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Primula

January 01, 1970

For other uses, see Primula (disambiguation).

Primula (/ˈprɪmjʊlə/)[2] is a genus of herbaceous[3] flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose (P. vulgaris), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are P. auricula (auricula), P. veris (cowslip), and P. elatior (oxlip). These species and many others are valued for their ornamental flowers. They have been extensively cultivated and hybridised (in the case of the primrose, for many hundreds of years). Primula are native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, south into tropical mountains in Ethiopia, Indonesia, and New Guinea, and in temperate southern South America. Almost half of the known species are from the Himalayas.[3]

Primula
Primula vulgaris
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Primulaceae
Subfamily: Primuloideae
Genus: Primula
L. (1753)
Type species
Primula veris L.
Species[1]

528; see text

Synonyms
  • Aleuritia (Duby) Opiz
  • Aretia Link
  • Auganthus Link
  • Auricula Hill
  • Auricula-ursi Ség.
  • Cankrienia de Vriese
  • Carolinella Hemsl.
  • × Cortoprimula Zeman
  • Cortusa L.
  • Dodecatheon L.
  • Evotrochis Raf.
  • Exinia Raf.
  • Kablikia Opiz
  • Meadia Mill.
  • Oscaria Lilja
  • Paralysis Hill
  • Primulidium Spach
  • Sredinskya (Stein) Fed.

Primula has over 500 species in traditional treatments, and more if certain related genera are included within its circumscription.[4]

Description edit

Primula is a complex and varied genus, with a range of habitats from alpine slopes to boggy meadows. Plants bloom mostly during the spring, with flowers often appearing in spherical umbels on stout stems arising from basal rosettes of leaves; their flowers can be purple, yellow, red, pink, blue, or white. Some species show a white mealy bloom (farina) on various parts of the plant.[3] Many species are adapted to alpine climates.

Taxonomy edit

Primula was known at least as early as the mediaeval herbalists, although first formally described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753,[5] and later in 1754 in his Flora Anglica. Linnaeus described seven species of Primula. One of its earliest scientific treatments was that of Charles Darwin study of heterostyly in 1877 (The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species). Since then, heterostyly (and homostyly) have remained important considerations in the taxonomic classification of Primula.[6][7] Primula is a member of the Primulaceae family. The most complete treatment of the family, with nearly 1000 species arranged into 22 genera, was by Pax and Knuth in 1905.[8]

Phylogeny edit

Primula is the largest genus in the family Primulaceae, within which it is placed in the subfamily Primuloideae, being the nominative genus.[9]

The position of Primula within the family and its relationship to other genera is shown in this cladogram:

  Primulaceae s.l.  

Classification edit

The genus Dodecatheon originated from within Primula, its species are now included in Primula.[10]

Sections of genus Primula edit

The classification of the genus Primula has been investigated by botanists for over a century. As the genus is both large and diverse (with about 430–500 species), botanists have organized the species in various sub-generic groups. The most common is division into a series of thirty sections.[11][12] Some of these sections (e.g. Vernales, Auricula) contain many species; others contain only one.

  • Amethystina
  • Auricula
  • Bullatae
  • Candelabra
  • Capitatae
  • Carolinella
  • Cortusoides
  • Cuneifolia
  • Denticulata
  • Dryadifolia
  • Farinosae
  • Floribundae
  • Grandis
  • Malacoidea
  • Malvacea
  • Minutissimae
  • Muscaroides
  • Nivales
  • Obconica
  • Parryi
  • Petiolares
  • Pinnatae
  • Pycnoloba
  • Reinii
  • Rotundifolia
  • Sikkimensis
  • Sinenses
  • Soldanelloideae
  • Souliei
  • Vernales

Selected species edit

Main article: List of Primula species

Species include:[13][14][15]

 
Primula algida
 
Primula auriantaca
 
Primula beesiana
 
Primula capitata ssp. mooreana
 
Primula clarkei
 
Primula denticulata
 
Primula elatior (oxlip)
 
