Kaduna State
Kaduna State (Hausa: Jihar Kaduna جىِهَر كَدُنا; مدينة كدونا; Fula: Leydi Kaduna, 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤣𞤭 𞤳𞤢𞤣𞤵𞤲𞤢; Tyap: Si̱tet Ka̱duna) is a state in the northwest geopolitical zone of Nigeria. The state capital is its namesake, the city of Kaduna which happened to be the 8th largest city in the country as at 2006. Created in 1967 as North-Central State, which also encompassed the modern Katsina State, Kaduna State achieved its current borders in 1987. Kaduna State is the fourth largest and third most populous state in the country, Kaduna State is nicknamed the Centre of Learning, owing to the presence of numerous educational institutions of importance within the state such as Ahmadu Bello University.[5]
Kaduna State | |
|---|---|
Flag Seal | |
| Nicknames: | |
Location of Kaduna State in Nigeria | |
| Coordinates: 10°20′N 7°45′E / 10.333°N 7.750°E | |
| Country | Nigeria |
| Date created | 27 May 1967 |
| Capital | Kaduna |
| Government | |
| • Body | Government of Kaduna State |
| • Governor[2] | Uba Sani (APC) |
| • Deputy Governor | Hadiza Sabuwa Balarabe |
| • Legislature | Kaduna State House of Assembly |
| • Chief Judge | Tukur Mu’azu |
| • National Assembly delegation | Senators:
Representatives: List |
| Area | |
| • Total | 46,053 km2 (17,781 sq mi) |
| • Rank | 4th of 36 |
| Population (2006 census)1 | |
| • Total | 6,113,503[1] |
| • Rank | 3rd of 36 |
| GDP (PPP) | |
| • Year | 2021 |
| • Total | $27.88 billion[3] 11th of 36 |
| • Per capita | $2,905[3] 14th of 36 |
| Time zone | UTC+01 (WAT) |
| postal code | 8000014 |
| ISO 3166 code | NG-KD |
| HDI (2021) | 0.511[4] low · 25th of 37 |
| Website | [1] |
| ^1 Preliminary results | |
Modern Kaduna State is home to the sites of some of Africa's oldest civilizations, including the Nok civilization that prospered from c. 1500 BC to c. 500 AD.[6][7] In the 9th century, geographer and historian Ya'qubi documented the existence of the Hausa Kingdoms, which existed until the region was incorporated into the Sokoto Caliphate in the early 1800s. During the colonial era, the city of Kaduna was made the capital of Northern Nigeria Protectorate by British leadership.
The name Kaduna is believed to be a corruption of the Hausa word kada, which means crocodile; the Kaduna River previously hosted a large crocodile population.[5] The state economy is dependent on agriculture, especially cotton and groundnut production.[5][8][9] In the modern era, Kaduna State has been the site of violent ethnic and religious conflict,[10] with the 2002 Miss World riots in the state capital over purported blasphemy leading to around 250 deaths and the loss of homes for around 30,000.[11]
Etymology edit
The word Kaduna is said to be a corruption of the Hausa language word '"Kada' " for Crocodile and the plural is "Kadduna" for crocodiles, as there were previously many crocodiles in the river of Kaduna.[5] Another version of the etymology of the name is a narrative linked to the Gbagyi word/name 'Odna' for River Kaduna.[12] in the coat of arm of the state, there is a symbol of crocodile, and majority of emblem related to the state uses crocodile as a symbol. The state football club Kaduna United F.C. used "The Crocodiles" as a nickname.[13][14]
History edit
It is indicative that the name, Kaduna, was taken up by Lord Frederick Lugard and his colonial colleagues when they moved the capital of the then Northern Region from Zungeru to Kaduna City in 1916. This move of the colonial office to Kaduna city started in 1912–1918/20, with the initial effort having been made in 1902 from Jebba to Zungeru.[15]
At the start of British colonial rule in northern Nigeria, the people groups who live in the area became 'Northern Nigerians'- a construct which continues even today. By 1967 these people groups again carved into 'North Central State'; this was the case until 1975 that 'Kaduna State' was formerly created by the then military leader, Gen. Murtala Mohammed, with all distinct identities amalgamated into one state without a referendum. The state hence is the successor of the old Northern Region of Nigeria, which had its capital at Kaduna which is now the state capital to about 6.3 million people (Nigerian census figure, 2006).
