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One Astor Plaza

November 27, 2023

One Astor Plaza, also known as 1515 Broadway and formerly the W. T. Grant Building, is a 54-story office building on Times Square in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Designed by Der Scutt of Ely J. Kahn & Jacobs, the building was developed by Sam Minskoff and Sons. One Astor Plaza occupies a site bounded by Broadway to the east, 45th Street to the north, Shubert Alley to the west, and 44th Street to the south. The building is named for the Hotel Astor, which had occupied the site from 1904 to 1967. SL Green Realty and Allianz own One Astor Plaza, which as of 2022 serves as the headquarters for Paramount Global (previously ViacomCBS).

One Astor Plaza
General information
TypeOffice
Location1515 Broadway, Manhattan, New York 10036
Coordinates40°45′28″N 73°59′11″W / 40.75778°N 73.98639°W / 40.75778; -73.98639
Construction started1969
Completed1972
OpeningMay 26, 1971
OwnerSL Green Realty (53%) Allianz (47%)[1]
Height
Roof745 ft (227 m)
Technical details
Floor count54
Floor area1,721,814 sq ft (160,000 m2)
Design and construction
Architect(s)Der Scutt
DeveloperSam Minskoff & Sons, Inc.

The building consists of a low base that occupies most of the site, as well as a 745-foot-tall (227 m) tower section with smaller floor areas. The facade is designed in glass and stone, with large signs. The upper stories have dark glass windows, with stone mechanical shafts on all sides of the tower. The lower stories contain a public passageway and retail at ground level, as well as a lobby and Paramount Global's Studio 1515 at the second story. The building was constructed with two theaters: a Broadway house called the Minskoff Theatre on the third floor, as well as a cinema in the basement (now an event venue called Palladium Times Square).

Sam Minskoff and Sons bought the Hotel Astor site in 1966 and initially proposed a 50-story tower without any theaters. Following a series of discussions, the Minskoff Theatre was included in exchange for additional floor area. Construction began on October 10, 1968, and the first tenants moved into the building in May 1971, with the building being completed the next year. One Astor Plaza was originally named for its anchor tenant, the W. T. Grant retail chain, which only occupied the space until 1976. Tishman Speyer and the Equitable Life Assurance Society bought One Astor Plaza in 1984. Tishman Speyer sold its ownership stake in 1990, just before Equitable filed a bankruptcy proceeding against the building, which was withdrawn after a lawsuit. Viacom leased space at One Astor Plaza starting in 1990, and its successors gradually came to occupy most of the building. SL Green Realty has owned or co-owned the building in some capacity since 2003.

Site edit

One Astor Plaza is at 1515 Broadway, along Times Square, in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City.[2][3] While the building carries a Broadway address, it is actually on the west side of Seventh Avenue.[3] The section of Broadway and Seventh Avenue between 43rd and 45th Streets is officially listed on city maps as "Times Square",[4][a] but the adjoining section of Broadway was converted into a permanent pedestrian plaza in the 2010s.[5][6] One Astor Plaza's rectangular land lot is bounded by Times Square to the east, 45th Street to the north, Shubert Alley to the west, and 44th Street to the south. The lot spans 65,764 square feet (6,109.7 m2),[3][7] with a frontage of 200 feet (61 m) on Times Square and 327 feet (100 m) on 44th and 45th Streets. Shubert Alley, which covers 6,400 square feet (590 m2) of the land lot, is a private passageway shared with the Shubert Organization.[3] The intersection of Times Square and 44th Street, directly outside One Astor Plaza, was renamed after Viacom founder Sumner Redstone in 2021.[8]

The surrounding area is part of Manhattan's Theater District and contains many Broadway theatres.[2] 1515 Broadway shares the block with seven theaters to the west: the Shubert, Broadhurst, and Majestic on 44th Street and the Booth, Gerald Schoenfeld, Bernard B. Jacobs, and John Golden theaters on 45th Street.[2][3] The Music Box Theatre, Imperial Theatre, and Richard Rodgers Theatre are across 45th Street to the northwest, and the New York Marriott Marquis hotel is to the north. Across Times Square are 1540 Broadway to the northeast, 1530 Broadway and the Millennium Times Square New York to the east, and 1500 Broadway to the southeast. One Astor Plaza is also close to 1501 Broadway to the south and 229 West 43rd Street, the Hayes Theater, and the St. James Theatre to the southwest.[3]

Prior to the development of One Astor Plaza, the site had been owned by the Astor family.[9] The site had contained the eleven-story Hotel Astor, which had been designed by Clinton & Russell in a Beaux-Arts style and opened in 1904 with 1,000 guest rooms.[10] The hotel had contained a red-brick facade, a mansard roof, and a lobby with a 22-foot-high colonnade.[10][11] According to architecture writer Robert A. M. Stern, the Astor inspired "a new species of popular hotels that soon clustered around Times Square, vast amusement palaces that catered to crowds with scenographic interiors that mirrored the theatricality of the Great White Way."[10]

Architecture edit

One Astor Plaza was developed by the Sam Minskoff and Sons company and designed by Kahn and Jacobs,[2][12] with Der Scutt as the principal architect.[13] In addition, Ben Schlanger was hired as a consultant for the design of two theaters in the building: the Minskoff Theatre, a Broadway house on the third floor, and the Loews Astor Plaza (now the Palladium Times Square), originally a movie house in the basement.[12] The building engineers are Shmerykowsky Consulting Engineers.[14]

The building has 54 stories and measures 745 feet (227 m) to its pinnacle.[15][14] According to Emporis, the building is 730 feet (220 m) tall to its main roof.[15] Internally, One Astor Plaza is served by 36 elevators.[14] The New York City Department of City Planning cites the building as having a Gross Floor Area of 1,721,814 square feet (160,000 m2),[3] while The Skyscraper Center gives a floor area of 1,931,982 square feet (179,000 m2).[14] Underneath the building is a parking lot for 225 cars.[16][17]

Form and facade edit

 
The set of Total Request Live in the Uptown Studio

One Astor Plaza consists of a 54-story office tower above a low base. The tower stories are set back 135 feet (41 m) from Broadway.[12][18] Under normal zoning regulations, the maximum floor area ratio (FAR) for any building on the tower's site was 15, but the developers received two bonuses of 20 percent each, bringing the FAR to 21.6. The developers had to include privately owned public space at the building's base for the first bonus, and they built a new theater for the second bonus.[7][19] The Minskoff Theatre was among the first theaters built under a 1968 regulation that allowed office buildings to include a legitimate theater in exchange for additional floor area.[20][21] The bonus applied only to Broadway theaters; the movie theater in the basement did not provide any FAR bonus for the building.[7] The building has two privately operated public spaces: the open-air Shubert Alley, as well as a ground-floor arcade beneath the center of the tower.[19]

At the base of the tower, the facade's Broadway elevation contains a glass front.[22][23] The second-floor studios contain full-height windows facing Times Square.[24][25] A rooftop restaurant was originally planned for the setback above the Minskoff Theatre on the third floor, but it was never built.[18] During a 2008 renovation by Kohn Pedersen Fox (KPF), the glass facade of the studios and theater was extended upward by 42 feet (13 m).[23] Two pairs of three-story-high LED signs are installed along the base's northeast and southeast corners.[26][27] Each pair of signs consists of a primary display facing each intersection, used for advertising, and a smaller display facing Times Square's western sidewalk, used for displaying show information for Minskoff Theatre. The primary displays measure 48 feet (15 m) high by 36 feet (11 m) wide, while the smaller displays are 48 feet high by 7 feet 10 inches (2.39 m) wide.[27]

The tower's facade is largely made of dark glass.[15] Vertically aligned, stone-clad mechanical ducts are placed on each side, separating the leftmost quarter from the rightmost three-quarters of the facade.[18] These mechanical shafts rise above the roof, terminating in pointed pinnacles at each corner of the roof.[15][28][29] The shafts were overlaid by aluminum panels during KPF's 2008 renovation.[23] A stone band also runs at the top of the roof.[15] The use of pinnacles and stonework was a departure from previous International Style buildings with flat roofs.[29] Initially, the top of the building contained signs on all four sides, spelling out the name W. T. Grant, the original anchor tenant. The signs consisted of illuminated 20-foot-tall (6.1 m) letters. They were removed in 1976 when W. T. Grant went bankrupt.[30]

Structural features edit

One Astor Plaza's superstructure is made of steel floor spans around a concrete core.[14] The superstructure contains some uncommon features due to the presence of the Minskoff Theatre at the base. In typical skyscrapers, the columns of the superstructure could extend directly to the underlying bedrock, but One Astor Plaza's eastern section was directly above the theater and had to be supported entirely by the theater's roof. The steel was provided by Bethlehem Steel; its supervising engineer Thomas Connolly said One Astor Plaza's superstructure "would have been a snap from an engineering point of view", but the theater's presence made for "a humdinger of an engineering feat".[31][32] The theater roof consists of a Vierendeel truss that rests on two girders, one weighing 89 short tons (79 long tons; 81 t) and the other weighing 109 short tons (97 long tons; 99 t). These girders were the heaviest in any building at the time, and they had to be delivered in several pieces from the factory, itself an intricate operation.[31]

Interior edit

Palladium Times Square edit

Main article: Palladium Times Square

The Loews Astor Plaza movie theater originally occupied the building's public space below street level, accessible from 44th Street.[33][34] It opened on June 26, 1974,[35] and was the city's largest capacity cinema at 1,440[34] or 1,500 seats.[29] The single-screen theater was designed with a steeply raked stadium seating layout[36][37] and was intended to show the first runs of major films.[37] There were 42 rows of seats facing the screen, which was 20 yards (18 m) wide. After an unsuccessful attempt to divide the theater into six screens in 1993, the theater closed in July 2004.[34] After a $21 million renovation, the space reopened in 2005 as a music venue under the ownership of Anschutz Entertainment Group.[38][39] The venue was originally sponsored by Nokia,[38] then by Best Buy in 2010[40] and PlayStation in 2015.[41] The PlayStation Theater closed on December 31, 2019,[42] and it reopened as the Palladium Times Square event venue in 2020.[33]

Ground level and lobby edit

The building's main entrances are at the southeast and northeast corners, facing Times Square. Inside the entrances, escalators lead to the office lobby, which is on the second floor.[18] The lobby contains the artwork Alight Embrace by Chris Cosma, which was installed in 2010. The artwork consists of a 4,000-square-foot (370 m2) section of wall between the two entrances, weighing 60 short tons (54 long tons; 54 t), and is made up of 1,100 glass panels measuring 16 by 36 by 2 inches (406 by 914 by 51 mm).[43]

At the first floor, there is a covered arcade under the center of the building, connecting 44th and 45th Streets.[15][19] This passageway is also unofficially known as Minskoff Alley.[44] The space covers 5,800 square feet (540 m2).[19] The arcade provides an entrance to the Minskoff Theatre,[18][16] which is accessed primarily by escalators.[22][45] From 1982 to 1986, the arcade also contained a museum dedicated to the history of Broadway theatre,[46] including photographs and memorabilia.[47] The ground level also contains retailers. During the 2000s and 2010s, these included a Bank of America branch with three floor-to-ceiling stock ticker signs;[48] a 19,000-square-foot (1,800 m2) Aeropostale clothing store;[49] an Oakley, Inc. sports accessories store;[50] and a Swatch watch store.[51] Facing Shubert Alley was an Italian restaurant called Cucina[52][53] and a Junior's restaurant.[54] As of 2022, Oakley, Kiko Milano, and Swatch were among the retail tenants.[55]

Second-floor studios edit

 
Uptown, Midtown and Downtown Studios & Aeropostale, Billabong, Element and Oakley store.

