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Theophrastoideae

February 01, 2023

Theophrastoideae is a small subfamily of flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. It was formerly recognized as a separate family Theophrastaceae. As previously circumscribed, the family consisted of eight genera and 95 species of trees or shrubs, native to tropical regions of the Americas.

Theophrastoideae
Jacquinia pungens flowers
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Primulaceae
Subfamily: Theophrastoideae
A.DC.[1][2]
Type genus
Theophrasta L.
Tribes
Synonyms

Theophrastaceae D.Don[3]

Description

The two subclades or tribes of Theophrastoideae, Theophrasteae (Theophrastaceae s.s.) and Samoleae, share only the presence of staminodes. The species of Samolus are perennial, herbaceous or suffrutescent (shrubby) and characterised by perigynous flowers.[4] The remaining genera (Theophrastaceae s.s.) are generally evergreen shrubs or small trees, with hypogynous flowers.[5][6]

Taxonomy

History

Linnaeus, in formally describing the genera, placed Theophrasta and related genera in a group he named Pentandria Monogynia (i.e 5 stamens, one pistil), his system being based on sexual characteristics.[7] Jussieu arranged Linnaeus' genera in a hierarchical system of ranks based on the relative value of a much wider range of characteristics. In his Genera plantarum (1789) he organised the primuloid genera into two Ordo (families), within a class (VIII) he called Dicotyledones Monopetalae Corolla Hypogyna, based on the cotyledons (two), form of the petals (fused), and position of the corolla with respect to the ovary (below).[8] Jussieu's families were the Lysimachiae, including Primula and Theophrasta[9] and the Sapotae, including Myrsine, these being the three main lineages in modern understanding of the Primulaceae.[10]

Don described a family of Theophrasteaceae in 1836, with four genera, Theophrasta, Clavija, Jacquinia and Leonia, of which the latter was determined unrelated, and placed this family as closely related to Myrsineae and Sapoteae.[3] Later, De Candolle more formally described a family, Theophrastaceae, based on the genus Theophrasta, in 1844, with six genera, Theophrasta, Clavija, Jacquinia, Oncinus, Monotheca and Reptonia. The latter three are no longer considered related.[2]

Theophrastaceae were included in the order Primulales by Cronquist (1988).[11] The APG system (1998) submerged that order in an enlarged order Ericales (Ericales s.l.), a basal group in the asterids, where the families of Primulales formed a monophyletic primuloid clade. Subsequent molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the genus Samolus (brook weeds),[4] with about 12–15 additional species and traditionally placed within Primulaceae, as tribe Samoleae, was more closely related to the Theophrastaceae and suggested its transfer. Briefly Samolus was considered a separate family, Samolaceae. The third revision of the APG, APG III (2009) realigned all the primuloid families within a greatly enlarged Primulaceae (Primulaceae s.l.), in which each of the existing families became a subfamily. The newly described Theophrastoideae included Samolus, vastly increasing the area of distribution.[12][13]

Phylogeny

The cladogram below shows the infrafamilial phylogenetic relationships of Primulaceae, together with the subfamilial crown ages. Maesoideae forms the basal group, while Primuloideae and Myrsinoideae are in a sister group relationship.[14][15][16][17]

Primulaceae s.l.

Maesoideae

24.1mya

Theophrastoideae

70mya

Primuloideae

46.4mya

Myrsinoideae

53.2mya

Subdivision

The phylogenetic relationships of the 8 accepted genera are shown in the cladogram, in which Samolus forms the basal group and is sister to all other Theophrastoideae (Theophrastaceae s.s.),[6] the remaining genera forming two subclades. Alternatively these two subclasses have been designated as two tribes, Samoleae and Theophrasteae:[13]

Theophrastoideae
Samoleae

Samolus L.

Theophrasteae

Theophrasta L.

Neomezia Votsch

Clavija Ruiz & Pav.

Jacquinia L.

Deherainia Decne.

