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Arcade (architecture)

May 07, 2023

For other uses, see Arcade (disambiguation).

An arcade is a succession of contiguous arches, with each arch supported by a colonnade of columns or piers. Exterior arcades are designed to provide a sheltered walkway for pedestrians. The walkway may be lined with retail stores.[1] An arcade may feature arches on both sides of the walkway. Alternatively, a blind arcade superimposes arcading against a solid wall.[2] Blind arcades are a feature of Romanesque architecture that influenced Gothic architecture. In the Gothic architectural tradition, the arcade can be located in the interior, in the lowest part of the wall of the nave, supporting the triforium and the clerestory in a cathedral,[3] or on the exterior, in which they are usually part of the walkways that surround the courtyard and cloisters.

Many medieval arcades housed shops or stalls, either in the arcaded space itself, or set into the main wall behind. From this, "arcade" has become a general word for a group of shops in a single building, regardless of the architectural form.

The word "arcade" comes from French arcade from Provençal arcada or Italian arcata, based on Latin arcus, ‘bow’ (see arc and arch).[4]

A related but ambiguous term is arcature, which is either a small arcade or a blind arcade.[5][6]

History

Arcades go back to at least the Ancient Greek architecture of the Hellenistic period, and were much used by the Romans, for example at the base of the Colosseum. Church cloisters very often use arcading. Islamic architecture very often uses arcades in and outside mosques in particular. In Renaissance architecture elegant arcading was often used as a prominent feature of facades, for example in the Ospedale degli Innocenti (commissioned 1419) or the courtyard of the Palazzo Bardi, both by Filippo Brunelleschi in Florence.

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    Arcades of the Colosseum (AD 70s) from the outside

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    ...and in cross-section

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    Arcades inside the Mosque of Uqba, also known as the Great Mosque of Kairouan, in Tunisia (670). There is no vaulting; the arches are bridged by wooden beams

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    These arcades in Córdoba were begun in the 780s; Some are topped by beams, others by barrel vaults.

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    Interior elevation of a Gothic cathedral, with the side-aisle arcade highlighted. The triforium and clerestory above also have arcades.

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    The women's cloister at the Ospedale degli Innocenti, 1420s and 30s. The topmost story has a colonnade, but not an arcade, as there are no arches

Shopping arcades

 
Arcade with shops behind, running along a row of originally High Medieval houses in Metz, France.
 
Loggia del Mercato Nuovo, Florence, Italy
 
Mozaffarieh: Tabriz Bazaar, Iran, devoted to carpet selling.
 
Dome-topped arcade in a Tunesian souq
 
The Strand Arcade in Sydney CBD, Australia, opened 1892

The French architect, Bertrand Lemoine, described the period, 1786 to 1935, as l’Ère des passages couverts (the Arcade Era).[7] He was referring to the grand shopping "arcades" that flourished across Europe during that period. A shopping arcade refers to a multiple-vendor space, operating under a covered roof. Typically, the roof was constructed of glass to allow for natural light and to reduce the need for candles or electric lighting.[8] The 18th and 19th century arcades were designed to attract the genteel middle classes. In time, these arcades came to be the place to shop and to be seen. Arcades offered shoppers the promise of an enclosed space away from the chaos that characterised the noisy, dirty streets; a warm, dry space away from the harsh elements, and a safe haven where people could socialise and spend their leisure time. As thousands of glass covered arcades spread across Europe, they became grander and more ornately decorated. By the mid-nineteenth century, they had become prominent centres of fashion and social life. Promenading in these arcades became a popular nineteenth-century pastime for the emerging middle classes.[9]

The inspiration for the grand shopping arcades may have derived from the fashionable open loggias of Florence however medieval vernacular examples known as 'butterwalks' were traditional jettied colonnades in British and North European marketplaces; examples remain for example in Totnes and Dartmouth in Devon. During the 16th-century, a pattern of market trading using mobile stalls under covered arcades was established in Florence, from where it spread throughout Italy. Examples of the earliest open loggias include: Mercato Nuovo (1547) by Giovanni Battista del Tasso (and funded by the Medici family); Mercato Vecchio, Florence by Giorgio Vasari (1567) and Loggia del Grano (1619) by Giulio Parigi.[10]

