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List of commelinid families

January 01, 1970

The commelinids are a group of 29 interrelated families of flowering plants, named for one of the four included orders, Commelinales.[a] This subgroup of the monocots accounts for most of the global agricultural output; the grass family alone contains the major cereal grains (including rice, wheat, and maize or corn), along with forage grasses, sugar cane, and bamboo. The palm, banana, ginger, pineapple and sedge families are also commelinids.[5][6][7]

Rice seeds
For the other monocot families, see List of alismatid families and List of lilioid families.

Traits common to most commelinids include partially fluorescent cell walls, starchy seeds and an extra layer of epidermal wax. Like other monocots, they usually have a single embryonic leaf (cotyledon) in their seeds, scattered vascular systems, leaves with parallel veins, flowers with parts in threes or multiples of three, and roots that can develop in more than one place along the stems.[8] These plants are found worldwide, even in mainland Antarctica; two species of grass are the only vascular plants found there.[9]

Glossary edit

From the glossary of botanical terms:

The APG IV system is the fourth in a series of plant taxonomies from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.[2]

Families edit

Families
Family and a common name[7][b] Type genus and etymology[c] Total genera; global distribution Description and uses Order[12] Type genus images
Arecaceae
(palm family) 		Areca was named for a Malabar plant.[13][14] 180 genera, in the tropics, the subtropics, and some temperate regions[15][16] This family includes trees, shrubs, shrublets and climbers. Leaves are often sharp and prickly.[17][18] The coco-de-mer has the heaviest seed of any plant, at up to 30 kilograms (66 lb), and Corypha umbraculifera has the largest inflorescence, with up to 10 million flowers. One 2000-year-old date palm seed has been germinated successfully.[15] Arecales Areca catechu
 
Areca catechu
 
Areca catechu
Bromeliaceae
(pineapple family) 		Bromelia was named for Olof Bromelius (1639–1705), a Swedish doctor and botanist.[19][20] 76 genera, widespread in the tropical and warm temperate Americas[21][22] These plants mostly grow on other plants or rocks. Leaves can be multihued, and are usually long and rigid.[23] Spanish moss was formerly an important packing material in the southern United States. Puya chilensis is sometimes considered carnivorous, by virtue of its sharp-tipped leaves.[19] Poales Bromelia pinguin
 
Bromelia pinguin
 
Bromelia pinguin
Cannaceae
(canna-lily family) 		Canna comes from a Greek plant name.[24] 1 genus, in the tropics and subtropics of the Americas[25][26] These non-woody plants are tall, with many broad leaves.[27][28] They are bred by horticulturists and cultivated around the world.[25] Rhizomes of Canna discolor are a staple food in parts of Asia.[25] Zingiber­ales Canna indica
 
Canna indica
 
Canna indica
Commelina­ceae
(spiderwort family) 		Commelina was named for Jan (1629–1692) and Caspar Commelijn (1667–1734).[29][30] 36 genera, throughout the tropics, and in parts of East Asia and temperate North America[31][32] These fleshy plants are non-woody perennials and annuals.[33] Commelina communis is sometimes consumed in Asia.[31] Commelin­ales Commelina communis
 
Commelina communis
 
Commelina communis
Costaceae
(spiral-ginger family) 		Costus comes from a Latin plant name.[34][35] 8 genera, throughout the tropics[36][37] These plants are usually large perennials with showy bracts. Unlike the plants in the ginger family, these are not aromatic.[38] Dimerocostus fruit is consumed in South America.[36] Zingiber­ales Costus pictus
 
Costus pictus
 
Costus pictus
Cyperaceae
(sedge family) 		Cyperus comes from a Greek plant name.[39][40] 94 genera, worldwide[41][42] These non-woody plants grow in soil and water. Annual species generally grow in bunches, like tufts of grass.[43] Papyrus is still used as a paper substitute, and edible tubers of Cyperus esculentus are still cultivated, both probably since 3000 BC. Papyrus is widely considered an invasive species. Totora reeds are occasionally woven into rafts.[41] Poales Cyperus esculentus
 
Cyperus esculentus
 
Cyperus esculentus
Dasypogona­ceae
(savior-grass family) 		Dasypogon is from the Greek for "hairy beard".[44][45] 4 genera, in Australia[44][46] These perennials can be shrubby or tree-shaped, with wide or grassy leaves. One genus, Baxteria, has a putrified smell, perhaps to facilitate pollination.[44] Arecales Dasypogon bromeliifolius
 