In 1967, the old Northern Region was divided into six states in the north, leaving Kaduna as the capital of North-Central State, whose name was changed to Kaduna State in 1976. Meanwhile, Kaduna State was further divided in 1987, creating Katsina State. Under the governance of Kaduna are the ancient cities of Zaria, Kafanchan, and Nok, the area where Africa's earliest civilization is recorded to have been excavated. The most intriguing aspect of this area is that the colonial construction and its post-colonial successor called 'Nigeria' hardly documented the history or the method of how Kaduna State's people groups encompassed in these constructs define and identify themselves. As such, the people groups who populate the area have lived in near oblivion or obscurity as they are often thought of as Hausa people. In 2019 Kaduna State celebrated its 100-year anniversary, making it one of the oldest states in Nigeria.[16]
Zazzau is said to have been founded in 1536 and later renamed after the prominent Queen Zaria known as Queen Amina. The Hausa people of Zaria are said to be the old ancestral of the region.[17][18]
Geography edit
The state is located at the Northern part of Nigeria's high plains. The vegetation cover is Sudan Savannah type, characterized by scattered short trees, shrubs and grasses. The soil is mostly loamy to sandy. A substantial amount of clay is found also.
Its northern half became Katsina state in 1987. The state is bordered by seven states: Zamfara for 117 km (73 miles) and Katsina for 161 km (100 miles) to the north, Kano to the north-east for 255 km, Bauchi and Plateau to the east, Nasarawa and Abuja Federal Capital Territory (for 45 km) to the south, and Niger to the west.[19] The Kaduna state is located between latitude 10°38'58" N and 10°25'36" N and to longitude 7°22'14" E and 7°32'00" E.[20]
The state was ranked number four by total area of land and number three by population.[21]
The Kaduna River, a tributary of the Niger River, flows through the state. There are rocky stones in Zaria and Kogoro Hill. Many communities are prone to seasonal flooding during the rainy season.[22]
Climate edit
The rainy season in Kaduna is hot, humid, and cloudy, while the dry season is hot and partly cloudy. Throughout the year, the temperature rarely falls below 50 °F or rises above 102 °F, usually ranging between 55 °F and 95 °F.[23]
Government edit
The current governor of Kaduna state is legally under the control of Kaduna State Executives, Kaduna State House of Assembly and Kaduna State Judiciary. The current elected governor of the state is Senator Uba Sani and his deputy is Hadiza Sabuwa Balarabe.[24][25] In the state there 14 ministries that operate with the state government to improve the state: Ministries of Kaduna State. Within each Ministry there are multiple agencies with regulatory authority, such as the Kaduna State Environmental Protection Authority which overseas waste, water, and other environmental quality issues.
The governor of the state said he is trying to restore togetherness back in the state to make it hospitable for all Nigerians just as it has always been in the past. According to him, the city is now divided due to the frequent communal clashes that have been occurring in the last two decades.[26]
Local government areas edit
Kaduna State consists of 23 local government areas. They are:
| s/n | Local government area | Zone | Total area | Political chairman | Population density |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Birnin Gwari | C | |||
| 2 | Chikun | C | |||
| 3 | Giwa | C | |||
| 4 | Igabi | C | |||
| 5 | Ikara | N | |||
| 6 | Jaba | S | |||
| 7 | Jema'a | S | |||
| 8 | Kachia | S | |||
| 9 | Kaduna North | C | |||
| 10 | Kaduna South | C | |||
| 11 | Kagarko | S | |||
| 12 | Kajuru | C | |||
| 13 | Kaura | S | |||
| 14 | Kauru | S | |||
| 15 | Kubau | N | |||
| 16 | Kudan | N | |||
| 17 | Lere | N | |||
| 18 | Makarfi | N | |||
| 19 | Sabon Gari | N | |||
| 20 | Sanga | S | |||
| 21 | Soba | N | |||
| 22 | Zangon Kataf | S | |||
| 23 | Zaria | N |
Kidnapping edit
On March 11, 2021, thirty students were kidnapped in Kaduna State, when gunmen attacked the Federal College of Forestry Mechanization. This was the fourth school kidnapping in Nigeria in 2021, and also the fifth school attack.[27] On April 20, 2021, in another bloody raid by bandits on the students and staffs of the Greenfield University kidnapped 23 students and killed 5 of them.[28] Currently, the state is facing securities challenges. The governor is working with all the security personnel to find lasting solutions.[29]
Economics edit
The Kaduna State economy was ranked 15th largest state in Nigerian economy from 2002 to 2008, and it made up 3.3% of Nigerian GDP. While agriculture contributed 30% of SGDP in Kaduna.[30] Kaduna state cultivate cotton and peanuts (groundnuts) for exporting and domestic extraction of Peanut oil. In the state there is National Institute of Leather and Technology, to improve modern technology and traditional method.[5][8][9][31][32]
Media edit
In Kaduna State there are many means of communication through mass media, broadcasting, internet communication and banking transaction. In Kaduna State there are 21 radio stations and more than four television stations broadcasting. Many of them are owned by the state government or federal government, and a few are private. The following is a list of radio stations in Kaduna.