Arcades soon spread across Europe, North America and the antipodes. Examples of these grand shopping arcades include: Palais Royal in Paris (opened in 1784); Passage de Feydeau in Paris (opened in 1791); London's Piccadilly Arcade (1810) and Milan's Galleria Vittorio Emanuele (1878).[11] Some examples of arcades in North America include New York's Paddock Arcade (1850), Ohio's Dayton Arcade (1904),[12] and Rhode Island's Westminster Arcade (1828). Other notable nineteenth century grand arcades include the Galeries Royales Saint-Hubert in Brussels which was inaugurated in 1847 and Istanbul's Çiçek Pasajı opened in 1870. Shopping arcades were the precursor to the modern shopping mall, and the word "arcade" is now often used for malls which do not use the architectural form at all.[citation needed]

The Palais-Royal, which opened in 1784 and became one of the most important marketplaces in Paris, is generally regarded as the earliest example of the grand shopping arcades.[13] Originally, a royal palace, the complex consisted of gardens, shops and entertainment venues situated under the original colonnades. The area boasted some 145 boutiques, cafés, salons, hair salons, bookshops, museums, and numerous refreshment kiosks as well as two theatres. The retail outlets specialised in luxury goods such as fine jewellery, furs, paintings and furniture designed to appeal to the wealthy elite. Retailers operating out of the Palais complex were among the first in Europe to abandon the system of bartering, and adopt fixed-prices thereby sparing their clientele the hassle of bartering. Stores were fitted with long glass exterior windows which allowed the emerging middle-classes to window shop and indulge in fantasies, even when they may not have been able to afford the high retail prices. Thus, the Palais-Royal became one of the first examples of a new style of shopping arcade, frequented by both the aristocracy and the middle classes. It developed a reputation as being a site of sophisticated conversation, revolving around the salons, cafés, and bookshops, but also became a place frequented by off-duty soldiers and was a favourite haunt of prostitutes, many of whom rented apartments in the building.[14]

One of the earliest British examples of a shopping arcade, the Covered Market, Oxford, England was officially opened on 1 November 1774 and is still active today. The Covered Market was started in response to a general wish to clear "untidy, messy and unsavoury stalls" from the main streets of central Oxford. John Gwynn, the architect of Magdalen Bridge, drew up the plans and designed the High Street front with its four entrances. In 1772, the newly formed Market committee, half of whose members came from the town and half from the university, accepted an estimate of nine hundred and sixteen pounds ten shillings, for the building of twenty butchers' shops. Twenty more soon followed, and after 1773 meat was allowed to be sold only inside the market. From this nucleus the market grew, with stalls for garden produce, pig meat, dairy products and fish.[citation needed]

Gostiny Dvor in St Petersburg, Russia is another early shopping arcade. Sprawling at the intersection of Nevsky Prospekt and Sadovaya Street for over one kilometer and embracing the area of 53,000 m2 (570,000 sq ft), the indoor complex of more than 100 shops took twenty-eight years to construct. Building commenced in 1757 to an elaborate design by Bartolomeo Rastrelli, but that subsequently was discarded in favour of a less expensive and more functional Neoclassical design submitted by Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe (1729–1800).[citation needed]

Throughout the following century, Gostiny Dvor was augmented, resulting in ten indoor streets and as many as 178 shops by the 20th century. During the post-World War II reconstructions, its inner walls were demolished and a huge shopping mall came into being. This massive 18th-century structure got a face-lift recently and entered the 21st century as one of the most fashionable shopping centres in Eastern Europe.[15]

An early French arcade is the Passage du Caire created in 1798 as a tribute to the French campaign in Egypt and Syria. It was appreciated by the public for its protection from the weather, noise and filth of the streets.[16] A year later American architect William Thayer created the Passage des Panoramas with a row of shops passing between two panorama paintings. Shopping arcades increasingly were built in the second Bourbon Restoration.[17] Upper levels of arcades often contained apartments[18] and sometimes brothels.[19]

Notable arcades

Religious buildings

Shopping "arcades"

Gallery

See also

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arcades.

