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Project 985

April 09, 2023

Project 985 (Chinese: 985工程; pinyin: 985 Gōngchéng) was a terminated project that was first announced by General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Jiang Zemin at the 100th anniversary of Peking University on May 4, 1998, to promote the development and reputation of the Chinese higher education system by founding world-class universities in the 21st century.[1] The name derives from the date of the announcement, May 1998, or 98/5 according to the Chinese date format.[2] The project involves both national and local governments allocating large amounts of funding to certain universities in order to build new research centers, improve facilities, hold international conferences, attract world-renowned faculty and visiting scholars, and help Chinese faculty attend conferences abroad.[3]

Universities of Project 985
Map showing major universities in Mainland China. Universities of Project 985 are marked in blue.
Formation4 May 1998; 24 years ago (1998-05-04)
Founded atPeking University, Beijing, China
Defunct2014; 9 years ago (2014)
TypePublic Universities, National Key Universities
Legal statusMinistry of Education of the People's Republic of China
Region served
China
Membership
39 Chinese Universities

History

On May 4, 1998, a project that was first announced by General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Jiang Zemin at the 100th anniversary of Peking University to promote the development and reputation of the Chinese higher education system by founding world-class universities in the 21st century.[1]

In 2006, another 33 universities were selected from universities that had not been included in Project 985. The 33 selected universities were jointly sponsored by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China to support their developments in certain scientific or engineering subjects to meet the urgent need of the state. These 33 universities together were included in a sub-project of Project 985, called the "985 Project Innovation Platform Project".[1][4]

In 2009, the original nine founding member universities of Project 985 formed the C9 League.[3][5] By the end of the second phase of the project, 39 universities were sponsored. It was announced in 2011 that the project had closed, and no new schools would be able to join.[6]

In 2014, some universities of Project 985 claimed that the project funding had been stopped in 2013.[7]

In October 2015, the State Council of P.R.China published the 'Overall Plan for Promoting the Construction of World First-Class Universities and First-Class Disciplines (Double First Class University Plan)' and made new arrangements for the development of higher education in China.[8]

In 2016, the Ministry of Education of China confirmed that Project 985 had been abolished and replaced by the Double First Class University Plan.[9][10]

In September 2017, a related plan started in 2015 called the Double First Class University Plan was formally announced; 140 universities were included in this plan, representing a reshuffle in the rankings of China's most prestigious universities.[11]

In 2019, the Ministry of Education of China reconfirmed that the Project 985 had been repealed and replaced by the Double First-Class University Plan.[12]

Admissions

The Project 985 universities were elite academic institutions that admit students through an extremely competitive process of the National Higher Education Entrance Examination ("Gaokao") for undergraduate programs.[13][14][15]

Rankings and reputation

Project 985 members were classified as doctoral universities with very high research activities among all Chinese universities,[16] regarded as the tier 1 universities out of more than 3,000 higher education institutions in China,[17][15][18] and viewed as some of the most prestigious universities of all Chinese universities and consistently ranked among the best in the world,[19][20] while a few Project 985 universities were added into the project for 'aid the poor' and 'nationality policies' reasons.[21][22] 35 Project 985 universities ranked in the top 40 nationwide, including 33 at the top of the 2023 Best Chinese University Rankings.[23]

As of 2022, 32 universities in the former Project 985 ranked in the top 300, including 24 top 200 universities and 8 top 100 universities according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities.[24] As of 2022, 33 universities were ranked in the top 500 by the AppliedHE Rankometer, a composite ranking system combining five of the world's most influential university rankings, namely, ARWU, QS, THE, CWTS Leiden Ranking, and Webometrics Ranking.[25] In the Nature Index Annual Table 2022, which evaluated the largest collections of articles published in 82 of the world's leading high-quality scientific journals,[26] 30 universities in the former Project 985 ranked in the global top 200, including 23 in the top 100, 13 in the top 50, and 8 in the top 20.[27]

