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Pu–Xian Min

Pu–Xian Min (Hinghwa Romanized: Pó-sing-gṳ̂; traditional Chinese: 莆仙話; simplified Chinese: 莆仙话; pinyin: Púxiānhuà), also known as Putian–Xianyou Min, Puxian Min, Pu–Xian Chinese, Xinghua, Henghwa or Hinghwa (Hing-hua̍-gṳ̂; traditional Chinese: 興化語; simplified Chinese: 兴化语; pinyin: Xīnghuàyǔ), is a Chinese language that forms a branch of Min Chinese. Pu-Xian is a transitional variety of Coastal Min which shares characteristics with both Eastern Min and Southern Min, although it is closer to the latter.

Pu–Xian Min
莆仙語/莆仙話/興化話
Pó-sing-gṳ̂/Pó-sing-uā/Hing-hua̍-uā
Native toChina, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Taiwan (Wuqiu)
RegionFujian (Putian, parts of Fuzhou and Quanzhou)
EthnicityPutianese (Han Chinese)
Native speakers
3.15 million (2022)[1]
Early forms
Dialects
Simplified Han characters
Traditional Han characters
Hinghwa Romanized (Hing-hua̍ Báⁿ-uā-ci̍)
Language codes
ISO 639-3cpx
Glottologpuxi1243
Linguasphere79-AAA-id
  Pu–Xian Min
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Bible in Hinghwa (Xinghua) Romanised (Genesis), published by the British and Foreign Bible Society.

The native language of Putian people, Pu-Xian is spoken mostly in Fujian province, particularly in Putian city and Xianyou County (after which it is named), parts of Fuzhou, and parts of Quanzhou. It is also widely used as the mother tongue in Wuqiu Township, Kinmen County, Fujian Province, Republic of China (Taiwan). More than 2,000 people in Shacheng, Fuding in northern Fujian also speak Pu-Xian.[5] There are minor differences between the dialects of Putian and Xianyou.

Overseas populations of Pu-Xian speakers exist in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. Speakers of Pu-Xian are also known as Henghua, Hinghua, or Xinghua.

History edit

Before the year 979 AD, the Pu-Xian region was part of Quanzhou county and people there spoke a form of Southern Min.[6][7] due to its origin in the past.

In 979 AD, during the Song Dynasty, the region was administratively separated from Quanzhou and the Chinese spoken there developed separately from the rest of Southern Min. Due to its proximity with Fuzhou, it absorbed some elements of Eastern Min, such as morphophonemic alternations in initial consonants, but its basic linguistic characteristics, i.e. grammar and most of its lexicon, are based on Southern Min. It also shares denasalization of historical nasal consonants and vocalic nasalization with Southern Min varieties.[8]

Pu-Xian Min has 62% cognates with Quanzhou dialect (Southern Min) and only 39% cognates with Fuzhou dialect (Eastern Min).[9]

Characteristics edit

Differences with Southern Min dialects edit

Pu-Xian differs from most Southern Min varieties in several ways:

  • The vowel 'a' is replaced by /ɒ/ (o̤) in most cases, e.g. 腳 ko̤ "leg".
  • The vowel 'ư' /ɯ/ is replaced by /y/ ('ṳ'), e.g. 魚 hṳ "fish".
  • In Putian 'ng' has changed to /uŋ/ except after zero initial and h- (notation: ng), e.g. 湯 tung "soup".
  • The vowel /e/ is often replaced by /ɒ/ o̤, e.g. 馬 bo̤ "horse".
  • Where Quanzhou has 'ĩ' and Zhangzhou has 'ẽ', the corresponding Putian vowel is 'ã', e.g. 病 baⁿ "sick", where indicates a nasalized vowel.
  • The vowel 'io' is replaced by 'iau' (notation: a̤u), e.g. 笑 ciao "laugh". This also holds for nasalized vowels, e.g. 張 da̤uⁿ corresponding to Zhangzhou tioⁿ.
  • Nasals 'm' sometimes occur in place of voiced stops 'b', e.g. 夢 mang vs. Quanzhou bang.
  • Initial consonant 'ng' replaces 'g' e.g. 五 'ngo' vs. Quanzhou 'go'.
  • There is a loss of distinction between voiced and unvoiced stops, e.g. the sounds /b/ and /p/ both correspond to the same phoneme and occur in free variation.