Dasypogon bromeliifolius
 
Dasypogon bromeliifolius
Ecdeiocolea­ceae
(kwongan-rush family) 		Ecdeiocolea is from the Greek for "binding sheath".[47][48] 2 genera, in Western Australia[47][49] These non-woody perennials grow in tufts, similar to clumps of rushes. Leaves are little more than sheaths.[47] Poales Ecdeiocolea monostachya
 
Ecdeiocolea monostachya
 
Ecdeiocolea monostachya
Eriocaulaceae
(pipewort family) 		Eriocaulon is from the Greek for "woolly stem".[50][51] 7 genera, across the tropics, extending into some temperate zones worldwide[50][52] These plants are non-woody, sometimes aquatic annuals and perennials, and usually tufted. One species, Syngonanthus nitens, is used in handicrafts.[50][53] Poales Eriocaulon decangulare
 
Eriocaulon decangulare
 
Eriocaulon decangulare
Flagellaria­ceae
(whip-vine family) 		Flagellaria is from the same root as flagelliform, "whip-like".[54] 1 genus, in tropical and southern Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania[54][55] These non-woody rhizomatous perennials have leaves with tendrils or tendril-shaped tips. The plants are used in basket-weaving.[54][56] Poales Flagellaria indica
 
Flagellaria indica
 
Flagellaria indica
Haemodora­ceae
(kangaroo-paw family) 		Haemodorum is from the Greek for "blood gift".[57][58] 15 genera, in Australia, South Africa, and the Americas[57][59] These non-woody perennials have rhizomes, bulbs or other underground organs, usually reddish or orangish. Roots of Haemodorum produce a potable red pigment.[57][60] Commelin­ales Haemodorum corymbosum
 
Haemodorum corymbosum
 
Haemodorum corymbosum
Hanguana­ceae
(susum family) 		Hanguana was named for an Indonesian plant.[61] 1 genus, in Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia and Oceania[61][62] These non-woody perennials are found in humid forests and waterways. Stems of Hanguana anthelminthica are edible.[61] Commelin­ales Hanguana malayana
 
Hanguana malayana
 
Hanguana malayana
Heliconiaceae
(parrot-flower family) 		Heliconia comes from a Latin plant name (an apparent reference to Mount Helicon).[63] 1 genus, in the tropical Americas and Oceania[64][65] These are large non-woody evergreens with crested multihued bracts. The inflorescences are bred by horticulturists.[64][66] Zingiber­ales Heliconia psittacorum
 
Heliconia psittacorum
 
Heliconia psittacorum
Joinvilleaceae
(ohe family) 		Joinvillea was named for François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville (1818–1900).[67] 1 genus, in Southeast Asia and Pacific islands[68][69] These large, non-woody rhizomatous plants are similar to whip vine. Stems are hollow, except at the nodes.[68] Poales Joinvillea ascendens
 
Joinvillea ascendens
 
Joinvillea ascendens
Juncaceae
(rush family) 		Juncus was the Classical Latin name for this plant, from the Latin for "binding".[70][71] 8 genera, worldwide, except for most of the Amazon basin[41][72] These non-woody, usually rhizomatous plants are similar to the grass and sedge families, with adaptations to wind-pollination. They are used for fodder and in woven goods; in the Andes, they are also used as fuel.[41][73] Poales Juncus acutus
 
Juncus acutus
 
Juncus acutus
Lowiaceae
(orchid-lily family) 		Lowia, an earlier synonym for Orchidantha, was named for Hugh Lowe (1824–1905), an English colonial administrator and naturalist.[74] 1 genus, in tropical Asia[75][76] These smooth, non-woody plants are generally found near streams in evergreen forests.[75] Zingiber­ales Orchidantha fimbriata
 
Orchidantha fimbriata
 
Orchidantha fimbriata
Marantaceae
(prayer-plant family) 		Maranta was named for Bartolomeo Maranta (1500–1571).[77][78] 29 genera, throughout the tropics, and extending a bit north and south in the Americas[77][79] These are non-woody forest-dwelling or aquatic plants, some with bamboo-like stems. The Caribbean species arrowroot is cultivated for its edible starch.[77][80] Zingiber­ales Maranta arundinacea
 
