fbpx
Wikipedia

Cronyism

January 19, 2024

Cronyism is a specific form of in-group favoritism, the spoils system practice of partiality in awarding jobs and other advantages to friends or trusted colleagues, especially in politics and between politicians and supportive organizations.[1] For example, cronyism occurs when appointing "cronies" to positions of authority regardless of their qualifications.[2] This is in contrast to a meritocracy, in which appointments are made based on merit. Politically, "cronyism" is derogatorily used to imply buying and selling favors, such as votes in legislative bodies, as doing favors to organizations, or giving desirable ambassadorships to exotic places.[3]

Etymology edit

The word crony first appeared in 17th-century London, according to the Oxford English Dictionary and is believed to be derived from the Greek word χρόνιος (chronios), meaning 'long term'.[4]

A less likely but oft-quoted source is the supposed Irish term Comh-Roghna, which translates as 'close pals, mutual friends'.[citation needed]

Concept edit

See also: Clientelism, Nepotism, and Political corruption

Government officials are particularly susceptible to accusations of cronyism, as they spend taxpayers' money. Many democratic governments are encouraged to practice administrative transparency in accounting and contracting, however, there often is no clear delineation of when an appointment to government office is "cronyism".[5]

In the private sector, cronyism exists in organizations, often termed "the old boys' club" or "the golden circle"; again, the boundary between cronyism and "networking" is difficult to delineate.[6]

It is not unusual for a politician to surround themself with highly qualified subordinates, and to develop social, business, or political friendships leading to the appointment to office of friends, likewise in granting government contracts. In fact, the counsel of such friends is why the officeholder successfully obtained their powerful position; therefore, cronyism usually is easier to perceive than to demonstrate and prove.[citation needed][original research?][inconsistent] Politicians with representatives of business, other special interests, as unions and professional organizations get "crony-business" done in political agreements, especially by "reasonable" and lucrative honorariums to the politician for making speeches, or by legal donations to ones election campaign or to ones political party, etc.[citation needed][original research?]

Cronyism describes relationships existing among mutual acquaintances in private organizations where business, business information, and social interaction are exchanged among influential personnel. This is termed crony capitalism, and is an ethical breach of the principles of the market economy; in advanced economies, crony capitalism is a breach of market regulations.

Given crony capitalism's nature, these dishonest business practices are frequently (yet not exclusively) found in societies with ineffective legal systems. Consequently, there is an impetus upon the legislative branch of a government to ensure enforcement of the legal code capable of addressing and redressing private party manipulation of the economy by the involved businessmen and their government cronies.

The economic and social costs of cronyism are paid by society. Those costs are in the form of reduced business opportunity for the majority of the population, reduced competition in the market place, inflated consumer goods prices, decreased economic performance, inefficient business investment cycles, reduced motivation in affected organizations, and the diminution of economically productive activity.[6] A practical cost of cronyism manifests in the poor workmanship of public and private community projects.

Cronyism is self-perpetuating; cronyism then begets a culture of cronyism. This can only be apprehended by a comprehensive, effective, and enforced legal code, with empowered government agencies which can effect prosecutions in the courts.

Some instances[examples needed] of cronyism are readily transparent. With others,[examples needed] it is only in hindsight that the qualifications of the alleged "crony" must be evaluated. All appointments that are suspected of being cronyism are controversial. The appointed party may choose to either suppress disquiet or ignore it, depending upon the society's level of freedom of expression and individual personal liberty.

Examples edit

See also: Corruption in Russia and Corruption in Ukraine
See also: Kleptocracy § Examples

An example can be found in political activity in South Carolina, particularly in relation to Governor Henry McMaster, who initially gained his position after becoming the first high-level state official to endorse a President and subsequently rose from lieutenant governor to governor of the state when the President appointed the ambassador to the United Nations in November 2016.[7][8] On July 9, 2019, Governor McMaster would then go on to attempt to force a vote for the President of the University of South Carolina ahead of schedule and for the benefit of his favorite candidate, Robert Caslen Jr., former superintendent of West Point Academy who was favored by President and previously interviewed by the administration for the position of National Security Advisor.[9][10] Less than two weeks later, in spite of protestation from a majority of the student body, alumni, and major donors, the vote was cast in favor of Caslen on July 19, 2019.[11]