Borrowings from Eastern Min edit

  • Wife 老媽 (Lau Ma)

Phonology edit

Pu-Xian has 15 consonants, including the zero onset, the same as most other Min varieties. Pu-Xian is distinctive for having a lateral fricative [ɬ] instead of the [s] in other Min varieties, similar to Taishanese.

Pu-Xian has 53 finals and 6 phonemic tones.

Initials edit

Pu-Xian Min Initial Chart
Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal
Plosive unaspirated p 巴 (b) t 打 (d) k 家 (g) ʔ
aspirated 彭 (p) 他 (t) 卡 (k)
Nasals m 麻 (m) n 拿 (n) ŋ 雅 (ng)
Fricatives β* ɬ 沙 (s) h 下 (h)
Affricates unaspirated ts 渣 (c)
aspirated tsʰ 査 (ch)
Approximant l 拉 (l)


Finals edit

Pu-Xian Min has 53 finals (including nasalised finals)

Finals
Vowel Diphthong Nasal Glottal
no glide a 鴉 (a) au 拗 (au) 王 (ang) 壓 (ah)
ɒ 奥 (o̤) ɒŋ 用 (o̤ng) ɒʔ 屋 (o̤h)
ɔ 科 (eo) ɔu 烏 (o) ɔŋ 温 (eong) 熨 (eoh)
e 裔 (a̤) ai 愛 (ai) ɛŋ 煙 (eng) ɛʔ 黑 (eh)
œ 改 (e̤) œŋ 換 (e̤ng) œʔ 郁 (e̤h)
ŋ 伓 (ng)
/-i-/ i 衣 (i) iu 油 (iu) 引 (ing) 益 (ih)
ia 夜 (ia) iau 要 (a̤u) iaŋ 鹽 (iang) iaʔ 葉 (iah)
/-u-/ u 夫 (u) ui 位 (ui) 黄 (ng)
ua 画 (ua) ɔi/ue 歪 (oi) uaŋ 碗 (uang) uaʔ 活 (uah)
/-y-/ y 余 (ṳ) 恩 (ṳng) 役 (ṳh)
安 (io̤ⁿ) yɒŋ 羊 (io̤ng) yɒʔ 藥 (io̤h)
Chinese character 黃 (ńg) 方 (hng) 漲 (dn̂g) 幫 (bng) 光 (gng) 兩 (nn̄g) 毛 (mńg)
Putian huŋ tuŋ puŋ kuŋ nuŋ muŋ
Xianyou ŋ̍ hŋ̍ tŋ̍ pŋ̍ kŋ̍ nŋ̍ mŋ̍
Xianyou dialect nasals
IPA ã ɛ̃ ĩ ɒ̃
Romanization aⁿ a̤ⁿ a̤ⁿ e̤ⁿ o̤ⁿ iaⁿ io̤ⁿ uaⁿ oiⁿ a̤uⁿ
Romanized IPA ã ø̃ ɒ̃ yɒ̃ ɛũ
Chinese character 爭 (caⁿ) 還 (há̤ⁿ) 段 (dē̤ⁿ) 三 (so̤ⁿ) 鼎 (diáⁿ) 張 (da̤uⁿ) 看 (kua̍ⁿ) 飯 (bōiⁿ) 贏 (ió̤ⁿ)
Xianyou tsã tỹ sɒ̃ tiã tiũ kʰuã puĩ yɒ̃
Putian tsa hi tia tiau kʰua puai

Tone edit

Tone Ing-báⁿ 陰平 Ing-siō̤ng 陰上 Ing-kṳ̍ 陰去 Ing-ci̍h 陰入 Ió̤ng-báⁿ 陽平 Ió̤ng-kṳ̍ 陽去 Ió̤ng-ci̍h 陽入
Putian ˥˧˧ (533) ˦˥˧ (453) ˦˨ (42) ʔ˨˩ (ʔ21) ˩˧ (13) ˩ (11) ʔ˦ (ʔ4)
Xianyou ˥˦˦ (544) ˧˧˨ (332) ˥˨ (52) ʔ˨ (ʔ2) ˨˦ (24) ˨˩ (21) ʔ˦ (ʔ4)