Originally, the second floor was occupied by a branch of the Bankers Trust bank. The branch adjoined the building's main lobby and contained a domed ceiling, as well as design features reminiscent of early-20th-century banks. The bank's office also contained a glass enclosure with an escalator between the lobby and the Minskoff Theatre, as well as a vault.[56] By the 1990s, this level served as offices for Viacom's human-resources department.[24]

Viacom repurposed the space as a 20,000-square-foot (1,900 m2) television studio for MTV Networks, launching operations in 1997.[24][57] According to MTV president Judy McGrath, the studio had full-height windows on Times Square because "We want to get people to feel what it's like to be in New York, to be part of that incredible playground down there".[24][25] The MTV broadcasting complex initially consisted of three studios. The largest was the Uptown Studio, which had the full-height windows on Times Square and was used by Total Request Live. Two smaller studios, the Midtown Studio and the Downtown Studio, were used for MTV News and smaller programs.[58]

Despite reports that MTV planned to completely vacate its studio space,[59][60] Viacom renewed its lease for a smaller portion of the space in late 2010.[61] The remaining portion was leased to Aeropostale, which operated in the space from 2010[49] until 2016.[62] Viacom re-leased the Aeropostale space in 2017 in preparation for its relaunch of TRL.[63]

In 2020, after CBS Corporation and Viacom merged again, CBS News used part of the MTV Studios space for its coverage of the 2020 presidential election;[64] the windows were blanked out for security reasons.[65] In September 2021, CBS's new morning show CBS Mornings premiered in a portion of the MTV Studios space (replacing CBS This Morning, which aired from the CBS Broadcast Center), using a modified version of the election set.[65][66] The studio was christened "Studio 1515" in reference to the building's address.[65] MTV retains a portion of studio space in the southern end of the building (which formerly comprised the Downtown Studio) for its weekly Fresh Out Live program. Comedy Central's The Daily Show with Trevor Noah was temporarily housed in One Astor Plaza from September 2021 to March 2022.[67][68]

Third floor edit

 
The facade of the Minskoff Theatre from Times Square

One Astor Plaza's Broadway theater, Minskoff Theatre, was named after the building's developers and is on the building's third floor.[2] Der Scutt designed the Minskoff,[20][69] with Ben Schlanger as a consulting architect.[7][69] Jo Mielziner was the consultant for the theater's original operator, Albert Selden.[69][70] The Minskoff, Gershwin, Circle in the Square, and American Place theaters were all constructed under the Special Theater District amendment of 1967 as a way to give their respective developers additional floor area.[20][71] The escalators from the building's ground-story arcade lead to the third-floor grand foyer, where additional escalators lead to the auditorium seating.[22] The Minskoff Theatre has 1,621 seats across two levels: a steeply raked orchestra and a smaller mezzanine. The Nederlander Organization operates the theater.[72]

Formerly, the third floor also contained the Minskoff Recording Studios, which opened in 1976. Originally, the studios ranged in size from 11 by 11 feet (3.4 by 3.4 m) to 32 by 38 feet (9.8 by 11.6 m). Each studio was soundproofed, enabling numerous tenants to use the studios simultaneously.[73] These studios hosted rehearsals for many large Broadway musicals, as they were the only studios in the area that could accommodate large Broadway productions.[74][75] By the late 1980s, the studio sizes ranged from 270 square feet (25 m2) for studio 7 to 1,856 square feet (172.4 m2) for studio 3. Rental rates for the studios varied depending on the studios' sizes, with studio 7 charging $10 an hour and studio 3 charging $5 per hour, although discounted rates were charged for eight-hour and week-long rentals. Despite the studios' popularity, they closed in 1989 due to rising rents.[74]

History edit

After World War II, development of theaters around Times Square stalled, and the area began to evolve into a business district.[76] The first proposal to convert the Astor Hotel site to offices had been put forth in 1947, when Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer had unsuccessfully proposed leasing the entire hotel for its own offices.[18][77] When real estate developers Webb and Knapp leased the hotel in 1954, they pledged to keep the hotel operating.[78] Astor Associates bought the hotel in 1958 and took over operation after Webb and Knapp went bankrupt in 1965.[79] Webb and Knapp's former president William Zeckendorf formed Place de L'Etoile Inc. in December 1965, seeking to buy the Astor Hotel,[80][81] but this was unsuccessful.[79] The New York Times attributed the hotel's decline to the fact that, because of the growing popularity of automobiles, visitors could stay in a suburb rather than the city's center.[82]

Planning edit

Initial plans edit

In January 1966, Sam Minskoff and Sons paid $10.5 million for the Hotel Astor and the eastern section of Shubert Alley, with plans to erect a 40-story office building on the site.[11][79][83] At the time, a tax assessment valued the land at $8.4 million.[11] Within a week of the sale being announced, Minskoff & Sons president Henry Minskoff said several companies had expressed interest in leasing large amounts of space in the new skyscraper.[84] The Minskoffs hired Kahn and Jacobs as the architects in May 1966,[85] and the hotel was closed on June 30, 1966, the day before Minskoff & Sons took title to the site.[86][87] The old hotel's furnishings were sold off in October 1966.[88][89] The Minskoffs demolished the rear of the hotel first because there was a restaurant at the front of the hotel, whose lease did not expire until 1967.[90] The Hercules Wrecking Corporation began demolishing the hotel in January 1967, anticipating to complete the job within five months.[82] However, the demolition was delayed because of the hotel's structural durability (the hotel had contained 2-foot-thick (0.61 m) walls and heavy-gauge structural steel) and city regulations that required all wood to be removed from the building.[91] The hotel was not completely demolished until February 1968.[92]

In January 1967, Kahn and Jacobs announced that Minskoff's tower, One Astor Plaza, would be 50 stories tall with a facade of stone and tinted glass.[82] There would be a 125-foot-deep (38 m) plaza along Broadway, as well as plazas along the sides and rear, to comply with the 1961 Zoning Resolution.[82][32] The Minskoffs requested zoning amendments to allow the construction of an office building, as well as a modification of the site's sky exposure plane[b] to maximize the amount of office space that faced Broadway.[32] At the time, city officials were encouraging the westward expansion of office towers in Manhattan. There were few efforts to preserve existing Broadway theaters, since theatrical experts believed the existing theaters (all built before World War II) were functionally obsolete.[32][95] Consequently, the plans for One Astor Plaza initially did not include a theater.[31][32] The Minskoffs' application for zoning amendments would have been a routine matter, but a member of the New York City Planning Commission (CPC) notified the Urban Design Group (UDG) about the application. This brought the attention of New York City mayor John Lindsay, a fan of Broadway theater.[32]

Theater efforts edit

The UDG proposed that One Astor Plaza include a theater, a suggestion that the Minskoffs initially opposed. The family brought their concerns to CPC chairman Donald H. Elliott, who supported the theater, then to mayor Lindsay, who not only endorsed the CPC and UDG but convinced the Minskoffs to include a theater in their tower. The Minskoffs then submitted several alternative plans for a tower on the Astor site.[32] The first such plan called for a tower that had twice the site's maximum floor area ratio, with a theater in the back. A second plan called for a tower, which Richard Weinstein of the UDG subsequently recalled as "a mindless, ominous, faceless structure, legal under existing zoning, with two low, clawlike appendages [...] pinching a small plaza between them".[32][96] Though Weinstein said he initially remembered "feeling very depressed" at the Minskoffs' tower-with-theater plans, Elliott was "elated", saying: "I think you guys have got your theater".[32][97] When Weinstein expressed his doubts about the building's floor area, Elliott responded: "Oh, that. That just shows they're ready to negotiate."[97]

In October 1967, the CPC proposed the Special Theater District Zoning Amendment, which gave zoning bonuses to office-building developers who included theaters.[98][99][100] The proposed legislation would directly allow theaters in One Astor Plaza and the Uris Building,[101][102] which would be the first completely new Broadway theaters since the Mark Hellinger Theatre was completed in 1930.[103][104][c] The Minskoffs were allowed to build 47 stories as-of-right, or without any zoning bonuses,[106] but the Minskoffs could add 125,000 square feet (11,600 m2) in exchange for building a Broadway theater.[31] The CPC approved the theater amendment that November,[71][101][107] and the New York City Board of Estimate gave final approval to the proposal the next month.[108][109] As planning progressed, members of the Broadway-theatre industry expressed concerns that theatrical experts had not been consulted in the design of One Astor Plaza's theater.[110]

The Lehman Brothers became partners in One Astor Plaza in March 1968.[12][111] At the time, the vacant site was being used for parking, since the Minskoffs were requesting city approval for another modification that would allow a movie theater to be built in the basement.[12] The next month, the CPC scheduled a public hearing to determine whether the Astor and Uris theater permits should be approved, including a second theater in the Uris Building.[109] Six parties testified in favor; the Shubert Organization, the largest operator of Broadway theaters, was the only dissenting speaker.[112] The CPC approved the theater over the Shuberts' objections,[104][113] as did the Board of Estimate.[114] In the meantime, the vacant lot was used in September 1968 for a benefit for the film Funny Girl, hosted by Barbra Streisand.[115][116] Albert W. Selden had tentatively agreed to lease the Broadway theater in One Astor Plaza.[105][117] The building was to contain 1.4 million square feet (130,000 m2) across 54 floors, including three restaurants and the two theaters.[118]

Construction edit

 
Studios at base

Mayor Lindsay attended the groundbreaking ceremony for One Astor Plaza on October 10, 1968.[119][120] One Astor Plaza was one of 23 major office projects underway in New York City at the time.[121] During excavation, the contractors bored holes up to 10 feet (3.0 m) deep, then placed dynamite sticks in the holes, covering the openings with 14-by-14-foot (4.3 by 4.3 m) blasting mats before detonating the dynamite. As part of an agreement with the Shubert Organization, the blasts did not occur when there were matinee performances at the Shubert Theatre and other nearby theaters.[122] The 1,562-seat movie theater was leased in January 1969 by Walter Reade, who also planned to operate the fourth through ninth floors of offices.[118][123][124] Fawcett Publications signed a long-term lease for three floors in One Astor Plaza that February,[125] followed the next month by Quality Bakers of America's lease of two floors.[126] Work on One Astor Plaza temporarily stopped in July 1969 due to a labor strike.[127]

The project faced some delays due to the inclusion of the Broadway theater at the building's base,[31][128] as well as rising costs and decreasing demand for office space.[129] Although Minskoff & Sons president Jerome Minskoff had agreed to the theater as "our way of paying the city back", he said this had increased costs by up to 30 percent, from $55 to $70 million.[31][128] Furthermore, Selden insisted that a modern technical system be installed in the new theater, which would add $400,000 to the cost.[129] A fire broke out on the upper stories in August 1970,[130] and glass fell from the building during two separate incidents that November, when facade installation was progressing on the lower stories.[131] Several glass panes fell on November 5,[132] and a worker was injured on November 29 when glass panes fell during a heavy wind.[131] The two incidents prompted an investigation,[133] but the city's acting buildings commissioner could not find a clear cause for the falling glass.[134]

By 1970, a combined 5 million square feet (460,000 m2) of office space was being developed along Broadway in Midtown, much of which stood vacant due to a slowdown in office leasing.[135] W. T. Grant became the building's largest tenant in December 1970, leasing 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2),[136][137] including the entire 40th through 53rd floors.[138] In exchange, One Astor Plaza would be formally known as the W. T. Grant Building, and the company's name would be placed in large letters atop the building.[137][139] Simultaneously, the Minskoffs agreed to pay off the lease on W. T. Grant's existing office space at 1441 Broadway.[138][140] The next month, the Walter Reade Organization sought to sublet all six floors of its own space.[141] Bankers Trust leased a bank branch on the second story in March 1971.[56] An internal newsletter in October 1971 described the tower as being "80 percent leased";[142] that rate had increased to 87 percent by the next month.[143]

Completion and early years edit

 
Southern facade of One Astor Plaza as seen from ground level

Fawcett Publications was the first tenant at the building, moving into the 12th through 16th floors[144] on May 26, 1971.[142] One Astor Plaza was still incomplete at the time, but Fawcett's lease at its previous location had already expired, forcing the company to move into the building.[144] The building was planned to be formally renamed that November when W. T. Grant moved in,[145] but the company's relocation into the building was then delayed to mid-1972.[16] The movie theater in the basement was supposed to open in December 1971, but the opening was delayed indefinitely because of what Reade said were "construction difficulties beyond our control".[146] Among these issues was Reade's concern that the auditorium needed to be insulated from the adjacent subway tunnels.[147] Shortly after the building was completed, a window-washing scaffold fell from One Astor Plaza's facade in March 1972, killing two workers.[148] The building's parking garage and three retail stores were leased in early 1972.[17] Other tenants included the Bureau of Labor Statistics;[149] Billboard Publications, which leased one floor;[150] and accounting firm Clarence Rainess & Co., which leased one and a half floors.[151][152]

