Pazardzhik
Pazardzhik (Bulgarian: Пазарджик [ˈpazɐrd͡ʒik]) is a city situated along the banks of the Maritsa river, southern Bulgaria. It is the capital of Pazardzhik Province and centre for the homonymous Pazardzhik Municipality. It is located in the Upper Thracian Plain and in the Pazardzhik-Plovdiv Field, a subregion of the plains. It is west of Plovdiv, about 37 kilometres, 112 kilometres southeastern of Sofia and 288 kilometres from Burgas. The population is around 65,671, as it has been growing around from the end of the 19th century to the end of the 20th century. The city reached its highest milestone, exceeding 80,000. Due to poor economic performance in Bulgaria during the 1990s and early 2000s, made a rapid progress of emigration, which affected Pazardzhik aswell.
Pazardzhik Пазарджик | |
|---|---|
Clockwise, from top to left: Panorama of Pazardzhik; Chitalishte Videlina; Pazardzhik History Museum; The Tortata and the old post office; [[Church of the Dormition of the Mother of God, Pazardzhik]]; Drama and Puppet Theatre Konstantin Velichkov | |
Flag Coat of arms | |
Pazardzhik Location of Pazardzhik Pazardzhik Pazardzhik (Balkans) | |
| Coordinates: 42°12′N 24°20′E / 42.200°N 24.333°E | |
| Country | Bulgaria |
| Province (Oblast) | Pazardzhik |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Todor Popov |
| Area | |
| • Town | 37.382 km2 (14.433 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 205 m (673 ft) |
| Population (Census 2021)[1] | |
| • Town | 65,671 |
| • Density | 1,800/km2 (4,500/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 103,681 |
| Demonym | Pazardzhiklia |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Postal Code | 4400 |
| Area code | 034 |
| License plate | PA |
| Website | Official website |
The history of Pazardzhik can be traced back to the 7th millenium BC, with early civilisations being brought from Asia-Minor. They were agro-pastralists and settled near Maritsa, Pazardzhik and Sinitovo. A clay idol named the Pazardzhik Venus was founded in 1872. Succeeding it, tombstones and wells have been discovered in the city.
The Drougoubitai tribe settled in the early Middle Ages. Many different researches have all been disputed on the founding of Pazardzhik. One of them was by Stefan Zahariev, concluding that the city was founded in 1395 by nomads from Saruhan. Three years after in 1398, according to the history of İbn-i Kemal, the city was founded by the migration of Tatars from Actav to Rumelia. Another thesis according to Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, is about the establishment is during 1418, where the Minnet Bey and the Tatars from Isquilip, which resettled due to Mehmed I. The fourth thesis and the most probable one is the city's establishment from the resettled Crimean Tatar people by the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II's campaign on Kiliia and Akkerman according to the Dutch professor Machiel Kiel. Pazardzhik developed in the years from its foundation in 1398 to the time of the earliest Ottoman register available in 1472. Rice cultivation intensified in the region, which made the economy of the city grow. The first mosque, Kurshum, was built. This attracted settlers and craftsmen. Many public buildings were built in the 16th-17th century. Gerard Kornelius Drish visited the city in 1718 with gratefulness. By 1738, Pazardzhik was predominanty Turkish.
During the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812), there was a brief siege under Count Nikolay Kamensky. In the mid-19th century, it was an important craft and trade centre. Many institutions were established in this period. In the course of Tanzimat, a Bulgarian congregation was formed. Following this, the Church of the Dormition was first founded. Vasil Levski appointed the revolutionary committee in Pazardzhik as a second centre in 1872. Following 4 years after that, Georgi Benkovski resumed the activity of the committee. During the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Iosif Gurko wrestled the Ottomans out of the city. During this period, young Jews established a vigilante group. The Armenian telegraphist Ovanes Sovadzhian prevented the annihilation of the city, like it was planned to be burnt.
The first reported Red Army troops entered Pazardzhik on 23 September 1944. Near Glavinitsa in the winter of 1944 the aviation unit was deployed. The Soviet command in Pazardzhik was headed by Dmitry Gorunkov and assistants - Nikolai Pavlovich Ugryumov and Vasily Feodorovich Bezhanov.
After 9 September 1944, the city grew to an industrial centre, which in 1947 during nationalisation, began consolidation of industrial enterprises. In 1981 49,7% of the industrial products in the okrug were produced in the town. Pazardzhik had 72 industrial enterprises and the cooperatives are also developed. After 1989, the process of state ownership in its various forms begins. Conditions were made for the development of private-owned agriculture enterprises.
The economy of Pazardzhik is now a slowly growing one. GDP per capita is 9,101 BGN in 2012. The average monthy salary was 635 BGN and unemployment was 5.2% in 2015.[2] The economy today is mainly based on agriculture, which also includes animal breeding. Farms are mainly located in the fertile land of the Upper Thracian Plain.
The landmarks of the city are the clock tower, Church of the Dormition, which has a wood-carved iconstasis protected by UNESCO,[3] the History Museum, the old post office, the Drama Theatre and the other museums.
Geography
Location
The city lies in the southwestern parts of the Upper Thracian Plain and also in the Pazardzhik-Plovdiv Fields, a sub-region of the plain. Pazardzhik lies on both the right and left banks of the Maritsa River, with an island called ''Svoboda''.
Terrain
Pazardzhik is one of the few cities with a flat topography without any elevations. The average elevation is 205 m (673 ft) and covers the entire area of the city. The only exception is a slight elevation change in the riverbed of the Maritsa.
Nearby is the Besaparski Ridge, where limestone deposits have been discovered. Nearby, near the village of Mokrishte, there are many hills from the time of the Thracians, which were artificially created.