Register edit

Xianyou dialect register chart
Chinese character
Colloquial pe ŋ̍ ɬã, tsʰã nia ɬai nŋ̍ hoe pia tieu
Literary mai hɒŋ ɬɛŋ liŋ ɬo løŋ piʔ tøʔ

Assimilation edit

新婦房 ɬiŋ pu paŋ → ɬiŋ mu β

青草 tsʰɔŋ tsʰau → tsʰɔŋ nau

Comparison between Putian Min and Quanzhou Min Nan edit

Chinese character 埋 (lit.) 萬 (lit.) 人 (lit.) 危 (lit.)
Putian mai man tsin tsiʔ kui kiʔ tue tɔʔ
Quanzhou bai ban lin dzip ɡui ɡiak lue lɔk

Sentence-final particles edit

  • ah (): used to express exclamation.
  • lah (): used to stress or for adding emotional effect to your words.
  • neh (): used for questioning.
  • (): used to express emotion.
  • yɔu (): used to denote obviousness or contention.

Romanization edit

Hing-hua̍ báⁿ-uā-ci̍ (興化平話字) is the Romanization system for Pu-Xian Min. It has 23 letters: a a̤ b c ch d e e̤ g h i k l m n ng o o̤ p s t u ṳ.

The Romanization only needs five tone marks for seven tones:

  • 陰平 Ing-báⁿ (unmarked)
  • 陰上 Ing-siō̤ng ˆ (â)
  • 陰去 Ing-kṳ̍ ˈ (a̍)
  • 陰入 Ing-ci̍h (unmarked)
  • 陽平 Ió̤ng-báⁿ ́ (á)
  • 陽去 Ió̤ng-kṳ̍ – (ā)
  • 陽入 Ió̤ng-ci̍h ˈh (a̍h) 
IPA Pu-Xian Min (Xinghua) Fuzhou
p p
t t
k k
p b b
t d d
k g g
tsʰ ch ch
ts c c
Tone 陰平 Ing-báⁿ 陰上 Ing-siō̤ng 陰去 Ing-kṳ̍ 陰入 Ing-ci̍h 陽平 Ió̤ng-báⁿ 陽去 Ió̤ng-kṳ̍ 陽入 Ió̤ng-ci̍h
Báⁿ-uā-ci̍ a â ah á ā a̍h
Pe̍h-ōe-jī a á à ah â ā a̍h

Notes edit

  1. ^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[2][3][4]

References edit

  1. ^ Pu–Xian Min at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)  
  2. ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
  3. ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
  4. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
  5. ^ Cai, Guo-mei 蔡国妹 (2013). "Fúdǐng Àoyāo Púxiān fāngyán dǎo zài diàochá" 福鼎澳腰莆仙方言岛再调查 [A Further Study on Pu-Xian Dialect Zone in Aoyao Village, Fuding]. Lóngyán Xuéyuàn xuébào / Journal of Longyan University (in Chinese). 2013 (1): 38–43. doi:10.16813/j.cnki.cn35-1286/g4.2013.01.008 – via en.cnki.com.cn.
  6. ^ "Shìjiè shàng gēnběn wú Mǐnnányǔ ~ Wáng Huánán" 世界上根本無閩南語 ~ 王華南 [There is no Hokkien in the World ~ Wang Huanan]. Táiwān wǎng lù jiàohuì 台灣網路教會 (in Chinese). 2011-05-27.
  7. ^ "Cháozhōuhuà" 潮州话 [Teochew Dialect]. 8944.net (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2015-06-21. Retrieved 2015-06-19.
  8. ^ Lien, Chinfa (August 17–19, 1998). "Denasalization, Vocalic Nasalization and Related Issues in Southern Min: A Dialectal and Comparative Perspective". International Symposium on Linguistic Change and the Chinese Dialects.
  9. ^ Li, Rulong 李如龍; Chen, Zhangtai 陳章太 (1991). Lùn Mǐn fāngyán nèibù de zhǔyào chāyì 論閩方言內部的主要差異 – 閩語硏究 [On the Main Differences in Min Dialects] (in Chinese). Beijing: Yuwen Chubanshe. pp. 58–138.