Votschia B.Ståhl

Bonellia Bertero ex Colla

(Theophrastaceae s.s.)
Phylogenetic relationships of Theophrastoideae[18][19]

The Theophrasteae consist of seven genera and about 100 species, while Samoleae has only the single genus Samolus, with about 12–15 dozen species.[4] In 1903, Theophrastaceae consisted of four genera, Clavija, Jacquinia, Deherainia, and Theophrasta.[20] In 1904, a species of Deherainia was segregated to form the novel genus Neomezia, to create five genera[21] and in 1993 a species of Jacquinia was segregated to form a sixth genus, Votschia. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that Jacquinia was still paraphyletic consisting of two separate and distinct clades, necessitating splitting off another new genus, Bonellia, to make seven genera in total in this tribe.[6]

Etymology

Theophrastoideae takes its name from the nominative and type genus, Theophrasta, named by Linnaeus after the Ancient Greek philosopher and biologist Theophrastus.[citation needed]

Botanical authority

The botanical authority for the previous family, Theophrastaceae, belongs to David Don (D.Don) for his first description of the family in 1835.[3] The subsequently submerged subfamily bears the authority of Alphonse de Candolle (A.DC.) for his formal conspectus of Theophrastaceae in 1844.[2] The authority for the tribe Theophrasteae is that of Bartling who used the term Theophrastea to describe a grouping of genera, including Theophrasta within the family Ardisiaceae in 1830. This represents the earliest creation of a suprageneric taxon for these genera. The Ardisiaceae were later included in the other primuloid family, Myrsinaceae (Myrsinoideae).

Distribution and habitat

Distribution

The species of Theophrasteae are largely neotropical, confined to Mesoamerica, Central and South America and the Caribbean.[22][23]

In contrast Samolus species are mainly restricted to different continents in the Southern Hemisphere with about 4–6 species restricted to North America. However the generic type, Samolus valerandi is near cosmopolitan in its distribution.[23]

Habitat

Theophrastaceae s.s. are mainly found in lowland regions which have a seasonal, dry climate, and prefer coastal thickets, dry shrub vegetation, or dry deciduous or semideciduous forests. However a number of species of Clavija are found in low montane and lowland rain forests.[22]

Unlike much of the traditional Theophrastoideae, Samolus is found in either flooded areas around rivers and lakes, or in salt marshes.[4]

References

  1. ^ Reveal 2012.
  2. ^ a b c de Candolle 1844.
  3. ^ a b c Don 1836.
  4. ^ a b c d Wanntorp & Anderberg 2011.
  5. ^ Stahl 2004.
  6. ^ a b c Ståhl & Källersjö 2004.
  7. ^ Linnaeus 1753.
  8. ^ Jussieu 1789, p. 93.
  9. ^ Jussieu 1789, p. 95.
  10. ^ Jussieu 1789, p. 151.
  11. ^ Cronquist 1988.
  12. ^ APG III 2009.
  13. ^ a b Stevens 2021a.
  14. ^ Soltis et al 2018.
  15. ^ Anderberg et al 2002.
  16. ^ Byng 2014.
  17. ^ Rose et al 2018.
  18. ^ Ståhl 2010, p. 20.
  19. ^ Kallersjo et al 2000.
  20. ^ Mez 1903.
  21. ^ Votsch 1904.
  22. ^ a b Ståhl 2010.
  23. ^ a b Jones et al 2012.

Bibliography

Books

  • Byng, James W. (2014). "Primulaceae". The Flowering Plants Handbook: A practical guide to families and genera of the world. Plant Gateway Ltd. pp. 399ff. ISBN 978-0-9929993-1-5.
  • de Candolle, A. P. (1844). "Theophrastaceae". Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta 16 vols. Vol. 8. pp. 144–153. (also available online at Gallica)
  • Cronquist, Arthur (1988) [1968]. The evolution and classification of flowering plants (2nd ed.). Bronx, N.Y., USA: New York Botanical Garden. ISBN 9780893273323. (Available here at Internet Archive)
  • Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de (1789). Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M.DCC.LXXIV [Genera of Plants Arranged According to Their Natural Orders, Based on the Method Devised in the Royal Garden in Paris in the Year 1774] (in Latin). Paris. OCLC 5161409.(translated into French, with revisions, by Ventenat (1799) as Tableau du règne végétal selon la méthode de Jussieu)
  • Kubitzki, K., ed. (2004). Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. VI. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-07257-8. ISBN 978-3-662-07257-8. S2CID 12809916.
  • Linnaeus, Carl (1753). "Theophrasta". Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. 2 vols. Vol. 1. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 149.(see Species Plantarum)
  • Mez, C (1903). "Theophrastaceae". In Adolf Engler (ed.). Das Pflanzenreich: regni vegetablilis conspectus (in German). Vol. 4 (236a) heft 15. Leipzig: Engelmann. pp. 1–21.
  • Soltis, Douglas; Soltis, Pamela; Endress, Peter; Chase, M.W.; Manchester, Steven; Judd, Walter; Majure, Lucas; Mavrodiev, Evgeny (2018) [2005]. Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms: Revised and Updated Edition. University of Chicago Press. pp. 266, 269–271. ISBN 978-0-226-44175-7.