The nearest mountains are the Western Rhodopes - about 15 km south, the Eastern Rila - about 30 km southwest and the Sashtinskata Sredna Gora about 40 km north of the town.
Vegetation
The vegetation in and around the town is mainly broad-leaved species - oak, linden, poplar, chestnut, plane and less often coniferous species - mainly pine and fir. Willow, birch, ivy grow around the rivers.
The region is traditionally used for agriculture due to the favourable climate and fertile soils and is considered a recognised region for the cultivation of vegetables and fruit. Besides cereals, tomatoes, peppers, potatoes, watermelons, tobacco and wine, but also peaches, cherries and cotton are grown.
From the 15th century[4] until the 1980s, Pazardzhik was a centre of Bulgarian rice cultivation, which was practised in the humid lowlands of the Upper Thracian Plain.[5] The yellowish rice grains of Pazardzhik were well known and better appreciated than the rice grown around Plovdiv or further southeast along the Maritsa. Western visitors were amazed by the intensive rice culture and already in the 18th century spoke of the area as a "European Egypt" (in a travel diary from 1786). Today, rice cultivation no longer plays a major role in the Pazardzhik region. After 1989, production was stopped or even abandoned (in most places) within a few years, as Bulgarian rice was no longer competitive on the world market.[6]
Hydrography
One of the main rivers, the Maritsa, flows through the city and Topolnitsa (river) and Luda Yana, tributaries of the Maritsa, also border the city to the east and west.
Climate
Pazardzhik has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) according to the Köppen climate classification and a considerable amount of humid continental climate and Mediterranean influence on the city. According to Batakliev's book about the region, the highest temperature ever recorded around 1921-1955 is 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) in July, while the lowest is −29.5 °C (−21.1 °F) in February. Mainly in June, July and August are shown to have higher temperatures in comparison with the other months. In the opposite meaning, the coldest months are December, January and February, as shown in the climate table. The wettest months of the year are May and June, both above 58 mm.
| Climate data for Pazardzhik, Bulgaria | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) | 7.0 (44.6) | 11.8 (53.2) | 18.8 (65.8) | 23.5 (74.3) | 27.3 (81.1) | 30.3 (86.5) | 30.2 (86.4) | 25.9 (78.6) | 18.8 (65.8) | 12.1 (53.8) | 6.5 (43.7) | 18 (64) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.2 (31.6) | 2.2 (36.0) | 6.1 (43.0) | 12.2 (54.0) | 16.9 (62.4) | 20.6 (69.1) | 22.9 (73.2) | 22.5 (72.5) | 18.2 (64.8) | 12.3 (54.1) | 7.2 (45.0) | 2.2 (36.0) | 11.9 (53.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −3.9 (25.0) | −2.0 (28.4) | 0.9 (33.6) | 5.4 (41.7) | 10.2 (50.4) | 13.9 (57.0) | 15.5 (59.9) | 14.6 (58.3) | 11.0 (51.8) | 6.7 (44.1) | 3.3 (37.9) | −1.1 (30.0) | 6.2 (43.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 41 (1.6) | 29 (1.1) | 41 (1.6) | 47 (1.9) | 72 (2.8) | 58 (2.3) | 51 (2.0) | 36 (1.4) | 38 (1.5) | 42 (1.7) | 51 (2.0) | 42 (1.7) | 548 (21.6) |
| Source: Stringmeteo[7] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Pazardzhik, Bulgaria (1921-1955 for absolute temperatures, 1916-1955 for average, 1896-1945 for precipitation) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.3 (63.1) | 23.8 (74.8) | 29.4 (84.9) | 31.8 (89.2) | 36.5 (97.7) | 37.1 (98.8) | 40.6 (105.1) | 40.5 (104.9) | 38.6 (101.5) | 36.5 (97.7) | 26.6 (79.9) | 22.2 (72.0) | 40.6 (105.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.2 (32.4) | 1.9 (35.4) | 6.5 (43.7) | 12.3 (54.1) | 16.9 (62.4) | 20.8 (69.4) | 23.3 (73.9) | 22.6 (72.7) | 18.6 (65.5) | 12.6 (54.7) | 7.0 (44.6) | 2.2 (36.0) | 12.1 (53.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27.5 (−17.5) | −29.5 (−21.1) | −19.6 (−3.3) | −4.0 (24.8) | 1.0 (33.8) | 4.8 (40.6) | 7.5 (45.5) | 5.8 (42.4) | −0.8 (30.6) | −5.5 (22.1) | −12.0 (10.4) | −21.5 (−6.7) | −29.5 (−21.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 27 (1.1) | 31 (1.2) | 35 (1.4) | 48 (1.9) | 58 (2.3) | 62 (2.4) | 47 (1.9) | 33 (1.3) | 31 (1.2) | 43 (1.7) | 40 (1.6) | 41 (1.6) | 515 (20.3) |
| Source: [8] | |||||||||||||
Etymology
The name comes from the word pazar, ultimately from the Persian: bāzār, "market" + the Turkic diminutive suffix -cık, "small". Called Tatar Pazardzhik because the Tatars settled there earlier in the town's history, its title thus signified, "small Tatar market".[9] From the 15th-19th century, foreign travellers wrote the city's name as Pazardzhik, Bazardzhik, Tatar Pazardzhik, etc. Bulgarian written documents from the 19th century preferred Pazardzhik. It was also called The city of rice before the Liberation. After 1934, the city changed its name unofficially to Pazardzhik.[10]
Pazardzhik Point on Snow Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Pazardzhik.[11]
History
Antiquity
The beginning of the pattern of civilisation brought by the Asia-Minor settlers in the second half of the 7th millennium BC has so far been judged on the basis of the early Neolithic finds from the Rakitovo settlement mound, which chronologically corresponds to the Karanovo I culture. The first known and discovered tribes in the city was in the Stone Age period, around the same time. They were agro-pastralists and founded an settlement from this era at the right shores of Maritsa, near Sinitovo and Pazardzhik. It continues until the 5th millennium BC during Chalcolithic period in the south, near the Besaparian hills. Another settlement was established in this period, at the today's railway station. It was destroyed due to the construction of the railroad Baronhirshova in 1876, the station and other structures around it in the beginning of the 20th century.[12] A clay idol (named the Pazardzhik Venus) was founded in 1872 and now is in a museum in Austria.[13] It was made in the 5th millennium BC and is a clay figure of a seated woman.[14] Near the city lived the Bessi tribe in the Iron Age, which their main city was Bessapara near the village Sinitovo and the ancient Roman road Via Militaris passed through it. Until 1920, was preserved a Thracian tombstone near the today's market in Pazardzhik. Northeast of it, an annular well was discovered, believed to be from an Thracian villa complex.[12]