Maranta arundinacea
 
Maranta arundinacea
Mayacaceae
(bog-moss family) 		Mayaca was named for a French Guianese plant.[81] 1 genus, in the tropics of the Americas[82][83] These aquatic, largely nonvascular plants resemble clubmosses. They are mostly submerged, except for the flowers and bracts.[82][84] Poales Mayaca fluviatilis
 
Mayaca fluviatilis
 
Mayaca fluviatilis leaves
Musaceae
(banana family) 		Musa is generally believed to come from the Arabic word for this plant, although Linnaeus gave a different origin.[85][86] 3 genera, native to the Old-World tropics, and cultivated in the tropics worldwide[87][88] These very large non-woody plants have heavy leaves that are frequently torn by the wind. Bananas have been cultivated and bred for thousands of years, and are a staple food crop throughout the tropics. Musa ingens, growing over 15 metres (49 ft) tall and up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in circumference, is the largest non-woody plant in the world.[87][89] Zingiber­ales Musa acuminata
 
Musa acuminata
 
Musa acuminata
Philydraceae
(frogsmouth family) 		Philydrum is from the Greek for "friend of water".[90][91] 3 genera, in Southeast Asia, Oceania and parts of Japan[90][92] These non-woody perennials have rhizomes and other underground organs.[90] Commelin­ales Philydrum lanuginosum
 
Philydrum lanuginosum
 
Philydrum lanuginosum
Poaceae
(grass family) 		Poa comes from a Greek plant name.[93][94] 793 genera, worldwide[95][96] These plants generally have adaptations that protect them from grazing animals, including a network of underground rhizomes and narrow leaves that grow from their base. This big family includes rice, wheat, maize or corn, most forage grasses, sugar cane, bamboo, and many other economically important plants. Bamboo stalks have been known to grow more than 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) per day. The global appearance of grasslands around 33 million years ago reduced atmospheric carbon dioxide over time and cooled the planet, largely thanks to C4 photosynthesis, which is efficient in hot climates.[95][97][d] Poales Poa pratensis
 
Poa pratensis
 
Poa pratensis
Pontederia­ceae
(water hyacinth family) 		Pontederia was named for Giulio Pontedera (1688–1757).[98][99] 2 genera, throughout the tropics and in parts of North America[98][100] This non-woody aquatic plant family includes submerged, floating, and emergent species, some with rhizomes. Pontederia crassipes is used for fodder, fertilizer, biofuel and water treatment, but it has become invasive in warmer climates worldwide.[98][101] Commelin­ales Pontederia cordata
 
Pontederia cordata
 
Pontederia cordata
Rapateaceae
(tow-tow family) 		Rapatea was probably named for a French Guianese plant.[102][103] 17 genera, mostly in tropical South America and along the West African coast[102][104] These rhizomatous non-woody perennials grow in soil, in water and on trees or other plants.[102][105] Poales Rapatea paludosa
 
Rapatea paludosa
 
Rapatea paludosa
Restionaceae
(fynbos family) 		Restio comes from the Latin for "rope-maker".[106][107] 48 genera, in southern Africa, Madagascar, Southeast Asia, South America and Oceania[106][108] These evergreen perennials are similar to rushes, with adaptations to wind-pollination. Leaves are usually just sheaths; green stems provide photosynthesis. Thamnochortus insignis is used for roofing in South Africa. Female Alexgeorgea flowers in Australia grow mostly underground, except for their tips.[106][109] Poales Restio festuciformis
 
Restio festuciformis
 
Restio festuciformis
Strelitziaceae
(traveller's-palm family) 		Strelitzia was named for Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1744–1818), the wife of George III.[110][111] 3 genera, in the tropics of South America; parts of South Africa and Madagascar[110][112] These non-woody evergreen perennials can be shrubby or almost tree-shaped. The bare, unbranched flower stalks of Phenakospermum can reach almost 4 metres (13 ft). Bird-of-paradise plants, Strelitzia reginae, are sold in the cut-flower market.[110][113] Queen Charlotte was a supporter of the gardens at Kew, which later became the Royal Botanic Gardens.[110][111] Zingiber­ales Strelitzia reginae
 
Strelitzia reginae
 
Strelitzia reginae
Thurniaceae
(palmiet family) 		Thurnia was named for Everard im Thurn (1852–1932).[114][115] 2 genera, in northern South America and South Africa[116][117] These non-woody perennials are rhizomatous.[116][118] Poales Thurnia sphaerocephala
 
