This article is about step-like recessions in walls. For minimum distances between buildings and the lot line, see Setback (land use).
A setback, in the specific sense of a step-back, is a step-like form of a wall or other building frontage, also termed a recession or recessed storey.[1] Importantly, one or more step-backs lowers the building's center of mass, making it more stable. A setback as a minimum one-bay indent across all storeys is called a recessed bay or recess and is the more common exterior form of an alcove (architecture).
Notable upper storeys forming a step-back may form a belvedere – and in residential use are considered the penthouse. If part of the roof, then they are a loft or attic/garret.
Setbacks were used by people to increase the height of masonry structures by distributing gravity loads produced by building materials such as clay, stone, or brick. This was achieved by regularly reducing the footprint of each level located successively farther from the ground. Setbacks also allowed the natural erosion to occur without compromising the structural integrity of the building. The most prominent example of a setback technique is the step pyramids of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, such as the Teppe Sialk ziggurat or the Pyramid of Djoser.
For centuries, setbacks were a structural necessity for virtually all multi-level load-bearing masonry buildings and structures.[2] As architects learned how to turn setbacks into an architectural feature, most setbacks were however less pronounced than in step pyramids and often skillfully masked by rich ornamentation.
The introduction of a steel frame structural system in the late 19th century eliminated the need for structural setbacks. The use of a frame building technology combined with conveniences such as elevators and motorized water pumps influenced the physical growth and density of buildings in large cities. Driven by the desire to maximize the usable floor area, some developers avoided the use of setbacks, creating in many instances a range of fire safety and health hazards. Thus, the 38-story[3]Equitable Building, constructed in New York in 1915, produced a huge shadow, said to "cast a noonday shadow four blocks long",[3] which effectively deprived neighboring properties of sunlight. It resulted in the 1916 Zoning Resolution, which gave New York City's skyscrapers their typical setbacks and soaring designs.
Graph of the 1916 New York City zoning ordinance with an example elevation for an 80-foot street in a 2½-times height district
Setbacks and urban planning
Today many jurisdictions rely on urban planning regulations, such as zoning ordinances, which use setbacks to make sure that streets and yards are provided more open space and adequate light and air. For example, in high density districts, such as Manhattan in New York, front walls of buildings at the street line may be limited to a specified height or number of stories. This height is also called base height which is only required if the building will exceed maximum base height.[4] Above that height, the buildings are required to set back behind a theoretical inclined plane, called sky exposure plane, which cannot be penetrated by the building's exterior wall. For the same reason, setbacks may also be used in lower density districts to limit the height of perimeter walls above which a building must have a pitched roof or be set back before rising to the permitted height.[5]
In many cities, building setbacks add value to the interior real estate adjacent to the setback by creating usable exterior spaces. These setback terraces are prized for the access they provide to fresh air, skyline views, and recreational uses such as gardening and outdoor dining. In addition, setbacks promote fire safety by spacing buildings and their protruding parts away from each other and allow for passage of firefighting apparatus between buildings.
In the United States, setback requirements vary among municipalities. For example, the absence of sky exposure plane provisions in Chicago's Zoning Code makes the Chicago skyline quite different from the skyline of New York where construction of tall buildings was guided by the zoning ordinance since 1916. The New York City Zoning Ordinance also provided another kind of setback guideline, one that was intended to increase the amount of public space in the city. This was achieved by increasing the minimum setback at street level, creating in each instance an open space, often referred to as plaza, in front of the building.