Articles

  • Anderberg, A.A.; Rydin, C.; Kallersjo, M. (1 April 2002). "Phylogenetic relationships in the order Ericales s.l.: Analyses of molecular data from five genes from the plastid and mitochondrial genomes". American Journal of Botany. 89 (4): 677–687. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.4.677. PMID 21665668.
  • Don, David (1836). "Clavija ornata". Edwards's Botanical Register. 21: Pl. 1864.
  • Källersjö, M.; Bergqvist, G.; Anderberg, A.A. (2000). "Generic realignment in primuloid families of the Ericales s. l.: a phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences from three chloroplast genes and morphology". American Journal of Botany. 87 (9): 1325–41. doi:10.2307/2656725. JSTOR 2656725. PMID 10991903.
  • Rose, Jeffrey P.; Kleist, Thomas J.; Löfstrand, Stefan D.; Drew, Bryan T.; Schönenberger, Jürg; Sytsma, Kenneth J. (2018). "Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and diversification of angiosperm order Ericales suggest ancient Neotropical and East Asian connections" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 122: 59–79. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.01.014. PMID 29410353.
  • Ståhl, Bertil (1 July 1993). "Votschia, a new genus of Theophrastaceae from northeastern Panama". Brittonia. 45 (3): 204–207. doi:10.2307/2807101. JSTOR 2807101. S2CID 43497773.
  • Ståhl, Bertil; Stahl, Bertil (1995). "Three New Species of Clavija (Theophrastaceae)". Novon. 5 (4): 370. doi:10.2307/3391967. JSTOR 3391967.
  • Ståhl, Bertil; Källersjö, Mari (2004). "Reinstatement of Bonellia (Theophrastaceae)". Novon. 14 (1): 115–118. JSTOR 3393447. (Available here at Internet Archive)
  • Ståhl, Bertil (2010). "Theophrastaceae". Flora Neotropica. 105: 1–160. JSTOR 29534143.(see also at Google Books)
  • Votsch, Wilhelm (1904). "Neue systematisch-anatomische Untersuchungen von Blatt und Achse der Theophrastaceen". Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie. 33: 502–546.

Samolus

  • Caris, Pieter L.; Smets, Erik F. (May 2004). "A floral ontogenetic study on the sister group relationship between the genus Samolus (Primulaceae) and the Theophrastaceae". American Journal of Botany. 91 (5): 627–643. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.5.627. PMID 21653418.
  • Jones, K.; Anderberg, A. A.; De Craene, L. P. Ronse; Wanntorp, L. (October 2012). "Origin, diversification, and evolution of Samolus valerandi (Samolaceae, Ericales)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 298 (8): 1523–1531. doi:10.1007/s00606-012-0655-z. S2CID 15115821.
  • Wanntorp, Livia; Anderberg, Arne A. (2011). "Evolution And Diversification Of Brook Weeds (Samolus, Samolaceae, Ericales)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 172 (2): 250–266. doi:10.1086/657647. JSTOR 10.1086/657647. S2CID 84493389.

APG

Websites

  • Every, Jon LR (2009). "Neotropical Samolaceae". Neotropikey: Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  • Stevens, P.F. (2021) [2001]. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website". AP Web v. 14. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 31 January 2017. (see also Angiosperm Phylogeny Website)
    • Stevens, P.F. (2021a). "Primulaceae". Retrieved 20 July 2021., in Stevens (2021)
    • Stevens, P.F. (2021b). "List of Genera in PRIMULACEAE-THEOPHRASTOIDEAE". Retrieved 20 July 2021., in Stevens (2021)
  • Reveal, James L (9 April 2012). "Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium: Alphabetical Listing by Genera of Validly Published Suprageneric Names - T". Plant Biology. University of Maryland and Cornell University. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  • Watson, L; Dallwitz, M J (2021) [1992]. "The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval". Retrieved 5 July 2021.