Thurnia sphaerocephala
 
Thurnia sphaerocephala
Typhaceae
(bulrush family) 		Typha comes from a Greek plant name.[119][120] 2 genera, worldwide[121][122] These wetlands perennials are amphibious, with starchy rhizomes. The family is adapted to wind-pollination. Previously a food source, the plants are sometimes used today for water treatment.[121][123] Poales Typha latifolia
 
Typha latifolia
 
Typha latifolia
Xyridaceae
(yellow-eyed-grass family) 		Xyris is from the Greek for "razor".[124][125] 5 genera, in the tropics worldwide, temperate Australia and eastern North America[124][126] These non-woody rhizomatous plants often grow in wetlands.[124][127] Poales Xyris gracilis
 
Xyris gracilis
 
Xyris gracilis
Zingiberaceae
(ginger family) 		Zingiber comes from Greek and possibly Sanskrit plant names.[128][129] 57 genera, throughout the tropics, with some as far north as Japan and as far south as the Himalayas and South Africa[128][130] These plants are non-woody perennials, oily and fragrant or strong-smelling, some with large, showy bracts. Ginger was used as a spice in ancient India and Rome, and is still in wide use as a spice and condiment. Turmeric has been grown in India for millennia.[128][131] Zingiber­ales Zingiber officinale (ginger)
 
Zingiber officinale
 
Zingiber officinale

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The taxonomy (classification) in this list follows Plants of the World (2017)[1] and the fourth Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system.[2] Total counts of genera for each family come from Plants of the World Online.[3] (See the POWO license.) Extinct taxa are not included. The commelinids form a clade, that is, a subgroup consisting of all the descendants of a theoretical ancient ancestor.[4]
  2. ^ Each family's formal name ends in the Latin suffix -aceae and is derived from the name of a genus that is or once was part of the family.[11]
  3. ^ Some plants were named for naturalists (unless otherwise noted).
  4. ^ See Photosynthesis § C3 : C4 photosynthesis research for the chemistry of C4 photosynthesis.