Project 985 universities have been compared to other elite university projects or groupings worldwide, such as UK Russell Group universities, Association of American Universities' sixty members, Canada's U15, and German Universities Excellence Initiative.[28][1] Former Project 985 universities as a grouping have been rapidly catching up with other elite groupings in terms of global rankings.[29][30][20][31]

List of sponsored universities

See also: List of universities in China

39 Project 985 universities were sponsored by the Ministry of Education.[32][33] All the universities of the former Project 985 are members of several categories of national key universities and the current Double First Class University Plan, representing China's most prestigious universities.[34]

Province/Municipality City University Year Founded
North (10)
Beijing (8) Beijing (8) Peking UniversityC9 1898
Tsinghua UniversityC9 1911
Renmin University of China 1937
Beijing Normal University 1902
Beihang University 1952
Beijing Institute of Technology 1940
China Agricultural University 1905
Minzu University of China 1941
Tianjin (2) Tianjin (2) Nankai University 1919
Tianjin University 1895
Northeast (4)
Liaoning (2） Dalian Dalian University of Technology 1949
Shenyang Northeastern University 1923
Heilongjiang Harbin Harbin Institute of TechnologyC9 1920
Jilin Changchun Jilin University 1946
East (11)
Shanghai (4) Shanghai (4) Fudan UniversityC9 1905
Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityC9 1896
Tongji University 1907
East China Normal University 1951
Jiangsu (2) Nanjing (2) Nanjing UniversityC9 1902
Southeast University 1902
Shandong (2) Jinan Shandong University 1901
Qingdao Ocean University of China 1924
Anhui Hefei University of Science and Technology of ChinaC9 1958
Zhejiang Hangzhou Zhejiang UniversityC9 1897
Fujian Xiamen Xiamen University 1921
South (2)
Guangdong (2) Guangzhou (2) Sun Yat-sen University 1924
South China University of Technology 1952
Central (5)
Hunan (3) Changsha (3) Hunan University 1903
Central South University 2000
National University of Defense Technology 1953
Hubei (2) Wuhan (2) Wuhan University 1893
Huazhong University of Science and Technology 1953
Northwest (4)
Shaanxi (3) Xi'an (2) Northwestern Polytechnical University 1938
Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityC9 1896
Xianyang Northwest A&F University 1934
Gansu Lanzhou Lanzhou University 1909
Southwest (3)
Sichuan (2) Chengdu (2) Sichuan University 1896
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China 1956
Chongqing Chongqing Chongqing University 1929