External links

  Media related to Theophrastaceae at Wikimedia Commons   Data related to Theophrastoideae at Wikispecies

February 01, 2023
theophrastoideae, small, subfamily, flowering, plants, family, primulaceae, formerly, recognized, separate, family, theophrastaceae, previously, circumscribed, family, consisted, eight, genera, species, trees, shrubs, native, tropical, regions, americas, jacqu. Theophrastoideae is a small subfamily of flowering plants in the family Primulaceae It was formerly recognized as a separate family Theophrastaceae As previously circumscribed the family consisted of eight genera and 95 species of trees or shrubs native to tropical regions of the Americas TheophrastoideaeJacquinia pungens flowersScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade AsteridsOrder EricalesFamily PrimulaceaeSubfamily TheophrastoideaeA DC 1 2 Type genusTheophrasta L TribesSamoleae Reichenbach Theophrasteae BartlingSynonymsTheophrastaceae D Don 3 Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 2 1 History 2 2 Phylogeny 2 3 Subdivision 2 4 Etymology 3 Botanical authority 4 Distribution and habitat 4 1 Distribution 4 2 Habitat 5 References 6 Bibliography 6 1 Books 6 2 Articles 6 2 1 Samolus 6 2 2 APG 6 3 Websites 7 External linksDescription EditThe two subclades or tribes of Theophrastoideae Theophrasteae Theophrastaceae s s and Samoleae share only the presence of staminodes The species of Samolus are perennial herbaceous or suffrutescent shrubby and characterised by perigynous flowers 4 The remaining genera Theophrastaceae s s are generally evergreen shrubs or small trees with hypogynous flowers 5 6 Taxonomy EditHistory Edit Linnaeus in formally describing the genera placed Theophrasta and related genera in a group he named Pentandria Monogynia i e 5 stamens one pistil his system being based on sexual characteristics 7 Jussieu arranged Linnaeus genera in a hierarchical system of ranks based on the relative value of a much wider range of characteristics In his Genera plantarum 1789 he organised the primuloid genera into two Ordo families within a class VIII he called Dicotyledones Monopetalae Corolla Hypogyna based on the cotyledons two form of the petals fused and position of the corolla with respect to the ovary below 8 Jussieu s families were the Lysimachiae including Primula and Theophrasta 9 and the Sapotae including Myrsine these being the three main lineages in modern understanding of the Primulaceae 10 Don described a family of Theophrasteaceae in 1836 with four genera Theophrasta Clavija Jacquinia and Leonia of which the latter was determined unrelated and placed this family as closely related to Myrsineae and Sapoteae 3 Later De Candolle more formally described a family Theophrastaceae based on the genus Theophrasta in 1844 with six genera Theophrasta Clavija Jacquinia Oncinus Monotheca and Reptonia The latter three are no longer considered related 2 Theophrastaceae were included in the order Primulales by Cronquist 1988 11 The APG system 1998 submerged that order in an enlarged order Ericales Ericales s l a basal group in the asterids where the families of Primulales formed a monophyletic primuloid clade Subsequent molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the genus Samolus brook weeds 4 with about 12 15 additional species and traditionally placed within Primulaceae as tribe Samoleae was more closely related to the Theophrastaceae and suggested its transfer Briefly Samolus was considered a separate family Samolaceae The third revision of the APG APG III 2009 realigned all the primuloid families within a greatly enlarged Primulaceae Primulaceae s l in which each of the existing families became a subfamily The newly described Theophrastoideae included Samolus vastly increasing the area of distribution 12 13 Phylogeny Edit The cladogram below shows the infrafamilial phylogenetic relationships of Primulaceae together with the subfamilial crown ages Maesoideae forms the basal group while Primuloideae and Myrsinoideae are in a sister group relationship 14 15 16 17 Primulaceae s l Maesoideae24 1myaTheophrastoideae70myaPrimuloideae46 4myaMyrsinoideae53 2myaSubdivision Edit The phylogenetic relationships of the 8 accepted genera are shown in the cladogram in which Samolus forms the basal group and is sister to all other Theophrastoideae Theophrastaceae s s 6 the remaining genera forming two subclades Alternatively these two subclasses have been designated as two tribes Samoleae and Theophrasteae 13 Theophrastoideae Samoleae Samolus L Theophrasteae Theophrasta L Neomezia VotschClavija Ruiz amp Pav Jacquinia L Deherainia Decne Votschia B StahlBonellia Bertero ex Colla Theophrastaceae s s Phylogenetic relationships of Theophrastoideae 18 19 The Theophrasteae