Primula florindae
 
Primula glutinosa
 
Primula helodoxa
 
Primula japonica
  • Primula gambeliana
  • Primula gemmifera
  • Primula geraniifolia
  • Primula giraldiana
  • Primula glabra
  • Primula glaucescens
  • Primula glomerata
  • Primula glutinosa
  • Primula gracilenta
  • Primula gracillipes
  • Primula griffithii
  • Primula halleri (long-flowered primrose, Haller's primrose)
  • Primula helodoxa
  • Primula hendersonii (broad-leaved shootingstar, Henderson's shootingstar, mosquito-bill, sailor caps)
  • Primula heucherifolia
  • Primula hirsuta (stinking primrose)
  • Primula hookeri
  • Primula incana (silvery primrose, mealy primrose)
  • Primula interjacens
  • Primula involucrata
  • Primula ioessa
  • Primula irregularis
  • Primula japonica (Japanese primrose, Japanese cowslip)
  • Primula jesoana
  • Primula jigmediana
  • Primula juliae (Julia's primrose, purple primrose)
  • Primula kingii
  • Primula kisoana
  • Primula kitaibeliana (Kitaibel's primrose)
  • Primula klattii
  • Primula laurentiana (birdseye primrose)
  • Primula lihengiana[21]
 
Primula marginata
 
Primula megaseifolia
 
Primula prolifera
 
Primula rosea
 
Primula sieboldii
  • Primula munroi
  • Primula muscarioides
  • Primula nipponica
  • Primula nivalis (snowy primrose)
  • Primula obconica (poison primrose, German primrose)
  • Primula orbicularis
 
Primula veris
 
Primula vialii
 
Primula × pubescens

Etymology edit

The word primula is the Latin feminine diminutive of primus, meaning first (prime), applied to flowers that are among the first to open in spring.[29]

Distribution and habitat edit

Although there are over 400 species of Primula, about 75% are found in the eastern Himalayan mountain chain and western China (Yunnan Province), constituting a centre of diversity. Other centres of diversity are a western Asian centre (Caucasus, European mountain ranges from the Pyrenees, through the Alps to the Carpathian Mountains), mountains of East Asia and those of western North America. Primula is found in mountainous or higher latitude zones of North America, Europe, and Asia, with extension into South America, Africa (mountains of Ethiopia) and tropical Asia (islands of Java and Sumatra).[6][9] About 25 species occur in North America (represented in five sections).[30]

Primula is found in the humid and moderate climate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly in the forest belt, plain meadows, Alpine lawns, and nival and meadow tundras.[9]

Ecology edit

Primulas are used as a food plant by the Duke of Burgundy butterfly.[31]

Cultivation edit

Primula species have been extensively cultivated and hybridised, mainly derived from P. elatior, P. juliae, P. veris and P. vulgaris. Polyanthus (Primula × polyantha) is one such group of plants, which has produced a large variety of strains in all colours, usually grown as annuals or biennials and available as seeds or young plants.[32]

Another huge range of cultivars, known as auriculas, are derived from crosses between P. auricula and P. hirsuta (among others). Specialist nurseries and auricula societies[33] support the growing and showing of these choice strains.

AGM cultivars edit

The following hybrid varieties and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-[34]

  • 'Broadwell Milkmaid' (auri)[35]
  • Charisma series (prim)[36]
  • 'Clarence Elliott' (auri)[37]
  • Crescendo Series (poly)
    • 'Crescendo Blue Shades'[38]
    • 'Crescendo Bright Red'[39]
    • 'Crescendo Pink and Rose Shades'[40]
  • Danova Series (prim)[41]
  • 'Francisca' (poly)[43]
  • 'Guinevere' (poly)[44]
  • Primula × loiseleurii 'Aire Mist' (auri)[45]
  • Primula × pubescens (auri)[46]
  • 'Tony' (auri)[47]
  • 'Wanda' (prim)[48]

Hybrids edit

  • Primula × kewensis=P. floribunda × P. verticillata (Kew primrose)[28]
  • Primula × polyantha=P. veris × P. vulgaris (false oxlip, polyanthus primula)[49]
  • Primula × pubescens=P. hirsuta × P. auricula