References

  1. ^ New Oxford American Dictionary
  2. ^ James Bettley and Nikolaus Pevsner (2007), Essex. The buildings of England, Yale University Press, page 865
  3. ^ William Chambers (1973), Chambers's encyclopaedia, Volume 1, International Learning Systems Corp, p. 534
  4. ^ New Oxford American Dictionary
  5. ^ "arcature". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. "1. a small arcade (as in a balustrade). 2. a blind arcade, especially one that is decorative rather than structural."
  6. ^ Lockwood, Luke Vincent (1913). The Furniture Collectors' Glossary. Walpole Society. ARCATURE . — A small arcade formed by a series of little arches. It may be blind or open.
  7. ^ Lemoine, B., Les Passages Couverts, Paris: Délégation à l'action artistique de la ville de Paris [AAVP], 1990. ISBN 9782905118219.
  8. ^ Mitchell, I., Tradition and Innovation in English Retailing, 1700 to 1850, Routledge, Oxon, p. 140
  9. ^ Byrne-Paquet, L., The Urge to Splurge: A Social History of Shopping, ECW Press, Toronto, Canada, pp. 92–95
  10. ^ Pevsner, N., A History of Building Types, Princeton University Press, 1979, p. 235; Goy, R.J., Florence: A Walking Guide to Its Architecture, Yale University Press, 2015; Codini, E.K. (ed), Architettura a Pisa nel Primo Periodo Mediceo, Gangemi, 2003, p.213
  11. ^ Sassatelli, R., Consumer Culture: History, Theory and Politics, Sage, 2007, p. 27; Although the author specifically names Piccadilly Arcade, it is possible that she intended Burlington Arcade in Piccadilly.
  12. ^ "Part 1: 1880-1913". arcade. 2019-02-22. Retrieved 2020-04-26.
  13. ^ Mitchell, I., Tradition and Innovation in English Retailing, 1700 to 1850, Routledge, Oxon, p. 140
  14. ^ Byrne-Paquet, L., The Urge to Splurge: A Social History of Shopping, ECW Press, Toronto, Canada, pp. 90–93
  15. ^ Bogdanov, I.A. , Bolshoi Gostiny dvor v Peterburge. SPb, 2001
  16. ^ p. 174 Desmons, Gilles Walking Paris New Holland Publishers, 2008
  17. ^ p. 386 Ayers, Andrew The Architecture of Paris: An Architectural Guide Edition Axel Menges, 2004
  18. ^ p. 32 Benjamin, Walter & Tiedemann, Rolf The Arcades Project Harvard University Press, 1999
  19. ^ p. 88 Rabaté, Jean-Michel Given: 10 Art 20 Crime : Modernity, Murder and Mass Culture Sussex Academic Press, 2007
  20. ^ "Market Arcade". Visit Buffalo Niagara. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
  21. ^ Sommer, Mark. "European-like Market Arcade is a 'show stopper'". Buffalo News. Retrieved 2022-05-30.