consist of seven genera and about 100 species while Samoleae has only the single genus Samolus with about 12 15 dozen species 4 In 1903 Theophrastaceae consisted of four genera Clavija Jacquinia Deherainia and Theophrasta 20 In 1904 a species of Deherainia was segregated to form the novel genus Neomezia to create five genera 21 and in 1993 a species of Jacquinia was segregated to form a sixth genus Votschia Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that Jacquinia was still paraphyletic consisting of two separate and distinct clades necessitating splitting off another new genus Bonellia to make seven genera in total in this tribe 6 Etymology Edit Theophrastoideae takes its name from the nominative and type genus Theophrasta named by Linnaeus after the Ancient Greek philosopher and biologist Theophrastus citation needed Botanical authority EditThe botanical authority for the previous family Theophrastaceae belongs to David Don D Don for his first description of the family in 1835 3 The subsequently submerged subfamily bears the authority of Alphonse de Candolle A DC for his formal conspectus of Theophrastaceae in 1844 2 The authority for the tribe Theophrasteae is that of Bartling who used the term Theophrastea to describe a grouping of genera including Theophrasta within the family Ardisiaceae in 1830 This represents the earliest creation of a suprageneric taxon for these genera The Ardisiaceae were later included in the other primuloid family Myrsinaceae Myrsinoideae Distribution and habitat EditDistribution Edit The species of Theophrasteae are largely neotropical confined to Mesoamerica Central and South America and the Caribbean 22 23 In contrast Samolus species are mainly restricted to different continents in the Southern Hemisphere with about 4 6 species restricted to North America However the generic type Samolus valerandi is near cosmopolitan in its distribution 23 Habitat Edit Theophrastaceae s s are mainly found in lowland regions which have a seasonal dry climate and prefer coastal thickets dry shrub vegetation or dry deciduous or semideciduous forests However a number of species of Clavija are found in low montane and lowland rain forests 22 Unlike much of the traditional Theophrastoideae Samolus is found in either flooded areas around rivers and lakes or in salt marshes 4 References Edit Reveal 2012 a b c de Candolle 1844 a b c Don 1836 a b c d Wanntorp amp Anderberg 2011 Stahl 2004 a b c Stahl amp Kallersjo 2004 Linnaeus 1753 Jussieu 1789 p 93 Jussieu 1789 p 95 Jussieu 1789 p 151 Cronquist 1988 APG III 2009 a b Stevens 2021a Soltis et al 2018 Anderberg et al 2002 Byng 2014 Rose et al 2018 Stahl 2010 p 20 Kallersjo et al 2000 Mez 1903 Votsch 1904 a b Stahl 2010 a b Jones et al 2012 Bibliography EditBooks Edit Byng James W 2014 Primulaceae The Flowering Plants Handbook A practical guide to families and genera of the world Plant Gateway Ltd pp 399ff ISBN 978 0 9929993 1 5 de Candolle A P 1844 Theophrastaceae Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta 16 vols Vol 8 pp 144 153 also available online at Gallica Cronquist Arthur 1988 1968 The evolution and classification of flowering plants 2nd ed Bronx N Y USA New York Botanical Garden ISBN 9780893273323 Available here at Internet Archive Jussieu Antoine Laurent de 1789 Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam anno M DCC LXXIV Genera of Plants Arranged According to Their Natural Orders Based on the Method Devised in the Royal Garden in Paris in the Year 1774 in Latin Paris OCLC 5161409 translated into French with revisions by Ventenat 1799 as Tableau du regne vegetal selon la methode de Jussieu Kubitzki K ed 2004 Celastrales Oxalidales Rosales Cornales Ericales The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Vol VI Berlin Springer Verlag doi 10 1007 978 3 662 07257 8 ISBN 978 3 662 07257 8 S2CID 12809916 Stahl B 2004 Theophrastaceae pp 472 478 in Kubitzki 2004 Linnaeus Carl 1753 Theophrasta Species Plantarum exhibentes plantas rite cognitas ad genera relatas cum differentiis specificis nominibus trivialibus synonymis selectis locis natalibus secundum systema sexuale digestas 2 vols Vol 1 Stockholm Impensis Laurentii Salvii p 149 see Species Plantarum Mez C 1903 Theophrastaceae In Adolf Engler ed Das Pflanzenreich regni vegetablilis conspectus in German Vol 4 236a heft 15 Leipzig Engelmann pp 1 21 Soltis Douglas Soltis Pamela Endress Peter Chase M W Manchester Steven Judd Walter Majure Lucas Mavrodiev Evgeny 2018 2005 Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms Revised and Updated Edition University of Chicago Press pp 266 269 271 ISBN 978 0 226 44175 7 Articles Edit Anderberg A A Rydin C Kallersjo M 1 April 2002 Phylogenetic relationships in the order Ericales s l