| s/n | Name (AM) | Frequency | Motto |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Brila FM | 88.9 | |
| 2 | Kada 2 FM, Kaduna (KSMC) | 89.9 | |
| 3 | Rockside FM, Kafanchan (KSMC) | 89.9 | |
| 4 | Capital Sounds FM, Kaduna (KSMC) | 90.9 | |
| 5 | Liberty Radio (English) Kaduna | 91.7 | |
| 6 | Karama FM, Kaduna (FRCN) | 92.1 | Timbun giwa |
| 7 | Freedom Radio FM, Kaduna | 92.9 | |
| 8 | Vision FM Kaduna | 92.5 | |
| 9 | FCE Zaria FM | 93.7 | |
| 10 | Queen FM, Zaria (KSMC) | 94.1 | |
| 11 | Supreme FM, Kaduna (FRCN) | 96.1 | |
| 12 | Alheri Radio FM, Kaduna | 97.7 | |
| 13 | ASU FM (Kaduna State University Radio) | 98.5 | |
| 14 | Invicta FM, Kaduna | 98.9 | |
| 15 | Human Right Radio Kaduna | 99.9 | |
| 16 | BU Samaru FM, Zaria | 101.1 | |
| 17 | Teachers Radio (Nigeria Institute of Teachers, NTI) | 102.5 | |
| 18 | Spider FM (Kaduna Polytechnic Radio) | 102.7 | |
| 19 | Liberty Radio (Hausa) Kaduna | 103.1 | Tashar Yanci |
| 20 | Ray Power FM Kaduna | 106.5 | |
| 21 | Demographics | 106.5 |
Ethnic groups edit
Kaduna State is populated by about 59 to 63 different ethnic groups, if not more, with the exactitude of the number requiring further verification through field work.[38] The question as in the last paragraph[clarification needed] with the Hausa and Fulani as the dominant ethnic groups followed by at least 60 others. These groups include:
| S/N | Ethnic group | Origin | Area |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Abinu (dubbed Binawa) | ||
| 2 | Ada (dubbed Kuturmi) | ||
| 3 | Adara (dubbed Kadara) | ||
| 4 | Agbiri (dubbed Gure) | ||
| 5 | Akurmi (labelled Kurama by the Hausa) | ||
| 6 | Anghan (dubbed Kamanton by the Hausa) | ||
| 7 | Amo | ||
| 8 | Aniragu (dubbed Kahugu) | ||
| 9 | Aruruma (named Ruruma by the Hausa) | ||
| 10 | Asholio (dubbed Moro'a) | ||
| 11 | Atachaat (dubbed Kachechere) | ||
| 12 | Atuku | ||
| 13 | Atyap (dubbed Kataf by the Hausa) | ||
| 14 | Ayu | ||
| 15 | Bajju (dubbed Kaje by the Hausa) | ||
| 16 | Bakulu (Ikulu by the Hausa) | ||
| 17 | Bhazar (named Koro) | ||
| 18 | Bur (Sanga) | ||
| 19 | Dingi | ||
| 20 | Fantswam (dubbed Kafanchan) | ||
| 21 | Fulani | ||
| 22 | Gbagyi-Gbari (Gwari in Hausa) | Southern Kaduna | |
| 23 | Gwandara | ||
| 24 | Gwong (Kagoma in Hausa) | ||
| 25 | Ham (dubbed Jaba in Hausa, which is a derogatory name) | ||
| 26 | Hausa | ||
| 27 | Ikulu | ||
| 28 | Jangi (dubbed Gwari by the Hausa) | ||
| 29 | Kaivi (dubbed Kaibi) | ||
| 30 | Kanufi | ||
| 31 | Kanuri | ||
| 32 | Kigono | ||
| 33 | Kinugu | ||
| 34 | Kitimi | ||
| 35 | Kiwafa | ||
| 36 | Kiwollo | ||
| 37 | Koro | ||
| 38 | Kubvori (dubbed Surubu) | ||
| 39 | Mada (Mardan) Mada must have migrated during colonial rule | ||
| 40 | Marghi | Borno | |
| 41 | Nandu | ||
| 42 | Nduyah | ||
| 43 | Numana | ||
| 44 | Nindem | ||
| 45 | Ningeshe | ||
| 46 | Ninkyop | ||
| 47 | Ninzo | ||
| 48 | Nyenkpa (Yeskwa) | ||
| 49 | Oegworok (dubbed Kagoro) | ||
| 50 | Pikal | ||
| 51 | Pitti | ||
| 52 | Ribang | ||
| 53 | Rishuwa | ||
| 54 | Rumada | ||
| 55 | Ruruma | ||
| 56 | Rumayya | ||
| 57 | Shemawa | ||
| 58 | Siyawa (Bauchi state?) | ||
| 59 | Takad (dubbed Attakar) | ||
| 60 | Tarri | ||
| 61 | Tsam (dubbed Chawai) |
Religion edit
The main religions in Kaduna State are Islam and Christianity while Some minority ethnic groups practice traditional worshiping, mostly in the southern area of the state. The people of Kaduna are very religious, causing two religious crises in 2001 and 2002, the Miss World riots.