The Russian president Vladimir Putin is alleged to be the "head of the clan",[12] whose assets are estimated at $200 billion.[13][14] A list of Russian and Ukrainian politicians associated with "kleptocratic style" has been published by the Kleptocracy Archives project.[15]

U.S. President assigned at least five members of his private golf clubs to choice government jobs such as ambassadorships. This is the first time in modern history that a president has rewarded people with jobs that paid money to his own companies.[16]

The nominations of Prime Minister Boris Johnson for the House of Lords were selected based on their support for his version of Brexit, rather than ability or service to the public as is customary (for instance, the previous Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow did not receive a nomination due to Johnson's perception that he worked against him for getting key Brexit votes through).[17] The process for procurement of government contracts during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom has been criticised by some as a "chumocracy" (cronyism).[18][19][20]

India: High command culture edit

In India, it has been seen that the chiefs of national political parties directly appoint their close aides as the regional subordinates rather than through the party's internal elections—thus undermining the autonomy of the state units.[21] The culture was first seen under the premiership of Indira Gandhi,[22][23] then under her successor Sonia Gandhi,[24] and now under the Bharatiya Janata Party's Modi government.[25][26] Over the years, several chief ministers of wide range of parties have been appointed likewise.[27][28][29] Before the independence of India, Mahatma Gandhi could override most decisions of the Indian National Congress, regardless of his on-paper status in the party.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "cronyism American English definition and synonyms - Macmillan Dictionary".
  2. ^ "the definition of cronyism".
  3. ^ Judy Nadler and Miriam Schulman. "Favoritism, Cronyism, and Nepotism". Santa Clara University. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  4. ^ "Oxford Dictionaries - Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar". Retrieved 2 July 2015.[dead link]
  5. ^ https://www.ced.org/cronycapitalism CED.com, official website of The Committee for Economic Development (CED), "Crony Capitalism: Unhealthy Relations Between Business and Government"
  6. ^ a b Staff (2010). "Do Old Boys' Clubs Make The Market More Efficient?". The Free Marketeers. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  7. ^ Delreal, Jose (January 7, 2016). "Trump picks up endorsement from S.C. Lt. Gov. Henry McMaster". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  8. ^ "Trump names Nikki Haley as UN ambassador". BBC. November 23, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
  9. ^ Lucy, Catherine (February 18, 2017). "Trump interviewing McMaster, West Point superintendent Caslen and others for security job". Military Times. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  10. ^ Daprile, Lucas (July 9, 2019). "McMaster forces vote on controversial USC presidential finalist while students are away". The State. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
  11. ^ "Robert Caslen picked as new University of South Carolina president". WLTX19. 19 July 2019. Retrieved July 19, 2019.
  12. ^ Luke Harding (December 2010). "WikiLeaks cables condemn Russia as 'mafia state'". The Guardian.
  13. ^ . thesundaytimes.co.uk. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014.
  14. ^ Dawisha, Karen (2014). Putin's Kleptocracy: Who Owns Russia?. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781476795195.
  15. ^ . kleptocracyarchive.org. Archived from the original on 2016-05-18. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
  16. ^ Schouten, Frank, et al
  17. ^ "Cronyism at work as Johnson packs the Lords | Letters". TheGuardian.com. 3 August 2020.
  18. ^ Pogrund, Gabriel; Calver, Tom (15 November 2020). "Chumocracy first in line as ministers splash Covid cash". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  19. ^ Conn, David; Pegg, David; Evans, Rob; Garside, Juliette; Lawrence, Felicity (15 November 2020). "'Chumocracy': how Covid revealed the new shape of the Tory establishment". The Observer. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  20. ^ "Boris Johnson's profligacy problem". The Economist. 14 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  21. ^ Ghosh, Ambar Kumar. "The growing high command culture: A challenge for inner-party democracy in India". ORF. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  22. ^ Ghosh, Ambar Kumar. "The growing high command culture: A challenge for inner-party democracy in India". ORF. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  23. ^ "How high command culture has undermined federalism". The News Minute. 2021-10-07. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  24. ^ "The 'High Command' Culture Destroying Congress, Can Sonia Gandhi Really Become A Success Story? | Outlook India Magazine". www.outlookindia.com/. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  25. ^ "BJP must refrain from being a 'High Command' led Party". Times of India Blog. 2021-07-19. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  26. ^ Venkataramakrishnan, Rohan (13 September 2021). "The Political Fix: Is Modi's High Command culture turning some BJP CMs into glorified bureaucrats?". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  27. ^ "The high command: Triggering new lows for decades". Deccan Herald. 2021-08-08. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  28. ^ "Frequent change of CMs in BJP-ruled states signs of growing high command culture". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  29. ^ "Congress high command will decide on CM face for Karnataka, says Siddaramaiah". Hindustan Times. 2021-10-18. Retrieved 2021-11-05.

