Spartina is a taxon of plants in the grass family, frequently found in coastal salt marshes.[3] Its species are commonly known as cordgrass or cord-grass,[4] and are native to the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean in western and southern Europe, north-western and southern Africa, the Americas and the islands of the southern Atlantic Ocean; one or two species also occur on the western coast of North America and in freshwater habitats inland in the Americas. The highest species diversity is on the east coasts of North and South America, particularly Florida. They form large, often dense colonies, particularly on coastal salt marshes, and grow quickly. The species vary in size from 0.3–2 m tall. Many of the species will produce hybrids if they come into contact.
In 2014, the taxon Spartina was subsumed into the genus Sporobolus and reassigned to the taxonomic status of section,[5] but it is may still be possible to see Spartina referred to as an accepted genus. In 2019, an interdisciplinary team of experts from all continents (except for Antarctica) coauthored a report published in the journal Ecology supporting Spartina as a genus.[6]
The section name Spartina is derived from σπαρτίνη (spartínē), the Greek word for a cord made from Spanish broom (Spartium junceum).[7]
Species
The following species are recognised in the section Spartina:[5]
Subsection Alterniflori P.M.Peterson & Saarela
Sporobolus alterniflorus(Loisel.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela – smooth cordgrass – Atlantic coasts of North and South America, West Indies
Sporobolus anglicus (C.E.Hubb.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela - Great Britain, introduced to Europe, China, Australia, New Zealand, and North America
Sporobolus foliosus(Trin.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela – California cordgrass – California, Baja California, Baja California Sur
Sporobolus arundinacea (Thouars) Carmich – Tristan da Cunha, Amsterdam Island in Indian Ocean
Sporobolus mobberleyanus P.M.Peterson & Saarela – Tristan da Cunha, Amsterdam Island in Indian Ocean
Sporobolus spartinae(Trin.) P.M.Peterson & Saarela – Gulf cordgrass – Atlantic coast of North America from Florida to Argentina, incl the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico
Some species of the section Spartina are considered as ecosystem engineers that can strongly influence the physical and biological environment.[8][9] This is particularly important in areas where invasive Spartina species significantly alter their new environment, with impacts to native plants and animals.[10]
As an invasive species
Three of the Spartina species have become invasive plants in some countries. In British Columbia, Sporobolus anglica, also known as English cordgrass, is an aggressive, aquatic alien that invades mud flats, salt marshes and beaches, out-competing native plants, spreading quickly over mud flats and leaving large Spartina meadows.[11] It is also invasive in China and California.[10]
Sporobolus montevidensis and Sporobolus pumilus have become invasive on the Iberian Peninsula and the west coast of the United States[10][12][13]
Sporobolus alterniflorus and its hybrids with other Spartina species are invasive in numerous locations around the globe, including China, California, England, France, and Spain.[10][14]
Cultivation
Species of the section Spartina have been planted to reclaim estuarine areas for farming, to supply fodder for livestock, and to prevent erosion. Various members of the genus (especially Sporobolus alterniflorus and its derivatives, Sporobolus anglicus and Sporobolus × townsendii) have spread outside of their native boundaries and become invasive.
Big cordgrass (S. cynosuroides) is used in the construction of bull's eye targets for sports archery. A properly constructed target can stop an arrow safely without damage to the arrowhead as it lodges in the target.[15]
References
^"Genus: Spartina Schreb". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2011-02-27. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
^Schreber, Johann Christian Daniel von. 1789. Genera Plantarum Eorumque Characteres Naturales Secundum Numerum, Figuram, Situm, & Proportionem Omnium Fructificationis Partium. (Ed. 8[a]). 43
^ abPeterson, PM, et al (2014) A molecular phylogeny and new subgeneric classification of Sporobolus (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Sporobolinae), Taxon 63: 1212-1243.
^Bortolus, A, P Adam, JB Adams, ML Ainouche, D Ayres, MD Bertness, TJ Bouma, JF Bruno, I Caçador, JT Carlton, JM Castillo, CSB Costa, AJ Davy, L Deegan, B Duarte, E Figueroa, J Gerwein, AJ Gray, ED Grosholz, SD Hacker, AR Hughes, E Mateos-Naranjo, IA Mendelssohn, JT Morris, AF Muñoz-Rodríguez, FJJ Nieva, LA Levin, B Li, W Liu, SC Pennings, A Pickart, S Redondo-Gómez, DM Richardson, A Salmon, E Schwindt, BR Silliman, EE Sotka, C Stace, M Sytsma, S Temmerman, RE Turner, I Valiela, MP Weinstein, and JS Weis. (2019) Supporting Spartina: Interdisciplinary perspective shows Spartina as a distinct solid genus. Ecology, 100(11), 2019, e02863.