Languages edit
Other languages in Kaduna State are Bacama, Firan, and Sambe.[39] Almost all of these languages are spoken in Southern Kaduna.
Education edit
Kaduna is one of the largest centres of education in Nigeria. The slogan of the state is Center of Learning because of the presence of many institution like Ahmadu Bello University (established 1962). There are many government schools, include primary schools and secondary schools. All secondary schools in Kaduna are owned by the state government, federal government or private organisations. there are many tertiary institutions in the state. The state also has colleges for transportation and agriculture.[5]
Universities and institutes edit
- Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria[40]
- Air Force Institute of Technology (Nigeria)
- Federal College of Education, Zaria
- Greenfield University Kaduna[41]
- Kaduna Polytechnic (1968), Kaduna[42]
- Kaduna State University
- National Open University of Nigeria, Kaduna Study Center
- Nigerian College of Aviation Technology, Palladan Zaria
- Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA), Kaduna
- Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic, Zaria
Secondary schools and colleges edit
Architecture edit
Architecture includes the National Museum which was built in 1975 with archaeological and ethnographic exhibitions, the Kajuru Castle, Lugard Hall, Zaria walls and gates and Nok settlements. In the state there are many architectural buildings like Ahmadu Bello Stadium, Murtala Square, Investment house, Kaduna central market, and Sultan Bello Mosque. The palace of empire of Zazzau is one of the oldest traditional buildings in Kaduna state.[43][44]
Traditional architecture edit
In Kaduna State there are a lot of ethnic groups, which lead to the variation of culture and architectural style, this include the city wall of Zaria. The walls constructed during the reigns of Queen Amina of Zazzau protected the city and they are between 14 and 16 km long, and are closed by eight gates, Also the Emir's Palace of Zaria is an important traditional heritage. The palace has luxurious interiors. The St. Bartholomew's Church Zaria, built by the Church Missionary Society in 1929, still stands in Zaria, the church was built based on Hausa traditional architecture.
Modern architecture edit
Modern architecture is present in the state as a result of civilization and development. Most of these architectural buildings were built by the federal or state government, while the residential ones are mostly built by individuals; these buildings include Ahmadu Bello Stadium, Ten storey building, Investment house, federal secretary, Ranchers Bees Stadium, and Murtala square.