Note: C9 represents the university included in the C9 League.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Ying, Cheng (September 1, 2011). "A Reflection on the Effects of the 985 Project". Chinese Education & Society. 44 (5): 19–30. doi:10.2753/CED1061-1932440502. ISSN 1061-1932. S2CID 144398847.
  2. ^ "Project 211 and 985". China Education Center Ltd. from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
  3. ^ a b "International Rankings and Chinese Higher Education Reform". World Education News and Reviews. from the original on June 27, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
  4. ^ Li, Jian; Xue, Eryong (2021), Li, Jian; Xue, Eryong (eds.), "The Policy Analysis of Creating World-Class Universities in China", Creating World-Class Universities in China : Ideas, Policies, and Efforts, Singapore: Springer, pp. 1–33, doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6726-8_1, ISBN 978-981-16-6726-8, S2CID 240467383, from the original on April 17, 2022
  5. ^ . Archived from the original on October 15, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
  6. ^ . Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
  7. ^ "网传"985""211"废除教育部称将回应此事--时政--人民网". politics.people.com.cn. from the original on September 3, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
  8. ^ "国务院关于印发统筹推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设总体方案的通知_政府信息公开专栏". www.gov.cn. from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
  9. ^ ""985""211"工程将废除 教育部:年内启动"双一流"_新闻频道_中华网". news.china.com. from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
  10. ^ "教育部国务院学位委员会国家语委关于宣布失效一批规范性文件的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
  11. ^ "China to develop 42 world-class universities". People's Daily. September 21, 2017. from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved May 3, 2018.
  12. ^ "关于985、211名单的咨询 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. from the original on December 23, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
  13. ^ "China's Entrance Exam Is More Competitive Than Ever | Inside Higher Ed". www.insidehighered.com. from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
  14. ^ Eesley, Charles; Li, Jian Bai; Yang, Delin (March 1, 2016). "Does Institutional Change in Universities Influence High-Tech Entrepreneurship? Evidence from China's Project 985". Organization Science. 27 (2): 446–461. doi:10.1287/orsc.2015.1038. ISSN 1047-7039. from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
  15. ^ a b Liu, Ye (October 8, 2016). The Gaokao as a Meritocratic Selection?. In: Higher Education, Meritocracy and Inequality in China. Higher Education in Asia: Quality, Excellence and Governance. Springer. p. 88. ISBN 978-981-10-1588-5.
  16. ^ Jiang, Jiali; Lee, Soo Kyoung; Rah, Min-Joo (September 1, 2020). "Assessing the research efficiency of Chinese higher education institutions by data envelopment analysis". Asia Pacific Education Review. 21 (3): 423–440. doi:10.1007/s12564-020-09634-0. S2CID 225564689.
  17. ^ ROBINSON, BIN W. U. AND BERNADETTE (2015), Wu, Bin; Morgan, W. John (eds.), , Chinese Higher Education Reform and Social Justice, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781315884691, ISBN 9781134650187, S2CID 59247460, archived from the original on April 26, 2022, retrieved April 26, 2022
  18. ^ "Higher education making steady progress". global.chinadaily.com.cn. from the original on October 30, 2022. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
  19. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2021". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
  20. ^ a b "2021 USNEWS Best Global Universities in China". from the original on October 29, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  21. ^ "国家"照顾性质"的985，综合实力属于垫底，地理位置却极为优越_大学_工程_中央民族学院". www.sohu.com. Retrieved January 26, 2023.
  22. ^ "最有爭議的985高校，果然是這8所得到照顧的大學" (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Retrieved January 26, 2023.
  23. ^ "ShanghaiRanking's Best Chinese Universities Ranking". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  24. ^ "ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities". www.shanghairanking.com. from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  25. ^ Raj, Suba. "Rankometer 2022 – AppliedHE™". from the original on July 24, 2022. Retrieved July 31, 2022.
  26. ^ "FAQ | Nature Index". www.nature.com. from the original on December 2, 2022. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
  27. ^ "2022 tables: Institutions - academic | Annual tables | Nature Index". www.nature.com. from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
  28. ^ Qi, Wang (September 1, 2011). "A Discussion on the 985 Project from a Comparative Perspective". Chinese Education & Society. 44 (5): 41–56. doi:10.2753/CED1061-1932440504. ISSN 1061-1932. S2CID 154013993.
  29. ^ "ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities". www.shanghairanking.com. from the original on September 9, 2021. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
  30. ^ "World University Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). August 20, 2019. from the original on September 18, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
  31. ^ Zhang, Han; Patton, Donald; Kenney, Martin (April 1, 2013). "Building global-class universities: Assessing the impact of the 985 Project". Research Policy. 42 (3): 765–775. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2012.10.003. ISSN 0048-7333.
  32. ^ "985工程一期重点共建". Ministry of Education PR CHINA. Retrieved August 28, 2010.[permanent dead link]
  33. ^ "985工程二期重点共建". Ministry of Education PR CHINA. Retrieved August 28, 2010.[permanent dead link]
  34. ^ "China to develop 42 world-class universities - People's Daily Online". en.people.cn. from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved December 22, 2021.