^Barkworth, Mary E. "17.45 SPARTINA Schreb". Intermountain Herbarium. Utah State University. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
^Li, B. et al (2009) Spartina alterniflora invasions in the Yangtze River estuary, China: An overview of current status and ecosystem effects, Ecol. Eng. 35: 511-520.
^Balke, T. et al (2012) Conditional outcome of ecosystem engineering: A case study on tussocks of the salt marsh pioneer Spartina anglica, Geomorphology 153-154: 232-238.
^ abcdStrong, D.R., & Ayres, D.R. (2013) Ecological and Evolutionary Misadventures of Spartina, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 44:389-410.
^D. G. SanLeón, J. Izco & J. M. Sánchez (1999). Joseph Caffrey; Philip R. F. Barrett; Maria Teresa Ferreira; Ilidio S. Moreira; Kevin J. Murphy; Philip Max Wade, eds. "Biology, Ecology and Management of Aquatic Plants". Hydrobiologia. Developments in Hydrobiology, Vol. 147. 415: 213–222. doi:10.1023/A:1003835201167. ISBN978-90-481-5404-3.
^Ainouche, M.L., et al (2009) Hybridization, polyploidy and invasion: lessons from Spartina (Poaceae), Biol. Invasions 11: 1159-1173.
^"Bull's-eye Builder". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. June 1952. pp. 126–127.
January 31, 2023
spartina, production, company, productions, taxon, plants, grass, family, frequently, found, coastal, salt, marshes, species, commonly, known, cordgrass, cord, grass, native, coasts, atlantic, ocean, western, southern, europe, north, western, southern, africa,. For the production company see Spartina Productions Spartina is a taxon of plants in the grass family frequently found in coastal salt marshes 3 Its species are commonly known as cordgrass or cord grass 4 and are native to the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean in western and southern Europe north western and southern Africa the Americas and the islands of the southern Atlantic Ocean one or two species also occur on the western coast of North America and in freshwater habitats inland in the Americas The highest species diversity is on the east coasts of North and South America particularly Florida They form large often dense colonies particularly on coastal salt marshes and grow quickly The species vary in size from 0 3 2 m tall Many of the species will produce hybrids if they come into contact SpartinaSporobolus montevidensisScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade MonocotsClade CommelinidsOrder PoalesFamily PoaceaeGenus SporobolusSection SpartinaSchreb 1 Type speciesSporobolus cynosuroides L P M Peterson amp SaarelaSynonyms 2 ListChauvinia Steud Limnetis Rich Ponceletia Thouars 1808 not R Br 1810 Psammophila Schult Solenachne Steud Trachynotia Michx Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 Species 2 Ecology 2 1 As an invasive species 3 Cultivation 4 ReferencesTaxonomy EditIn 2014 the taxon Spartina was subsumed into the genus Sporobolus and reassigned to the taxonomic status of section 5 but it is may still be possible to see Spartina referred to as an accepted genus In 2019 an interdisciplinary team of experts from all continents except for Antarctica coauthored a report published in the journal Ecology supporting Spartina as a genus 6 The section name Spartina is derived from spartinh spartine the Greek word for a cord made from Spanish broom Spartium junceum 7 Species Edit The following species are recognised in the section Spartina 5 Subsection Alterniflori P M Peterson amp SaarelaSporobolus alterniflorus Loisel P M Peterson amp Saarela smooth cordgrass Atlantic coasts of North and South America West Indies Sporobolus anglicus C E Hubb P M Peterson amp Saarela Great Britain introduced to Europe China Australia New Zealand and North America Sporobolus foliosus Trin P M Peterson amp Saarela California cordgrass California Baja California Baja California Sur Sporobolus longispicus Hauman amp Parodi ex St Yves P M Peterson amp Saarela Argentina Uruguay Sporobolus maritimus Curtis P M Peterson amp Saarela Europe Africa Sporobolus townsendii H Groves amp J Groves P M Peterson amp Saarela Townsend s cordgrass western EuropeSubsection Ponceletia Thouars P M Peterson amp SaarelaSporobolus arundinacea Thouars Carmich Tristan da Cunha Amsterdam Island in Indian Ocean Sporobolus mobberleyanus P M Peterson amp Saarela Tristan da Cunha Amsterdam Island in Indian Ocean Sporobolus spartinae Trin P M Peterson amp Saarela Gulf cordgrass Atlantic coast of North America from Florida to Argentina incl the Caribbean and the Gulf of MexicoSubsection Spartina Schreb P M Peterson amp SaarelaSporobolus bakeri Merr P M Peterson amp Saarela sand cordgrass south eastern US Sporobolus coarctatus Trin P M Peterson amp Saarela Brazil Argentina Uruguay Sporobolus cynosuroides L P M Peterson amp Saarela big cordgrass eastern US TX to MA Bahamas Sporobolus eatonianus P M Peterson amp Saarela eastern North America Sporobolus hookerianus P M Peterson amp