By January 1973, the Minskoff was ready to open, but the basement cinema had not even been furnished yet because of continuing disputes over subway soundproofing.[153] The Minskoff Theatre officially opened on March 13, 1973.[154] Reade ended his lease of the basement movie theater the next month, citing financial difficulties.[155][156] Further issues concerned the building's valuation, which had been reduced from $45.3 to $40.8 million during 1971–1972; the reduction had been granted because the Minskoffs falsely stated that One Astor Plaza was mostly vacant.[142] The building's name also caused problems, as mail addressed to "1 Astor Pl." could be meant either for the building in Times Square or a car-rental agency on Astor Place several miles south.[157]

The Loews movie chain leased the basement movie theater in April 1974,[36][37] and the Loews Astor Plaza movie theater opened on June 25, 1974.[35] That December, Ted Bates & Co. subleased some of its space to W. R. Grace and Company, Gralla Publications, and Nathan's Famous.[158] One Astor Plaza's anchor tenant W. T. Grant had gone bankrupt by late 1975 and initially planned to downsize to four and a half floors.[159] However, W. T. Grant subsequently decided to leave the building altogether,[160][161] so the company's signage was removed from One Astor Plaza in March 1976.[30] This created about 330,000 square feet (31,000 m2) of vacant space, about a quarter of the whole building.[162] The third floor was also reconstructed in 1976 to accommodate the Minskoff Recording Studios.[73]

Research firm Frederick Atkins Inc. leased four floors of the former W. T. Grant space in March 1977.[163] The New York Telephone Company took another four floors in May 1979.[164] By then, most of the building's vacant space had been filled; the other tenants included CBS and the New York State Urban Development Corporation (UDC).[162] Also in 1979, the architectural firm of Battaglia, Seckler completed a three-story complex for the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater within One Astor Plaza. The complex included a reception room, a lounge, changing rooms, and four studios overlooking 45th Street. In addition, the Alvin Ailey dance school operated within a space off the Minskoff Arcade.[165] A theater museum was also being planned for the arcade at the time.[166] One Astor Plaza was fully rented by 1980.[167] Two years later, the Museum of the City of New York opened a museum in the ground-story arcade, dedicated to the history of Broadway theater.[46]

Equitable ownership edit

Acquisition and increased rents edit

 
Center stories

One Astor Plaza was sold in July 1984 to Tishman Speyer and the Equitable Life Assurance Society. The price was variously cited as $190 million,[168] $200 million,[169] $202 million,[170] or $210 million.[171] The sale included a contract between the Minskoffs and a joint venture of The Related Companies and Shearson/American Express, which in turn sold its contract to Tishman Speyer and Equitable.[168][170] According to Jerry Speyer of Tishman Speyer, he had decided to buy the building after coming across Related president Stephen M. Ross during a morning jog.[168] At the time, the real estate market in New York City was growing, and Equitable had projected that the building would generate $40 million in gross income by 1991.[172] In 1985, Tishman Speyer formed a limited partnership, 1515 Broadway Associates LP, to assume ownership of the building; the partnership's only asset was One Astor Plaza.[173] The 25 limited partners, who gave a combined $77 million, were primarily executives at Bear Stearns.[171][174] In exchange for a 30 percent stake in the building, Equitable agreed to be the general partner and guarantee 10 percent of the building's mortgage loan.[175][174]

One Astor Plaza needed to be renovated to comply with modern building codes, including the addition of fire sprinklers and the removal of asbestos. The average rent for offices at One Astor Plaza was $8 per square foot ($86/m2), far below the market rate, but Tishman Speyer and Equitable had planned to upgrade the building and raise rents.[172] Consequently, the Minskoff Recording Studios were nearly evicted in October 1984,[75] but the studio's operators negotiated a concession in which the studio would pay $10 per square foot ($110/m2).[74] The Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre was also nearly forced out because of the increasing rents.[176] The theater museum in the ground-story arcade was closed in 1986 due to low attendance.[46] Despite the success of the third-floor Minskoff Studios, they were in danger of eviction by 1988,[75][177] and they ultimately closed the next year.[74] The building's rising rents also displaced the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1986[149] and the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater in 1989.[178]

Bankruptcy and improvements edit

Tishman Speyer then renovated the lobby and elevators in 1989.[179] The same year, Viacom International Inc. negotiated to lease several stories in One Astor Plaza for 20 years.[172][180] The company planned to occupy 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) initially, with an option to expand by another 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2).[180] Though the building's owners hoped to gain additional large tenants, they did not sign another lease for 14 months after the Viacom lease. Furthermore, several existing tenants including Diamandis Communications and Ted Bates Worldwide were moving out, leaving the owners without enough income to make further improvements to the building.[172] Nonetheless, Viacom moved into One Astor Plaza in 1990 and was one of several companies to take up large amounts of space in Times Square.[181]

1515 Broadway Associates LP filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in October 1990,[182][183] shortly after Tishman Speyer gave up its general-partnership interest.[173] The main reason for the Chapter 11 filing was so Equitable could renegotiate the 13.6 percent interest rate on the building's mortgage.[173][183] An Equitable official said at the time that the partnership had lost $30 million a year for the past several years, and the rental income could not cover the mortgage payments.[173] As a result of the Chapter 11 proceeding, ownership of One Astor Plaza reverted to Manufacturers Hanover Trust, one of several banks that had collectively lent $300 million to the partnership. Shortly afterward, Manufacturers Hanover sued Equitable for $600 million, claiming that Equitable had backtracked on an agreement to cover the partners' cash deficit.[171][175][184] Manufacturers Hanover also claimed that Tishman Speyer's chief executive, Gerald Speyer, had opposed a bankruptcy proceeding.[174] At a court hearing in March 1991, an Equitable official testified that he had misled the limited partners so they did not know about Equitable's intention to file for bankruptcy protection until it had already happened.[185]

Shortly after the court hearing, Manufacturers Hanover and Equitable agreed to a tentative settlement in which Equitable would extend a $95 million line of credit to the limited partners. In exchange, Manufacturers Hanover's lawsuit and Equitable's Chapter 11 filing would be withdrawn.[186][187] The bankruptcy filing was thus dropped in December 1991. Throughout these legal disputes, Equitable continued to maintain the building's services and attempted to not only retain existing occupants but also attract new tenants by providing favorable concessions.[172] For example, a new advertising tenant received a non-disturbance agreement and a low rental rate,[188] and an existing merchandising tenant expanded its space in the building at a lower rental rate.[189] Additionally, Equitable covered the brokers' fees and tenant-improvement charges for new tenants for several years. Equitable's success in leasing One Astor Plaza was also influenced by the lack of tenants at two newer developments nearby, 1540 and 1585 Broadway, during the early 1990s.[172]

Viacom takeover edit

 
Viacom (later Paramount) entrance

After an acquisition of Paramount Communications by Viacom was proposed in 1993, deputy mayor Barry F. Sullivan said the move had "exciting potential for Times Square" because the company might move into One Astor Plaza.[190] Following Viacom's acquisition, Paramount relocated from 15 Columbus Circle to One Astor Plaza,[191] and the expanded Viacom took up 25 floors, housing subsidiaries such as Nickelodeon and MTV in the building.[192] Viacom thus became the tower's largest tenant, occupying 800,000 square feet (74,000 m2), with options to take other floors as existing tenants' leases expired. Equitable had been able to remove the asbestos and rent nearly all the space at rates of around $30 to $39 per square foot ($320 to $420/m2).[172] Viacom received a tax incentive of $15 million to retain its offices at One Astor Plaza and three other buildings.[193] The state UDC, which had occupied nine floors,[194] left the building in the following years as Viacom continued to expand.[195][196]

In September 1997,[24][197] MTV opened studios at One Astor Plaza's second floor after an $8 million renovation.[24][57] By then, Viacom was one of several major media companies on Times Square, and ABC and CBS were also contemplating studios on Times Square.[198][199] CBS and Viacom announced in 1999 that they would merge, and Viacom renewed its lease at One Astor Plaza,[200] though the company planned to sell CBS's nearby headquarters, the CBS Building.[201][202] By early 2001, Viacom had planned to buy One Astor Plaza in conjunction with its sale of the CBS Building.[203][204] That August, Equitable hired Goldman Sachs to market One Astor Plaza; Equitable had rejected an offer to swap One Astor Plaza for the CBS Building directly because the latter building was worth much less.[205] The transaction was ultimately canceled in November 2001. This was attributed in part to Viacom's demand that any buyer first acquire One Astor Plaza and then swap that for the CBS Building and cash; such a transaction would enable Viacom to avoid paying estate transfer taxes on the transaction.[206]

SL Green ownership edit

2000s edit

In March 2002, a joint venture led by SL Green Realty acquired One Astor Plaza for approximately $480 million, the city's largest real-estate transaction since the September 11 attacks.[207][208] SL Green had a 55 percent ownership stake while its partner SITQ Immobilier (a subsidiary of Canadian pension fund CDPQ), had the remaining 45 percent.[209] SL Green was required to have terrorism insurance on the building, and the sale demonstrated that large buildings such as One Astor Plaza could obtain such insurance.[210] SL Green chairman Stephen L. Green considered One Astor Plaza a "core building" to his portfolio but,[211] according to Crain's New York magazine, those in the real estate industry believed that Green had overvalued the building.[212] Alliance Building Service, operated by Green's son Gary, was hired to provide cleaning and security services for the building.[213] After acquiring the building, SL Green sought to replace five storefronts on Broadway with one large retailer.[214] SL Green also bought out the lease of the Loews Astor Plaza movie theater and closed it in 2004;[34] reopening it the next year as an event venue operated by AEG Live.[38][39] CBS and Viacom ultimately split in 2005.[215]

By 2008, the downsized Viacom was still the largest office tenant of One Astor Plaza, occupying 1.5 million square feet (140,000 m2); the building only had 130,000 square feet (12,000 m2) available for lease.[23][216] Viacom's leases were scheduled to expire within two years,[217] and the company was moving some divisions elsewhere, including Comedy Central.[23][216] Viacom renewed its lease in December 2008,[218][219] extending it by five years.[220] The same year, SL Green also hired KPF to renovate the lobby and facade to make the building compliant with LEED Silver green building standards.[23][217] The work was completed in 2009 for $40 million.[221] Though other tenants continued to occupy the building, including law firms,[222][223] Times Square was no longer appealing to small tenants by then because of the high rents.[223]

2010s to present edit

In May 2010, a terrorist car bombing attempt occurred outside the building, although the bomb was defused before it could be detonated.[224] SL Green refinanced 1515 Broadway for $475 million in 2010,[225][226] and CDPQ sold its stake in the tower to SL Green the next year.[227] In April 2012, Viacom signed a lease to take over all 1.6 million square feet (150,000 m2) at 1515 Broadway through 2031, taking the remaining space as other tenants' leases expired.[228][229][230] This was the fourth-largest lease in New York City history[230] and the largest that was not a sale and lease back by a building's previous owner.[230] In conjunction with this lease, the Bank of China gave SL Green a $775 million, seven-year first mortgage for the building.[229] At the time, Viacom provided the bulk of the building's rental income, paying $78 million a year.[231] SL Green also agreed to upgrade 1515 Broadway for Viacom[232] and installed three-story-tall advertising screens on the Times Square facade in 2013;[26] the building was refinanced that year for $900 million.[233][234]