The Eneolithic culture is best represented by the layers of the Yunatsite settlement mound - its last period corresponds to the Karanovo VI culture. The development of the Late Neolithic culture was interrupted in the first centuries of the 4th millennium BC. - In the period from 3700 to 3300 BC, life in the settlement mounds ended. However, some finds from the mountain areas of the Rhodopes and Sredna Gora show that there was no 'hiatus' (interruption) between the Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age cultures, indicating that at least part of the lowland population of Pazardzhik seems to have retreated to the mountains.[15]
Founding and the Middle Ages
The Drougoubitai tribe settled here in the early Middle Ages. The region is incorporated in the First Bulgarian Empire during Omurtag's reign and also the battles of Malamir. Archaelogical leads from the Second Bulgarian Empire were founded near the west of the city. In the left shores of Topolnitsa, fragments of sgraffito ceramics, iron shovel and sword were founded in 1926.[12]
Disputes were made on when the city was established. According to research made by historian Stefan Zahariev concluded that Pazardzhik was first founded in 1395, where nomads from Saruhan settled from Bayezid I's orders. First and only, Zahariev implicates the nomads of Sarukhan in the founding of Pazardzhik. Zahariev combines two different episodes of the history of the settlement of Thrace, thus creating a "story" to answering of how and when the city was founded.[16] Three years after in 1398, according to the history of İbn-i Kemal, the city was founded by the migration of Tatars from Actav to Rumelia.[17] Another thesis according to Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, an Austrian historian and orientalist, is about the establishment is during 1418, where the Minnet Bey and the Tatars from Isquilip, which resettled due to Mehmed I. Mehmed, after taking Samsun, passed through Isquilip and takes punitive measures against Minnet Bey. The reason for this, although presented by Aşıkpaşazadeh in the form of a dialogue, is explicitly stated in the source - Minnet Bey deviated from the campaign to which he had been called. The entire group of Tatars was taken to Rumelia and settled in Konush, where Minnetoglu Mehmed Bey built an imaret and a caravanserai and enlivened the surrounding area. Some facts in the narrative require special attention. According to the contrast of Balkanski, the resettled Tatars belonged to the Samagar tribe and Minnetoglu Bey is portrayed as the executor of the Sultan's will. The leader of the deported Tatars was Minnet Bey and they most likely appeared as part of Timur's forces in the Isquilip region, a fact reported only by the "anonymous". The identity of Minnet Bey has not been fully clarified in historiography.[18] The fourth thesis and the preferred one is the city's establishment from the resettled Crimean Tatar people by the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II's campaign on Kiliia and Akkerman according to the Dutch professor Machiel Kiel. The Tatars settled there in 1485, where the local villages held an annual market and their leadership was entrusted to their leader Sar-Khan Bey, who in turn settled in the depopulated village of Zagorovo, from which Sarukhanbehlu (today Septemvri) emerged. According to Zahariev, a historian from Pazardzhik, the first Tatar settlers were united in the mahalla Hadzha Kalach, which also built the first mosque in the town. It became a town in 1488.[19]
Pazardzhik developed in the years from its foundation in 1398 to the time of the earliest Ottoman register available in 1472. Within a period of less than eighty years, Tatar Pazardzhik was already included as a town in the Ottoman cadastre - eloquent testimony to its highly successful development. It is safe to assume that only a few years after its foundation, Pazardzhik, like a number of other settlements in Thrace, was severely shaken by the civil war between the Ottoman sons of Sultan Bayezid I. In the 1530s, an intensification of rice cultivation began in Thrace, directly affecting the immediate vicinity of Pazardzhik. According to the accounts of Hoca Sadeddin Efendi, in this case taken directly from Idris Bitlisi, rice cultivation was introduced in the region as early as the time of Lala Şahin Pasha, but according to the authoritative opinion of Inaljik, the intensification and expansion of rice cultivation in the Plovdiv region can only take place during the reign of Mehmed II. This is confirmed by the reports of the construction of the city of Plovdiv by Hadım Şehabeddin until the mid-15th century.[20]
Early Modern Period
A part of the Tatars left Pazardzhik and its surroundings and those who remained in the city turned their backs completely on nomadism and turned to agriculture or handicrafts - a fact reported by Ibn Kemal, who probably described the situation as he knew it in the 1580s. Within a few decades these changes breathed vital force into the new settlement, and in the second half of the 16th century the first mosque was built, attracting settlers and craftsmen, and the village took on the characteristic features of a kasbah of the time. Unlike neighbouring Philibe (Plovdiv), whose urban planning depended entirely on the sultan and local senior administrators, Pazardzhik attracted the attention and active support of influential Akıncı families. Among the builders of public buildings in the city are the names of Evrenosoglu, who promoted the construction of the city's imaret, the influential Malkoçoğlu Balı Bey, who built the Pirzade Curve near Pazardzhik, to Kadı Ishak Çelebi from Bitola, who built one of the city's mosques. The influence of nearby Ihtiman, completely dominated by the powerful Akinji clan of Mihalovtsi, is also important.[21]