Saarela alkali cordgrass western Canada western central US Chihuahua Jalisco Michoacan Sporobolus michauxianus Hitchc P M Peterson amp Saarela prairie cordgrass from Northwest Territories to Texas and Newfoundland Sporobolus montevidensis Arechav P M Peterson amp Saarela denseflower cordgrass Venezuela Brazil Argentina Uruguay Chile Sporobolus pumilus Roth P M Peterson amp Saarela saltmeadow cordgrass east coast of North America from Labrador to Tamaulipas West Indies Sporobolus versicolor E Fabre P M Peterson amp Saarela Mediterranean AzoresEcology EditSpecies of the section Spartina are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Aaron s skipper which feeds exclusively on smooth cordgrass and the engrailed moth Some species of the section Spartina are considered as ecosystem engineers that can strongly influence the physical and biological environment 8 9 This is particularly important in areas where invasive Spartina species significantly alter their new environment with impacts to native plants and animals 10 As an invasive species Edit Three of the Spartina species have become invasive plants in some countries In British Columbia Sporobolus anglica also known as English cordgrass is an aggressive aquatic alien that invades mud flats salt marshes and beaches out competing native plants spreading quickly over mud flats and leaving large Spartina meadows 11 It is also invasive in China and California 10 Sporobolus montevidensis and Sporobolus pumilus have become invasive on the Iberian Peninsula and the west coast of the United States 10 12 13 Sporobolus alterniflorus and its hybrids with other Spartina species are invasive in numerous locations around the globe including China California England France and Spain 10 14 Cultivation EditSpecies of the section Spartina have been planted to reclaim estuarine areas for farming to supply fodder for livestock and to prevent erosion Various members of the genus especially Sporobolus alterniflorus and its derivatives Sporobolus anglicus and Sporobolus townsendii have spread outside of their native boundaries and become invasive Big cordgrass S cynosuroides is used in the construction of bull s eye targets for sports archery A properly constructed target can stop an arrow safely without damage to the arrowhead as it lodges in the target 15 References Edit Genus Spartina Schreb Germplasm Resources Information Network United States Department of Agriculture 2011 02 27 Retrieved 2011 03 03 Spartina World Checklist of Selected Plant Families WCSP Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Schreber Johann Christian Daniel von 1789 Genera Plantarum Eorumque Characteres Naturales Secundum Numerum Figuram Situm amp Proportionem Omnium Fructificationis Partium Ed 8 a 43 Spartina Integrated Taxonomic Information System Retrieved 2011 03 03 a b Peterson PM et al 2014 A molecular phylogeny and new subgeneric classification of Sporobolus Poaceae Chloridoideae Sporobolinae Taxon 63 1212 1243 Bortolus A P Adam JB Adams ML Ainouche D Ayres MD Bertness TJ Bouma JF Bruno I Cacador JT Carlton JM Castillo CSB Costa AJ Davy L Deegan B Duarte E Figueroa J Gerwein AJ Gray ED Grosholz SD Hacker AR Hughes E Mateos Naranjo IA Mendelssohn JT Morris AF Munoz Rodriguez FJJ Nieva LA Levin B Li W Liu SC Pennings A Pickart S Redondo Gomez DM Richardson A Salmon E Schwindt BR Silliman EE Sotka C Stace M Sytsma S Temmerman RE Turner I Valiela MP Weinstein and JS Weis 2019 Supporting Spartina Interdisciplinary perspective shows Spartina as a distinct solid genus Ecology 100 11 2019 e02863 Barkworth Mary E 17 45 SPARTINA Schreb Intermountain Herbarium Utah State University Retrieved 2013 11 30 Li B et al 2009 Spartina alterniflora invasions in the Yangtze River estuary China An overview of current status and ecosystem effects Ecol Eng 35 511 520 Balke T et al 2012 Conditional outcome of ecosystem engineering A case study on tussocks of the salt marsh pioneer Spartina anglica Geomorphology 153 154 232 238 a b c d Strong D R amp Ayres D R 2013 Ecological and Evolutionary Misadventures of Spartina Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 44 389 410 Spartina Aliens Among Us D G SanLeon J Izco amp J M Sanchez 1999 Joseph Caffrey Philip R F Barrett Maria Teresa Ferreira Ilidio S Moreira Kevin J Murphy Philip Max Wade eds Biology Ecology and Management of Aquatic Plants Hydrobiologia Developments in Hydrobiology Vol 147 415 213 222 doi 10 1023 A 1003835201167 ISBN 978 90 481 5404 3 Oregon Department of Agriculture Noxious Weeds https www oregon gov oda programs weeds pages aboutweeds aspx Ainouche M L et al 2009 Hybridization polyploidy and invasion lessons from Spartina Poaceae Biol Invasions 11 1159 1173 Bull s eye Builder Popular Mechanics Hearst Magazines June 1952 pp 126 127 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Spartina amp oldid 1110764054, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