SL Green was looking to sell a minority stake in the building by 2017,[235][236] and the China Investment Corporation reportedly expressed interest.[237][238] That November, Allianz bought a 43 percent ownership stake and some of the debt in a deal that valued 1515 Broadway at $1.95 billion.[239][240] At the time, Viacom occupied 85 percent of the building.[240] SL Green used the proceeds from the ownership stake's sale to buy back some of its stock.[241] After Viacom merged back into CBS Corporation in 2019, ViacomCBS (later Paramount Global[d]) retained offices at One Astor Plaza. CBS News converted part of the MTV Studios space into a studio.[64]

New York state officials announced in April 2022 that they would issue three casino licenses in Downstate New York.[243][244] Following this announcement, SL Green proposed constructing a casino at 1515 Broadway to attract tourists.[245] In October 2022, SL Green and casino operator Caesars Entertainment jointly submitted a formal proposal for a casino in the building.[246][247] The bid was also sponsored by Roc Nation[248][249] and mayor Eric Adams's former chief of staff Frank Carone.[250] The proposal was controversial; Broadway theatrical trade association The Broadway League expressed opposition to the casino, while trade union Actors' Equity Association supported the plan.[251][252]

Reception edit

One Astor Plaza's construction had spurred developers to acquire several buildings around Times Square.[253] When One Astor Plaza was completed, city officials had expressed hope that the building would precipitate the transformation of Times Square into an entertainment hub. This did not happen immediately, leading architectural writer Robert A. M. Stern to write that "Times Square somehow seemed all the more tawdry for its overscaled, underembellished corporate guest", One Astor Plaza.[254] In 1985, New York Times architectural critic Paul Goldberger wrote that the under-construction Marriott Marquis hotel, One Astor Plaza, Paramount Plaza, and four planned towers at Times Square's south end[e] were "actively destroy[ing] something that is turning out to be far more fragile than we had once believed—that rough-and-tumble honky-tonk that is the physical essence of Times Square".[255] After Caesars Entertainment's casino bid was announced, Karrie Jacobs of Curbed wrote in 2023: "It's fitting that 1515 Broadway, designed by architect Der Scutt (who later designed Trump Tower), was the leading edge of a '60s push to reinvent Times Square."[256]

At an exhibition of New York City buildings in 1999, New York Times critic Herbert Muschamp said: "No one needs additional reason to dislike 1515 Broadway, the fin-topped office building between 44th and 45th Streets that replaced the legendary Astor Hotel."[257] According to C. Ray Smith, the asymmetrical shafts of the facade were characteristic of "the new design" character of the 1970s, contrasting with previous symmetrical designs.[28][258] Jo Mielziner said the large trusses above the Minskoff's roof provided "a clear example of what expense a builder is willing to go to get that extra rentable space".[69]

See also edit

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ As the two roads intersect at a very shallow angle, they are nearly parallel through Times Square. Broadway is west of Seventh Avenue to the north of 45th Street and east of Seventh Avenue to the south of 44th Street.[4] Because Broadway between 42nd and 47th Streets was closed in the 2010s, the Paramount Building only faces Seventh Avenue.[5][6]
  2. ^ In New York City, the wall of any given tower that faces a street could only rise to a certain height, proportionate to the street's width. Above this height, the building had to be set back by a given proportion, the sky exposure plane.[93][94]
  3. ^ The Hellinger was initially a movie theater and did not become a Broadway venue until 1949. The Lunt-Fontanne Theatre and Palace Theatre were converted from movies to Broadway theaters afterward, but both theater buildings are physically older than the Hellinger.[103] The last venue to be built as a Broadway theater, operating continuously in that capacity, was the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, completed in 1928.[105]
  4. ^ The Paramount Global name took effect in early 2022.[242]
  5. ^ Now 3 Times Square, 4 Times Square, 5 Times Square, and Times Square Tower

Citations edit

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External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to One Astor Plaza.
  • Official website