The town impressed visitors with its beautiful houses and clean streets. In 1718 Gerard Kornelius Drish visited Pazardzhik and wrote "the buildings here according to construction, size and beauty stand higher than those of Niš, Sofia and all other places". In 1738 the population of Pazardzhik was predominantly Turkish.[22]
The Russians under Count Nikolay Kamensky captured the city after a brief siege in 1810 during the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812).[23]
In the mid-19th century, Pazardzhik was an important craft and trade centre with a population of about 25,000. Some mahallas emerged in the town, one of them being Chiksalan.[24] There were two large annual fairs and a large market on Tuesdays and Wednesdays. There was a post office and a telegraph. The town also developed into an important cultural centre during this period, as the first school in the town, which was taught Bulgarian alongside Greek, was opened by bishop Dionysius in 1823,[25] a class school was opened in 1847,[26] a girls' school in 1848,[27] a community centre in 1862[28] and the women's union Prosveta in 1870.[29]
In the course of the Tanzimat reforms of 1834, a Bulgarian congregation was able to form, which in 1837 had the Church of the Dormition built with its carved altar wall, the work of masters of the famous Debar school. Stefan Zahariev reports that the city was divided into 33 mahallas in the 1860s. At that time there were 3420 houses, 1200 shops, 19 mosques, 6 churches, 1 synagogue and 4 public baths. There were also 8 Turkish and 6 Bulgarian schools, as well as a Jewish, a Vlach and an Armenian school.[30]
Vasil Levski appointed the revolutionary committee in Pazardzhik as the second district centre in Bulgaria in 1872. In 1876 Georgi Benkovski resumed the activity of the Pazardzhik revolutionary committee.[15]
The town was planned to be burnt down like other settlements that experienced it during the April Uprising.[31] In Pazardzhik - а strong stronghold of Turkish power - an uprising could not take place. The Turkish garrisons in town instilled fear in the local activists, many of whom were rich people. The plan to burn down the town and cut the railway line was not carried out. Thus, the Turkish authorities had a large superiority of forces already at the beginning of the uprising.[32]
At the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), the Imperial Russian Army under the command of Lieutenant General Iosif Gurko continued to be present in the areas of Bulgaria that had been wrested from Ottoman rule. The Zapdniya detachment of Russian troops stationed in Pazardzhik was withdrawn on 14 January 1878. Unlike many other Bulgarian towns where massacres occurred during or after the war, unprotected Pazardzhik was spared planned depredation. Elsewhere along the Maritsa, the Ottoman commander Süleyman Hüsnü Pasha had burned down several settlements and killed or mistreated the inhabitants.[33] A group of young Jews organised a vigilante group in the town in order to protect the possessions of Bulgarian families that have fled and their own, as well as to defend the remaining population from violent attacks by the bashi-bazouk. A fire brigade was also established under the leadership of Gabriel Seliktar; their task was to extinguish fires in Bulgarian and Jewish houses and shops.[34] The town was planned to be burnt down like other settlements that experienced it during the April Uprising. The Armenian-born telegraphist Ovanes Sovadzhiyan saved the town from total annihilation. The ciphered order arrived at the station's telegraph office while the Turkish military were in Sovadzhiyan's office. Risking his life, he interpreted the telegram in the opposite sense. Namely, that the city and its inhabitants should be spared. To avoid scrutiny, Sovadzhiyan swallowed the printed text of the original message. After some time, the Russian troops entered the city, which was saved from destruction by an Armenian.[35]
Modern History
The famous British travel writer Patrick Leigh Fermor visited Pazardzhik in the late summer of 1934.[36] During the 1934 Bulgarian coup d'état, which overthrew Mushanov's cabinet by Kimon Georgiev's Zveno and the Milltary Union, saw being replaced Mihail Trendafilov with Georgi Kenderov as mayor of Pazardzhik and also Lyubomir Levicharov as assistant-mayor.
Bulgaria's participation in the final stage of World War II was conditioned by circumstances reflecting national and international interest. On 17 September 1944, an agreement was reached that the newly formed Bulgarian People's Army. The first reported Soviet troops entered Pazardzhik on 23 September 1944. From the autumn of 1944 until the summer of 1946, troops from the 9th Artillery Division, commanded by Major-General Andrei Ratov, were stationed in the town, and the division`s headquarters were located in Plovdiv. Near Glavinitsa in the winter of 1944 the aviation unit was deployed. The Soviet command in Pazardzhik was headed by Dmitry Gorunkov and assistants - Nikolai Pavlovich Ugryumov and Vasily Feodorovich Bezhanov.[37]
After 9 September 1944, the city grew to an industrial centre, which in 1947 during nationalisation, began consolidation of industrial enterprises. The leading sectors of the economy were food and beverages, machinery and metals, chemical, electronics, production of accumulators, etc. In 1960 was established a factory for accumulators, one of the biggest ones in Bulgaria. In 1981 49,7% of the industrial products in the okrug were produced in the town. Pazardzhik had 72 industrial enterprises and the cooperatives are also developed. After 1989, the process of state ownership in its various forms begins. Conditions were made for the development of private-owned agriculture enterprises.[38]
From 1959 to 1979, Pazardzhik was the administrative centre for the region and then okrug. and has been so again since the administrative division of Bulgaria in 1999.