References edit

  1. ^ Primula L. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  2. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. pp. 606–07.
  3. ^ a b c RHS A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
  4. ^ . www.efloras.org. Archived from the original on October 13, 2013. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
  5. ^ Linnaeus 1753.
  6. ^ a b Mast et al 2001.
  7. ^ Gilmartin 2015.
  8. ^ Martins et al 2003.
  9. ^ a b c Kovtonyuk & Goncharov 2009.
  10. ^ Weakley, A. S. (2008). "Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas". from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2009-06-08. UNC Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  11. ^ Ingwersen, Will (1986) [1978]. Ingwersen's Manual of Alpine Plants. Portland: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-026-0.
  12. ^ Green, Roy (1986) [1976]. Asiatic Primulas. Woking, Surrey, UK: Alpine Garden Society.
  13. ^ . www.efloras.org. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
  14. ^ . www.efloras.org. Archived from the original on October 13, 2013. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
  15. ^ GRIN Species Records of Primula. 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
  16. ^ Basak, S. K. and G. G. Maiti. 2000. Primula arunachalensis sp. nov. (Primulaceae) from the Eastern Himalaya. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 51(1) 11-15.
  17. ^ a b Ming, H. C. and G. Y. Ying. (2003). Two new species of Primula (Primulaceae) from China. 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Novon 13 196-199.
  18. ^ Xun, G. and F. Rhui-cheng. (2003). Primula calyptrata, a new species in section Carolinella (Primulaceae) from Yunnan, China. 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Novon 13 193-95.
  19. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 24 June 2010. 24 June 2010. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  20. ^ a b Hu, C. M.; Hao, G. (June 2011). "New and Noteworthy Species of Primula (Primulaceae) from China". Edinburgh Journal of Botany. 68 (2): 297–300. doi:10.1017/S096042861100014X. ISSN 1474-0036.
  21. ^ Li, R. and C. M. Hu. (2009). Primula lihengiana (Primulaceae), a new species from Yunnan, China. 2014-10-23 at the Wayback Machine Annales Botanici Fennici 46(2) 130-32
  22. ^ Rankin, David W. H. (2012). "726. Primula Melanantha". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 29: 18–33. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8748.2012.01768.x.
  23. ^ Rix, Martyn (2005). "529. Primula Moupinensis. Primulaceae". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 22 (2): 119–123. doi:10.1111/j.1355-4905.2005.00477.x.
  24. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 10 September 2008. 10 September 2008. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  25. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 23 June 2010. 23 June 2010. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  26. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 13 January 2011. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  27. ^ Chi-Ming, H. (1994). "New Taxa and Combinations in Chinese Primulaceae". Novon. 4 (2): 103–105. doi:10.2307/3391576. JSTOR 3391576. Retrieved 2023-02-19.
  28. ^ a b Primula verticillata (yellow primrose). 2012-09-05 at the Wayback Machine Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  29. ^ Coombes, Allen J. (2012). The A to Z of Plant Names. USA: Timber Press. pp. 242. ISBN 9781604691962.
  30. ^ Kelso 1991.
  31. ^ "UK Butterflies - Larval Foodplants". from the original on 2017-05-01. Retrieved 2017-04-24.
  32. ^ Reader's Digest Encyclopedia of Garden Plants & Flowers, 2nd edition. United Kingdom: Reader's Digest Association. 1978.
  33. ^ "Welcome to The National Auricula & Primula Society: Midland & West Section". National Auricula Society. from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  34. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 81. (PDF) from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
  35. ^ "Primula 'Broadwell Milkmaid'". RHS. from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  36. ^ "Primula 'Charisma Series'". RHS. from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  37. ^ "Primula 'Clarence Elliott'". RHS. from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  38. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Primula 'Crescendo Blue Shades'". from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  39. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Primula 'Crescendo Bright Red'". from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  40. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Primula 'Crescendo Pink and Rose Shades'". from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  41. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Primula Danova Series". from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  42. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Primula 'Danova Rose'". from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  43. ^ "Primula 'Francisca'". RHS. from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  44. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Primula 'Guinevere'". from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  45. ^ "Primula × loiseleurii 'Aire Mist'". RHS. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  46. ^ "Primula × pubescens". RHS. from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  47. ^ "Primula 'Tony'". RHS. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  48. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Primula 'Wanda'". from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  49. ^ "Primula × polyantha". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 12 December 2017.