External links edit

  • Motoki Makajima, Conversational Texts in Two Min Dialects, 1979
  • Pu-Xian Min at Omniglot

xian, redirects, here, chinese, independent, high, school, malaysia, high, school, hinghwa, romanized, sing, gṳ, traditional, chinese, 莆仙話, simplified, chinese, 莆仙话, pinyin, púxiānhuà, also, known, putian, xianyou, puxian, xian, chinese, xinghua, henghwa, hing. Hin Hua redirects here For Chinese Independent High School in Malaysia see Hin Hua High School Pu Xian Min Hinghwa Romanized Po sing gṳ traditional Chinese 莆仙話 simplified Chinese 莆仙话 pinyin Puxianhua also known as Putian Xianyou Min Puxian Min Pu Xian Chinese Xinghua Henghwa or Hinghwa Hing hua gṳ traditional Chinese 興化語 simplified Chinese 兴化语 pinyin Xinghuayǔ is a Chinese language that forms a branch of Min Chinese Pu Xian is a transitional variety of Coastal Min which shares characteristics with both Eastern Min and Southern Min although it is closer to the latter Pu Xian Min莆仙語 莆仙話 興化話 Po sing gṳ Po sing ua Hing hua uaNative toChina Malaysia Singapore Indonesia Taiwan Wuqiu RegionFujian Putian parts of Fuzhou and Quanzhou EthnicityPutianese Han Chinese Native speakers3 15 million 2022 1 Language familySino Tibetan SiniticChineseMinCoastal MinPu Xian MinEarly formsProto Sino Tibetan Old Chinese a Proto MinDialectsPutian XianyouWriting systemSimplified Han charactersTraditional Han charactersHinghwa Romanized Hing hua Baⁿ ua ci Language codesISO 639 3 a href https iso639 3 sil org code cpx class extiw title iso639 3 cpx cpx a Glottologpuxi1243Linguasphere79 AAA id Pu Xian MinThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Unicode characters For an introductory guide on IPA symbols see Help IPA Bible in Hinghwa Xinghua Romanised Genesis published by the British and Foreign Bible Society The native language of Putian people Pu Xian is spoken mostly in Fujian province particularly in Putian city and Xianyou County after which it is named parts of Fuzhou and parts of Quanzhou It is also widely used as the mother tongue in Wuqiu Township Kinmen County Fujian Province Republic of China Taiwan More than 2 000 people in Shacheng Fuding in northern Fujian also speak Pu Xian 5 There are minor differences between the dialects of Putian and Xianyou Overseas populations of Pu Xian speakers exist in Malaysia Indonesia and Singapore Speakers of Pu Xian are also known as Henghua Hinghua or Xinghua Contents 1 History 2 Characteristics 2 1 Differences with Southern Min dialects 2 2 Borrowings from Eastern Min 3 Phonology 3 1 Initials 3 2 Finals 3 3 Tone 3 4 Register 3 5 Assimilation 3 6 Comparison between Putian Min and Quanzhou Min Nan 4 Sentence final particles 5 Romanization 6 Notes 7 References 8 External linksHistory editBefore the year 979 AD the Pu Xian region was part of Quanzhou county and people there spoke a form of Southern Min 6 7 due to its origin in the past In 979 AD during the Song Dynasty the region was administratively separated from Quanzhou and the Chinese spoken there developed separately from the rest of Southern Min Due to its proximity with Fuzhou it absorbed some elements of Eastern Min such as morphophonemic alternations in initial