Population
In the 1880s, the population of Pazardzhik numbered about 15,000, making it one of the largest in Bulgaria.[39] Since then, the town grew decade by decade, mainly due to immigrants from the rural areas and surrounding smaller towns, reaching its peak in 1985-1992 with over 80,000 inhabitants.[40] Thereafter, as a result of the poor economic situation in the Bulgarian provinces in the 1990s, the population began to shrink, leading to a new exodus towards the national capital Sofia and abroad. In February 2011, the city had 71,979 inhabitants, while the Pazardzhik Municipality has 114,817 inhabitants.[41][40][42]
| Pazardzhik | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | 1887 | 1910 | 1934 | 1946 | 1956 | 1965 | 1975 | 1985 | 1992 | 2001 | 2005 | 2009 | 2011 | 2021 | |
| Population | 15,659 | 18,098 | 23,228 | 30,376 | 39,499 | 55,430 | 65,727 | 77,340 | 82,578 | 79,476 | 76,161 | 75,346 | 71,979 | 65,671 | |
| Highest number ?? in ?? | |||||||||||||||
| Sources: National Statistical Institute,[41][1] citypopulation.de,[40] pop-stat.mashke.org,[42] Bulgarian Academy of Sciences[39] | |||||||||||||||
Ethnic linguistic and religious composition
According to the latest 2011 census data, the individuals declared their ethnic identity were distributed as follows:[43][44]
| Number | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
| Total | 71,979 | 100 |
| Bulgarians | 57,332 | 86.3 |
| Turks (Muslim Roma/Turkish Gypsies)[45][46] | 4,822 | 7.3 |
| Romani | 3,423 | 5.2 |
| Others | 325 | 0.5 |
| Indefinable | 495 | 0.7 |
| Undeclared | 5,582 | 7.8 |
In the 18th and early 19th centuries, the all-Bulgarian districts of Kavlakkavak and Syulyukkavak were established. According to some accounts, by the mid-19th century the city consisted of 33 neighbourhoods - 18 Turkish, 12 Bulgarian and 3 Gypsy. Although the Bulgarian neighbourhoods were smaller in number, they were more densely populated, while the Turkish neighbourhoods also had Bulgarians. In 1865, the city's population was 25,000, with Bulgarians making up 57% and Turks 28.5%.[47] As a trading city, the city was attractive to other peoples, and so significant minorities of Jews, Armenians and other peoples remained in the city for decades, and they are still present today, although in much smaller numbers. Sephardic Jews were probably in the city as early as 1492. About 10% of the 17,000 inhabitants were Jewish when Jews had a monopoly in the trading and distribution of grain.[48][49] Some Aromanian families also live in Pazardzhik.[50]
Governance
The municipal administration consists of a mayor, a deputy mayor and a secretary.[51] The mayor of Pazardzhik is the head of the city's administration. The incumbent mayor is Todor Popov, apart of the local coalition ''Novoto Vreme'', who won his first election in 2007 and subsequently served second, third and currently fourth consecutive terms in 2011, 2015 and 2019.[52] The incumbent deputy mayor is Petar Petrov, while the secretary of the municipality is Rumen Kozhuharov.
The mayor is a branch in the administration, which includes an Internal Audit Department, Financial Controller, Deputy Mayor, Data Security Officer and a department ''Mayor's Office''.[51]
The secretary is divided into 7 directorates - Legal and Administrative Services, Civil Registration of population, European funds, strategic planning and digital services, Education and culture, Budget and municipal property, Architecture and spartial planning and Construction, transport, environment.[51]
Economy and infastructure
Economy
History
The economy of Pazardzhik began from the 15th century, when it was still a small town and a market place. It began to form as an important trade centre in the Ottoman Empire. In the 17th-18th century, the town was the primary centre of crafts within the empire. There were many crafts practised, including the leatherworking, clothing and footwear from leather, the forging of metal, etc. After the Liberation, there was a large change in the rural life of Pazardzhik. The main aspect of the economy was agriculture, which included the production of rice and cereals. Factories were built, including for the production of Marseille tiles in 1908 and for pottery in 1914. Pazardzhik's economy grew in 1920-1944 period, as it included the electrification of the city in 1922. In 1938, there was 18 industry enterprises and in 1944, that number grew to 54. The nationalisation of the Bulgarian economy in 1947, all of the industries were consolidated following the policy. New buildings in the 1960s and 1970s were built for the huge industries. During this period, Pazardzhik was considered a large industrial centre. But after the loss of Russian markets, the city's economy was in despair. The living standards fell by 40%. After 1989, new modern companies appeared.[53] The industries in 1993 were 293, but increased to 424 in 2008.
Current status
Pazardzhik Municipality's economy in the performance of the province decreased after 2009. GDP per capita is 9,101 BGN in 2012, twice below the national average (18,382 BGN) and 18% lower than that of the province (10,315 BGN[54]).[55] It is the result of the general economic situation and low competitiveness. The average monthy salary was 635 BGN and unemployment was 5.2% in 2015.[2] The economy today is mainly based on agriculture. Farms are mainly located in the fertile land of the Upper Thracian Plain, where vegetables are grown - tomatoes, peppers, etc. Fruit is also grown, especially peaches and cherries. The livestock is also important. In 1962, in the city, an inter-cooperative pig breeding company is founded with headquarters in Dragor. An enterprise for beekeeping was launched in 1968 with around 5,000 bee families. In 1976, a mill was established with the name Yordan Tsiporkov.[56]
Transportation
The main transportation for the city are trolleybuses, buses, taxis and trains.