April 09, 2023
project, chinese, 985工程, pinyin, gōngchéng, terminated, project, that, first, announced, general, secretary, chinese, communist, party, jiang, zemin, 100th, anniversary, peking, university, 1998, promote, development, reputation, chinese, higher, education, sy. Project 985 Chinese 985工程 pinyin 985 Gōngcheng was a terminated project that was first announced by General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Jiang Zemin at the 100th anniversary of Peking University on May 4 1998 to promote the development and reputation of the Chinese higher education system by founding world class universities in the 21st century 1 The name derives from the date of the announcement May 1998 or 98 5 according to the Chinese date format 2 The project involves both national and local governments allocating large amounts of funding to certain universities in order to build new research centers improve facilities hold international conferences attract world renowned faculty and visiting scholars and help Chinese faculty attend conferences abroad 3 Universities of Project 985Map showing major universities in Mainland China Universities of Project 985 are marked in blue Formation4 May 1998 24 years ago 1998 05 04 Founded atPeking University Beijing ChinaDefunct2014 9 years ago 2014 TypePublic Universities National Key UniversitiesLegal statusMinistry of Education of the People s Republic of ChinaRegion servedChinaMembership39 Chinese Universities Contents 1 History 2 Admissions 3 Rankings and reputation 4 List of sponsored universities 5 See also 6 ReferencesHistory EditOn May 4 1998 a project that was first announced by General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Jiang Zemin at the 100th anniversary of Peking University to promote the development and reputation of the Chinese higher education system by founding world class universities in the 21st century 1 In 2006 another 33 universities were selected from universities that had not been included in Project 985 The 33 selected universities were jointly sponsored by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Finance of the People s Republic of China to support their developments in certain scientific or engineering subjects to meet the urgent need of the state These 33 universities together were included in a sub project of Project 985 called the 985 Project Innovation Platform Project 1 4 In 2009 the original nine founding member universities of Project 985 formed the C9 League 3 5 By the end of the second phase of the project 39 universities were sponsored It was announced in 2011 that the project had closed and no new schools would be able to join 6 In 2014 some universities of Project 985 claimed that the project funding had been stopped in 2013 7 In October 2015 the State Council of P R China published the Overall Plan for Promoting the Construction of World First Class Universities and First Class Disciplines Double First Class University Plan and made new arrangements for the development of higher education in China 8 In 2016 the Ministry of Education of China confirmed that Project 985 had been abolished and replaced by the Double First Class University Plan 9 10 In September 2017 a related plan started in 2015 called the Double First Class University Plan was formally announced 140 universities were included in this plan representing a reshuffle in the rankings of China s most prestigious universities 11 In 2019 the Ministry of Education of China reconfirmed that the Project 985 had been repealed and replaced by the Double First Class University Plan 12 Admissions EditThe Project 985 universities were elite academic institutions that admit students through an extremely competitive process of the National Higher Education Entrance Examination Gaokao for undergraduate programs 13 14 15 Rankings and reputation EditProject 985 members were classified as doctoral universities with very high research activities among all Chinese universities 16 regarded as the tier 1 universities out of more than 3 000 higher education institutions in China 17 15 18 and viewed as some of the most prestigious universities of all Chinese universities and consistently ranked among the best in the world 19 20 while a few Project 985 universities were added into the project for aid the poor and nationality policies reasons 21 22 35 Project 985 universities ranked in the top 40 nationwide including 33 at the top of the 2023 Best Chinese University Rankings 23 As of 2022 32 universities in the former Project 985 ranked in the top 300 including 24 top 200 universities and 8 top 100 universities