Further reading edit

  • Begley, Thomas M.; Khatri, Naresh; Tsang, Eric W. K. (2010). "Networks and cronyism: A social exchange analysis". Asia Pacific Journal of Management. 27 (2): 281–297. doi:10.1007/s10490-009-9137-4. S2CID 143799762.
  • Bryce, Robert (2004). Cronies: Oil, the Bushes, and the Rise of Texas, America's Superstate. PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781586481889. LCCN 2003070694.
  • Khatri, Naresh; Tsang, Eric W. K.; Begley, Thomas M. (2006). "Cronyism: A Cross-Cultural Analysis". Journal of International Business Studies. 37 (1): 61–75. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400171. JSTOR 3875215. S2CID 18930227.
    [Also in T. G. Andrews and R. Mead (Eds.), Cross Cultural Management, Volume 2 -The Impact of Culture 1: 126–150. Routledge, UK.]
  • Khatri, Naresh; Tsang, Eric W. K.; Begley, Thomas M. (2003). "Cronyism: The Downside of Social Networking". Academy of Management Proceedings. 2003: C1–C6. doi:10.5465/ambpp.2003.13792813.
  • Khatri, Naresh; Tsang, Eric W. K. (2003). "Antecedents and Consequences of Cronyism in Organizations". Journal of Business Ethics. 43 (4): 289–303. doi:10.1023/A:1023081629529. S2CID 142479179.
  • Diwan, Ishac; Haidar, Jamal Ibrahim (2021). "Political Connections Reduce Job Creation: Firm-level Evidence from Lebanon". Journal of Development Studies. 57 (8): 1373–1396. doi:10.1080/00220388.2020.1849622. S2CID 229717871.