The trolleybus network in Pazardzhik is one of the main transportation covering 2/3 of the city. It first opened on 1 June 1993. The trolleybus lines are 6 (1, 1E, 2, 2E, 4, 5) and have designated routes. The length is 30 km (19 mi), which is one-way. The total passenger buses are 23, 6 of them are articulated buses.[57][58]
The bus transport network in Pazardzhik consists of 16 lines (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 13A, 14, 14A) covering the most important areas of the city.
Education
The education after 9 September 1944 also imposed changes in the field of the educational system. Entrance examinations in high schools were abolished and poor students were exempted from fees. The reconstruction of education in the 1950s was carried out entirely on the principles of Marxism and the example of the Soviet education. On the initiative of the municipal government, with the active participation of mass organizations and the voluntary labor of the population, major and partial renovation of existing school buildings is carried out and the construction of new ones begins. In 1954 the number of pupils in all primary schools was 7,275. In 1959, the processes of reconstruction of the school in the direction of its polytechnicisation began. School workshops for labour training were built in primary and junior high schools and in the secondary schools classrooms for mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and agriculture, and experimental fields and sections were set up.[59]
In Pazardzhik there are 2 higher educational institutions (University Agricultural College[60] and College for Primary Pedagogues) and a branch of the Plovdiv University "Paisii Hilendarski", 4 elementary, 7 primary, 4 secondary schools, 10 specialized high schools, 1 interschool center for vocational training after 6th and 7th grade, and one children's complex for extracurricular forms.
Culture and pedestrian areas
Kurshum Mosque is one of the only two mosques in Pazardzhik, the other being Ebu Bekir. Constructed in 1667, its one of the main sights of the city.
The Church of the Dormition preserves the most impressive icons in Bulgaria by master artists of the Debar School, wood-carvings of New and Old Testament scenes, and icons by Stanislav Dospevski.[61] Among the town's landmarks are also the Pazardzhik Clock Tower, the ethnographic and history museums.
As with most Bulgarian cities, Pazardzhik has developed a significant pedestrian centre, in which several central squares typify the European coffee house society and pedestrian culture. In Bulgaria the café culture is particularly prominent, with many downtown squares easily providing up to a half dozen cafés, with ample outside seating. Pazardzhik has a level of pedestrian streets (or network of carfree areas) even above the relatively high Bulgarian standard. There are several longer pedestrian streets, and at one point there is even an intersection where five different pedestrian streets converge. A few of these do not continue for very long, but most do, or are connected to the rest of the pedestrian areas of the city, and thus could be said to form the pedestrian network of the city. Notable pedestrian areas are the Tortata and the island Svoboda, which also serves as a park.
During the warmer seasons, most afternoons of the week and especially weekends find a large number of people strolling about or sitting in cafés.
Island-park ''Svoboda'' is a pedestrian area, where people can walk freely. The park includes a football field, a basketball court in a stadium and also different sport areas. In 2009, a zoo was established, where various animals are kept. There is a lion, tigers, llamas, raccoons, horse and others. There is a monument of Aleko Konstantinov, and an iron cross which was built in 2005.[62]
Sports
In the Pazardzhik History Museum, the items, documents and photos exhibited there tell about the development of the individual sports: cycling, football, swimming, weightlifting, wrestling, modern pentathlon, athletics, rhythmic gymnastics, volleyball, etc.[63]
The main sports of the city is volleyball and football, as they have a professional men's volleyball team called VC Hebar Pazardzhik and a football team, FC Hebar Pazardzhik. There are other minor sports such as basketball and wrestling.[64]
Museums and Theatres
Drama and Puppet Theatre Konstantin Velichkov
The city is home to one of the oldest theatres in the country, built with funds raised voluntarily by citizens. Today the theatre is united with the puppet theatre under the name Drama and Puppet Theatre Konstantin Velichkov after the Bulgarian writer, Konstantin Velichkov.
The theatre has a big 470-seat auditorium and a 100-seat chamber hall. The theatre stages titles from world classic, from the Bulgarian classical literary heritage and from the contemporary national and foreign dramaturgy. It also presents its plays not only on home stage, but across the country.[65]
The theatre was founded in 1870 first performance "Mnogostradalna Genoveva" takes place on the stage centre "Videlina" situated in one of the rooms of class school. In 1899 a new building of the chitalishte was constructed - a new spacious lounge and theatre scene. In 1937 the theatre was professionalized. Funds are allocated for salaries of all artists are conducted training courses. In 1942 the theater was closed. Since 1945, the theatre in Pazardzhik again began to function and develop and strengthen one of the major cultural institutions in the city. In 1964, due to reorganization of the theatre is closed again. On 1 August 1969, the theatre restores the status of a state theatre.[66]
With 133 years of theatrical tradition and over 40 years of state theatre; 35 theatrical seasons. The first production in theatre in Pazardzhik is Albena by Yordan Yovkov. From January by Radichkov, directed by Krikor Azaryan, to Epic Times again by Radichkov, directed by Petrinel Gochev, from As You Like It by Shakespeare directed by Leon Daniel to The Storm by Alexander Ostrovsky directed by Vladlen Alexandrov. From Vampire by Anton Strashimirov, directed by Vili Tsankov, through Roman Bath by Stanislav Stratiev, to The Backyard by Bilgesu Erenus, directed by Iskender Alton. Some of the greatest directors have worked on the stage: Krikor Azaryan, Asen Shopov, Leon Daniel, Nikolay Polyakov, Zdravko Mitkov, Nikolay Lyutskanov and others, also some of the most famous actors: Nevena Kokanova, Georgi Georgiev - Getz, Georgi Kaloyanchev, Katya Paskaleva, Ilka Zafirova, Zlatina Todeva, Leda Taseva, Georgi Cherkelov and others.
Regional History Museum
The Pazardzhik History Museum is one of the leading and oldest museums in Bulgaria. It was established in 1911 by a decision of the management board of Chitalishte Videlina. In 2000 it was transformed into a Regional Historical Museum with territory of activity in the towns of Pazardzhik and Plovdiv.[67] The profile of the museum is general history and has the following main departments: Archeology; History of Bulgaria from the 15th-19th century, Ethnography, Modern history, Funds and scientific archive, Public Relations. The historical expositions are housed in a specially built building with an area of 1200 m². The museum has its own specialized library, restoration studio and photo laboratory, has a stand for the sale of advertising materials and souvenirs and a cafe.
Ethnographic Museum
The ethnographical exhibition of the Pazardzhik History Museum is set up in the biggest Baroque house from the Bulgarian National Revival period in Pazardzhik constructed in 1850 by master builders from Bratsigovo. The house belonged to Nikola Hristovich, a rich merchant from Pazardzhik. It was declared a national monument of architecture and culture by virtue of publication in State Gazette, issue No 25 of 1998.[68]
The building is declared monument of culture of national importance. The presented exhibition illustrates different aspects of the traditional national lifestyle (typical for Pazardzhik region) some of which were practiced up to the middle of the 20th century. Pazardzhik region covers parts of Rhodopes, the Upper Thracian Plain and Sredna Gora and is characterized by widely varied ethnographic and folklore traditions.[69]
Stanislav Dospevski Art Gallery
The gallery was established in 1963 as a department of the General People's Museum in the city. In 1966 it united with the Stanislav Dospevski House Museum with decision No 50 / 02.08.1966 of PNA in the gallery. The founder and first director of the gallery is the artist Tsvetan Radulov.[70] It is named after the Samokov school artist and public figure Stanislav Dospevski (1823-1878), who worked in the field of the portrait genre. The current gallery building was opened in 1980. Later in 1911 it housed the Regional History Museum. The total exhibition area is 800 m². The art fund of the gallery exceeds 10,000 works.
The building was constructed by builders from Bratsigovo in 1864. Its a two-storey high, made of sun-dried bricks, with six rooms and a parlor, typical for the period of Revival.[71]
The exposition presents the Bulgarian fine arts from the end of the last century to the present day. It consists of 731 works by 204 authors and is located in 5 exhibition halls. All genres (portrait, landscape and still life) are presented, as well as the different currents in the Bulgarian fine arts: Revival realism, romanticism, academism, realism, symbolism, impressionism, expressionism, socialist realism, abstractionism and others.
Stanislav Dospevski Art Gallery has two branches: Stanislav Dospevski House Museum and Georgi Gerasimov House Museum, as well as the open-air exhibition of Velichko Minekov.
Konstantin Velichkov House Museum
Birth house of Konstantin Velichkov (1855 - 1907) - a prominent Revival activist, active participant in the national liberation struggle, politician and statesman in post-liberation Bulgaria, poet, writer, translator and artist.[72]
The house is located on Vl. Gyoshev ”4. One-storey and with a veranda, it was built around 1850 and is now declared architectural, artistic and historical monument of culture of national importance.[73] In 1964-1965 the house was completely repaired and restored.[72] Since 1967, the urban living conditions from the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century have been arranged in it. In the native house of Konstantin Velichkov in 1876 his sister Teofana sewed the flag of the Pazardzhik Revolutionary Committee.[73] There is also kept an icon depicting the town of Jerusalem from 1856 that has been family heritage.[74]
Vasil Petleshkov was the first to announce in Pazardzhik the outbreak of the April Uprising. The house is a branch of the Regional History Museum. It has been open for visits since 2 March 1967.
Twin towns – sister cities
Notable people
Stefan Zahariev
Dimitar Boyadzhiev
Teodor Trayanov
Georgi Mashev
- Stefan Zahariev (1810–1871), revival, educationalist
- Konstantin Velichkov (1855–1905), enlightener, poet, politician
- Zaharina Dimitrova (1873-1940), Bulgarian doctor, Order of Civil Merit recipient, philanthropist.
- Ivan Batakliev (1891–1973), geographer, historian
- Nicolas Digests (1903–1968), poet
- Artine Artinian (1907–2005), scholar of French literature
- Violeta Gindeva (1946–2019), actress, deputy mayor of Pazardzhik in 2003–2007
- Ekaterina Mihaylova (born 1956), politician
- Serafim Todorov (born 1969), boxer
- Ekaterina Zakharieva (born 1975), politician
- Georgi Petkov (born 1976), footballer
Gallery
Old post building
Street scene
Stanislav Dospevski's house
Dormition of the Theotokos Church
References
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- ^ "Bulgaria's Pazardzhik between Palm Sunday and Easter". bnr.bg. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ^ Грозданова, Елена. Българската селска община през XV-XVIII век. OCLC 6194474.
- ^ Haucke, Kurt (2017). Bŭlgarii︠a︡ : strana, narod, istorii︠a︡, kultura, stopanstvo. Asen Georgiev, Асен Георгиев (Pŭrvo izdanie ed.). Sofii︠a︡. ISBN 978-619-01-0098-0. OCLC 1037596089.
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "Pazardzhik, Bulgaria - Climate data". Stringmeteo.
- ^ Батаклиев, pp. 46-48
- ^ Tilev, Ivan (2011). Pazardzhik i Pazardzhishka oblast. Georgi Radev, Miroslava Benkovska, Boĭko Pangelov. Sofii︠a︡: Trud. ISBN 978-954-398-100-7. OCLC 778703399.