November 27, 2023
astor, plaza, also, known, 1515, broadway, formerly, grant, building, story, office, building, times, square, theater, district, midtown, manhattan, york, city, designed, scutt, kahn, jacobs, building, developed, minskoff, sons, occupies, site, bounded, broadw. One Astor Plaza also known as 1515 Broadway and formerly the W T Grant Building is a 54 story office building on Times Square in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City Designed by Der Scutt of Ely J Kahn amp Jacobs the building was developed by Sam Minskoff and Sons One Astor Plaza occupies a site bounded by Broadway to the east 45th Street to the north Shubert Alley to the west and 44th Street to the south The building is named for the Hotel Astor which had occupied the site from 1904 to 1967 SL Green Realty and Allianz own One Astor Plaza which as of 2022 update serves as the headquarters for Paramount Global previously ViacomCBS One Astor PlazaGeneral informationTypeOfficeLocation1515 Broadway Manhattan New York 10036Coordinates40 45 28 N 73 59 11 W 40 75778 N 73 98639 W 40 75778 73 98639Construction started1969Completed1972OpeningMay 26 1971OwnerSL Green Realty 53 Allianz 47 1 HeightRoof745 ft 227 m Technical detailsFloor count54Floor area1 721 814 sq ft 160 000 m2 Design and constructionArchitect s Der ScuttDeveloperSam Minskoff amp Sons Inc The building consists of a low base that occupies most of the site as well as a 745 foot tall 227 m tower section with smaller floor areas The facade is designed in glass and stone with large signs The upper stories have dark glass windows with stone mechanical shafts on all sides of the tower The lower stories contain a public passageway and retail at ground level as well as a lobby and Paramount Global s Studio 1515 at the second story The building was constructed with two theaters a Broadway house called the Minskoff Theatre on the third floor as well as a cinema in the basement now an event venue called Palladium Times Square Sam Minskoff and Sons bought the Hotel Astor site in 1966 and initially proposed a 50 story tower without any theaters Following a series of discussions the Minskoff Theatre was included in exchange for additional floor area Construction began on October 10 1968 and the first tenants moved into the building in May 1971 with the building being completed the next year One Astor Plaza was originally named for its anchor tenant the W T Grant retail chain which only occupied the space until 1976 Tishman Speyer and the Equitable Life Assurance Society bought One Astor Plaza in 1984 Tishman Speyer sold its ownership stake in 1990 just before Equitable filed a bankruptcy proceeding against the building which was withdrawn after a lawsuit Viacom leased space at One Astor Plaza starting in 1990 and its successors gradually came to occupy most of the building SL Green Realty has owned or co owned the building in some capacity since 2003 Contents 1 Site 2 Architecture 2 1 Form and facade 2 2 Structural features 2 3 Interior 2 3 1 Palladium Times Square 2 3 2 Ground level and lobby 2 3 3 Second floor studios 2 3 4 Third floor 3 History 3 1 Planning 3 1 1 Initial plans 3 1 2 Theater efforts 3 2 Construction 3 3 Completion and early years 3 4 Equitable ownership 3 4 1 Acquisition and increased rents 3 4 2 Bankruptcy and improvements 3 4 3 Viacom takeover 3 5 SL Green ownership 3 5 1 2000s 3 5 2 2010s to present 4 Reception 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Notes 6 2 Citations 6 3 Sources 7 External linksSite editOne Astor Plaza is at 1515 Broadway along Times Square in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City 2 3 While the building carries a Broadway address it is actually on the west side of Seventh Avenue 3 The section of Broadway and Seventh Avenue between 43rd and 45th Streets is officially listed on city maps as Times Square 4 a but the adjoining section of Broadway was converted into a permanent pedestrian plaza in the 2010s 5 6 One Astor Plaza s rectangular land lot is bounded by Times Square to the east 45th Street to the north Shubert Alley to the west and 44th Street to the south The lot spans 65 764 square feet 6 109 7 m2 3 7 with a frontage of 200 feet 61 m on Times Square and 327 feet 100 m on 44th and 45th Streets Shubert Alley which covers 6 400 square feet 590 m2 of the land lot is a private passageway shared with the Shubert Organization 3 The intersection of Times Square and 44th Street directly outside One Astor Plaza was renamed after Viacom founder Sumner Redstone in 2021 8 The surrounding area is part of Manhattan s Theater District and contains many Broadway theatres 2 1515 Broadway shares the block with seven theaters to the west the Shubert Broadhurst and Majestic on 44th Street and the Booth Gerald Schoenfeld Bernard B Jacobs and John Golden theaters on 45th Street 2 3 The Music Box Theatre Imperial Theatre and Richard Rodgers Theatre are across 45th Street to the northwest and the New York Marriott Marquis hotel is to the north Across Times Square are 1540 Broadway to the northeast 1530 Broadway and the Millennium Times Square New York to the east and 1500 Broadway to the southeast One Astor Plaza is also close to 1501 Broadway to the south and 229 West 43rd Street the Hayes Theater and the St James Theatre to the southwest 3 Prior to the development of One Astor Plaza the site had been owned by the Astor family 9 The site had contained the eleven story Hotel Astor which had been designed by Clinton amp Russell in a Beaux Arts style and opened in 1904 with 1 000 guest rooms 10 The hotel had contained a red brick facade a mansard roof and a lobby with a 22 foot high colonnade 10 11 According to architecture writer Robert A M Stern the Astor inspired a new species of popular hotels that soon clustered around Times Square vast amusement palaces that catered to crowds with scenographic interiors that mirrored the theatricality of the Great White Way 10 Architecture editOne Astor Plaza was developed by the Sam Minskoff and Sons company and designed by Kahn and Jacobs 2 12 with Der Scutt as the principal architect 13 In addition Ben Schlanger was hired as a consultant for the design of two theaters in the building the Minskoff Theatre a Broadway house on the third floor and the Loews Astor Plaza now the Palladium Times Square originally a movie house in the basement 12 The building engineers are Shmerykowsky Consulting Engineers 14 The building has 54 stories and measures 745 feet 227 m to its pinnacle 15 14 According to Emporis the building is 730 feet 220 m tall to its main roof 15 Internally One Astor Plaza is served by 36 elevators 14 The New York City Department of City Planning cites the building as having a Gross Floor Area of 1 721 814 square feet 160 000 m2 3 while The Skyscraper Center gives a floor area of 1 931 982 square feet 179 000 m2 14 Underneath the building is a parking lot for 225 cars 16 17 Form and facade edit nbsp The set of Total Request Live in the Uptown StudioOne Astor Plaza consists of a 54 story office tower above a low base The tower stories are set back 135 feet 41 m from Broadway 12 18 Under normal zoning regulations the maximum floor area ratio FAR for any building on the tower s site was 15 but the developers received two bonuses of 20 percent each bringing the FAR to 21 6 The developers had to include privately owned public space at the building s base for the first bonus and they built a new theater for the second bonus 7 19 The Minskoff Theatre was among the first theaters built under a 1968 regulation that allowed office buildings to include a legitimate theater in exchange for additional floor area 20 21 The bonus applied only to Broadway theaters the movie theater in the basement did not provide any FAR bonus for the building 7 The building has two privately operated public spaces the open air Shubert Alley as well as a ground floor arcade beneath the center of the tower 19 At the base of the tower the facade s Broadway elevation contains a glass front 22 23 The second floor studios contain full height windows facing Times Square 24 25 A rooftop restaurant was originally planned for the setback above the Minskoff Theatre on the third floor but it was never built 18 During a 2008 renovation by Kohn Pedersen Fox KPF the glass facade of the studios and theater was extended upward by 42 feet 13 m 23 Two pairs of three story high LED signs are installed along the base s northeast and southeast corners 26 27 Each pair of signs consists of a primary display facing each intersection used for advertising and a smaller display facing Times Square s western sidewalk used for displaying show information for Minskoff Theatre The primary displays measure 48 feet 15 m high by 36 feet 11 m wide while the smaller displays are 48 feet high by 7 feet 10 inches 2 39 m wide 27 The tower s facade is largely made of dark glass 15 Vertically aligned stone clad mechanical ducts are placed on each side separating the leftmost quarter from the rightmost three quarters of the facade 18 These mechanical shafts rise above the roof terminating in pointed pinnacles at each corner of the roof 15 28 29 The shafts were overlaid by aluminum panels during KPF s 2008 renovation 23 A stone band also runs at the top of the roof 15 The use of pinnacles and stonework was a departure from previous International Style buildings with flat roofs 29 Initially the top of the building contained signs on all four sides spelling out the name W T Grant the original anchor tenant The signs consisted of illuminated 20 foot tall 6 1 m letters They were removed in 1976 when W T Grant went bankrupt 30 Structural features edit One Astor Plaza s superstructure is made of steel floor spans around a concrete core 14 The superstructure contains some uncommon features due to the presence of the Minskoff Theatre at the base In typical skyscrapers the columns of the superstructure could extend directly to the underlying bedrock but One Astor Plaza s eastern section was directly above the theater and had to be supported entirely by the theater s roof The steel was provided by Bethlehem Steel its supervising engineer Thomas Connolly said One Astor Plaza s superstructure would have been a snap from an engineering point of view but the theater s presence made for a humdinger of an engineering feat 31 32 The theater roof consists of a Vierendeel truss that rests on two girders one weighing 89 short tons 79 long tons 81 t and the other weighing 109 short tons 97 long tons 99 t These girders were the heaviest in any building at the time and they had to be delivered in several pieces from the factory itself an intricate operation 31 Interior edit Palladium Times Square edit Main article Palladium Times Square The Loews Astor Plaza movie theater originally occupied the building s public space below street level accessible from 44th Street 33 34 It opened on June 26 1974 35 and was the city s largest capacity cinema at 1 440 34 or 1 500 seats 29 The single screen theater was designed with a steeply raked stadium seating layout 36 37 and was intended to show the first runs of major films 37 There were 42 rows of seats facing the screen which was 20 yards 18 m wide After an unsuccessful attempt to divide the theater into six screens in 1993 the theater closed in July 2004 34 After a 21 million renovation the space reopened in 2005 as a music venue under the ownership of Anschutz Entertainment Group 38 39 The venue was originally sponsored by Nokia 38 then by Best Buy in 2010 40 and PlayStation in 2015 41 The PlayStation Theater closed on December 31 2019 42 and it reopened as the Palladium Times Square event venue in 2020 33 Ground level and lobby edit The building s main entrances are at the southeast and northeast corners facing Times Square Inside the entrances escalators lead to the office lobby which is on the second floor 18 The lobby contains the artwork Alight Embrace by Chris Cosma which was installed in 2010 The artwork consists of a 4 000 square foot 370 m2 section of wall between the two entrances weighing 60 short tons 54 long tons 54 t and is made up of 1 100 glass panels measuring 16 by 36 by 2 inches 406 by 914 by 51 mm 43 At the first floor there is a covered arcade under the center of the building connecting 44th and 45th Streets 15 19 This passageway is also unofficially known as Minskoff Alley 44 The space covers 5 800 square feet 540 m2 19 The arcade provides an entrance to the Minskoff Theatre 18 16 which is accessed primarily by escalators 22 45 From 1982 to 1986 the arcade also contained a museum dedicated to the history of Broadway theatre 46 including photographs and memorabilia 47 The ground level also contains retailers During the 2000s and 2010s these included a Bank of America branch with three floor to ceiling stock ticker signs 48 a 19 000 square foot 1 800 m2 Aeropostale clothing store 49 an Oakley Inc sports accessories store 50 and a Swatch watch store 51 Facing Shubert Alley was an Italian restaurant called Cucina 52 53 and a Junior s restaurant 54 As of 2022 update Oakley Kiko Milano and Swatch were among the retail tenants 55 Second floor studios edit nbsp Uptown Midtown and Downtown Studios amp Aeropostale Billabong Element and Oakley store Originally the second floor was occupied by a branch of the Bankers Trust bank The branch adjoined the building s main lobby and contained a domed ceiling as well as design features reminiscent of early 20th century banks The bank s office also contained a glass enclosure with an escalator between the lobby and the Minskoff Theatre as well as a vault 56 By the 1990s this level served as offices for Viacom s human resources department 24 Viacom repurposed the space as a 20 000 square foot 1 900 m2 television studio for MTV Networks launching operations in 1997 24 57 According to MTV president Judy McGrath the studio had full height windows on Times Square because We want to get people to feel what it s like to be in New York to be part of that incredible playground down there 24 25 The MTV broadcasting complex initially consisted of three studios The largest was the Uptown Studio which had the full height windows on Times Square and was used by Total Request Live Two smaller studios the Midtown Studio and the Downtown Studio were used for MTV News and smaller programs 58 Despite reports that MTV planned to completely vacate its studio space 59 60 Viacom renewed its lease for a smaller portion of the space in late 2010 61 The remaining portion was leased to Aeropostale which operated in the space from 2010 49 until 2016 62 Viacom re leased the Aeropostale space in 2017 in preparation for its relaunch of TRL 63 In 2020 after CBS Corporation and Viacom merged again CBS News used part of the MTV Studios space for its coverage of the 2020 presidential election 64 the windows were blanked out for security reasons 65 In September 2021 CBS s new morning show CBS Mornings premiered in a portion of the MTV Studios space replacing CBS This Morning which aired from the CBS Broadcast Center using a modified version of the election set 65 66 The studio was christened Studio 1515 in reference to the building s address 65 MTV retains a portion of studio space in the southern end of the building which formerly comprised the Downtown Studio for its weekly Fresh Out Live program Comedy Central s The Daily Show with Trevor Noah was temporarily housed in One Astor Plaza from September 2021 to March 2022 67 68 Third floor edit nbsp The facade of the Minskoff Theatre from Times SquareOne Astor Plaza s Broadway theater Minskoff Theatre was named after the building s developers and is on the building s third floor 2 Der Scutt designed the Minskoff 20 69 with Ben Schlanger as a consulting architect 7 69 Jo Mielziner was the consultant for the theater s original operator Albert Selden 69 70 The Minskoff Gershwin Circle in the Square and American Place theaters were all constructed under the Special Theater District amendment of 1967 as a way to give their respective developers additional floor area 20 71 The escalators from