km (73 mi) segment will be built between Iloilo City and Roxas, Capiz. The segment is estimated to cost US$1.5 billion. Planned extensions include a segment to Malay, Aklan and towards Antique before completing the loop in Iloilo City.^[128]
  • The Samar–Leyte rail project aims to construct a network in the islands of Samar and Leyte. This proposal was announced during the 4th Philippine Railway Summit on October 26, 2022.^[112]

Freight rail

• The Subic–Clark Railway will be part of the PNR Luzon system development. Initially a freight railway, the line will connect Clark and New Clark City to Subic, forming a connected logistics hub in Central Luzon.^[129]
• Manila–Laguna freight revival – The Department of Transportation said it plans to revive the operation of a container cargo rail from Port Area in Manila to Laguna province.^[3] The tracks towards the berths of Manila International Container Terminal and Manila North Harbor to Laguna Gateway Inland Container Terminal in Calamba, Laguna will be revived to restart the container cargo service.^[3]
• North Philippine Dry Port Container Rail Transport Service shall connect freight trains from the Port of Manila to an inland terminal in Balagtas, Bulacan.^[130]

See also

•  Transportation portal
•  Trains portal
•  Philippines portal

• Department of Transportation
• Public transport in Manila
• Department of Public Works and Highways
• Strong Republic Transit System (SRTS)
• Transportation in the Philippines
• List of rail accidents in the Philippines
• Charles M. Swift, founder of Meralco and Panay Railways

Notes

1. Combined ridership of the four currently operational lines.
2. Excluding the now-closed PNR Metro Commuter Line.^[1]
3. Operational length. With the completion of the NSCR, another 147 km (91 mi) of electrified double-track will be added.
4. Does not include MRT and LRT lines under construction.
5. Around 2,860 km (1,780 mi) of standard-gauge tracks will be built for the North–South Commuter Railway, PNR South Main Line, Mindanao Railway and Clark–Subic freight line.