- ^ Енциклопедия Пазарджик, p. 426
- ^ Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica: Pazardzhik Point.
- ^ a b c Енциклопедия Пазарджик, p. 425
- ^ Nikolova, Vanya (16 December 2020). "Коя е Пазарджишката Венера и къде се намира тя сега?". Блог за добрите новини (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- ^ "Великата богиня-майка от Пазарджик - статия за България". nasamnatam.com. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- ^ a b "Предистория на града и землището". Pzhistory (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 28 December 2022.
- ^ Boikov, pp. 18-21
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- ^ Leo, Michel (2013). Bŭlgarii͡a i neĭnii͡at narod pod osmanka vlast : prez pogleda na anglosaksonskite pŭteshestvenit͡si (1586-1878) : otkrivaneto na edna narodnost. Marieta Glukharova (1. izd ed.). Sofii͡a: Tangra TanNakRa. ISBN 978-954-378-106-5. OCLC 1062162833.
- ^ Каменский 2-й, Николай Михайлович, Ру́сский биографи́ческий слова́рь
- ^ История на България, p. 332
- ^ "За нас – ОУ ХРИСТО СМИРНЕНСКИ ПАЗАРДЖИК" (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ История на България, p. 369
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- ^ "Читалище Виделина ще посрещне 24 май обновено". telemedia.bg. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
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- ^ Tikhov, Genov, p. 199
- ^ Rusin, Bartłomiej (1 November 2016). "Anti-Jewish excesses on Bulgarian territories of Ottoman Empire during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878". Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. 51 (1): 15. doi:10.12775/SDR.2016.EN1.01. ISSN 2353-6403.
- ^ Avetisyan, Vigen (11 June 2019). "How an Armenian Saved the Bulgarian City of Pazardzhik – David Lang". Art-A-Tsolum. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ Fermor, Patrick Leigh (2013). The broken road : from the Iron Gates to Mount Athos. ISBN 978-1-84854-752-0. OCLC 862953048.
- ^ "Участие на войници от пазарджишко във Втората световна война". Pzhistory (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 28 December 2022.
- ^ Енциклопедия Пазарджик, p. 432
- ^ a b (in Bulgarian) Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c (in English) „WorldCityPopulation“
- ^ a b (in English) Bulgarian National Statistical Institute – towns in 2009 13 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b ""pop-stat.mashke.org"".
- ^ (in Bulgarian) Population on 01.02.2011 by provinces, municipalities, settlements and age; National Statistical Institute 8 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Population by province, municipality, settlement and ethnic identification, by 01.02.2011; Bulgarian National Statistical Institute 21 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine (in Bulgarian)
- ^ Per study by M. Mancheva and R. Dzhekova, Working Paper, February 2017, Risks of Islamist Radicalisation in Bulgaria: A Case Study in the Iztok Neighbourhood of the City of Pazardzhik, Sofia, Center for the Study of Democracy: "The inhabitants of the Iztok neighbourhood in the city of Pazardzhik belong to two of the larger Romani groups – Daskane Roma, a literal translation for Bulgarian or Christian Gypsies, who speak a Balkan dialect of Romani influenced considerably by the Bulgarian language, and the so called Horahane Roma, a literal translation for Turkish or Muslim Gypsies, who speak a Balkan dialect of Romani influenced considerably by the Turkish language. According to data from the 2011 Census, which covered certain control areas of the Iztok neighbourhood in the city of Pazardzhik, 40 percent of the neighbourhood inhabitants self-identified as Bulgarians, 27 percent as Turks, and 20 percent as Roma."
- ^ Per study of Krastev, Georgi et al, Research and Science Today; Targu-Jiu Iss. 2, (Nov 2019): 55-63. Gypsies/Roma in Bulgaria professing Islam - ethnic identity (retrospections and projections): "Very often, the surrounding are called Turkish Gypsies or Horohane Roma, and this name also dates back to the Ottoman Empire when mixed religion and ethnicity. Horohane Roma are a heterogeneous community, and identity is complex, defined on different levels, which are often blurred, and with a dual orientation towards the Turkish or the Gypsy community. They are scattered all over the country, and in some areas are the most numerous ethnic minority... Here are some examples. At the beginning of the 21st century, the mosques were built in the Roma neighborhoods “Iztok” in Pazardjk and “Nadezhda” in Sliven"...The new mosque in Pazardjik, built in a private property funded with money from abroad, is also named after the leader of an Islamic state. This speaks of a certain radicalization in Pazardzhik's Roma neighborhood, a case without analogy, concealing new dangers for ethnic and religious peace...Nowadays the Roma neighborhoodsin Pazardzhik resembles Arab neighborhoods of the Middle East, were man must wear beards and women burqas."
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Bibliography
- Бойков, Григор (2008). Татар Пазарджик : от основаването на града до края на XVII век : изследвания и документи (in Bulgarian) (1 ed.). Sofia: Amicitia. ISBN 9789549229110. OCLC 751461365.
- История на България (in Bulgarian) (1st ed.). София: Наука и изкуство. 1961.
- Тиков, Тикомир (1978). Руско-турската освободителна война 1877-1878 в спомени и очерци на българи-очевидци (in Bulgarian) (1st ed.). Наука и изкуство.
- Батаклиев, Иван (1969). Пазарджик и Пазарджишко (in Bulgarian) (1st ed.). София: Профиздат.
- Енциклопедия Пазарджик (in Bulgarian) (1st ed.). Пазарджик: Община Пазарджик. 2011. ISBN 9789546843081.
- "Общински план за развитие на Община Пазарджик 2014 г.—2020 г." (PDF) (in Bulgarian). Община Пазарджик. 9 October 2014.
External links
- Pazardzhik municipality
- . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.