Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope,[1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage. The earthworks created for such a purpose are often called the sub-grade or finished contouring (see diagram).
Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade
Regrading is the process of grading for raising and/or lowering the levels of land. Such a project can also be referred to as a regrade.
Regrading may be done on a small scale (as in preparation of a house site)[3] or on quite a large scale (as in major reconfiguration of the terrain of a city, such as the Denny Regrade in Seattle).[2]
Regrading is typically performed to make land more level (flatter), in which case it is sometimes called levelling.[4]) Levelling can have the consequence of making other nearby slopes steeper, and potentially unstable or prone to erosion.
Transportationedit
In the case of gravel roads and earthworks for certain purposes, grading forms not just the base but the cover and surface of the finished construction, and is often called finished grade.[5]
^"Grade.1.". def. 2. Whitney, William Dwight, and Benjamin E. Smith. The Century dictionary and cyclopedia vol.3. New York: Century Co., 1901. 2589. Print.
^ abcdTrees and Home Construction: Minimizing the impact of construction activity on trees, University of Ohio Extension Bulletin 870-99. Accessed online 16 October 2007.
^"Montana, McLaren Tailings", p.35 in CERCLA Imminent Hazard Mining and Mineral Processing Facilities, Office of Solid Waste, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, February 1997. Accessed online 16 October 2007.
^Workshop, Design (2015-12-02). Landscape Architecture Documentation Standards: Principles, Guidelines, and Best Practices. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-1-118-41807-9.
^Malcolm Puller, Deep Excavations: A Practical Manual, Thomas Telford (1996). ISBN0-7277-1987-4. p. 63.
^Barry Stone, Adjacent Property Regrading Creates Drainage Problem for Homeowner, doityourself.com. Accessed online 16 October 2007.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grading.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Regrading.
Matusik, John. in The Land Development Handbook, 2004.
Gravel Roads Construction and Maintenance Guide, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the South Dakota Local Technical Assistance Program (SDLTAP), 2015.
"How to Grade Gravel Roads" in Gravel Roads, Soil Stabilization, Soil-Sement® by Frank Elswick, 2017.
Recommended Practices Manual: A Guideline for Maintenance and Service of Unpaved Roads, Choctawhatchee, Pea and Yellow Rivers Watershed Management Authority, 2000.
December 15, 2023
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This article is about earthwork For lumber grading see Lumber Grades and standards For the photography term see Color grading Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base or one with a specified slope 1 for a construction work such as a foundation the base course for a road or a railway or landscape and garden improvements or surface drainage The earthworks created for such a purpose are often called the sub grade or finished contouring see diagram Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub grade Contents 1 Regrading 2 Transportation 3 Process 4 Environmental design 5 Purposes 6 Consequences 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksRegrading edit nbsp The Denny Regrade in process Seattle Washington 1900s 2 nbsp Regrading for a subdivision in the Santa Monica Mountains Los Angeles California 1970s Regrading is the process of grading for raising and or lowering the levels of land Such a project can also be referred to as a regrade Regrading may be done on a small scale as in preparation of a house site 3 or on quite a large scale as in major reconfiguration of the terrain of a city such as the Denny Regrade in Seattle 2 Regrading is typically performed to make land more level flatter in which case it is sometimes called levelling 4 Levelling can have the consequence of making other nearby slopes steeper and potentially unstable or prone to erosion Transportation editIn the case of gravel roads and earthworks for certain purposes grading forms not just the base but the cover and surface of the finished construction and is often called finished grade 5 Process edit nbsp Modern road graderIt is often done using heavy machinery like bulldozers and excavators to roughly prepare an area and then using a grader for a finer finish Environmental design editIn the environmental design professions grading and regrading are a specifications and construction component in landscape design landscape architecture and architecture projects It is used for buildings or outdoor amenities regarding foundations and footings slope terracing and stabilizing aesthetic contouring and directing surface runoff drainage of stormwater and domestic irrigation runoff flows Purposes editReasons for regrading include Enabling construction on lands that were previously too varied and or steeply sloped 3 Enabling transportation along routes that were previously too varied and or steep 2 Changing drainage patterns and rerouting surface flow 3 Improving the stability of terrain adjacent to developments 6 Consequences editPotential problems and consequences from regrading include Soil and or slope instability Terrain prone to erosion Ecological impacts habitat destruction terrestrial and or aquatic biological losses 3 Drainage problems surface and or subsurface flow for areas not considered in the regrading plan 7 Loss of aesthetic natural landscape topography and or historical cultural landscapes See also editCut earthmoving Cut and cover Cut and fill Fill dirt Grade slope civil engineering and geographical term Regrading Slope mathematical term Subgrade TrenchReferences edit Grade 1 def 2 Whitney William Dwight and Benjamin E Smith The Century dictionary and cyclopedia vol 3 New York Century Co 1901 2589 Print a b c Walt Crowley Seattle Neighborhoods Belltown Denny Regrade Thumbnail History HistoryLink org essay 1123 May 10 1999 Accessed online 16 October 2007 a b c d Trees and Home Construction Minimizing the impact of construction activity on trees University of Ohio Extension Bulletin 870 99 Accessed online 16 October 2007 Montana McLaren Tailings p 35 in CERCLA Imminent Hazard Mining and Mineral Processing Facilities Office of Solid Waste U S Environmental Protection Agency February 1997 Accessed online 16 October 2007 Workshop Design 2015 12 02 Landscape Architecture Documentation Standards Principles Guidelines and Best Practices John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 1 118 41807 9 Malcolm Puller Deep Excavations A Practical Manual Thomas Telford 1996 ISBN 0 7277 1987 4 p 63 Barry Stone Adjacent Property Regrading Creates Drainage Problem for Homeowner doityourself com Accessed online 16 October 2007 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grading nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Regrading Matusik John Grading and Earthworks in The Land Development Handbook 2004 Gravel Roads Construction and Maintenance Guide Federal Highway Administration FHWA and the South Dakota Local Technical Assistance Program SDLTAP 2015 How to Grade Gravel Roads in Gravel Roads Soil Stabilization Soil Sement by Frank Elswick 2017 Recommended Practices Manual A Guideline for Maintenance and Service of Unpaved Roads Choctawhatchee Pea and Yellow Rivers Watershed Management Authority 2000 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Grading earthworks amp oldid 1118966075, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