Bibliography edit

  • Linnaeus, Carl (1753). "Primula". Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Vol. 1. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. pp. 142–144. from the original on 2020-05-06. Retrieved 2021-06-04., see also Species Plantarum
  • Gilmartin, Philip M. (2015). "On the origins of observations of heterostyly in Primula". New Phytologist. 208 (1): 39–51. doi:10.1111/nph.13558. PMID 26255981.
  • Kelso, Sylvia (1991). "Taxonomy of Primula Sects. Aleuritia and Armerina in North America". Rhodora. 93 (873): 67–99. JSTOR 23312756.
  • Kovtonyuk, N. K.; Goncharov, A. A. (June 2009). "Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Primula L. (Primulaceae) inferred from the ITS region sequences of nuclear rDNA". Russian Journal of Genetics. 45 (6): 663–670. doi:10.1134/S1022795409060052. S2CID 30118798.
  • Martins, L.; Oberprieler, C.; Hellwig, F. H. (2003). "A phylogenetic analysis of Primulaceae s.l. based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA sequence data". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 237 (1–2): 75–85. Bibcode:2003PSyEv.237...75M. doi:10.1007/s00606-002-0258-1. S2CID 43988431.
  • Mast, Austin R.; Kelso, Sylvia; Richards, A. John; Lang, Daniela J.; Feller, Danielle M. S.; Conti, Elena (2001). "Phylogenetic Relationships in Primula L. and Related Genera (Primulaceae) Based on Noncoding Chloroplast DNA". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 162 (6): 1381–1400. doi:10.1086/323444. JSTOR 323444. S2CID 59929813.
  • "The American Primrose Society". from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.

Species edit

  • Basak, Sandip Kumar; Maiti, G. G. (2000). "Primula arunachalensis sp. nov. (Primulaceae) from the Eastern Himalaya". Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica. 51 (1): 11–15. doi:10.18942/bunruichiri.KJ00001077444.
  • Ming, Hu Chi; Ying, Geng Yu (2003). "Two New Species of Primula (Primulaceae) from China" (PDF). Novon. 13 (2): 196–199. doi:10.2307/3393518. JSTOR 3393518. (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
  • Fu, Kunjun; Ohba, Hideaki; Gilbert, Michael G. (2004). "Primula". from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021., in Flora of China online vol. 15
  • Little, R. John; McKinney, Landon E. (2003). "Primula". Flora of North America. New York: Oxford University Press. from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  • GRIN (2021). "Species of Primula". U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service, USDA. from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Primula.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Primula.
  • Armeniapedia: Medicinal Uses of Primula