the building s ground story arcade lead to the third floor grand foyer where additional escalators lead to the auditorium seating 22 The Minskoff Theatre has 1 621 seats across two levels a steeply raked orchestra and a smaller mezzanine The Nederlander Organization operates the theater 72 Formerly the third floor also contained the Minskoff Recording Studios which opened in 1976 Originally the studios ranged in size from 11 by 11 feet 3 4 by 3 4 m to 32 by 38 feet 9 8 by 11 6 m Each studio was soundproofed enabling numerous tenants to use the studios simultaneously 73 These studios hosted rehearsals for many large Broadway musicals as they were the only studios in the area that could accommodate large Broadway productions 74 75 By the late 1980s the studio sizes ranged from 270 square feet 25 m2 for studio 7 to 1 856 square feet 172 4 m2 for studio 3 Rental rates for the studios varied depending on the studios sizes with studio 7 charging 10 an hour and studio 3 charging 5 per hour although discounted rates were charged for eight hour and week long rentals Despite the studios popularity they closed in 1989 due to rising rents 74 History editAfter World War II development of theaters around Times Square stalled and the area began to evolve into a business district 76 The first proposal to convert the Astor Hotel site to offices had been put forth in 1947 when Metro Goldwyn Mayer had unsuccessfully proposed leasing the entire hotel for its own offices 18 77 When real estate developers Webb and Knapp leased the hotel in 1954 they pledged to keep the hotel operating 78 Astor Associates bought the hotel in 1958 and took over operation after Webb and Knapp went bankrupt in 1965 79 Webb and Knapp s former president William Zeckendorf formed Place de L Etoile Inc in December 1965 seeking to buy the Astor Hotel 80 81 but this was unsuccessful 79 The New York Times attributed the hotel s decline to the fact that because of the growing popularity of automobiles visitors could stay in a suburb rather than the city s center 82 Planning edit Initial plans edit In January 1966 Sam Minskoff and Sons paid 10 5 million for the Hotel Astor and the eastern section of Shubert Alley with plans to erect a 40 story office building on the site 11 79 83 At the time a tax assessment valued the land at 8 4 million 11 Within a week of the sale being announced Minskoff amp Sons president Henry Minskoff said several companies had expressed interest in leasing large amounts of space in the new skyscraper 84 The Minskoffs hired Kahn and Jacobs as the architects in May 1966 85 and the hotel was closed on June 30 1966 the day before Minskoff amp Sons took title to the site 86 87 The old hotel s furnishings were sold off in October 1966 88 89 The Minskoffs demolished the rear of the hotel first because there was a restaurant at the front of the hotel whose lease did not expire until 1967 90 The Hercules Wrecking Corporation began demolishing the hotel in January 1967 anticipating to complete the job within five months 82 However the demolition was delayed because of the hotel s structural durability the hotel had contained 2 foot thick 0 61 m walls and heavy gauge structural steel and city regulations that required all wood to be removed from the building 91 The hotel was not completely demolished until February 1968 92 In January 1967 Kahn and Jacobs announced that Minskoff s tower One Astor Plaza would be 50 stories tall with a facade of stone and tinted glass 82 There would be a 125 foot deep 38 m plaza along Broadway as well as plazas along the sides and rear to comply with the 1961 Zoning Resolution 82 32 The Minskoffs requested zoning amendments to allow the construction of an office building as well as a modification of the site s sky exposure plane b to maximize the amount of office space that faced Broadway 32 At the time city officials were encouraging the westward expansion of office towers in Manhattan There were few efforts to preserve existing Broadway theaters since theatrical experts believed the existing theaters all built before World War II were functionally obsolete 32 95 Consequently the plans for One Astor Plaza initially did not include a theater 31 32 The Minskoffs application for zoning amendments would have been a routine matter but a member of the New York City Planning Commission CPC notified the Urban Design Group UDG about the application This brought the attention of New York City mayor John Lindsay a fan of Broadway theater 32 Theater efforts edit The UDG proposed that One Astor Plaza include a theater a suggestion that the Minskoffs initially opposed The family brought their concerns to CPC chairman Donald H Elliott who supported the theater then to mayor Lindsay who not only endorsed the CPC and UDG but convinced the Minskoffs to include a theater in their tower The Minskoffs then submitted several alternative plans for a tower on the Astor site 32 The first such plan called for a tower that had twice the site s maximum floor area ratio with a theater in the back A second plan called for a tower which Richard Weinstein of the UDG subsequently recalled as a mindless ominous faceless structure legal under existing zoning with two low clawlike appendages pinching a small plaza between them 32 96 Though Weinstein said he initially remembered feeling very depressed at the Minskoffs tower with theater plans Elliott was elated saying I think you guys have got your theater 32 97 When Weinstein expressed his doubts about the building s floor area Elliott responded Oh that That just shows they re ready to negotiate 97 In October 1967 the CPC proposed the Special Theater District Zoning Amendment which gave zoning bonuses to office building developers who included theaters 98 99 100 The proposed legislation would directly allow theaters in One Astor Plaza and the Uris Building 101 102 which would be the first completely new Broadway theaters since the Mark Hellinger Theatre was completed in 1930 103 104 c The Minskoffs were allowed to build 47 stories as of right or without any zoning bonuses 106 but the Minskoffs could add 125 000 square feet 11 600 m2 in exchange for building a Broadway theater 31 The CPC approved the theater amendment that November 71 101 107 and the New York City Board of Estimate gave final approval to the proposal the next month 108 109 As planning progressed members of the Broadway theatre industry expressed concerns that theatrical experts had not been consulted in the design of One Astor Plaza s theater 110 The Lehman Brothers became partners in One Astor Plaza in March 1968 12 111 At the time the vacant site was being used for parking since the Minskoffs were requesting city approval for another modification that would allow a movie theater to be built in the basement 12 The next month the CPC scheduled a public hearing to determine whether the Astor and Uris theater permits should be approved including a second theater in the Uris Building 109 Six parties testified in favor the Shubert Organization the largest operator of Broadway theaters was the only dissenting speaker 112 The CPC approved the theater over the Shuberts objections 104 113 as did the Board of Estimate 114 In the meantime the vacant lot was used in September 1968 for a benefit for the film Funny Girl hosted by Barbra Streisand 115 116 Albert W Selden had tentatively agreed to lease the Broadway theater in One Astor Plaza 105 117 The building was to contain 1 4 million square feet 130 000 m2 across 54 floors including three restaurants and the two theaters 118 Construction edit nbsp Studios at baseMayor Lindsay attended the groundbreaking ceremony for One Astor Plaza on October 10 1968 119 120 One Astor Plaza was one of 23 major office projects underway in New York City at the time 121 During excavation the contractors bored holes up to 10 feet 3 0 m deep then placed dynamite sticks in the holes covering the openings with 14 by 14 foot 4 3 by 4 3 m blasting mats before detonating the dynamite As part of an agreement with the Shubert Organization the blasts did not occur when there were matinee performances at the Shubert Theatre and other nearby theaters 122 The 1 562 seat movie theater was leased in January 1969 by Walter Reade who also planned to operate the fourth through ninth floors of offices 118 123 124 Fawcett Publications signed a long term lease for three floors in One Astor Plaza that February 125 followed the next month by Quality Bakers of America s lease of two floors 126 Work on One Astor Plaza temporarily stopped in July 1969 due to a labor strike 127 The project faced some delays due to the inclusion of the Broadway theater at the building s base 31 128 as well as rising costs and decreasing demand for office space 129 Although Minskoff amp Sons president Jerome Minskoff had agreed to the theater as our way of paying the city back he said this had increased costs by up to 30 percent from 55 to 70 million 31 128 Furthermore Selden insisted that a modern technical system be installed in the new theater which would add 400 000 to the cost 129 A fire broke out on the upper stories in August 1970 130 and glass fell from the building during two separate incidents that November when facade installation was progressing on the lower stories 131 Several glass panes fell on November 5 132 and a worker was injured on November 29 when glass panes fell during a heavy wind 131 The two incidents prompted an investigation 133 but the city s acting buildings commissioner could not find a clear cause for the falling glass 134 By 1970 a combined 5 million square feet 460 000 m2 of office space was being developed along Broadway in Midtown much of which stood vacant due to a slowdown in office leasing 135 W T Grant became the building s largest tenant in December 1970 leasing 400 000 square feet 37 000 m2 136 137 including the entire 40th through 53rd floors 138 In exchange One Astor Plaza would be formally known as the W T Grant Building and the company s name would be placed in large letters atop the building 137 139 Simultaneously the Minskoffs agreed to pay off the lease on W T Grant s existing office space at 1441 Broadway 138 140 The next month the Walter Reade Organization sought to sublet all six floors of its own space 141 Bankers Trust leased a bank branch on the second story in March 1971 56 An internal newsletter in October 1971 described the tower as being 80 percent leased 142 that rate had increased to 87 percent by the next month 143 Completion and early years edit nbsp Southern facade of One Astor Plaza as seen from ground levelFawcett Publications was the first tenant at the building moving into the 12th through 16th floors 144 on May 26 1971 142 One Astor Plaza was still incomplete at the time but Fawcett s lease at its previous location had already expired forcing the company to move into the building 144 The building was planned to be formally renamed that November when W T Grant moved in 145 but the company s relocation into the building was then delayed to mid 1972 16 The movie theater in the basement was supposed to open in December 1971 but the opening was delayed indefinitely because of what Reade said were construction difficulties beyond our control 146 Among these issues was Reade s concern that the auditorium needed to be insulated from the adjacent subway tunnels 147 Shortly after the building was completed a window washing scaffold fell from One Astor Plaza s facade in March 1972 killing two workers 148 The building s parking garage and three retail stores were leased in early 1972 17 Other tenants included the Bureau of Labor Statistics 149 Billboard Publications which leased one floor 150 and accounting firm Clarence Rainess amp Co which leased one and a half floors 151 152 By January 1973 the Minskoff was ready to open but the basement cinema had not even been furnished yet because of continuing disputes over subway soundproofing 153 The Minskoff Theatre officially opened on March 13 1973 154 Reade ended his lease of the basement movie theater the next month citing financial difficulties 155 156 Further issues concerned the building s valuation which had been reduced from 45 3 to 40 8 million during 1971 1972 the reduction had been granted because the Minskoffs falsely stated that One Astor Plaza was mostly vacant 142 The building s name also caused problems as mail addressed to 1 Astor Pl could be meant either for the building in Times Square or a car rental agency on Astor Place several miles south 157 The Loews movie chain leased the basement movie theater in April 1974 36 37 and the Loews Astor Plaza movie theater opened on June 25 1974 35 That December Ted Bates amp Co subleased some of its space to W R Grace and Company Gralla Publications and Nathan s Famous 158 One Astor Plaza s anchor tenant W T Grant had gone bankrupt by late 1975 and initially planned to downsize to four and a half floors 159 However W T Grant subsequently decided to leave the building altogether 160 161 so the company s signage was removed from One Astor Plaza in March 1976 30 This created about 330 000 square feet 31 000 m2 of vacant space about a quarter of the whole building 162 The third floor was also reconstructed in 1976 to accommodate the Minskoff Recording Studios 73 Research firm Frederick Atkins Inc leased four floors of the former W T Grant space in March 1977 163 The New York Telephone Company took another four floors in May 1979 164 By then most of the building s vacant space had been filled the other tenants included CBS and the New York State Urban Development Corporation UDC 162 Also in 1979 the architectural firm of Battaglia Seckler completed a three story complex for the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater within One Astor Plaza The complex included a reception room a lounge changing rooms and four studios overlooking 45th Street In addition the Alvin Ailey dance school operated within a space off the Minskoff Arcade 165 A theater museum was also being planned for the arcade at the time 166 One Astor Plaza was fully rented by 1980 167 Two years later the Museum of the City of New York opened a museum in the ground story arcade dedicated to the history of Broadway theater 46 Equitable ownership edit Acquisition and increased rents edit nbsp Center storiesOne Astor Plaza was sold in July 1984 to Tishman Speyer and the Equitable Life Assurance Society The price was variously cited as 190 million 168 200 million 169 202 million 170 or 210 million 171 The sale included a contract between the Minskoffs and a joint venture of The Related Companies and Shearson American Express which in turn sold its contract to Tishman Speyer and Equitable 168 170 According to Jerry Speyer of Tishman Speyer he had decided to buy the building after coming across Related president Stephen M Ross during a morning jog 168 At the time the real estate market in New York City was growing and Equitable had projected that the building would generate 40 million in gross income by 1991 172 In 1985 Tishman Speyer formed a limited partnership 1515 Broadway Associates LP to assume ownership of the building the partnership s only asset was One Astor Plaza 173 The 25 limited partners who gave a combined 77 million were primarily executives at Bear Stearns 171 174 In exchange for a 30 percent stake in the building Equitable agreed to be the general partner and guarantee 10 percent of the building s mortgage loan 175 174 One Astor Plaza needed to be renovated to comply with modern building codes including the addition of fire sprinklers and the removal of asbestos The average rent for offices at One Astor Plaza was 8 per square foot 86 m2 far below the market rate but Tishman Speyer and Equitable had planned to upgrade the building and raise rents 172 Consequently the Minskoff Recording Studios were nearly evicted in October 1984 75 but the studio s operators negotiated a concession in which the studio would pay 10 per square foot 110 m2 74 The Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre was also nearly forced out because of the increasing