according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities 24 As of 2022 33 universities were ranked in the top 500 by the AppliedHE Rankometer a composite ranking system combining five of the world s most influential university rankings namely ARWU QS THE CWTS Leiden Ranking and Webometrics Ranking 25 In the Nature Index Annual Table 2022 which evaluated the largest collections of articles published in 82 of the world s leading high quality scientific journals 26 30 universities in the former Project 985 ranked in the global top 200 including 23 in the top 100 13 in the top 50 and 8 in the top 20 27 Project 985 universities have been compared to other elite university projects or groupings worldwide such as UK Russell Group universities Association of American Universities sixty members Canada s U15 and German Universities Excellence Initiative 28 1 Former Project 985 universities as a grouping have been rapidly catching up with other elite groupings in terms of global rankings 29 30 20 31 List of sponsored universities EditSee also List of universities in China39 Project 985 universities were sponsored by the Ministry of Education 32 33 All the universities of the former Project 985 are members of several categories of national key universities and the current Double First Class University Plan representing China s most prestigious universities 34 Province Municipality City University Year FoundedNorth 10 Beijing 8 Beijing 8 Peking UniversityC9 1898Tsinghua UniversityC9 1911Renmin University of China 1937Beijing Normal University 1902Beihang University 1952Beijing Institute of Technology 1940China Agricultural University 1905Minzu University of China 1941Tianjin 2 Tianjin 2 Nankai University 1919Tianjin University 1895Northeast 4 Liaoning 2 Dalian Dalian University of Technology 1949Shenyang Northeastern University 1923Heilongjiang Harbin Harbin Institute of TechnologyC9 1920Jilin Changchun Jilin University 1946East 11 Shanghai 4 Shanghai 4 Fudan UniversityC9 1905Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityC9 1896Tongji University 1907East China Normal University 1951Jiangsu 2 Nanjing 2 Nanjing UniversityC9 1902Southeast University 1902Shandong 2 Jinan Shandong University 1901Qingdao Ocean University of China 1924Anhui Hefei University of Science and Technology of ChinaC9 1958Zhejiang Hangzhou Zhejiang UniversityC9 1897Fujian Xiamen Xiamen University 1921South 2 Guangdong 2 Guangzhou 2 Sun Yat sen University 1924South China University of Technology 1952Central 5 Hunan 3 Changsha 3 Hunan University 1903Central South University 2000National University of Defense Technology 1953Hubei 2 Wuhan 2 Wuhan University 1893Huazhong University of Science and Technology 1953Northwest 4 Shaanxi 3 Xi an 2 Northwestern Polytechnical University 1938Xi an Jiaotong UniversityC9 1896Xianyang Northwest A amp F University 1934Gansu Lanzhou Lanzhou University 1909Southwest 3 Sichuan 2 Chengdu 2 Sichuan University 1896University of Electronic Science and Technology of China 1956Chongqing Chongqing Chongqing University 1929Note C9 represents the university included in the C9 League See also Edit China portalDouble First Class University Plan a scheme for improving 147 of China s top universities C9 League a formal group of 9 elite universities in China Project 211 a terminated program for developing 110 comprehensive universities in China Excellence League an alliance of leading Chinese universities with strong backgrounds in engineering Big Four Institutes of Technology Yangtze Delta Universities Alliance State Key Laboratories Plan 111 863 Program List of universities in China Rankings of universities in China Small town SwotReferences Edit a b c d Ying Cheng September 1 2011 A Reflection on the Effects of the 985 Project Chinese Education amp Society 44 5 19 30 doi 10 2753 CED1061 1932440502 ISSN 1061 1932 S2CID 144398847 Project 211 and 985 China Education Center Ltd Archived from the original on July 10 2015 Retrieved August 28 2010 a b International Rankings and Chinese Higher Education Reform World Education News and Reviews Archived from the original on June 27 2010 Retrieved August 28 2010 Li Jian Xue Eryong 2021 Li Jian Xue Eryong eds The Policy Analysis of Creating World Class Universities in China Creating World Class Universities in China Ideas Policies and Efforts Singapore Springer pp 1 33 doi 10 1007 978 981 16 6726 8 1 ISBN 978 981 16 6726 8 S2CID 240467383 archived from the original on April 17 2022 9所首批 985工程 建设高校签订 一流大学人才培养合作与交流协议书 Archived from the original on October 15 2009 Retrieved October 9 2009 Ministry of Education no new 211 985 