January 01, 1970
primula, other, uses, disambiguation, genus, herbaceous, flowering, plants, family, ceae, they, include, primrose, vulgaris, familiar, wildflower, banks, verges, other, common, species, auricula, auricula, veris, cowslip, elatior, oxlip, these, species, many, . For other uses see Primula disambiguation Primula ˈ p r ɪ m j ʊ l e 2 is a genus of herbaceous 3 flowering plants in the family Primulaceae They include the primrose P vulgaris a familiar wildflower of banks and verges Other common species are P auricula auricula P veris cowslip and P elatior oxlip These species and many others are valued for their ornamental flowers They have been extensively cultivated and hybridised in the case of the primrose for many hundreds of years Primula are native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere south into tropical mountains in Ethiopia Indonesia and New Guinea and in temperate southern South America Almost half of the known species are from the Himalayas 3 Primula Primula vulgaris Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Asterids Order Ericales Family Primulaceae Subfamily Primuloideae Genus PrimulaL 1753 Type species Primula veris L Species 1 528 see text Synonyms Aleuritia Duby Opiz Aretia Link Auganthus Link Auricula Hill Auricula ursi Seg Cankrienia de Vriese Carolinella Hemsl Cortoprimula Zeman Cortusa L Dodecatheon L Evotrochis Raf Exinia Raf Kablikia Opiz Meadia Mill Oscaria Lilja Paralysis Hill Primulidium Spach Sredinskya Stein Fed Primula has over 500 species in traditional treatments and more if certain related genera are included within its circumscription 4 Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Phylogeny 2 1 1 Classification 2 1 1 1 Sections of genus Primula 2 2 Selected species 2 3 Etymology 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Ecology 5 Cultivation 5 1 AGM cultivars 5 2 Hybrids 6 References 7 Bibliography 7 1 Species 8 External linksDescription editPrimula is a complex and varied genus with a range of habitats from alpine slopes to boggy meadows Plants bloom mostly during the spring with flowers often appearing in spherical umbels on stout stems arising from basal rosettes of leaves their flowers can be purple yellow red pink blue or white Some species show a white mealy bloom farina on various parts of the plant 3 Many species are adapted to alpine climates Taxonomy editPrimula was known at least as early as the mediaeval herbalists although first formally described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1753 5 and later in 1754 in his Flora Anglica Linnaeus described seven species of Primula One of its earliest scientific treatments was that of Charles Darwin study of heterostyly in 1877 The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species Since then heterostyly and homostyly have remained important considerations in the taxonomic classification of Primula 6 7 Primula is a member of the Primulaceae family The most complete treatment of the family with nearly 1000 species arranged into 22 genera was by Pax and Knuth in 1905 8 Phylogeny edit Primula is the largest genus in the family Primulaceae within which it is placed in the subfamily Primuloideae being the nominative genus 9 The position of Primula within the family and its relationship to other genera is shown in this cladogram Primulaceae s l Maesoideae Maesa Theophrastaceae Clavija Samolus Primulaceae Primula Myrsinaceae Lysimachia Myrsine Classification edit The genus Dodecatheon originated from within Primula its species are now included in Primula 10 Sections of genus Primula edit The classification of the genus Primula has been investigated by botanists for over a century As the genus is both large and diverse with about 430 500 species botanists have organized the species in various sub generic groups The most common is division into a series of thirty sections 11 12 Some of these sections e g Vernales Auricula contain many species others contain only one Amethystina Auricula Bullatae Candelabra Capitatae Carolinella Cortusoides Cuneifolia Denticulata Dryadifolia Farinosae Floribundae Grandis Malacoidea Malvacea Minutissimae Muscaroides Nivales Obconica Parryi Petiolares Pinnatae Pycnoloba Reinii Rotundifolia Sikkimensis Sinenses Soldanelloideae Souliei Vernales Selected species edit Main article List of Primula species Species include 13 14 15 nbsp Primula algida nbsp Primula auriantaca nbsp Primula beesiana Primula alcalina bluedome primrose Primula algida Primula aliciae Primula allionii Allioni s primrose Primula alpicola moonlight primrose Primula amethystina Primula angustifolia alpine primrose Primula anisodora anise primrose Primula anvilensis boreal primrose Primula appenina Primula arunachalensis 16 Primula atrodentata Primula aurantiaca primevere a fleurs oranges Primula aureata Primula auricula auricula bear s ear Primula auriculata Primula bathangensis Primula beesiana candelabra primrose Primula bella Primula bellidifolia Primula bergenioides 17 Primula bhutanica Primula blattariformis