Analyses of molecular data from five genes from the plastid and mitochondrial genomes American Journal of Botany 89 4 677 687 doi 10 3732 ajb 89 4 677 PMID 21665668 Don David 1836 Clavija ornata Edwards s Botanical Register 21 Pl 1864 Kallersjo M Bergqvist G Anderberg A A 2000 Generic realignment in primuloid families of the Ericales s l a phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences from three chloroplast genes and morphology American Journal of Botany 87 9 1325 41 doi 10 2307 2656725 JSTOR 2656725 PMID 10991903 Rose Jeffrey P Kleist Thomas J Lofstrand Stefan D Drew Bryan T Schonenberger Jurg Sytsma Kenneth J 2018 Phylogeny historical biogeography and diversification of angiosperm order Ericales suggest ancient Neotropical and East Asian connections PDF Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 122 59 79 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2018 01 014 PMID 29410353 Stahl Bertil 1 July 1993 Votschia a new genus of Theophrastaceae from northeastern Panama Brittonia 45 3 204 207 doi 10 2307 2807101 JSTOR 2807101 S2CID 43497773 Stahl Bertil Stahl Bertil 1995 Three New Species of Clavija Theophrastaceae Novon 5 4 370 doi 10 2307 3391967 JSTOR 3391967 Stahl Bertil Kallersjo Mari 2004 Reinstatement of Bonellia Theophrastaceae Novon 14 1 115 118 JSTOR 3393447 Available here at Internet Archive Stahl Bertil 2010 Theophrastaceae Flora Neotropica 105 1 160 JSTOR 29534143 see also at Google Books Votsch Wilhelm 1904 Neue systematisch anatomische Untersuchungen von Blatt und Achse der Theophrastaceen Botanische Jahrbucher fur Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 33 502 546 Samolus Edit Caris Pieter L Smets Erik F May 2004 A floral ontogenetic study on the sister group relationship between the genus Samolus Primulaceae and the Theophrastaceae American Journal of Botany 91 5 627 643 doi 10 3732 ajb 91 5 627 PMID 21653418 Jones K Anderberg A A De Craene L P Ronse Wanntorp L October 2012 Origin diversification and evolution of Samolus valerandi Samolaceae Ericales Plant Systematics and Evolution 298 8 1523 1531 doi 10 1007 s00606 012 0655 z S2CID 15115821 Wanntorp Livia Anderberg Arne A 2011 Evolution And Diversification Of Brook Weeds Samolus Samolaceae Ericales International Journal of Plant Sciences 172 2 250 266 doi 10 1086 657647 JSTOR 10 1086 657647 S2CID 84493389 APG Edit Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 1998 An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 85 4 531 553 doi 10 2307 2992015 JSTOR 2992015 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II 2003 Bremer B K Bremer M W Chase J L Reveal D E Soltis P S Soltis amp P F Stevens An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG II Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141 4 399 436 doi 10 1046 j 1095 8339 2003 t01 1 00158 x Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III October 2009 Bremer B K Bremer M W Chase M F Fay J L Reveal D E Soltis P S Soltis amp P F Stevens An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG III Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 2 105 121 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2009 00996 x Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV Chase M W Christenhusz J M Fay M F Byng J W Judd W S Soltis D E Mabberley D J Sennikov A N Soltis P S Stevens P R 2016 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG IV Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 1 1 20 doi 10 1111 boj 12385Websites Edit Every Jon LR 2009 Neotropical Samolaceae Neotropikey Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 3 July 2021 Stevens P F 2021 2001 Angiosperm Phylogeny Website AP Web v 14 Missouri Botanical Garden Retrieved 31 January 2017 see also Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Stevens P F 2021a Primulaceae Retrieved 20 July 2021 in Stevens 2021 Stevens P F 2021b List of Genera in PRIMULACEAE THEOPHRASTOIDEAE Retrieved 20 July 2021 in Stevens 2021 Reveal James L 9 April 2012 Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium Alphabetical Listing by Genera of Validly Published Suprageneric Names T Plant Biology University of Maryland and Cornell University Retrieved 3 July 2021 Watson L Dallwitz M J 2021 1992 The families of flowering plants descriptions illustrations identification and information retrieval Retrieved 5 July 2021 Watson L Dallwitz M J 2021a Theophrastaceae Link in Watson amp Dallwitz 2021 External links Edit Media related to Theophrastaceae at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Theophrastoideae at Wikispecies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Theophrastoideae amp oldid 1136126307, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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