setback, architecture, this, article, about, step, like, recessions, walls, minimum, distances, between, buildings, line, setback, land, setback, specific, sense, step, back, step, like, form, wall, other, building, frontage, also, termed, recession, recessed,. This article is about step like recessions in walls For minimum distances between buildings and the lot line see Setback land use A setback in the specific sense of a step back is a step like form of a wall or other building frontage also termed a recession or recessed storey 1 Importantly one or more step backs lowers the building s center of mass making it more stable A setback as a minimum one bay indent across all storeys is called a recessed bay or recess and is the more common exterior form of an alcove architecture Setbacks on the Pyramid of Djoser Saqqara Egypt Notable upper storeys forming a step back may form a belvedere and in residential use are considered the penthouse If part of the roof then they are a loft or attic garret Contents 1 History 2 Setbacks and urban planning 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksHistory EditSetbacks were used by people to increase the height of masonry structures by distributing gravity loads produced by building materials such as clay stone or brick This was achieved by regularly reducing the footprint of each level located successively farther from the ground Setbacks also allowed the natural erosion to occur without compromising the structural integrity of the building The most prominent example of a setback technique is the step pyramids of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt such as the Teppe Sialk ziggurat or the Pyramid of Djoser For centuries setbacks were a structural necessity for virtually all multi level load bearing masonry buildings and structures 2 As architects learned how to turn setbacks into an architectural feature most setbacks were however less pronounced than in step pyramids and often skillfully masked by rich ornamentation The introduction of a steel frame structural system in the late 19th century eliminated the need for structural setbacks The use of a frame building technology combined with conveniences such as elevators and motorized water pumps influenced the physical growth and density of buildings in large cities Driven by the desire to maximize the usable floor area some developers avoided the use of setbacks creating in many instances a range of fire safety and health hazards Thus the 38 story 3 Equitable Building constructed in New York in 1915 produced a huge shadow said to cast a noonday shadow four blocks long 3 which effectively deprived neighboring properties of sunlight It resulted in the 1916 Zoning Resolution which gave New York City s skyscrapers their typical setbacks and soaring designs Graph of the 1916 New York City zoning ordinance with an example elevation for an 80 foot street in a 2 times height districtSetbacks and urban planning EditToday many jurisdictions rely on urban planning regulations such as zoning ordinances which use setbacks to make sure that streets and yards are provided more open space and adequate light and air For example in high density districts such as Manhattan in New York front walls of buildings at the street line may be limited to a specified height or number of stories This height is also called base height which is only required if the building will exceed maximum base height 4 Above that height the buildings are required to set back behind a theoretical inclined plane called sky exposure plane which cannot be penetrated by the building s exterior wall For the same reason setbacks may also be used in lower density districts to limit the height of perimeter walls above which a building must have a pitched roof or be set back before rising to the permitted height 5 In many cities building setbacks add value to the interior real estate adjacent to the setback by creating usable exterior spaces These setback terraces are prized for the access they provide to fresh air skyline views and recreational uses such as gardening and outdoor dining In addition setbacks promote fire safety by spacing buildings and their protruding parts away from each other and allow for passage of firefighting apparatus between buildings In the United States setback requirements vary among municipalities For example the absence of sky exposure plane provisions in Chicago s Zoning Code makes the Chicago skyline quite different from the skyline of New York where construction of tall buildings was guided by the zoning ordinance since 1916 The New York City Zoning Ordinance also provided another kind of setback guideline one that was intended to increase the amount of public space in the city This was achieved by increasing the minimum setback at street level creating in each instance an open space often referred to as plaza in front of the building Increasing setbacks make the Empire State Building in New York taper with height The Malloch Building in San Francisco is stepped back along the contour of the steep side of Telegraph Hill New York s Daily News Building features a number of setbacks It was designed by architect Raymond Hood in 1929 The 1916 Zoning Resolution of New York led to many soaring setbacked towers See also EditHeight of Buildings Act of 1910 Washington DC Urban canyonReferences Edit Setback Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 p 1725 ISBN 978 1 59339 492 9 Retrieved 3 March 2020 Cornelius Steckner Baurecht und Bauordnung Architektur Staatsmedizin und Umwelt bei Vitruv in Heiner Knell Burkhardt Wesenberg Hrsg Vitruv Kolloquium 1982 Technische Hochschule Darmstadt 1984 S 259 277 a b Allen Irving Lewis 1995 Skyscrapers In Kenneth T Jackson ed The Encyclopedia of New York City New Haven CT amp London amp New York Yale University Press amp The New York Historical Society pp 1074 ISBN 978 0 300 05536 8 Zoning Glossary DCP www1 nyc gov Retrieved 2020 10 11 Ward David Zunz Olivier 1992 Landscape of Modernity Essays on New York City 1900 1940 Russell Sage Foundation p 63 ISBN 978 1 61044 550 4 Retrieved 3 March 2020 Further reading EditAlexander Christopher A Pattern Language Oxford University Press 1977 Koolhaas Rem Delirious New York Monacceli Press reprint 1997 External links EditNYC Zoning History Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Setback architecture amp oldid 1122108724, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