Primula boothii Primula borealis northern primrose Primula bracteosa Primula bulleyana candelabra primrose nbsp Primula capitata ssp mooreana nbsp Primula clarkei nbsp Primula denticulata nbsp Primula elatior oxlip nbsp Primula florindae Primula calderiana Primula calliantha Primula calyptrata 18 Primula capillaris Ruby Mountain primrose Primula capitata Primula capitata ssp mooreana Primula capitata ssp crispata Primula capitellata Primula carniolica 19 Carniolan primrose Primula caveana Primula cawdoriana Primula cernua Primula chionantha Primula chumbiensis Primula chungensis Primula chasmophila Primula clarkei Primula clusiana Primula clutterbuckii Primula cockburniana Primula concholoba Primula concinna Primula conspersa Primula cortusoides Primula cuneifolia wedgeleaf primrose pixie eye primrose Primula cusickiana Cusick s primrose Primula daonensis Primula darialica Primula davidii Primula deflexa Primula denticulata drumstick primrose Himalayan primrose Primula deorum Rila primrose Rila cowslip God s cowslip Primula deuteronana Primula dryadifolia Primula edgeworthii Primula egaliksensis Greenland primrose Primula elatior oxlip true oxlip oxslip Primula elizabethiae Primula elongata Primula erythrocarpa Primula farinosa birdseye primrose Primula farreriana Primula fedschenkoi Primula fenghwaiana 20 Primula filchnerae Primula filipes Primula firmipes Primula fistulosa Primula flaccida Primula floribunda Primula florindae Himalayan cowslip Tibetan cowslip Primula forrestii Primula frondosa nbsp Primula glutinosa nbsp Primula helodoxa nbsp Primula japonica Primula gambeliana Primula gemmifera Primula geraniifolia Primula giraldiana Primula glabra Primula glaucescens Primula glomerata Primula glutinosa Primula gracilenta Primula gracillipes Primula griffithii Primula halleri long flowered primrose Haller s primrose Primula helodoxa Primula hendersonii broad leaved shootingstar Henderson s shootingstar mosquito bill sailor caps Primula heucherifolia Primula hirsuta stinking primrose Primula hookeri Primula incana silvery primrose mealy primrose Primula interjacens Primula involucrata Primula ioessa Primula irregularis Primula japonica Japanese primrose Japanese cowslip Primula jesoana Primula jigmediana Primula juliae Julia s primrose purple primrose Primula kingii Primula kisoana Primula kitaibeliana Kitaibel s primrose Primula klattii Primula laurentiana birdseye primrose Primula lihengiana 21 nbsp Primula marginata nbsp Primula megaseifolia Primula listeri Primula longiscapa Primula lutea Primula luteola Primula macrophylla largeleaf primrose Primula magellanica Primula malacoides fairy primrose baby primrose Primula malvacea Primula marginata marginate primrose Primula megaseifolia Primula melanantha 22 Primula melanops Primula minima dwarf primrose Primula minor Primula mistassinica Mistassini primrose Primula modesta Primula mollis Primula moupinensis 23 nbsp Primula prolifera nbsp Primula rosea nbsp Primula sieboldii Primula munroi Primula muscarioides Primula nipponica Primula nivalis snowy primrose Primula obconica poison primrose German primrose Primula orbicularis nbsp Primula veris nbsp Primula vialii nbsp Primula pubescens Primula palinuri 24 Primula parryi Parry s primrose Primula pedemontana Primula petelotii 20 Primula petiolaris Primula pinnatifida Primula poissonii Primula polyneura Primula prenantha Primula prolifera glory of the marsh Primula pulchella Primula pulverulenta mealy cowslip Primula pumila arctic primrose Primula reidii Primula reinii Primula renifolia Primula reptans Primula reticulata Primula rockii Primula rosea Himalayan meadow primrose Primula rotundifolia Primula rusbyi Rusby s primrose Primula sapphirina Primula saxatilis rock primrose Primula scandinavica 25 Scandinavian primrose Primula scapigera Primula scotica Scottish primrose Primula secundiflora Primula septemloba Primula serratifolia Primula sheriffii Primula sieboldii Japanese primrose Primula sikkimensis Sikkim cowslip Primula sinensis syn P praenitens Primula sinolisteri Primula sinomollis Primula soldanelloides Primula sonchifolia Primula souliei Primula spectabilis 26 Primula specuicola alcove primrose cave dwelling primrose Primula stricta coastal primrose strict primrose Primula strumosa Primula suffrutescens Sierra primrose Primula szechuanica Primula takedana Primula tanneri Primula tardiflora 27 Primula tenella Primula tenuiloba Primula tenuituba 17 Primula tibetica Primula tschuktschorum Chukchi primrose Primula tyrolensis Primula vaginata Primula valentiniana Primula veris cowslip Primula verticillata 28 yellow primrose Primula vialii wayside primrose pagoda primrose orchid primrose poker primrose Primula villosa Primula vulgaris primrose Primula waltonii Primula watsonii Primula warshenewskiana Primula whitei Primula wilsonii Primula wollastonii Wollaston s primrose Primula wulfeniana Wulfen s primrose Primula xanthopa Primula yunnanensis Primula yuparensis Etymology edit The word primula is the Latin feminine diminutive of primus meaning first prime