project of the school Archived from the original on May 11 2019 Retrieved December 30 2011 网传 985 211 废除教育部称将回应此事 时政 人民网 politics people com cn Archived from the original on September 3 2022 Retrieved September 3 2022 国务院关于印发统筹推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设总体方案的通知 政府信息公开专栏 www gov cn Archived from the original on April 6 2019 Retrieved January 12 2022 985 211 工程将废除 教育部 年内启动 双一流 新闻频道 中华网 news china com Archived from the original on December 19 2022 Retrieved September 3 2022 教育部国务院学位委员会国家语委关于宣布失效一批规范性文件的通知 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 www moe gov cn Archived from the original on March 7 2019 Retrieved September 3 2022 China to develop 42 world class universities People s Daily September 21 2017 Archived from the original on August 12 2020 Retrieved May 3 2018 关于985 211名单的咨询 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 www moe gov cn Archived from the original on December 23 2021 Retrieved December 23 2021 China s Entrance Exam Is More Competitive Than Ever Inside Higher Ed www insidehighered com Archived from the original on April 7 2022 Retrieved April 12 2022 Eesley Charles Li Jian Bai Yang Delin March 1 2016 Does Institutional Change in Universities Influence High Tech Entrepreneurship Evidence from China s Project 985 Organization Science 27 2 446 461 doi 10 1287 orsc 2015 1038 ISSN 1047 7039 Archived from the original on April 12 2022 Retrieved April 12 2022 a b Liu Ye October 8 2016 The Gaokao as a Meritocratic Selection In Higher Education Meritocracy and Inequality in China Higher Education in Asia Quality Excellence and Governance Springer p 88 ISBN 978 981 10 1588 5 Jiang Jiali Lee Soo Kyoung Rah Min Joo September 1 2020 Assessing the research efficiency of Chinese higher education institutions by data envelopment analysis Asia Pacific Education Review 21 3 423 440 doi 10 1007 s12564 020 09634 0 S2CID 225564689 ROBINSON BIN W U AND BERNADETTE 2015 Wu Bin Morgan W John eds Social justice through financial distribution at China s universities a student survey in Shaanxi Province Chinese Higher Education Reform and Social Justice Routledge doi 10 4324 9781315884691 ISBN 9781134650187 S2CID 59247460 archived from the original on April 26 2022 retrieved April 26 2022 Higher education making steady progress global chinadaily com cn Archived from the original on October 30 2022 Retrieved May 7 2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities 2021 Shanghai Ranking Consultancy Archived from the original on August 15 2021 Retrieved August 15 2021 a b 2021 USNEWS Best Global Universities in China Archived from the original on October 29 2014 Retrieved October 28 2020 国家 照顾性质 的985 综合实力属于垫底 地理位置却极为优越 大学 工程 中央民族学院 www sohu com Retrieved January 26 2023 最有爭議的985高校 果然是這8所得到照顧的大學 in Chinese Hong Kong Retrieved January 26 2023 ShanghaiRanking s Best Chinese Universities Ranking www shanghairanking com Retrieved March 30 2023 ShanghaiRanking s Academic Ranking of World Universities www shanghairanking com Archived from the original on August 15 2022 Retrieved August 15 2022 Raj Suba Rankometer 2022 AppliedHE Archived from the original on July 24 2022 Retrieved July 31 2022 FAQ Nature Index www nature com Archived from the original on December 2 2022 Retrieved December 2 2022 2022 tables Institutions academic Annual tables Nature Index www nature com Archived from the original on October 13 2022 Retrieved December 2 2022 Qi Wang September 1 2011 A Discussion on the 985 Project from a Comparative Perspective Chinese Education amp Society 44 5 41 56 doi 10 2753 CED1061 1932440504 ISSN 1061 1932 S2CID 154013993 ShanghaiRanking s Academic Ranking of World Universities www shanghairanking com Archived from the original on September 9 2021 Retrieved April 12 2022 World University Rankings Times Higher Education THE August 20 2019 Archived from the original on September 18 2019 Retrieved May 5 2020 Zhang Han Patton Donald Kenney Martin April 1 2013 Building global class universities Assessing the impact of the 985 Project Research Policy 42 3 765 775 doi 10 1016 j respol 2012 10 003 ISSN 0048 7333 985工程一期重点共建 Ministry of Education PR CHINA Retrieved August 28 2010 permanent dead link 985工程二期重点共建 Ministry of Education PR CHINA Retrieved August 28 2010 permanent dead link China to develop 42 world class universities People s Daily Online en people cn Archived from the original on August 12 2020 Retrieved December 22 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Project 985 amp oldid 1147371041, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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