References

1. Yu, Lance Spencer (March 8, 2024). "PNR will stop operations on March 28 for five years". Rappler. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
2. Alignment and profile. Main Line South (Report). Manila Railroad Company. March 12, 1949. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
3. "DOTr to revive Manila-Laguna cargo rail project". Manila Standard. from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
4. Valdez, Denise (June 3, 2018). "Subic-Clark railway construction begins 2019". bwonline.com. from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
5. Mercurio, Richmond. "Is it full steam ahead for the Philippine railway system?". philstar.com. from the original on January 5, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
6. Fajarito, James M. "Waiting for trains". opinion.inquirer.net. from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
7. "Efficiency of Train Services in Asia". Landgeist. September 21, 2021. from the original on September 28, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
8. Galvez, James Konstantin (January 20, 2018). "Heavy traffic expected with MRT-7 construction". The Manila Times. from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
9. "Clearing ops for Tutuban-Malolos railway start". Manila Standard. from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
10. "Ang kasaysayan ng Panay Railways Incorporated". Department of Trade and Communication via the Philippine Railways Blog (an advocacy website). June 5, 2012. from the original on May 12, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
11. "PNR in Philippine History". pnr.gov.ph. from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
12. "PNR Historical Highlights". www.pnr.gov.ph. from the original on September 2, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
13. . Philippine National Railways. Archived from the original on February 19, 2015.
14. "Philippines First Railway was built by the British". Brits in the Philippines. August 29, 2018. from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
15. The Philippines' Oldest Business House. Makati: Filipinas Foundation. 1984. pp. 68–70.
16. Satre, Gary L. (June 1998). (PDF). Japan Railway and Transport Review. 16: 33–37. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 5, 2006. Retrieved May 8, 2006.
17. Manila Electric Company (Meralco). (November 10, 2004). . Meralco company website. Archived from the original on September 18, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2010.
18. . Light Rail Transit Authority. Archived from the original on August 25, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
19. SL 105 and 106. Facebook. Karl Dyangco. 1936. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
20. "Finkbine Lumber Co". Mississippi Rails. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
21. . Philippine National Railways. Archived from the original on April 30, 2013.
22. Republic of the Philippines. (Approved: June 14, 1966). Republic Act No. 4652 – An Act Granting the Philippine Monorail Transit System, Incorporated a Franchise to Establish, Maintain and Operate a Monorail Transportation Service in the City of Manila and Suburbs and Cebu City and Province February 16, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 13, 2009, from the Chan Robles Virtual Law Library.
23. Republic of the Philippines. (Enacted: October 4, 1971). Republic Act No. 6417 – An Act Amending Sections Three And Seven Of Republic Act Numbered Forty-Six Hundred Fifty-Two, Entitled "An Act Granting the Philippine Monorail Transit System, Incorporated a Franchise to Establish, Maintain and Operate a Monorail Transportation Service in the City Of Manila and Suburbs and Cebu City and Province" September 15, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 13, 2009, from the Chan Robles Virtual Law Library.
24. Japan International Cooperation Agency. "Metro Manila Strategic Mass Rail Transit Development" (PDF). JICA Official Page. from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
25. Bergonia, Allan. (October 28, 2004). . People's Journal. Archived from the original on March 8, 2005. Retrieved May 11, 2006 – via lrta.gov.ph.
26. . Light Rail Transit Authority. 2006. Archived from the original on September 24, 2006. Retrieved April 7, 2006.
27. . Philippine Daily Inquirer. April 24, 2006. Archived from the original on September 7, 2006. Retrieved May 6, 2006 – via lrta.gov.ph.
28. Olchondra, Riza T. (April 22, 2007). "PNR rail rehabilitation to start September". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Manila. Retrieved April 28, 2010. The Philippine National Railways (PNR) will start repairing and improving its North and South railways by September, PNR General Manager Jose Ma. Sarasola II said Friday.^{[permanent dead link]}
29. . The PCIJ Blog. September 9, 2005. Archived from the original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
30. De Guzman, Kristine. . CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016. Retrieved February 5, 2016. The report described what commuters put up with every day — the lack of coaches, poor maintenance of trains and platform facilities, and deteriorating rails..
31. "Sumitomo back on track with MRT 3 | Inquirer News". newsinfo.inquirer.net. December 29, 2018. from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
32. "Sumitomo asked to start MRT-3 rehabilitation in '19". Manila Standard. from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
33. Vera, Ben O. de. "34 of 75 flagship infra projects to start in '18". from the original on June 8, 2018. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
34. "FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE MALOLOS-CLARK RAILWAY PROJECT (NORTH-SOUTH COMMUTER RAILWAY EXTENSION PROJECT)" (PDF). JICA. October 2018. (PDF) from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
35. Rappler (August 22, 2016). "Duterte admin revives plan to build Metro Manila subway". Public-Private Partnership Center. from the original on April 20, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
36. Rosario, Ben (May 12, 2017). "P300-B subway project planned in Dutertenomics". Manila Bulletin. from the original on June 15, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
37. "Sign of tangible progress in 'Build, Build, Build' – The Manila Times Online". www.manilatimes.net. July 26, 2018. from the original on August 4, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
38. "20 YEARS AFTER: DOTr sees 10,000 passengers taking PNR's reopened Caloocan-Dela Rosa line". GMA News Online. from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
39. "Philippine National Railways". www.facebook.com. from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
40. "Department of Transportation - Philippines". Facebook. from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
41. "NEW DMU TRAINS FOR PNR IN 2019". pnr.gov.ph. from the original on September 1, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