applied to flowers that are among the first to open in spring 29 Distribution and habitat editAlthough there are over 400 species of Primula about 75 are found in the eastern Himalayan mountain chain and western China Yunnan Province constituting a centre of diversity Other centres of diversity are a western Asian centre Caucasus European mountain ranges from the Pyrenees through the Alps to the Carpathian Mountains mountains of East Asia and those of western North America Primula is found in mountainous or higher latitude zones of North America Europe and Asia with extension into South America Africa mountains of Ethiopia and tropical Asia islands of Java and Sumatra 6 9 About 25 species occur in North America represented in five sections 30 Primula is found in the humid and moderate climate regions of the Northern Hemisphere predominantly in the forest belt plain meadows Alpine lawns and nival and meadow tundras 9 Ecology editPrimulas are used as a food plant by the Duke of Burgundy butterfly 31 Cultivation editPrimula species have been extensively cultivated and hybridised mainly derived from P elatior P juliae P veris and P vulgaris Polyanthus Primula polyantha is one such group of plants which has produced a large variety of strains in all colours usually grown as annuals or biennials and available as seeds or young plants 32 Another huge range of cultivars known as auriculas are derived from crosses between P auricula and P hirsuta among others Specialist nurseries and auricula societies 33 support the growing and showing of these choice strains AGM cultivars edit The following hybrid varieties and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society s Award of Garden Merit 34 Broadwell Milkmaid auri 35 Charisma series prim 36 Clarence Elliott auri 37 Crescendo Series poly Crescendo Blue Shades 38 Crescendo Bright Red 39 Crescendo Pink and Rose Shades 40 Danova Series prim 41 Danova Rose 42 Francisca poly 43 Guinevere poly 44 Primula loiseleurii Aire Mist auri 45 Primula pubescens auri 46 Tony auri 47 Wanda prim 48 Hybrids edit Primula kewensis P floribunda P verticillata Kew primrose 28 Primula polyantha P veris P vulgaris false oxlip polyanthus primula 49 Primula pubescens P hirsuta P auriculaReferences edit Primula L Plants of the World Online Retrieved 8 April 2024 Sunset Western Garden Book 1995 pp 606 07 a b c RHS A Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants United Kingdom Dorling Kindersley 2008 p 1136 ISBN 978 1405332965 Primula in Flora of North America efloras org www efloras org Archived from the original on October 13 2013 Retrieved 2023 02 19 Linnaeus 1753 a b Mast et al 2001 Gilmartin 2015 Martins et al 2003 a b c Kovtonyuk amp Goncharov 2009 Weakley A S 2008 Flora of the Carolinas Virginia and Georgia and Surrounding Areas Archived from the original on 2018 10 06 Retrieved 2009 06 08 UNC Herbarium North Carolina Botanical Garden University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Ingwersen Will 1986 1978 Ingwersen s Manual of Alpine Plants Portland Timber Press ISBN 978 0 88192 026 0 Green Roy 1986 1976 Asiatic Primulas Woking Surrey UK Alpine Garden Society Primula www efloras org Archived from the original on October 15 2013 Retrieved 2023 02 19 Primula www efloras org Archived from the original on October 13 2013 Retrieved 2023 02 19 GRIN Species Records of Primula Archived 2015 09 24 at the Wayback Machine Germplasm Resources Information Network GRIN Basak S K and G G Maiti 2000 Primula arunachalensis sp nov Primulaceae from the Eastern Himalaya Acta Phytotax Geobot 51 1 11 15 a b Ming H C and G Y Ying 2003 Two new species of Primula Primulaceae from China Archived 2016 03 04 at the Wayback Machine Novon 13 196 199 Xun G and F Rhui cheng 2003 Primula calyptrata a new species in section Carolinella Primulaceae from Yunnan China Archived 2016 03 04 at the Wayback Machine Novon 13 193 95 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 24 June 2010 24 June 2010 Retrieved 2018 11 15 a b Hu C M Hao G June 2011 New and Noteworthy Species of Primula Primulaceae from China Edinburgh Journal of Botany 68 2 297 300 doi 10 1017 S096042861100014X ISSN 1474 0036 Li R and C M Hu 2009 Primula lihengiana Primulaceae a new species from Yunnan China Archived 2014 10 23 at the Wayback Machine Annales Botanici Fennici 46 2 130 32 Rankin David W H 2012 726 Primula Melanantha Curtis s Botanical Magazine 29 18 33 doi 10 1111 j 1467 8748 2012 01768 x Rix Martyn 2005 529 Primula Moupinensis Primulaceae Curtis s Botanical Magazine 22 2 119 123 doi 10 1111 j 1355 4905 2005 00477 x The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 10 September 2008 10 September 2008 Retrieved 2018 11 15 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 23 June 2010 23 June 2010 Retrieved 2018 11 15 The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 13 January 2011 13 January 2011 Retrieved 2018 11 15 Chi Ming H 1994 New Taxa and Combinations in Chinese Primulaceae Novon 4 2 103 105 doi 10 2307 3391576 JSTOR 3391576 Retrieved 2023 02 