Citations edit

Some of POWO's data originally appeared in different databases. On the page for each family, these databases (if any) will appear under the "General information" tab.
  1. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017.
  2. ^ a b Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016.
  3. ^ POWO.
  4. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 10, 642.
  5. ^ Givnish et al. 2010, p. 585.
  6. ^ Royal Botanic Gardens.
  7. ^ a b Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 175–211.
  8. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 115–116.
  9. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 175, 206–211.
  10. ^ Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 638–670.
  11. ^ ICN, art. 18.
  12. ^ Stevens 2023, Summary of APG IV.
  13. ^ Stearn 2002, p. 49.
  14. ^ IPNI, Arecaceae, Type Name.
  15. ^ a b Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 177–179.
  16. ^ POWO, Arecaceae.
  17. ^ POWO, Arecaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
  18. ^ POWO, Arecaceae, Flora of West Tropical Africa.
  19. ^ a b Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 194–196.
  20. ^ IPNI, Bromeliaceae, Type Name.
  21. ^ Smith & Till 1998, p. 82.
  22. ^ POWO, Bromeliaceae.
  23. ^ POWO, Bromeliaceae, Flora of West Tropical Africa.
  24. ^ Coombes 2012, p. 80.
  25. ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 188.
  26. ^ POWO, Cannaceae.
  27. ^ POWO, Cannaceae, Flora of West Tropical Africa.
  28. ^ POWO, Cannaceae, Flora of Somalia.
  29. ^ Coombes 2012, p. 101.
  30. ^ IPNI, Commelinaceae, Type Name.
  31. ^ a b Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 180–181.
  32. ^ POWO, Commelinaceae.
  33. ^ POWO, Commelinaceae, Neotropikey.
  34. ^ Stearn 2002, p. 105.
  35. ^ IPNI, Costaceae, Type Name.
  36. ^ a b Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 190–191.
  37. ^ POWO, Costaceae.
  38. ^ POWO, Costaceae, Neotropikey.
  39. ^ Coombes 2012, p. 115.
  40. ^ IPNI, Cyperaceae, Type Name.
  41. ^ a b c d Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 200.
  42. ^ POWO, Cyperaceae.
  43. ^ POWO, Cyperaceae, Neotropikey.
  44. ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 175.
  45. ^ USDA, Dasypogon, id=344.
  46. ^ POWO, Dasypogonaceae.
  47. ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 205–206.
  48. ^ USDA, Ecdeiocolea.
  49. ^ POWO, Ecdeiocoleaceae.
  50. ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 198.
  51. ^ IPNI, Eriocaulaceae, Type Name.
  52. ^ POWO, Eriocaulaceae.
  53. ^ POWO, Eriocaulaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
  54. ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 204.
  55. ^ POWO, Flagellariaceae.
  56. ^ POWO, Flagellariaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
  57. ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 183–184.
  58. ^ IPNI, Haemodoraceae, Type Name.
  59. ^ POWO, Haemodoraceae.
  60. ^ POWO, Haemodoraceae, Neotropikey.
  61. ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 179–180.
  62. ^ POWO, Hanguanaceae.
  63. ^ Stearn 2002, p. 162.
  64. ^ a b Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 186.
  65. ^ POWO, Heliconiaceae.
  66. ^ POWO, Heliconiaceae, Neotropikey.
  67. ^ Burkhardt 2018, Joinvillea.
  68. ^ a b Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 204–205.
  69. ^ POWO, Joinvilleaceae.
  70. ^ Coombes 2012, p. 180.
  71. ^ IPNI, Juncaceae, Type Name.
  72. ^ POWO, Juncaceae.
  73. ^ POWO, Juncaceae, Flora of West Tropical Africa.
  74. ^ Burkhardt 2018, Lowia.
  75. ^ a b Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 185.
  76. ^ POWO, Lowiaceae.
  77. ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 189–190.
  78. ^ IPNI, Marantaceae, Type Name.
  79. ^ POWO, Marantaceae.
  80. ^ POWO, Marantaceae, Flora of West Tropical Africa.
  81. ^ Stearn 2002, p. 203.
  82. ^ a b Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, p. 199.
  83. ^ POWO, Mayacaceae.
  84. ^ POWO, Mayacaceae, Neotropikey.
  85. ^ Stearn 2002, p. 212.
  86. ^ IPNI, Musaceae, Type Name.
  87. ^ a b Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 187–188.
  88. ^ POWO, Musaceae.
  89. ^ POWO, Musaceae, Flora of West Tropical Africa.
  90. ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 181–182.
  91. ^ IPNI, Philydraceae, Type Name.
  92. ^ POWO, Philydraceae.
  93. ^ Coombes 2012, p. 238.
  94. ^ IPNI, Poeae (synonym), Type Name.
  95. ^ a b Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 206–211.
  96. ^ POWO, Poaceae.
  97. ^ POWO, Poaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
  98. ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 182–183.
  99. ^ IPNI, Pontederiaceae, Type Name.
  100. ^ POWO, Pontederiaceae.
  101. ^ POWO, Pontederiaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
  102. ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 196–197.
  103. ^ IPNI, Rapateaceae, Type Name.
  104. ^ POWO, Rapateaceae.
  105. ^ POWO, Rapateaceae, Flora of West Tropical Africa.
  106. ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 202–204.
  107. ^ IPNI, Restionaceae, Type Name.
  108. ^ POWO, Restionaceae.
  109. ^ POWO, Restionaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
  110. ^ a b c d Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 184–185.
  111. ^ a b IPNI, Strelitziaceae, Type Name.
  112. ^ POWO, Strelitziaceae.
  113. ^ POWO, Strelitziaceae, Neotropikey.
  114. ^ Burkhardt 2018, Thurnia.
  115. ^ IPNI, Thurniaceae, Type Name.
  116. ^ a b Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 199–200.
  117. ^ POWO, Thurniaceae.
  118. ^ POWO, Thurniaceae, Neotropikey.
  119. ^ Coombes 2012, p. 295.
  120. ^ IPNI, Typhaceae, Type Name.
  121. ^ a b Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 193–194.
  122. ^ POWO, Typhaceae.
  123. ^ POWO, Typhaceae, Neotropikey.
  124. ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 197–198.
  125. ^ IPNI, Xyridaceae, Type Name.
  126. ^ POWO, Xyridaceae.
  127. ^ POWO, Xyridaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.
  128. ^ a b c Christenhusz, Fay & Chase 2017, pp. 191–193.
  129. ^ Stearn 2002, p. 314.
  130. ^ POWO, Zingiberaceae.
  131. ^ POWO, Zingiberaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa.