External links edit

 
Look up cronyism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

January 19, 2024
cronyism, specific, form, group, favoritism, spoils, system, practice, partiality, awarding, jobs, other, advantages, friends, trusted, colleagues, especially, politics, between, politicians, supportive, organizations, example, cronyism, occurs, when, appointi. Cronyism is a specific form of in group favoritism the spoils system practice of partiality in awarding jobs and other advantages to friends or trusted colleagues especially in politics and between politicians and supportive organizations 1 For example cronyism occurs when appointing cronies to positions of authority regardless of their qualifications 2 This is in contrast to a meritocracy in which appointments are made based on merit Politically cronyism is derogatorily used to imply buying and selling favors such as votes in legislative bodies as doing favors to organizations or giving desirable ambassadorships to exotic places 3 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Concept 3 Examples 3 1 India High command culture 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksEtymology editThe word crony first appeared in 17th century London according to the Oxford English Dictionary and is believed to be derived from the Greek word xronios chronios meaning long term 4 A less likely but oft quoted source is the supposed Irish term Comh Roghna which translates as close pals mutual friends citation needed Concept editThis article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Cronyism news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message See also Clientelism Nepotism and Political corruption Government officials are particularly susceptible to accusations of cronyism as they spend taxpayers money Many democratic governments are encouraged to practice administrative transparency in accounting and contracting however there often is no clear delineation of when an appointment to government office is cronyism 5 In the private sector cronyism exists in organizations often termed the old boys club or the golden circle again the boundary between cronyism and networking is difficult to delineate 6 It is not unusual for a politician to surround themself with highly qualified subordinates and to develop social business or political friendships leading to the appointment to office of friends likewise in granting government contracts In fact the counsel of such friends is why the officeholder successfully obtained their powerful position therefore cronyism usually is easier to perceive than to demonstrate and prove citation needed original research inconsistent Politicians with representatives of business other special interests as unions and professional organizations get crony business done in political agreements especially by reasonable and lucrative honorariums to the politician for making speeches or by legal donations to ones election campaign or to ones political party etc citation needed original research Cronyism describes relationships existing among mutual acquaintances in private organizations where business business information and social interaction are exchanged among influential personnel This is termed crony capitalism and is an ethical breach of the principles of the market economy in advanced economies crony capitalism is a breach of market regulations Given crony capitalism s nature these dishonest business practices are frequently yet not exclusively found in societies with ineffective legal systems Consequently there is an impetus upon the legislative branch of a government to ensure enforcement of the legal code capable of addressing and redressing private party manipulation of the economy by the involved businessmen and their government cronies The economic and social costs of cronyism are paid by society Those costs are in the form of reduced business opportunity for the majority of the population reduced competition in the market place inflated consumer goods prices decreased economic performance inefficient business investment cycles reduced motivation in affected organizations and the diminution of economically productive activity 6 A practical cost of cronyism manifests in the poor workmanship of public and private community projects Cronyism is self perpetuating cronyism then begets a culture of cronyism This can only be apprehended by a comprehensive effective and enforced legal code with empowered government agencies which can effect prosecutions in the courts Some instances examples needed of cronyism are readily transparent With others examples needed it is only in hindsight that the qualifications of the alleged crony must be evaluated All appointments that are suspected of being cronyism are controversial The appointed party may choose to either suppress disquiet or ignore it depending upon the society s level of freedom of expression and individual personal liberty Examples editSee also Corruption in Russia and Corruption in Ukraine See also Kleptocracy Examples An example can be found in political activity in South Carolina particularly in relation to Governor Henry McMaster who initially gained his position after becoming the first high level state official to endorse a President and subsequently rose from lieutenant governor to governor of the state when the President appointed the ambassador to the United Nations in November 2016 7 8 On July 9 2019 Governor McMaster would then go on to attempt to force a vote for the President of the University of South Carolina ahead of schedule and for the benefit of his favorite candidate Robert Caslen Jr former superintendent of West Point Academy who was favored by President and previously interviewed by the administration for the position of National Security Advisor 9 10 Less than two weeks later in spite of protestation from a majority of the student body alumni and major donors the vote was cast in favor of Caslen on July 19 2019 11 The Russian president Vladimir Putin is alleged to be the head of the clan 12 whose assets are estimated at 200 billion 13 14 A list of Russian and Ukrainian politicians associated with kleptocratic style has been published by the Kleptocracy Archives project 15 U S President assigned at least five members of his private golf clubs to choice government jobs such as ambassadorships This is the first time in modern history that a president has rewarded people with jobs that paid money to his