42. Salvilla, Rex S. (July 28, 2006). "Panay Railways". The News Today.
43. Swaine, Robert T. (2005). The Cravath firm and its predecessors, 1819–1947. Clark, N.J.: Lawbook Exchange. ISBN 9781584777137. from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
44. "G.R. No. L-10045 March 25, 1916 (decision of the Supreme Court)". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. from the original on May 19, 2014. Retrieved May 19, 2014.
45. Angelo, Francis Allan L. (October 30, 2005). "PANAY RAILWAY REHAB NEXT YEAR". The Daily Guardian. from the original on May 13, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
46. "Ang kasaysayan ng Panay Railways Incorporated". Department of Trade and Communication via the Philippine Railways Blog (an advocacy website). June 5, 2012. from the original on May 12, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
47. "Cebu Is. PHILIPPINES RAILWAY Co". from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved May 17, 2014. Has map showing roughly the route. In Japanese.
48. Palmera, Erica Jean (May 15, 2014). "The old Cebu Railway". The Freeman. from the original on May 19, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
49. "PNR Official Site – Northbound & Southbound Timetable". Philippine National Railways. October 29, 2014. from the original on August 30, 2016. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
50. "PNR San Pablo-Lucena route re-opened". Manila Bulletin. June 25, 2022.
51. Escandor Jr., Juan; Caudilla, Pons (September 18, 2009). . Philippine Daily Inquirer. Manila. Archived from the original on September 22, 2009. Retrieved April 29, 2010. The spirit was willing, but the diesel-fed old engines were not.
52. "Bicol Express revival hinges on safety issues". The Philippine Star. December 29, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
53. "Train: Naga to Legazpi open! Soon again Bicol Express?". September 19, 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
54. "After 6 years rail trips resume in Bicol". Inquirer. December 23, 2023.
55. "Department of Transportation – Philippines". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2022.
56. Cordero, Ted (December 27, 2023). "PNR reopens Naga-Legazpi route after six years". GMA Integrated News. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
57. "Light Rail Transit Authority | Serbisyong Ayos!". from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
58. "Manila Timeline". cityrailtransit.com. from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
59. Mga Gabay sa Pasaherong Sasakay ng LRT March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine [Tips for Passengers Riding the LRT]. [ca. 2010] (in Filipino). Light Rail Transit Authority. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
60. "Fares & Tickets". from the original on November 1, 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
61. "PNR in Philippine History". www.pnr.gov.ph. from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
62. "Executive Order No. 603, s. 1980". The LAWPHiL Project. from the original on February 15, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
63. "Railway Operations". Light Rail Transit Authority. from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
64. Montecillo, Paolo (May 9, 2011). "LRT, MRT privatization to benefit commuters, DoTC says". Philippine Daily Inquirer. from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
65. Cabacungan, Gil; Camus, Miguel (September 15, 2015). "LRT1 now under Ayala, Metro Pacific management". Philippine Daily Inquirer. from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
66. Anonas, Alma S. (June 10, 1999). "On track and heading for Year 2K on MRT-3". Manila Standard. Kamahalan Publishing Corporation. from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
67. Rappler.com (April 14, 2016). "San Miguel Corp forms new company for MRT7". Rappler. from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
68. "Project_Details – BUILD". build.gov.ph. from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
69. "Project Details – Build". Build.gov.ph. June 1, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2020.^{[permanent dead link]}
70. "Project Details – Build". Build.gov.ph. June 1, 2018. from the original on March 16, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
71. "DOTr eyes NSCR's Malolos-Clark partial ops in 2026, full ops in 2029". PTV. March 3, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
72. De Leon, Susan (April 28, 2023). "North-South Commuter Railway Project to resurrect rail transport in the PH –Bautista". PIA. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
73. "DESPITE DELAYS: Tugade says LRT1 Cavite extension to be completed in 2021". GMA News Online. from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
74. Villafuerte, Din M. (March 7, 2020). "The ongoing infrastructure projects make Southern Metro investments ideal". business.inquirer.net. from the original on April 8, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
75. "LOOK: Gov't to build 3 more LRT-2 stations". ABS-CBN News. October 13, 2019. from the original on January 23, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
76. "LOOK: LRT2 to add more stations in Tutuban, Divisoria and Pier 4". GMA News Online. October 14, 2019. from the original on May 16, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
77. Camus, Miguel R. (January 17, 2020). "MRT 7 now over 50% complete". business.inquirer.net. from the original on April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
78. "Arangkada Philippines | A Project of the Joint Foreign Chambers of the Philippines" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
79. "The Makati Subway". ABS-CBN News. July 26, 2018. from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2020.
80. "Makati City, IRC consortium likely to break ground for subway project by year-end". GMA News Online. August 22, 2018. from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2020.
81. "IRC gets original proponent status for Makati subway". Manila Standard. June 20, 2018. from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
82. "IRC gains traction in $3.7-billion Makati rail project | Philstar.com". philstar.com. from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
83. Gonzales, Iris. "Makati subway to break ground by December". Philstar.com. from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2020.
84. Esguerra, Darryl John (August 23, 2018). "Construction of Makati City subway system to start in December". INQUIRER.net. from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2020.
85. See, Dexter A. (February 22, 2021). "Metro Global's proposed Baguio mass transport project set at P11.5B". Business World.
86. Cabuenas, Jon Viktor D. (February 22, 2021). "Metro Global proposes P11.5-B mass transport, monorail system in Baguio". GMA News Online.