References edit

  • Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
  • Burkhardt, Lotte (2018). Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen – Erweiterte Edition [Index of Eponymic Plant Names – Extended Edition] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2018. ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5. S2CID 187926901. Retrieved January 1, 2021. See the licence.
  • Christenhusz, Maarten; Fay, Michael Francis; Chase, Mark Wayne (2017). Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. Chicago, Illinois: Kew Publishing and The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0.
  • Coombes, Allen (2012). The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-60469-196-2.
  • Givnish, Thomas J.; Ames, Mercedes; McNeal, Joel R.; McKain, Michael R.; Steele, P. Roxanne; dePamphilis, Claude W.; Graham, Sean W.; Pires, J. Chris; Stevenson, Dennis W.; Zomlefer, Wendy B.; Briggs, Barbara G.; Duvall, Melvin R.; Moore, Michael J.; Heaney, J. Michael; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Thiele, Kevin; Leebens-Mack, James H. (December 27, 2010). "Assembling the Tree of the Monocotyledons: Plastome Sequence Phylogeny and Evolution of Poales". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 97 (4): 584–616. doi:10.3417/2010023. S2CID 15036227. Retrieved October 23, 2022.
  • IPNI (2022). "International Plant Names Index". London, Boston and Canberra: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; and the Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
  • POWO (2019). "Plants of the World Online". London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved October 23, 2022. See Kew's Terms of Use for license.
  • Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2010). . London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on September 14, 2015. Retrieved October 19, 2022.
  • Smith, L. B.; Till, W. (1998). "Bromeliaceae". In Kubitzki, Klaus (ed.). Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. IV. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 82. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3. ISBN 978-3-662-03531-3. S2CID 39472817.
  • Stearn, William (2002). Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-36469-5.
  • Stevens, P.F. (2023) [2001]. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Alismatales". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
  • Turland, N. J.; et al. (eds.). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017 (electronic ed.). Glashütten: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
  • "USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). Beltsville, Maryland: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2022.