19 a b Primula verticillata yellow primrose Archived 2012 09 05 at the Wayback Machine Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Coombes Allen J 2012 The A to Z of Plant Names USA Timber Press pp 242 ISBN 9781604691962 Kelso 1991 UK Butterflies Larval Foodplants Archived from the original on 2017 05 01 Retrieved 2017 04 24 Reader s Digest Encyclopedia of Garden Plants amp Flowers 2nd edition United Kingdom Reader s Digest Association 1978 Welcome to The National Auricula amp Primula Society Midland amp West Section National Auricula Society Archived from the original on 26 January 2021 Retrieved 18 February 2021 AGM Plants Ornamental PDF Royal Horticultural Society July 2017 p 81 Archived PDF from the original on 5 January 2018 Retrieved 14 May 2018 Primula Broadwell Milkmaid RHS Archived from the original on 13 April 2022 Retrieved 17 February 2021 Primula Charisma Series RHS Archived from the original on 13 April 2022 Retrieved 17 February 2021 Primula Clarence Elliott RHS Archived from the original on 13 April 2022 Retrieved 17 February 2021 RHS Plant Selector Primula Crescendo Blue Shades Archived from the original on 13 April 2022 Retrieved 17 February 2021 RHS Plant Selector Primula Crescendo Bright Red Archived from the original on 13 April 2022 Retrieved 17 February 2021 RHS Plant Selector Primula Crescendo Pink and Rose Shades Archived from the original on 13 April 2022 Retrieved 17 February 2021 RHS Plant Selector Primula Danova Series Archived from the original on 13 April 2022 Retrieved 17 February 2021 RHS Plant Selector Primula Danova Rose Archived from the original on 13 April 2022 Retrieved 17 February 2021 Primula Francisca RHS Archived from the original on 13 April 2022 Retrieved 17 February 2021 RHS Plant Selector Primula Guinevere Archived from the original on 7 July 2021 Retrieved 17 February 2021 Primula loiseleurii Aire Mist RHS Retrieved 17 February 2021 Primula pubescens RHS Archived from the original on 13 April 2022 Retrieved 17 February 2021 Primula Tony RHS Retrieved 17 February 2021 RHS Plant Selector Primula Wanda Archived from the original on 27 November 2020 Retrieved 17 February 2021 Primula polyantha Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 12 December 2017 Bibliography editLinnaeus Carl 1753 Primula Species Plantarum exhibentes plantas rite cognitas ad genera relatas cum differentiis specificis nominibus trivialibus synonymis selectis locis natalibus secundum systema sexuale digestas Vol 1 Stockholm Impensis Laurentii Salvii pp 142 144 Archived from the original on 2020 05 06 Retrieved 2021 06 04 see also Species Plantarum Gilmartin Philip M 2015 On the origins of observations of heterostyly in Primula New Phytologist 208 1 39 51 doi 10 1111 nph 13558 PMID 26255981 Kelso Sylvia 1991 Taxonomy of Primula Sects Aleuritia and Armerina in North America Rhodora 93 873 67 99 JSTOR 23312756 Kovtonyuk N K Goncharov A A June 2009 Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Primula L Primulaceae inferred from the ITS region sequences of nuclear rDNA Russian Journal of Genetics 45 6 663 670 doi 10 1134 S1022795409060052 S2CID 30118798 Martins L Oberprieler C Hellwig F H 2003 A phylogenetic analysis of Primulaceae s l based on internal transcribed spacer ITS DNA sequence data Plant Systematics and Evolution 237 1 2 75 85 Bibcode 2003PSyEv 237 75M doi 10 1007 s00606 002 0258 1 S2CID 43988431 Mast Austin R Kelso Sylvia Richards A John Lang Daniela J Feller Danielle M S Conti Elena 2001 Phylogenetic Relationships in Primula L and Related Genera Primulaceae Based on Noncoding Chloroplast DNA International Journal of Plant Sciences 162 6 1381 1400 doi 10 1086 323444 JSTOR 323444 S2CID 59929813 The American Primrose Society Archived from the original on 6 June 2021 Retrieved 6 June 2021 Species edit Basak Sandip Kumar Maiti G G 2000 Primula arunachalensis sp nov Primulaceae from the Eastern Himalaya Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica 51 1 11 15 doi 10 18942 bunruichiri KJ00001077444 Ming Hu Chi Ying Geng Yu 2003 Two New Species of Primula Primulaceae from China PDF Novon 13 2 196 199 doi 10 2307 3393518 JSTOR 3393518 Archived PDF from the original on 2016 03 04 Retrieved 2013 07 10 Fu Kunjun Ohba Hideaki Gilbert Michael G 2004 Primula Archived from the original on 15 May 2021 Retrieved 4 June 2021 in Flora of China online vol 15 Little R John McKinney Landon E 2003 Primula Flora of North America New York Oxford University Press Archived from the original on 6 June 2021 Retrieved 5 June 2021 GRIN 2021 Species of Primula U S National Plant Germplasm System GRIN Agricultural Research Service USDA Archived from the original on 6 June 2021 Retrieved 6 June 2021 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Primula nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Primula Armeniapedia Medicinal Uses of Primula Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Primula amp oldid 1218006717, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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