Health edit
Kaduna State has over 1,000 primary healthcare facilities to cater to every resident, even in the most remote village or ward of the state. To further improve on healthcare delivery, in 2016, the Kaduna State Government partnered with the UK Department for International Development (DFID) to install over 1.3 megawatts of solar power in primary healthcare facilities across the state.[45]
Sports edit
In Kaduna State many sports are played, such as football,[46] golf, swimming, traditional wrestling and handball.[47][48] The Kaduna State government run a football club called Kaduna United F.C. The club participated in playing Nigerian Professional Football League but are under relegation.[49] the state also host Kaduna Marathon .[50]
Entertainment and tourism edit
In Kaduna State an annual festival is organized by Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Kaduna State). The festival exposes folklore talent and through these process, to promote unity and encourage tourism and build culture in the State. It takes place every November or December.[51] Cultural activities include Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha performed by the Muslims in the state; the Tuk Ham; the Afan National Festival; the Christmas and Easter celebrations, by Christians, and the Kallan-Kowa celebrations. Kaduna has a museum and a park, the Kofar Gamji park and Zoo. Lord Lugard's Residence, is also a tourist attraction and it currently houses the state assembly.[51]
Festivals edit
- Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha: This celebration is scheduled on the 1st of Shawwal and the 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah respectively according to the Islamic Calendar for three days usually in Kaduna, Usually, Muslims all over the world celebrate the end of the Ramadan fasting period and the conclusion of the hajj (pilgrimage) rites. Most of the emirates in Kaduna State and other parts of the northern Emirates celebrate it with a colourful Hausa traditional dressing, horse decoration and Durbar.[51]
- Christmas celebrations: This takes place in every 25/26 December in Kaduna State to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ by Christians all over the state.[51]
- Easter celebrations: It takes place every March/April to remember the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ by all Christians in Kaduna State.[51]
- Afan National Festival: This is a celebration on every 1 January, in Kagoro. The festival has assumed an international standard with the sons and daughters of Agworok land coming together to discuss issues that required their attention and to show their extreme cultural heritage.[51]
- Kalankuwa Cultural Festival: It is a purely cultural festival that is celebrated in northern part of the state. It is a celebration to give thanks for good farm crops and to celebrate the season. It is celebrated in November/December. Young men and women come together in a peaceful manner to entertain themselves. It is celebrated in Bomo Village, Samara, in Sabon Gari local government area.[51]
Other small festivals include the following:
- Batadon Festival
- Ayet Atyap annual cultural festival
- Durbar Festival
- Kaduna State Festival of Arts and Culture
- Kafanchan Day
- Kalankuwa Cultural Festival
- Moro’a Cultural Festival
- Ninzo Cultural Festival
- Zunzuk Dance
- Tuk-Ham Festival
- Unum-Akulu Festival
Tourism edit
Notable people edit
- Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab
- Katung Aduwak
- Martin Luther Agwai
- Gwamna Awan
- Harrison Bungwon
- Bala Ade Dauke
- Joe El
- Maiwada Galadima
- Ahmad Abubakar Gumi
- Chris Delvan Gwamna
- Shehu Idris
- Toure Kazah-Toure
- Matthew Hassan Kukah
- Danjuma Laah
- Zamani Lekwot
- Audu Maikori
- Ahmed Makarfi
- Jonathan Gyet Maude
- Abdulkadir Balarabe Musa
- Christopher Gwabin Musa
- Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai
- Namadi Sambo
- Tagwai Sambo
- Shehu Sani
- Uba Sani
- Ishaya Shekari
- Aisha Ahmad Suleiman
- Sheikh Dahiru Usman
- Patrick Yakowa
- Andrew Yakubu
- Mukhtar Ramalan Yero
- Luka Yusuf
- Ibrahim Zakzaky
- Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria
Gallery edit
-
River Kaduna
-
Waterfalls in Kafanchan
-
Matsirga waterfalls Kaduna
-
Kamuku National Park Kaduna
-
ABU senatorial building
-
Ten Storey Building in Ahmadu Bello way Kaduna
-
Major planted flower
-
Kajuru Castle
-
Night mode transportation in Kaduna city
-
Kaduna city bus
-
Ahmadu Bello way in the city of Kaduna
-
Green car in Kaduna city
Politics edit
The state government is led by a democratical elected governor who works closely with members of the state's house of assembly. The capital city of the state is Kaduna[52]
Electoral system edit
The governor of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas.[53]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ . population.gov.ng. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
- ^ See List of governors of Kaduna State for a list of prior governors
- ^ a b Okeowo, Gabriel; Fatoba, Iyanuoluwa, eds. (13 October 2022). "State of States 2022 Edition" (PDF). Budgit.org. BudgIT. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f "Kaduna | Location, History, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
- ^ Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21.
- ^ Fagg, Bernard. 1969. Recent work in west Africa: New light on the Nok culture. World Archaeology 1(1): 41–50.
- ^ a b "Overview of Kaduna State economy 2002–2008 | Eldis". www.eldis.org. from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ a b "Economy • Kaduna State Bureau of Statistics". Kaduna State Bureau of Statistics. from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ "El-Rufai vows to restore Kaduna to its past glory". Vanguard News. 5 February 2021. from the original on 16 February 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
- ^ "The "Miss World Riots": Continued Impunity for Killings in Kaduna". Human Rights Watch. 23 July 2003. from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
- ^ Shekwo, Joseph Amali (1979). Fundamentals of the Gbagyi Language. Zaria: Centre for Adult Education and Extension Services, Ahmadu Bello University.