May 07, 2023
arcade, architecture, other, uses, arcade, disambiguation, arcade, succession, contiguous, arches, with, each, arch, supported, colonnade, columns, piers, exterior, arcades, designed, provide, sheltered, walkway, pedestrians, walkway, lined, with, retail, stor. For other uses see Arcade disambiguation An arcade is a succession of contiguous arches with each arch supported by a colonnade of columns or piers Exterior arcades are designed to provide a sheltered walkway for pedestrians The walkway may be lined with retail stores 1 An arcade may feature arches on both sides of the walkway Alternatively a blind arcade superimposes arcading against a solid wall 2 Blind arcades are a feature of Romanesque architecture that influenced Gothic architecture In the Gothic architectural tradition the arcade can be located in the interior in the lowest part of the wall of the nave supporting the triforium and the clerestory in a cathedral 3 or on the exterior in which they are usually part of the walkways that surround the courtyard and cloisters Norman blind arcade Ely Cathedral Many medieval arcades housed shops or stalls either in the arcaded space itself or set into the main wall behind From this arcade has become a general word for a group of shops in a single building regardless of the architectural form The word arcade comes from French arcade from Provencal arcada or Italian arcata based on Latin arcus bow see arc and arch 4 A related but ambiguous term is arcature which is either a small arcade or a blind arcade 5 6 Contents 1 History 2 Shopping arcades 3 Notable arcades 3 1 Religious buildings 3 2 Shopping arcades 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 ReferencesHistory EditArcades go back to at least the Ancient Greek architecture of the Hellenistic period and were much used by the Romans for example at the base of the Colosseum Church cloisters very often use arcading Islamic architecture very often uses arcades in and outside mosques in particular In Renaissance architecture elegant arcading was often used as a prominent feature of facades for example in the Ospedale degli Innocenti commissioned 1419 or the courtyard of the Palazzo Bardi both by Filippo Brunelleschi in Florence Arcades of the Colosseum AD 70s from the outside and in cross section Arcades inside the Mosque of Uqba also known as the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia 670 There is no vaulting the arches are bridged by wooden beams These arcades in Cordoba were begun in the 780s Some are topped by beams others by barrel vaults Interior elevation of a Gothic cathedral with the side aisle arcade highlighted The triforium and clerestory above also have arcades The women s cloister at the Ospedale degli Innocenti 1420s and 30s The topmost story has a colonnade but not an arcade as there are no archesShopping arcades Edit Arcade with shops behind running along a row of originally High Medieval houses in Metz France Loggia del Mercato Nuovo Florence Italy Adelaide Arcade in Adelaide South Australia circa 1886 Mozaffarieh Tabriz Bazaar Iran devoted to carpet selling Dome topped arcade in a Tunesian souq The Strand Arcade in Sydney CBD Australia opened 1892 The French architect Bertrand Lemoine described the period 1786 to 1935 as l Ere des passages couverts the Arcade Era 7 He was referring to the grand shopping arcades that flourished across Europe during that period A shopping arcade refers to a multiple vendor space operating under a covered roof Typically the roof was constructed of glass to allow for natural light and to reduce the need for candles or electric lighting 8 The 18th and 19th century arcades were designed to attract the genteel middle classes In time these arcades came to be the place to shop and to be seen Arcades offered shoppers the promise of an enclosed space away from the chaos that characterised the noisy dirty streets a warm dry space away from the harsh elements and a safe haven where people could socialise and spend their leisure time As thousands of glass covered arcades spread across Europe they became grander and more ornately decorated By the mid nineteenth century they had become prominent centres of fashion and social life Promenading in these arcades became a popular nineteenth century pastime for the emerging middle classes 9 The inspiration for the grand shopping arcades may have derived from the fashionable open loggias of Florence however medieval vernacular examples known as butterwalks were traditional jettied colonnades in British and North European marketplaces examples remain for example in Totnes and Dartmouth in Devon During the 16th century a pattern of market trading using mobile stalls under covered arcades was established in Florence from where it spread throughout Italy Examples of the earliest open loggias include Mercato Nuovo 1547 by Giovanni Battista del Tasso and funded by the Medici family Mercato Vecchio Florence by Giorgio Vasari 1567 and Loggia del