own companies 16 The nominations of Prime Minister Boris Johnson for the House of Lords were selected based on their support for his version of Brexit rather than ability or service to the public as is customary for instance the previous Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow did not receive a nomination due to Johnson s perception that he worked against him for getting key Brexit votes through 17 The process for procurement of government contracts during the COVID 19 pandemic in the United Kingdom has been criticised by some as a chumocracy cronyism 18 19 20 India High command culture edit In India it has been seen that the chiefs of national political parties directly appoint their close aides as the regional subordinates rather than through the party s internal elections thus undermining the autonomy of the state units 21 The culture was first seen under the premiership of Indira Gandhi 22 23 then under her successor Sonia Gandhi 24 and now under the Bharatiya Janata Party s Modi government 25 26 Over the years several chief ministers of wide range of parties have been appointed likewise 27 28 29 Before the independence of India Mahatma Gandhi could override most decisions of the Indian National Congress regardless of his on paper status in the party See also edit2006 2007 Life Peerages scandal Cartel Collective narcissism Conflict of interest Crony capitalism Crony capitalism index In group favoritism Interest group Logrolling Meritocracy Nepotism Oligarchy Political corruption Price fixing Spoils system WastaReferences edit cronyism American English definition and synonyms Macmillan Dictionary the definition of cronyism Judy Nadler and Miriam Schulman Favoritism Cronyism and Nepotism Santa Clara University Retrieved 20 June 2013 Oxford Dictionaries Dictionary Thesaurus amp Grammar Retrieved 2 July 2015 dead link https www ced org cronycapitalism CED com official website of The Committee for Economic Development CED Crony Capitalism Unhealthy Relations Between Business and Government a b Staff 2010 Do Old Boys Clubs Make The Market More Efficient The Free Marketeers Retrieved 26 April 2012 Delreal Jose January 7 2016 Trump picks up endorsement from S C Lt Gov Henry McMaster The Washington Post Retrieved July 9 2019 Trump names Nikki Haley as UN ambassador BBC November 23 2016 Retrieved July 9 2016 Lucy Catherine February 18 2017 Trump interviewing McMaster West Point superintendent Caslen and others for security job Military Times Retrieved July 9 2019 Daprile Lucas July 9 2019 McMaster forces vote on controversial USC presidential finalist while students are away The State Retrieved July 9 2019 Robert Caslen picked as new University of South Carolina president WLTX19 19 July 2019 Retrieved July 19 2019 Luke Harding December 2010 WikiLeaks cables condemn Russia as mafia state The Guardian Putin s judo cronies put lock on billions in riches The Sunday Times thesundaytimes co uk Archived from the original on March 2 2014 Dawisha Karen 2014 Putin s Kleptocracy Who Owns Russia Simon amp Schuster ISBN 9781476795195 Individuals Kleptocracy Archive kleptocracyarchive org Archived from the original on 2016 05 18 Retrieved 2016 05 22 Schouten Frank et al Cronyism at work as Johnson packs the Lords Letters TheGuardian com 3 August 2020 Pogrund Gabriel Calver Tom 15 November 2020 Chumocracy first in line as ministers splash Covid cash The Sunday Times Retrieved 15 November 2020 Conn David Pegg David Evans Rob Garside Juliette Lawrence Felicity 15 November 2020 Chumocracy how Covid revealed the new shape of the Tory establishment The Observer Retrieved 15 November 2020 Boris Johnson s profligacy problem The Economist 14 November 2020 Retrieved 14 November 2020 Ghosh Ambar Kumar The growing high command culture A challenge for inner party democracy in India ORF Retrieved 2021 11 05 Ghosh Ambar Kumar The growing high command culture A challenge for inner party democracy in India ORF Retrieved 2021 11 05 How high command culture has undermined federalism The News Minute 2021 10 07 Retrieved 2021 11 05 The High Command Culture Destroying Congress Can Sonia Gandhi Really Become A Success Story Outlook India Magazine www outlookindia com Retrieved 2021 11 05 BJP must refrain from being a High Command led Party Times of India Blog 2021 07 19 Retrieved 2021 11 05 Venkataramakrishnan Rohan 13 September 2021 The Political Fix Is Modi s High Command culture turning some BJP CMs into glorified bureaucrats Scroll in Retrieved 2021 11 05 The high command Triggering new lows for decades Deccan Herald 2021 08 08 Retrieved 2021 11 05 Frequent change of CMs in BJP ruled states signs of growing high command culture The New Indian Express Retrieved 2021 11 05 Congress high command will decide on CM face for Karnataka says Siddaramaiah Hindustan Times 2021 10 18 Retrieved 2021 11 05 Further reading editBegley Thomas M Khatri Naresh Tsang Eric W K 2010 Networks and cronyism A social exchange analysis Asia Pacific Journal of Management 27 2 281 297 doi 10 1007 s10490 009 9137 4 S2CID 143799762 Bryce Robert 2004 Cronies Oil the Bushes and the Rise of Texas America s Superstate PublicAffairs ISBN 9781586481889 LCCN 2003070694 Khatri Naresh Tsang Eric W K Begley Thomas M 2006 Cronyism A Cross Cultural Analysis Journal of International Business Studies 37 1 61 75 doi 10 1057 palgrave jibs 8400171 JSTOR 3875215 S2CID 18930227 Also in T G Andrews and R Mead Eds Cross Cultural Management Volume 2 The Impact of Culture 1 126 150 Routledge UK Khatri Naresh Tsang Eric W K Begley Thomas M 2003 Cronyism The Downside of Social Networking Academy of Management Proceedings 2003 C1 C6 doi 10 5465 ambpp 2003 13792813 Khatri Naresh Tsang Eric W K 2003 Antecedents and Consequences of Cronyism in Organizations Journal of Business Ethics 43 4 289 303 doi 10 1023 A 1023081629529 S2CID 142479179 Diwan Ishac Haidar Jamal Ibrahim 2021 Political Connections Reduce Job Creation Firm level Evidence from Lebanon Journal of Development Studies 57 8 1373 1396 doi 10 1080 00220388 2020 1849622 S2CID 229717871 External links edit nbsp Look up cronyism in Wiktionary the free dictionary Favoritism Cronyism and Nepotism Markkula Center for Applied Ethics Santa Clara University SuperNews Hurricane Katrina A political flash cartoon about the cronyism surrounding Michael D Brown and Hurricane Katrina Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cronyism amp oldid 1193885546, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.