- ^ "Sport". www.wapnaijaamebo.com. 21 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- ^ "Kaduna Town in Kaduna Nigeria Guide". www.nigeriagalleria.com. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
- ^ "History Of Kaduna State". Nigeria Zip Codes. 29 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- ^ "Kalli hotunan bikin cika shekara 100 da kafa Kaduna". BBC Hausa (in Hausa). 17 December 2017. from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
- ^ "Zaria | Nigeria". Encyclopædia Britannica. from the original on 6 November 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
- ^ M.G, Smith (1960). Government in Zazzau: A study of Government in the Hausa Chiefdom of the Zaria in Northern Nigeria from 1800-1950. Orford University Press. ISBN 978-0197242018.
- ^ "Kaduna | state, Nigeria". Encyclopedia Britannica. from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ Yusuf, Saleh (2015). Kaduna: Physical and Human environment.
- ^ "World Bank Open Data". World Bank Open Data. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
- ^ "Kaduna residents in flood prone areas say nowhere to go". Vanguard News. 6 September 2021. from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
- ^ "Kaduna Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
- ^ "Meet Hadiza Balarabe, the first female deputy governor of Kaduna State". Within Nigeria. 12 March 2019. from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ "StackPath". leadership.ng. 12 March 2019. from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ "El-Rufai vows to restore Kaduna to its past glory". Vanguard News. 5 February 2021. from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
- ^ "Dozens of students abducted from forestry college in northwest Nigeria". Nasdaq. Reuters. 12 March 2021.
- ^ "Bandits raid Varsity kidnapped 23 students and killed 5 of them". Vanguard Nigeria. 22 April 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
- ^ "At Kaduna, Stakeholders proffer solution to kidnapping, banditry in Zamfara, other states". blueprint news paper. 2 February 2022.
- ^ "Overview of Kaduna State economy 2002–2008 | Eldis". www.eldis.org. from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ "Elrufai ya bma kswn bbci waadin kwna uku". BBC News Hausa. 8 March 2020. from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
- ^ "An fara rusa kasuwan bacci". BBC News Hausa. 10 March 2020. from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
- ^ Nwabueze, Chinenye (14 July 2018). "List Of Radio Stations In Kaduna State and Their Frequencies (2019) – MassMediaNG". from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ "Kaduna State Nigeria Radio Stations". Africa Charts. 21 August 2015. from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ "Liberty Radio Station Kaduna". Radio.org.ng. from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ "Channels Info". nbc.gov.ng. from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ "Channels Info". nbc.gov.ng. from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ Hayab, 2014.
- ^ "Nigeria". Ethnologue (22 ed.). from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
- ^ "List of ABU Courses & Programmes Offered". www.myschoolgist.com. 9 October 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
- ^ "Official List of Courses Offered in Greenfield University, Kaduna (GFU) - Myschool". myschool.ng. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
- ^ "Kadpoly | Home". kadunapoly.edu.ng. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
- ^ Hotels.ng. "Kajuru Castle". Kajuru Castle | Hotel in Kajuru | Hotels.ng. from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ "Kajuru castle". from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
- ^ "Energy | Kaduna State Government". www.kdsg.gov.ng. from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
- ^ "New Kaduna United FC Chairman pledges to promote club – Premium Times Nigeria". 5 February 2018. from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "Kaduna Golf club's huge honour for Omoluwa". guardian.ng. 9 March 2018. from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ Ekwere, Enobong Dennis; Kaduna (10 August 2018). "Poor state of Kaduna's Murtala Square". Daily Trust. from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
- ^ "LMC fines Kaduna United, bans Supporters Club". Vanguard News. 19 April 2014. from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
- ^ "Kenyans win Kaduna Marathon, as govt hails runners, sponsors, citizens on successful race". Vanguard News. 21 November 2020. from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g Adeleke, Dr Wale. "Kaduna State Festival of Arts and Culture – KADUNA STATE". NaijaSky. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ Oguntola, Tunde (27 September 2022). "2023: Next President, Govs Must Get Two-thirds Spread, Says INEC". Retrieved 23 February 2023.
- ^ Oguntola, Tunde (27 September 2022). "2023: Next President, Govs Must Get Two-thirds Spread, Says INEC". Retrieved 23 February 2023.
Sources edit
External links edit
- Kaduna State Media Corporation
- Official State Government website