Grano 1619 by Giulio Parigi 10 Arcades soon spread across Europe North America and the antipodes Examples of these grand shopping arcades include Palais Royal in Paris opened in 1784 Passage de Feydeau in Paris opened in 1791 London s Piccadilly Arcade 1810 and Milan s Galleria Vittorio Emanuele 1878 11 Some examples of arcades in North America include New York s Paddock Arcade 1850 Ohio s Dayton Arcade 1904 12 and Rhode Island s Westminster Arcade 1828 Other notable nineteenth century grand arcades include the Galeries Royales Saint Hubert in Brussels which was inaugurated in 1847 and Istanbul s Cicek Pasaji opened in 1870 Shopping arcades were the precursor to the modern shopping mall and the word arcade is now often used for malls which do not use the architectural form at all citation needed The Palais Royal which opened in 1784 and became one of the most important marketplaces in Paris is generally regarded as the earliest example of the grand shopping arcades 13 Originally a royal palace the complex consisted of gardens shops and entertainment venues situated under the original colonnades The area boasted some 145 boutiques cafes salons hair salons bookshops museums and numerous refreshment kiosks as well as two theatres The retail outlets specialised in luxury goods such as fine jewellery furs paintings and furniture designed to appeal to the wealthy elite Retailers operating out of the Palais complex were among the first in Europe to abandon the system of bartering and adopt fixed prices thereby sparing their clientele the hassle of bartering Stores were fitted with long glass exterior windows which allowed the emerging middle classes to window shop and indulge in fantasies even when they may not have been able to afford the high retail prices Thus the Palais Royal became one of the first examples of a new style of shopping arcade frequented by both the aristocracy and the middle classes It developed a reputation as being a site of sophisticated conversation revolving around the salons cafes and bookshops but also became a place frequented by off duty soldiers and was a favourite haunt of prostitutes many of whom rented apartments in the building 14 One of the earliest British examples of a shopping arcade the Covered Market Oxford England was officially opened on 1 November 1774 and is still active today The Covered Market was started in response to a general wish to clear untidy messy and unsavoury stalls from the main streets of central Oxford John Gwynn the architect of Magdalen Bridge drew up the plans and designed the High Street front with its four entrances In 1772 the newly formed Market committee half of whose members came from the town and half from the university accepted an estimate of nine hundred and sixteen pounds ten shillings for the building of twenty butchers shops Twenty more soon followed and after 1773 meat was allowed to be sold only inside the market From this nucleus the market grew with stalls for garden produce pig meat dairy products and fish citation needed Gostiny Dvor in St Petersburg Russia is another early shopping arcade Sprawling at the intersection of Nevsky Prospekt and Sadovaya Street for over one kilometer and embracing the area of 53 000 m2 570 000 sq ft the indoor complex of more than 100 shops took twenty eight years to construct Building commenced in 1757 to an elaborate design by Bartolomeo Rastrelli but that subsequently was discarded in favour of a less expensive and more functional Neoclassical design submitted by Jean Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe 1729 1800 citation needed Throughout the following century Gostiny Dvor was augmented resulting in ten indoor streets and as many as 178 shops by the 20th century During the post World War II reconstructions its inner walls were demolished and a huge shopping mall came into being This massive 18th century structure got a face lift recently and entered the 21st century as one of the most fashionable shopping centres in Eastern Europe 15 An early French arcade is the Passage du Caire created in 1798 as a tribute to the French campaign in Egypt and Syria It was appreciated by the public for its protection from the weather noise and filth of the streets 16 A year later American architect William Thayer created the Passage des Panoramas with a row of shops passing between two panorama paintings Shopping arcades increasingly were built in the second Bourbon Restoration 17 Upper levels of arcades often contained apartments 18 and sometimes brothels 19 Inside the Covered Market Oxford England Curved roof trusses imitate the form of a stone arcade Royal Arcade in Melbourne Victoria Australia opened 1870 The Cleveland Arcade in downtown Cleveland Ohio United States built 1890 The Passage des Panoramas Paris France The Parizsi udvar in Budapest An orientalist painting of a bazaar arcade in Istanbul in 1840 showing longitudinal and traverse arcadesNotable arcades EditReligious buildings Edit Great