87. Perez, Ace June Rell S. (October 21, 2015). "Davao City endorses monorail project". Sun Star. from the original on October 27, 2015. Retrieved October 21, 2015.
88. "Buffett-Backed BYD Wins First Overseas Contract for Monorail". Bloomberg.com. from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
89. "Chinese firm conducts Iloilo monorail study". Manila Bulletin News. from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
90. "Groundbreaking for Skytrain seen in H2". The Manila Times. March 4, 2020. from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2020.
91. "Alliance Global begins monorail project in Makati". Manila Standard. from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2020.
92. Camus, Miguel R. (June 17, 2019). "Makati-BGC monorail project picks up speed". INQUIRER.net. from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved December 7, 2020.
93. Dumlao-Abadilla, Doris (December 13, 2019). "Makati subway to connect to Skytrain". INQUIRER.net. from the original on May 16, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2020.
94. bw_mark (December 11, 2018). "Cebu LRT-BRT common stations priority to be up by 2020 | BusinessWorld". BusinessWorld. from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
95. Department of Transportation and Egis documents, via . www.cebunibai.com. March 6, 2020. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
96. Saavedra, John Rey (January 20, 2021). "Cebu BRT project partially operational before yearend: Tugade". www.pna.gov.ph. Philippine News Agency. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
97. "Integrated Monorail System to boost property values in MOA Complex". Manila Bulletin. July 3, 2022.
98. "Feasibility Study for the Pasig City Transit System".
99. "Modified Light Rail Transit (LRT)-6 Project (formerly LRT 6 Cavite Line A) | PPP CenterPPP Center". from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
100. Vera, Ben O. de (November 18, 2019). "Tycoons' unsolicited PPP projects bolster 'Build, Build, Build'". INQUIRER.net. from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
101. "C5 MRT 10 Project | PPP CenterPPP Center". from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
102. Ordinario, Cai (October 1, 2018). "Neda reviews proposal for MRT 10, 2 other infrastructure projects | Cai Ordinario". BusinessMirror. from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
103. Flora, Ian (June 19, 2019). "Pampanga mass transit system gains ground". SunStar Pampanga. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
104. "Kwan On : VOLUNTARY ANNOUNCEMENT BUSINESS UPDATE". Market Screener. September 13, 2019. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
105. . cnn. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
106. PROJECT DESCRIPTION FOR SCOPING (PDF). Manila MRT L4 (Report). September 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
107. "AlloyMtd to embark on Philippine MRT-9 project next year | The Star". www.thestar.com.my. from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
108. "You are being redirected..." ptvnews.ph. from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
109. "MRT-11 Project | PPP CenterPPP Center". from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
110. Villanueva, Joann (January 22, 2019). "PNR asks for feasibility of Cabanatuan-Makati line". Philippine News Agency. from the original on November 5, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
111. "Feasibility Study for the Northeast Commuter Line". www.systraphil.com. November 26, 2019. from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
112. The 4th Philippine Railway Summit. Facebook. Ang Litratista ng Daang Bakal. October 26, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
113. Camus, Miguel R. (May 29, 2019). "Gov't to award Bicol rail project in 4th quarter". business.inquirer.net. from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
114. "Build Build Build Presentation" (PDF). Build Build Build. May 20, 2017. (PDF) from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved July 14, 2017.
115. "Amparo Munoz: Her bittersweet reign". Manila Bulletin. June 6, 2021. from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
116. "Duterte gov't reviving Manila to North railway plan". www.inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. from the original on June 28, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
117. "Bidding Documents – Preliminary Works for the Subic–Clark Railway Project" (PDF). Bases Conversion and Development Authority. (PDF) from the original on June 26, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
118. "PROJECT WATCH: Rep. Rufus pushes for Skyway/LRT in CDO to ease traffic; gets support from DOTr officials". CDODev.com. August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
119. "PDMF Panel Sounding Activity". Public-Private Parnership Center. November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
120. DOTr 2023 Budget Hearing. Senate of the Philippines. September 17, 2022.
121. "CEZA pursuing expressway, railway projects in Cagayan". Philippine News Agency. from the original on April 21, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
122. Corpuz, Arturo (1989). Railroad and Regional Development in the Philippines: View From the Colonial Iron Horse, 1875–1935. Cornell University. ISBN 9789715422208.
123. Satre, G. "The Cagayan Valley Railway Extension Project". Japan Railway & Transport Review. 22. from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
124. de Vera, Ben (January 22, 2019). "PNR mulls extending railway system to Nueva Ecija, Cagayan". Philippine Daily Inquirer. from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
125. "PNR MISSION, VISION AND MANDATE". www.pnr.gov.ph. Philippine National Railways. from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
126. "[House Bill] 6593" (PDF). www.congress.gov.ph. Congress of the Philippines. 2016. (PDF) from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
127. "[House Bill] 7117" (PDF). www.congress.gov.ph. Congress of the Philippines. 2020. (PDF) from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
128. Yap, Tara (July 26, 2022). "$1.5 B needed for first phase of Panay railway revival". Manila Bulletin.
129. "Project_Details – BUILD". www.build.gov.ph. from the original on May 3, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
130. "Projects".

Sources

• "Construction of 2,000 km. Mindanao Railway System to start in 2017". GMA News. August 18, 2016. from the original on March 24, 2017.

Further reading

• Freeman, Lewis Ransome (March 22, 1913). "How the Railroad is Modernising Asia". Adelaide, S. Australia. The Advertiser.
• Mcintyre, Frank (July 1, 1907). "Railroads in the Philippine Islands". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 30 (1): 52–61. doi:10.1177/000271620703000106. S2CID 143192158.

External links

  Media related to Rail transport in the Philippines at Wikimedia Commons