rents 176 The theater museum in the ground story arcade was closed in 1986 due to low attendance 46 Despite the success of the third floor Minskoff Studios they were in danger of eviction by 1988 75 177 and they ultimately closed the next year 74 The building s rising rents also displaced the Bureau of Labor Statistics in 1986 149 and the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater in 1989 178 Bankruptcy and improvements edit Tishman Speyer then renovated the lobby and elevators in 1989 179 The same year Viacom International Inc negotiated to lease several stories in One Astor Plaza for 20 years 172 180 The company planned to occupy 400 000 square feet 37 000 m2 initially with an option to expand by another 200 000 square feet 19 000 m2 180 Though the building s owners hoped to gain additional large tenants they did not sign another lease for 14 months after the Viacom lease Furthermore several existing tenants including Diamandis Communications and Ted Bates Worldwide were moving out leaving the owners without enough income to make further improvements to the building 172 Nonetheless Viacom moved into One Astor Plaza in 1990 and was one of several companies to take up large amounts of space in Times Square 181 1515 Broadway Associates LP filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in October 1990 182 183 shortly after Tishman Speyer gave up its general partnership interest 173 The main reason for the Chapter 11 filing was so Equitable could renegotiate the 13 6 percent interest rate on the building s mortgage 173 183 An Equitable official said at the time that the partnership had lost 30 million a year for the past several years and the rental income could not cover the mortgage payments 173 As a result of the Chapter 11 proceeding ownership of One Astor Plaza reverted to Manufacturers Hanover Trust one of several banks that had collectively lent 300 million to the partnership Shortly afterward Manufacturers Hanover sued Equitable for 600 million claiming that Equitable had backtracked on an agreement to cover the partners cash deficit 171 175 184 Manufacturers Hanover also claimed that Tishman Speyer s chief executive Gerald Speyer had opposed a bankruptcy proceeding 174 At a court hearing in March 1991 an Equitable official testified that he had misled the limited partners so they did not know about Equitable s intention to file for bankruptcy protection until it had already happened 185 Shortly after the court hearing Manufacturers Hanover and Equitable agreed to a tentative settlement in which Equitable would extend a 95 million line of credit to the limited partners In exchange Manufacturers Hanover s lawsuit and Equitable s Chapter 11 filing would be withdrawn 186 187 The bankruptcy filing was thus dropped in December 1991 Throughout these legal disputes Equitable continued to maintain the building s services and attempted to not only retain existing occupants but also attract new tenants by providing favorable concessions 172 For example a new advertising tenant received a non disturbance agreement and a low rental rate 188 and an existing merchandising tenant expanded its space in the building at a lower rental rate 189 Additionally Equitable covered the brokers fees and tenant improvement charges for new tenants for several years Equitable s success in leasing One Astor Plaza was also influenced by the lack of tenants at two newer developments nearby 1540 and 1585 Broadway during the early 1990s 172 Viacom takeover edit nbsp Viacom later Paramount entranceAfter an acquisition of Paramount Communications by Viacom was proposed in 1993 deputy mayor Barry F Sullivan said the move had exciting potential for Times Square because the company might move into One Astor Plaza 190 Following Viacom s acquisition Paramount relocated from 15 Columbus Circle to One Astor Plaza 191 and the expanded Viacom took up 25 floors housing subsidiaries such as Nickelodeon and MTV in the building 192 Viacom thus became the tower s largest tenant occupying 800 000 square feet 74 000 m2 with options to take other floors as existing tenants leases expired Equitable had been able to remove the asbestos and rent nearly all the space at rates of around 30 to 39 per square foot 320 to 420 m2 172 Viacom received a tax incentive of 15 million to retain its offices at One Astor Plaza and three other buildings 193 The state UDC which had occupied nine floors 194 left the building in the following years as Viacom continued to expand 195 196 In September 1997 24 197 MTV opened studios at One Astor Plaza s second floor after an 8 million renovation 24 57 By then Viacom was one of several major media companies on Times Square and ABC and CBS were also contemplating studios on Times Square 198 199 CBS and Viacom announced in 1999 that they would merge and Viacom renewed its lease at One Astor Plaza 200 though the company planned to sell CBS s nearby headquarters the CBS Building 201 202 By early 2001 Viacom had planned to buy One Astor Plaza in conjunction with its sale of the CBS Building 203 204 That August Equitable hired Goldman Sachs to market One Astor Plaza Equitable had rejected an offer to swap One Astor Plaza for the CBS Building directly because the latter building was worth much less 205 The transaction was ultimately canceled in November 2001 This was attributed in part to Viacom s demand that any buyer first acquire One Astor Plaza and then swap that for the CBS Building and cash such a transaction would enable Viacom to avoid paying estate transfer taxes on the transaction 206 SL Green ownership edit 2000s edit In March 2002 a joint venture led by SL Green Realty acquired One Astor Plaza for approximately 480 million the city s largest real estate transaction since the September 11 attacks 207 208 SL Green had a 55 percent ownership stake while its partner SITQ Immobilier a subsidiary of Canadian pension fund CDPQ had the remaining 45 percent 209 SL Green was required to have terrorism insurance on the building and the sale demonstrated that large buildings such as One Astor Plaza could obtain such insurance 210 SL Green chairman Stephen L Green considered One Astor Plaza a core building to his portfolio but 211 according to Crain s New York magazine those in the real estate industry believed that Green had overvalued the building 212 Alliance Building Service operated by Green s son Gary was hired to provide cleaning and security services for the building 213 After acquiring the building SL Green sought to replace five storefronts on Broadway with one large retailer 214 SL Green also bought out the lease of the Loews Astor Plaza movie theater and closed it in 2004 34 reopening it the next year as an event venue operated by AEG Live 38 39 CBS and Viacom ultimately split in 2005 215 By 2008 the downsized Viacom was still the largest office tenant of One Astor Plaza occupying 1 5 million square feet 140 000 m2 the building only had 130 000 square feet 12 000 m2 available for lease 23 216 Viacom s leases were scheduled to expire within two years 217 and the company was moving some divisions elsewhere including Comedy Central 23 216 Viacom renewed its lease in December 2008 218 219 extending it by five years 220 The same year SL Green also hired KPF to renovate the lobby and facade to make the building compliant with LEED Silver green building standards 23 217 The work was completed in 2009 for 40 million 221 Though other tenants continued to occupy the building including law firms 222 223 Times Square was no longer appealing to small tenants by then because of the high rents 223 2010s to present edit In May 2010 a terrorist car bombing attempt occurred outside the building although the bomb was defused before it could be detonated 224 SL Green refinanced 1515 Broadway for 475 million in 2010 225 226 and CDPQ sold its stake in the tower to SL Green the next year 227 In April 2012 Viacom signed a lease to take over all 1 6 million square feet 150 000 m2 at 1515 Broadway through 2031 taking the remaining space as other tenants leases expired 228 229 230 This was the fourth largest lease in New York City history 230 and the largest that was not a sale and lease back by a building s previous owner 230 In conjunction with this lease the Bank of China gave SL Green a 775 million seven year first mortgage for the building 229 At the time Viacom provided the bulk of the building s rental income paying 78 million a year 231 SL Green also agreed to upgrade 1515 Broadway for Viacom 232 and installed three story tall advertising screens on the Times Square facade in 2013 26 the building was refinanced that year for 900 million 233 234 SL Green was looking to sell a minority stake in the building by 2017 235 236 and the China Investment Corporation reportedly expressed interest 237 238 That November Allianz bought a 43 percent ownership stake and some of the debt in a deal that valued 1515 Broadway at 1 95 billion 239 240 At the time Viacom occupied 85 percent of the building 240 SL Green used the proceeds from the ownership stake s sale to buy back some of its stock 241 After Viacom merged back into CBS Corporation in 2019 ViacomCBS later Paramount Global d retained offices at One Astor Plaza CBS News converted part of the MTV Studios space into a studio 64 New York state officials announced in April 2022 that they would issue three casino licenses in Downstate New York 243 244 Following this announcement SL Green proposed constructing a casino at 1515 Broadway to attract tourists 245 In October 2022 SL Green and casino operator Caesars Entertainment jointly submitted a formal proposal for a casino in the building 246 247 The bid was also sponsored by Roc Nation 248 249 and mayor Eric Adams s former chief of staff Frank Carone 250 The proposal was controversial Broadway theatrical trade association The Broadway League expressed opposition to the casino while trade union Actors Equity Association supported the plan 251 252 Reception editOne Astor Plaza s construction had spurred developers to acquire several buildings around Times Square 253 When One Astor Plaza was completed city officials had expressed hope that the building would precipitate the transformation of Times Square into an entertainment hub This did not happen immediately leading architectural writer Robert A M Stern to write that Times Square somehow seemed all the more tawdry for its overscaled underembellished corporate guest One Astor Plaza 254 In 1985 New York Times architectural critic Paul Goldberger wrote that the under construction Marriott Marquis hotel One Astor Plaza Paramount Plaza and four planned towers at Times Square s south end e were actively destroy ing something that is turning out to be far more fragile than we had once believed that rough and tumble honky tonk that is the physical essence of Times Square 255 After Caesars Entertainment s casino bid was announced Karrie Jacobs of Curbed wrote in 2023 It s fitting that 1515 Broadway designed by architect Der Scutt who later designed Trump Tower was the leading edge of a 60s push to reinvent Times Square 256 At an exhibition of New York City buildings in 1999 New York Times critic Herbert Muschamp said No one needs additional reason to dislike 1515 Broadway the fin topped office building between 44th and 45th Streets that replaced the legendary Astor Hotel 257 According to C Ray Smith the asymmetrical shafts of the facade were characteristic of the new design character of the 1970s contrasting with previous symmetrical designs 28 258 Jo Mielziner said the large trusses above the Minskoff s roof provided a clear example of what expense a builder is willing to go to get that extra rentable space 69 See also editList of tallest buildings in New York City List of tallest buildings in the United StatesPortals nbsp Architecture nbsp New York CityReferences editNotes edit As the two roads intersect at a very shallow angle they are nearly parallel through Times Square Broadway is west of Seventh Avenue to the north of 45th Street and east of Seventh Avenue to the south of 44th Street 4 Because Broadway between 42nd and 47th Streets was closed in the 2010s the Paramount Building only faces Seventh Avenue 5 6 In New York City the wall of any given tower that faces a street could only rise to a certain height proportionate to the street s width Above this height the building had to be set back by a given proportion the sky exposure plane 93 94 The Hellinger was initially a movie theater and did not become a Broadway venue until 1949 The Lunt Fontanne Theatre and Palace Theatre were converted from movies to Broadway theaters afterward but both theater buildings are physically older than the Hellinger 103 The last venue to be built as a Broadway theater operating continuously in that capacity was the Ethel Barrymore Theatre completed in 1928 105 The Paramount Global name took effect in early 2022 242 Now 3 Times Square 4 Times Square 5 Times Square and Times Square Tower Citations edit Allianz deal values 1515 Broadway at 1 95B November 14 2017 Archived from the original on March 28 2020 Retrieved December 27 2018 a b c d e White Norval Willensky Elliot Leadon Fran 2010 AIA Guide to New York City 5th ed New York Oxford University Press p 297 ISBN 978 0 19538 386 7 a b c d e f g 1515 Broadway 10036 New York City Department of City Planning Archived from the original on February 16 2022 Retrieved March 25 2021 a b Pollak Michael June 12 2005 Times Square Shuffle The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 17 2021 Retrieved November 17 2021 a b Warerkar Tanay April 19 2017 See how Snohetta s transformation of Times Square made it more pedestrian friendly Curbed NY Archived from the original on November 1 2021 Retrieved November 1 2021 a b Fishbein Rebecca April 19 2017 Photos Times Square s Transformation Into A Pedestrian Friendly Tourist Fun Zone Is Complete Gothamist Archived from the original 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Architect Dies at 75 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on August 29 2015 Retrieved February 7 2022 a b c d e One Astor Plaza The Skyscraper Center April 7 2016 Archived from the original on February 7 2022 Retrieved February 7 2022 a b c d e f One Astor Plaza Emporis Archived from the original on September 30 2007 Retrieved January 1 2021 a b c Kirk Christina December 5 1971 Broadway Turns the Corner New York Daily News p 10 ISSN 2692 1251 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 via newspapers com a b Fordham Hill Co op Plan Dropped The New York Times January 30 1972 p R8 ISSN 0362 4331 ProQuest 119435876 a b c d e f Stern Mellins amp Fishman 1995 p 443 a b c d Kayden Jerold S June 11 2018 1515 Broadway Privately Owned Public Space APOPS Archived from the original on February 6 2022 Retrieved February 6 2022 a b c Calta Louis August 3 1971 4 Office Theaters Are Taking Shape The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 Stern Mellins amp Fishman 1995 pp 444 445 a b c Botto Louis Mitchell Brian Stokes 2002 At This Theatre 100 Years of Broadway Shows Stories and Stars New York Milwaukee WI Applause Theatre amp Cinema Books Playbill p 329 ISBN 978 1 55783 566 6 a b c d e f Cuozzo Steve September 2 2008 Times Square Gets a Facelift New York Post ProQuest 334531145 a b c d e f Carter Bill July 13 1997 Times Square Awaits MTV Live The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 7 2022 Retrieved February 7 2022 a b Stern Fishman amp Tilove 2006 p 668 a b Kleege Stephen January 14 2013 Times Sq property s new vertical Crain s New York Business Vol 29 no 2 p 9 ProQuest 1272345928 a b Tight Pixel Pitch Video Screens at 1515 Broadway in Times Square SNA Displays December 9 2021 Archived from the original on February 7 2022 Retrieved February 7 2022 a b Stern Mellins amp Fishman 1995 pp 443 444 a b c Stichweh Dirk 2016 New York 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Menu The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 7 2022 Retrieved February 7 2022 1515 Broadway TRD Research Published by The Real Deal March 