Mosque of Cordoba Spain Mission San Fernando Rey de Espana Architecture of the California missions United States Mosque of Uqba Kairouan Tunisia Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda Aragon Autonomous Community Spain Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca Bologna ItalyShopping arcades Edit Adelaide Arcade Adelaide Australia Arcade Building Asheville North Carolina United States Barton Arcade Manchester England Block Arcade Melbourne Australia Brisbane Arcade Brisbane Australia Burlington Arcade London England Camayo Arcade Winchester Ashland Kentucky United States Cathedral Arcade Melbourne Australia City Market Charleston South Carolina United States Cicek Pasaji Istanbul Turkey Cleveland Arcade Cleveland Ohio United States The Corridor Bath England Covered Market Oxford England Dayton Arcade Dayton Ohio United States Eaton Centre Toronto Ontario Canada Monticello Arcade Norfolk Virginia Galerias Pacifico Buenos Aires Argentina Galeries Royales Saint Hubert in Brussels Belgium Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II Milan Italy GPO Arcade Dublin Ireland Grand Arcade Leeds United Kingdom Grand Arcade Wigan United Kingdom Great Western Arcade Birmingham England GUM Moscow Russia Galleria Umberto I Naples Italy Market Arcade Buffalo New York United States 20 21 Monticello Arcade Norfolk Virginia United States Nashville Arcade Nashville Tennessee United States Odesa Passage Odesa Ukraine Old Bank Arcade Wellington New Zealand Paddock Arcade Watertown New York United States Palais Royal Paris France The Passage des Panoramas Paris France The Passage de l Argue Lyon France Piccadilly Arcade London England Queens Arcade Cardiff Wales United Kingdom The Royal Arcade London Royal Arcade Melbourne Australia Rue de Rivoli Paris France Stanford University Stanford California United States Silver Arcade Silver Arcade Leicester United Kingdom The Strand Arcade and Queen Victoria Building Sydney New South Wales Australia Great Gostiny Dvor St Petersburg Russia The Passage St Petersburg Russia Victoria Quarter Leeds England Westminster Arcade Providence Rhode Island United StatesGallery Edit Arcade of Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca Bologna Italy 2016 Arcades inside the Bonne Esperance Abbey Courtyard of the Great Mosque of DamascusSee also Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arcades Alley Aqueduct Bazaar Cloister Lanes and arcades of Melbourne Australia List of shopping arcades in Cardiff Wales United Kingdom List of shopping centres in the United Kingdom Loggia Marketplace Penny arcade Retail Roman aqueduct Shophouse Shopping arcade Souq Stoa Tong lauReferences Edit New Oxford American Dictionary James Bettley and Nikolaus Pevsner 2007 Essex The buildings of England Yale University Press page 865 William Chambers 1973 Chambers s encyclopaedia Volume 1 International Learning Systems Corp p 534 New Oxford American Dictionary arcature Merriam Webster Dictionary 1 a small arcade as in a balustrade 2 a blind arcade especially one that is decorative rather than structural Lockwood Luke Vincent 1913 The Furniture Collectors Glossary Walpole Society ARCATURE A small arcade formed by a series of little arches It may be blind or open Lemoine B Les Passages Couverts Paris Delegation a l action artistique de la ville de Paris AAVP 1990 ISBN 9782905118219 Mitchell I Tradition and Innovation in English Retailing 1700 to 1850 Routledge Oxon p 140 Byrne Paquet L The Urge to Splurge A Social History of Shopping ECW Press Toronto Canada pp 92 95 Pevsner N A History of Building Types Princeton University Press 1979 p 235 Goy R J Florence A Walking Guide to Its Architecture Yale University Press 2015 Codini E K ed Architettura a Pisa nel Primo Periodo Mediceo Gangemi 2003 p 213 Sassatelli R Consumer Culture History Theory and Politics Sage 2007 p 27 Although the author specifically names Piccadilly Arcade it is possible that she intended Burlington Arcade in Piccadilly Part 1 1880 1913 arcade 2019 02 22 Retrieved 2020 04 26 Mitchell I Tradition and Innovation in English Retailing 1700 to 1850 Routledge Oxon p 140 Byrne Paquet L The Urge to Splurge A Social History of Shopping ECW Press Toronto Canada pp 90 93 Bogdanov I A Bolshoi Gostiny dvor v Peterburge SPb 2001 p 174 Desmons Gilles Walking Paris New Holland Publishers 2008 p 386 Ayers Andrew The Architecture of Paris An Architectural Guide Edition Axel Menges 2004 p 32 Benjamin Walter amp Tiedemann Rolf The Arcades Project Harvard University Press 1999 p 88 Rabate Jean Michel Given 10 Art 20 Crime Modernity Murder and Mass Culture Sussex Academic Press 2007 Market Arcade Visit Buffalo Niagara Retrieved 2022 05 30 Sommer Mark European like Market Arcade is a show stopper Buffalo News Retrieved 2022 05 30 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Arcade architecture amp oldid 1153146330, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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