consonants but its basic linguistic characteristics i e grammar and most of its lexicon are based on Southern Min It also shares denasalization of historical nasal consonants and vocalic nasalization with Southern Min varieties 8 Pu Xian Min has 62 cognates with Quanzhou dialect Southern Min and only 39 cognates with Fuzhou dialect Eastern Min 9 Characteristics editDifferences with Southern Min dialects edit Pu Xian differs from most Southern Min varieties in several ways The vowel a is replaced by ɒ o in most cases e g 腳 ko leg The vowel ư ɯ is replaced by y ṳ e g 魚 hṳ fish In Putian ng has changed to uŋ except after zero initial and h notation ng e g 湯 tung soup The vowel e is often replaced by ɒ o e g 馬 bo horse Where Quanzhou has ĩ and Zhangzhou has ẽ the corresponding Putian vowel is a e g 病 baⁿ sick where ⁿ indicates a nasalized vowel The vowel io is replaced by iau notation a u e g 笑 ciao laugh This also holds for nasalized vowels e g 張 da uⁿ corresponding to Zhangzhou tioⁿ Nasals m sometimes occur in place of voiced stops b e g 夢 mang vs Quanzhou bang Initial consonant ng replaces g e g 五 ngo vs Quanzhou go There is a loss of distinction between voiced and unvoiced stops e g the sounds b and p both correspond to the same phoneme and occur in free variation Borrowings from Eastern Min edit Wife 老媽 Lau Ma Phonology editPu Xian has 15 consonants including the zero onset the same as most other Min varieties Pu Xian is distinctive for having a lateral fricative ɬ instead of the s in other Min varieties similar to Taishanese Pu Xian has 53 finals and 6 phonemic tones Initials edit Pu Xian Min Initial Chart Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal Plosive unaspirated p 巴 b t 打 d k 家 g ʔ 烏 aspirated pʰ 彭 p tʰ 他 t kʰ 卡 k Nasals m 麻 m n 拿 n ŋ 雅 ng Fricatives b ɬ 沙 s h 下 h Affricates unaspirated ts 渣 c aspirated tsʰ 査 ch Approximant l 拉 l b only appears in connected speech It s a result of consonant mutation of p Finals edit Pu Xian Min has 53 finals including nasalised finals Finals Vowel Diphthong Nasal Glottal no glide a 鴉 a au 拗 au aŋ 王 ang aʔ 壓 ah ɒ 奥 o ɒŋ 用 o ng ɒʔ 屋 o h ɔ 科 eo ɔu 烏 o ɔŋ 温 eong oʔ 熨 eoh e 裔 a ai 愛 ai ɛŋ 煙 eng ɛʔ 黑 eh œ 改 e œŋ 換 e ng œʔ 郁 e h ŋ 伓 ng i i 衣 i iu 油 iu iŋ 引 ing iʔ 益 ih ia 夜 ia iau 要 a u iaŋ 鹽 iang iaʔ 葉 iah u u 夫 u ui 位 ui uŋ 黄 ng ua 画 ua ɔi ue 歪 oi uaŋ 碗 uang uaʔ 活 uah y y 余 ṳ yŋ 恩 ṳng yʔ 役 ṳh yɒ 安 io ⁿ yɒŋ 羊 io ng yɒʔ 藥 io h Chinese character 黃 ng 方 hng 漲 dn g 幫 bng 光 gng 兩 nn g 毛 mng Putian uŋ huŋ tuŋ puŋ kuŋ nuŋ muŋ Xianyou ŋ hŋ tŋ pŋ kŋ nŋ mŋ Xianyou dialect nasals IPA a ẽ ɛ ĩ ỹ ɒ ia ya ua aĩ aũ uĩ iũ Romanization aⁿ a ⁿ a ⁿ e ⁿ o ⁿ iaⁿ io ⁿ uaⁿ oiⁿ a uⁿ Romanized IPA a ẽ o ɒ ia yɒ ua oĩ ɛũ Chinese character 爭 caⁿ 還 ha ⁿ 段 de ⁿ 三 so ⁿ 鼎 diaⁿ 張 da uⁿ 看 kua ⁿ 飯 bōiⁿ 贏 io ⁿ Xianyou tsa hĩ tỹ sɒ tia tiũ kʰua puĩ yɒ Putian tsa hi to sɒ tia tiau kʰua puai yɒ Tone edit Tone Ing baⁿ 陰平 Ing siō ng 陰上 Ing kṳ 陰去 Ing ci h 陰入 Io ng baⁿ 陽平 Io ng kṳ 陽去 Io ng ci h 陽入 Putian 533 453 42 ʔ ʔ21 13 11 ʔ ʔ4 Xianyou 544 332 52 ʔ ʔ2 24 21 ʔ ʔ4 Register edit Xianyou dialect register chart Chinese character 買 黃 生 領 師 兩 火 壁 著 Colloquial pe ŋ ɬa tsʰa nia ɬai nŋ hoe pia tieu Literary mai hɒŋ ɬɛŋ liŋ ɬo loŋ hɒ piʔ toʔ Assimilation edit 新婦房 ɬiŋ pu paŋ ɬiŋ mu baŋ青草 tsʰɔŋ tsʰau tsʰɔŋ nau Comparison between Putian Min and Quanzhou Min Nan edit Chinese character 埋 lit 萬 lit 人 lit 入 危 lit 逆 內 諾 Putian mai man tsin tsiʔ kui kiʔ tue tɔʔ Quanzhou bai ban lin dzip ɡui ɡiak lue lɔkSentence final particles editah 啊 used to express exclamation lah 啦 used to stress or for adding emotional effect to your words neh 呢 used for questioning nɔ 唔 used to express emotion yɔu 哟 used to denote obviousness or contention Romanization editMain article Hinghwa Romanized Hing hua baⁿ ua ci 興化平話字 is the Romanization system for Pu Xian Min It has 23 letters a a b c ch d e e g h i k l m n ng o o p s t u ṳ The Romanization only needs five tone marks for seven tones 陰平 Ing baⁿ unmarked 陰上 Ing siō ng ˆ a 陰去 Ing kṳ ˈ a 陰入 Ing ci h unmarked 陽平 Io ng baⁿ a 陽去 Io ng kṳ a 陽入 Io ng ci h ˈh a h IPA Pu Xian Min Xinghua Fuzhou pʰ p p tʰ t t kʰ k k p b b t d d k g g tsʰ ch ch ts c c Tone 陰平 Ing baⁿ 陰上 Ing siō ng 陰去 Ing kṳ 陰入 Ing ci h 陽平 Io ng baⁿ 陽去 Io ng kṳ 陽入 Io ng ci h Baⁿ ua ci a a a ah a a a h Pe h ōe ji a a a ah a a a hNotes edit Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese 2 3 4 References edit Pu Xian Min at Ethnologue 26th ed 2023 nbsp Mei Tsu lin 1970 Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 30 86 110 doi 10 2307 2718766 JSTOR 2718766 Pulleyblank Edwin G 1984 Middle Chinese A study in Historical Phonology Vancouver University of British Columbia Press p 3 ISBN 978 0 7748 0192 8 Hammarstrom Harald Forkel Robert Haspelmath Martin Bank Sebastian 2023 07 10 Glottolog 4 8 Min Glottolog Leipzig Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology doi 10 5281 zenodo 7398962 Archived from the original on 2023 10 13 Retrieved 2023 10 13 Cai Guo mei 蔡国妹 2013 Fudǐng Aoyao Puxian fangyan dǎo zai diaocha 福鼎澳腰莆仙方言岛再调查 A Further Study on Pu Xian Dialect Zone in Aoyao Village Fuding Longyan Xueyuan xuebao Journal of Longyan University in Chinese 2013 1 38 43 doi 10 16813 j cnki cn35 1286 g4 2013 01 008 via en cnki com cn Shijie shang genben wu Mǐnnanyǔ Wang Huanan 世界上根本無閩南語 王華南 There is no Hokkien in the World Wang Huanan Taiwan wǎng lu jiaohui 台灣網路教會 in Chinese 2011 05 27 Chaozhōuhua 潮州话 Teochew Dialect 8944 net in Chinese Archived from the original on 2015 06 21 Retrieved 2015 06 19 Lien Chinfa August 17 19 1998 Denasalization Vocalic Nasalization and Related Issues in Southern Min A Dialectal and Comparative Perspective International Symposium on Linguistic Change and the Chinese Dialects Li Rulong 李如龍 Chen Zhangtai 陳章太 1991 Lun Mǐn fangyan neibu de zhǔyao chayi 論閩方言內部的主要差異 閩語硏究 On the Main Differences in Min Dialects in Chinese Beijing Yuwen Chubanshe pp 58 138 External links edit nbsp Pu Xian Min test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator nbsp Pu Xian Min test of Wiktionary at Wikimedia Incubator nbsp Pu Xian Min repository of Wikisource the free library Motoki Makajima Conversational Texts in Two Min Dialects 1979 Pu Xian Min at Omniglot Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Pu Xian Min amp oldid 1200007818, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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