13 2019 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 7 2022 a b Bank Rents in Astor Plaza The New York Times March 28 1971 p R9 ISSN 0362 4331 ProQuest 119368909 a b Collier Andrew July 22 1997 Viewers cast Web over MTV The Hollywood Reporter Vol 348 no 21 pp 1 119 ProQuest 2467887305 MTV Studios Destination Guide Archived from the original on February 7 2022 Retrieved February 7 2022 Kreps Daniel August 11 2009 Report MTV To Vacate Times Square Studio Rolling Stone Archived from the original on March 8 2021 Retrieved February 7 2022 Carlson Jen August 11 2009 It s a Wrap at MTV s Times Square Studio Gothamist Archived from the original on February 7 2022 Retrieved February 7 2022 Kusisto Laura October 25 2010 Viacom Re ups Studio Space at SL Green s 1515 Broadway Observer Retrieved April 25 2023 Rubinstein Dana January 12 2010 Aeropostale to Take Old MTV Studio Space in Times Square Observer Retrieved April 25 2023 Gross Max April 7 2017 Viacom Nabs Studio Space at 1515 Broadway Commercial Observer Archived from the original on February 6 2022 Retrieved February 6 2022 a b Steinberg Brian October 15 2020 CBS News Will Spend Election Night in Times Square EXCLUSIVE Variety ISSN 0042 2738 Archived from the original on December 22 2020 Retrieved January 7 2021 a b c Hill Michael P November 1 2021 CBS Mornings gains view of Times Square NewscastStudio Archived from the original on February 7 2022 Retrieved February 7 2022 Steinberg Brian August 31 2021 CBS News to Launch Mornings in Bid to Capture A M Viewers Across The Week Variety Archived from the original on August 31 2021 Retrieved August 31 2021 White Peter March 14 2022 The Daily Show With Trevor Noah Brings Back Audience amp Returns To Longtime Studio Deadline Retrieved March 17 2022 Steinberg Brian September 13 2021 Trevor Noah Brings Daily Show to Times Square as TV s Late Night Crowd Starts to Shrink Variety ISSN 0042 2738 Archived from the original on September 20 2021 Retrieved September 19 2021 a b c d Progressive Architecture 1970 p 78 Harmon Charlotte July 14 1972 New Legit Theatres Back Stage Vol 13 no 28 p 24 ISSN 0005 3635 ProQuest 963171357 a b Progressive Architecture 1970 p 77 Bloom Ken 2007 The Routledge Guide to Broadway 1st ed New York Routledge p 175 ISBN 978 0 415 97380 9 a b Madden John September 8 1976 Legitimate New Minskoff Studios Rated Roomiest Best In B way Theatre Area Variety Vol 284 no 5 pp 89 91 ISSN 0042 2738 ProQuest 1401292663 a b c d Fetherston Drew May 16 1989 A Major Broadway Closing Dancin Feet Movin On Newsday pp 115 116 138 ISSN 2574 5298 Archived from the original on February 6 2022 Retrieved February 6 2022 via newspapers com a b c Lueck Thomas J March 21 1988 Final Bow for Many Theater Area Businesses The New York Times p A1 ISSN 0362 4331 ProQuest 426780476 Archived from the original on February 6 2022 Retrieved February 6 2022 Stern Mellins amp Fishman 1995 p 441 Sale of Hotel Astor to M G M Is Denied The New York Times January 22 1947 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 4 2022 Retrieved February 4 2022 Syndicate Leases the Hotel Astor Webb amp Knapp in Group That Plans to Continue Times Sq Landmark in Present Role The New York Times July 31 1954 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 4 2022 Retrieved February 4 2022 a b c Astor Hotel Set to Vanish From Times Square Scene Wall Street Journal January 24 1966 p 28 ISSN 0099 9660 ProQuest 133165271 Zeckendorfs Seeking To Buy Hotel Astor In Midtown New York Plans for Property Not Disclosed But Former Webb amp Knapp Head Said to Envision Office Building Wall Street Journal December 16 1965 p 30 ISSN 0099 9660 ProQuest 132983385 Business amp Finance Bonuses The Fatted Calf Is Being Sliced Thin in 65 Los Angeles Times December 20 1965 p B9 ISSN 0458 3035 ProQuest 155321053 a b c d O Kane Lawrence January 5 1967 Plazas Planned for Astor s Site 50 Story Office Building to Be Surrounded by Open Spaces and Shops The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 4 2022 Retrieved February 4 2022 Times Square to Lose Astor Hotel Newsday January 22 1966 p 32 ISSN 2574 5298 Archived from the original on February 4 2022 Retrieved February 4 2022 via newspapers com Ennis Thomas W January 30 1966 Office Boom Seen for Times Square New Skyscraper Will Rise on Site of Astor Hotel Wide Interest Reported The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on November 16 2021 Retrieved February 4 2022 Real Estate Notes The New York Times May 10 1966 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 4 2022 Retrieved February 4 2022 Mayer Robert July 1 1966 Drop These Lost Keys In a Dead Letter Box Newsday p 122 ISSN 2574 5298 Archived from the original on February 4 2022 Retrieved February 4 2022 via newspapers com Astor to Keep Suite Open For Use by I B M School The New York Times July 1 1966 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 4 2022 Retrieved February 4 2022 Astor s Auctioned Contents To See Service Out of Town The New York Times October 8 1966 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 4 2022 Retrieved February 4 2022 Auction Is Held At Astor Hotel The Hartford Courant October 9 1966 p 55A ISSN 1047 4153 ProQuest 549271773 Ennis Thomas W June 21 1966 3 Hotels Closing Within a Month Two Sheraton Structures and Astor to Be Razed The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 4 2022 Retrieved February 4 2022 Fried Joseph P August 3 1967 The Astor a Lady to the End Resists the Wrecker s Advances Crews Are Awed by Solidity Of Broadway s Grande Dame The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on January 30 2022 Retrieved February 4 2022 Herzberg Joseph G February 24 1968 Meet Me at the Astor Now Just Whisper of Past The New 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on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 9 2022 City Planning Comm Proposes More New Midtown Theatres Back Stage Vol 8 no 40 October 6 1967 pp 17 18 ISSN 0005 3635 ProQuest 963261958 Esterow Milton October 1 1967 City Proposes More Theaters To Revitalize Midtown District City Planners Proposing More Theaters to Revitalize Midtown District The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 4 2022 Retrieved February 4 2022 Legitimate N Y City Urges New Legit Houses Variety Vol 248 no 7 October 4 1967 p 57 ISSN 0042 2738 ProQuest 964067553 a b Miele Alfred November 2 1967 OK Space Bonus For New Theaters New York Daily News pp 721 722 ISSN 2692 1251 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 via newspapers com Miscellany Hope for More B way Legit Theatres With Bldg Code Changes Variety Vol 248 no 8 October 11 1967 p 2 ISSN 0042 2738 ProQuest 964074887 a b Fried Joseph P November 12 1967 New Footlights May Brighten Rialto The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 4 2022 a b City Planners OK 3 Theaters Newsday April 18 1968 p 98 ISSN 2574 5298 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 via newspapers com a b Zolotow Sam August 29 1968 Astor Lot Owner Assigns Theater Lease Going to Producer of Man of La Mancha The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 Funke Lewis October 15 1967 New Theaters New Hopes The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 Planning Body Acts to Spur Theater Construction The New York Times November 2 1967 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 Sibley John December 8 1967 Board of Estimate Approves Measure to Encourage Theater Construction The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 a b City Planners to Mull Office Bldg Theaters Newsday April 1 1968 p 68 ISSN 2574 5298 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 via newspapers com Hummler Richard February 28 1968 Legitimate Doubt N Y Theatre Plans Variety Vol 250 no 2 p 57 ISSN 0042 2738 ProQuest 1014844508 Vaudeville Lehmans Minskoffs Partnered in Astor Variety Vol 250 no 6 March 27 1968 p 94 ISSN 0042 2738 ProQuest 1017153922 Bennett Charles G April 11 1968 Shuberts Oppose 2 New Theaters Minskoff and Uris Plans Are Fought at City Hearing The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 Permits Approved for 2 Theaters Playhouses Will Be First on Broadway in 35 Years The New York Times April 18 1968 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 Bennett Charles G April 26 1968 Board Approves 3 New Theaters Estimate Members Reject Shubert Opposition The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 1 200 Invited to Block Party After Funny Girl Premiere The New York Times September 14 1968 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 Goldstein Marilyn September 19 1968 A Big Bash for Barbra at the Astor Newsday p 96 ISSN 2574 5298 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 via newspapers com Hummler Richard September 4 1968 Legitimate Rising Market for B way Theatres Selden Osterman Vs Nederlanders Variety Vol 252 no 3 pp 49 52 ISSN 0042 2738 ProQuest 1017161365 a b Broadway s First New Theatre Since 1933 to Be Built by Walter Reade Boxoffice Vol 94 no 15 January 27 1969 p E1 ProQuest 1476108127 Construction Starts on Astor Plaza The New York Times October 11 1968 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 Legitimate Break Ground for N Y Astor Plaza Plan Theatre With Single Balcony Seek Cleanup of Honkytonk 42d St Variety Vol 252 no 9 October 16 1968 p 67 ISSN 0042 2738 ProQuest 1505849676 Ennis Thomas W January 5 1969 Offices Due To Fill Need Here by 71 Office Tenants to Get Choice of Space in 23 Buildings Planned by 71 The New York Times p R1 ISSN 0362 4331 ProQuest 118784390 Johnston Richard J H February 6 1969 Dynamiting Adds to Times Square Din The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 News of Realty First Astor Lease Reade to Operate Theatre and Occupy 6 Floors The New York Times January 23 1969 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 Pictures Astor Place Film Situation The Reade Variety Vol 253 no 10 January 22 1969 p 16 ISSN 0042 2738 ProQuest 962943253 Fowler Glenn February 3 1969 News of Realty Astor Plaza Lease Fawcett Publications Signs for 3 Floors on Times Sq The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 News of Realty Times Sq Lease Quality Bakers Takes Two Floors at One Astor Plaza The New York Times March 11 1969 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 Phalon Richard July 24 1969 Teamsters Strike High Rise Building Sites Here Work Stoppages Reported by Most Contractors as 200 Block Deliveries The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 a b Harmon Charlotte August 28 1970 New B way Houses Back Stage Vol 11 no 35 p 24 ISSN 0005 3635 ProQuest 963158354 a b Morrison Hobe July 20 1970 Complications Accumulate for Astor Plaza Theater The Journal News p 21 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 via newspapers com Firemen Climb 46 Flights To Put Out Times Sq Blaze The New York Times August 19 1970 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 a b Andelman David A November 29 1970 Glass Crashing From Building Forces Closing of 44th Street The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 High Winds Force Closing Of a Block Off Times Sq The New York Times November 6 1970 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 Fosburgh Lacey November 30 1970 Inquiry Is Set on Falling Glass at Construction Site The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 What Made Glass Fall in Times Sq Inquirers Puzzled The New York Times December 2 1970 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 Fowler Glenn December 20 1970 Broadway Buildings Fill Slowly In Rent Lag Renting Is Slow on Broadway The New York Times p 210 ISSN 0362 4331 ProQuest 118913915 Grant to Move Headquarters To Times Square Area in 71 Wall Street Journal December 10 1970 p 18 ISSN 0099 9660 ProQuest 133455673 a b The Features Grant s To Move Headquarters Women s Wear Daily Vol 121 December 10 1970 p 22 ProQuest 1523514105 a b Oser Alan S December 13 1970 Sublets Compete In Office Market Big Lease Signed The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 W T Grant Firm Plans Move to New Structure The Troy Record December 18 1970 p 32 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 via newspapers com Stone Richard August 9 1971 Room to Let New York s Real Estate Industry Is Plagued By Recession Overbuilding and Urban Ills Wall Street Journal p 24 ISSN 0099 9660 ProQuest 133596496 Whitehouse Franklin January 22 1971 Walter Reade Seeks to Sublet All Its Space in New 1 Astor Pl The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 a b c Blumenthal Ralph March 27 1973 City Tax Records on Two Skyscrapers Granted Major Tax Reductions Show Apparent Discrepancies The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 6 2022 Retrieved February 6 2022 Johnston Laurie November 28 1971 One Astor Plaza 87 Per Cent Rented The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on January 30 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 a b Whitman Alden June 6 1971 Curtain Goes Up on Minskoff s Times Square Buildin Curtain Rises at Building The New York Times p R1 ISSN 0362 4331 ProQuest 119308123 Green Abel October 6 1971 Miscellany B way Assn Hits 60 Astor Plaza HQ To Be Named For Grant Reade House Due A1 Selden Legit Lease Pends Variety Vol 264 no 8 p 2 ISSN 0042 2738 ProQuest 1017160278 Calta Louis December 1 1971 Debut of Reade Cinema Delayed The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 Horsley Carter B December 3 1972 Times Square s New Movie Palace Scorns the Palatial Times Square Theater The New York Times p R1 ISSN 0362 4331 ProQuest 119393250 Carmody Deirdre March 24 1972 2 Die as Scaffold Falls at 1 Astor Plaza The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 a b Dunlap David W November 6 1986 Column One Changes Blending In The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 6 2022 Retrieved February 6 2022 Horsley Carter B April 2 1972 Trade The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 News of the Realty Trade The New York Times July 15 1973 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 6 2022 Retrieved February 6 2022 Firm Will Rent at 1 Astor Plaza New York Daily News July 28 1973 p 283 ISSN 2692 1251 Archived from the original on February 6 2022 Retrieved February 6 2022 via newspapers com Horsley Carter B January 1 1973 Subway Noise Threatens Reade Theater Opening The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 6 2022 Retrieved February 6 2022 Phillips McCandlish March 14 1973 1919 Hit Opens Brand New Theater The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 6 2022 Retrieved February 6 2022 Reade Ends One Astor Plaza Lease Boxoffice Vol 102 no 26 April 9 1973 p E2 ProQuest 1476093018 Reade Terminates The Independent Film Journal Vol 71 no 9 April 2 1973 p 4 ProQuest 1014667231 Tomasson Robert E December 30 1973 The Plaza in Addresses Is Causing Dismay The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on October 29 2021 Retrieved February 6 2022 News of the Realty Trade The New York Times December 22 1974 ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 6 2022 Retrieved February 6 2022 New York Staff Is Cut By W T Grant Company The New York Times November 11 1975 p 41 ISSN 0362 4331 ProQuest 120264892 Barmash Isadore December 12 1975 W T Grant Said to Be Leaving Times Square Site Early in 76 The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on February 5 2022 Retrieved February 5 2022 Grant Plans to Close 134 More Stores Shift Its Manhattan Offices Wall 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York 1960 Architecture and Urbanism Between the Second World War and the Bicentennial New York Monacelli Press ISBN 1 885254 02 4 OCLC 32159240 OL 1130718M Zoning rebuilds the theatre PDF Progressive Architecture Vol 51 December 1970 pp 76 78 114 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to One Astor Plaza Official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title One Astor Plaza amp oldid 1157455623, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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