January 01, 1970
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The commelinids are a group of 29 interrelated families of flowering plants named for one of the four included orders Commelinales a This subgroup of the monocots accounts for most of the global agricultural output the grass family alone contains the major cereal grains including rice wheat and maize or corn along with forage grasses sugar cane and bamboo The palm banana ginger pineapple and sedge families are also commelinids 5 6 7 Rice seeds For the other monocot families see List of alismatid families and List of lilioid families Traits common to most commelinids include partially fluorescent cell walls starchy seeds and an extra layer of epidermal wax Like other monocots they usually have a single embryonic leaf cotyledon in their seeds scattered vascular systems leaves with parallel veins flowers with parts in threes or multiples of three and roots that can develop in more than one place along the stems 8 These plants are found worldwide even in mainland Antarctica two species of grass are the only vascular plants found there 9 Contents 1 Glossary 2 Families 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Citations 6 ReferencesGlossary editFrom the glossary of botanical terms annual a plant species that completes its life cycle within a single year or growing season basal attached close to the base of a plant or an evolutionary tree diagram climber a vine that leans on twines around or clings to other plants for vertical support herbaceous not woody usually green and soft in texture perennial not an annual or biennial woody hard and lignified not herbaceous 10 The APG IV system is the fourth in a series of plant taxonomies from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2 Families editFamilies Family and a common name 7 b Type genus and etymology c Total genera global distribution Description and uses Order 12 Type genus images Arecaceae palm family Areca was named for a Malabar plant 13 14 180 genera in the tropics the subtropics and some temperate regions 15 16 This family includes trees shrubs shrublets and climbers Leaves are often sharp and prickly 17 18 The coco de mer has the heaviest seed of any plant at up to 30 kilograms 66 lb and Corypha umbraculifera has the largest inflorescence with up to 10 million flowers One 2000 year old date palm seed has been germinated successfully 15 Arecales Areca catechu nbsp Areca catechu nbsp Areca catechu Bromeliaceae pineapple family Bromelia was named for Olof Bromelius 1639 1705 a Swedish doctor and botanist 19 20 76 genera widespread in the tropical and warm temperate Americas 21 22 These plants mostly grow on other plants or rocks Leaves can be multihued and are usually long and rigid 23 Spanish moss was formerly an important packing material in the southern United States Puya chilensis is sometimes considered carnivorous by virtue of its sharp tipped leaves 19 Poales Bromelia pinguin nbsp Bromelia pinguin nbsp Bromelia pinguin Cannaceae canna lily family Canna comes from a Greek plant name 24 1 genus in the tropics and subtropics of the Americas 25 26 These non woody plants are tall with many broad leaves 27 28 They are bred by horticulturists and cultivated around the world 25 Rhizomes of Canna discolor are a staple food in parts of Asia 25 Zingiber ales Canna indica nbsp Canna indica nbsp Canna indica Commelina ceae spiderwort family Commelina was named for Jan 1629 1692 and Caspar Commelijn 1667 1734 29 30 36 genera throughout the tropics and in parts of East Asia and temperate North America 31 32 These fleshy plants are non woody perennials and annuals 33 Commelina communis is sometimes consumed in Asia 31 Commelin ales Commelina communis nbsp Commelina communis nbsp Commelina communis Costaceae spiral ginger family Costus comes from a Latin plant name 34 35 8 genera throughout the tropics 36 37 These plants are usually large perennials with showy bracts Unlike the plants in the ginger family these are not aromatic 38 Dimerocostus fruit is consumed in South America 36 Zingiber ales Costus pictus nbsp Costus pictus nbsp Costus pictus Cyperaceae sedge family Cyperus comes from a Greek plant name 39 40 94 genera worldwide 41 42 These non woody plants grow in soil and water Annual species generally grow in bunches like tufts of grass 43 Papyrus is still used as a paper substitute and edible tubers of Cyperus esculentus are still cultivated both probably since 3000 BC Papyrus is widely considered an invasive species Totora reeds are occasionally woven into rafts 41 Poales Cyperus esculentus nbsp Cyperus esculentus nbsp Cyperus esculentus Dasypogona ceae savior grass family Dasypogon is from the Greek for hairy beard 44 45 4 genera in Australia 44 46 These perennials can be shrubby or tree shaped with wide or grassy leaves One genus Baxteria has a putrified smell perhaps to facilitate pollination 44 Arecales Dasypogon bromeliifolius nbsp Dasypogon bromeliifolius nbsp Dasypogon bromeliifolius Ecdeiocolea ceae kwongan rush family Ecdeiocolea is from the Greek for binding sheath 47 48 2 genera in Western Australia 47 49 These non woody perennials grow in tufts similar to clumps of rushes Leaves are little more than sheaths 47 Poales Ecdeiocolea monostachya nbsp Ecdeiocolea monostachya nbsp Ecdeiocolea monostachya Eriocaulaceae pipewort family Eriocaulon is from the Greek for woolly stem 50 51 7 genera across the tropics extending into some temperate zones worldwide 50 52 These plants are non woody sometimes aquatic annuals and perennials and usually tufted One species Syngonanthus nitens is used in handicrafts 50 53 Poales Eriocaulon decangulare nbsp Eriocaulon decangulare nbsp Eriocaulon decangulare Flagellaria ceae whip vine family Flagellaria is from the same root as flagelliform whip like 54 1 genus in tropical and southern Africa Southeast Asia and Oceania 54 55 These non woody rhizomatous perennials have leaves with tendrils or tendril shaped tips The plants are used in basket weaving 54 56 Poales Flagellaria indica nbsp Flagellaria indica nbsp Flagellaria indica Haemodora ceae kangaroo paw family Haemodorum is from the Greek for blood gift 57 58 15 genera in Australia South Africa and the Americas 57 59 These non woody perennials have rhizomes bulbs or other underground organs usually reddish or orangish Roots of Haemodorum produce a potable red pigment 57 60 Commelin ales Haemodorum corymbosum nbsp Haemodorum corymbosum nbsp Haemodorum corymbosum Hanguana ceae susum family Hanguana was named for an Indonesian plant 61 1 genus in Sri Lanka Southeast Asia and Oceania 61 62 These non woody perennials are found in humid forests and waterways Stems of Hanguana anthelminthica are edible 61 Commelin ales Hanguana malayana nbsp Hanguana malayana nbsp Hanguana malayana Heliconiaceae parrot flower family Heliconia comes from a Latin plant name an apparent reference to Mount Helicon 63 1 genus in the tropical Americas and Oceania 64 65 These are large non woody evergreens with crested multihued bracts The inflorescences are bred by horticulturists 64 66 Zingiber ales Heliconia psittacorum nbsp Heliconia psittacorum nbsp Heliconia psittacorum Joinvilleaceae ohe family Joinvillea was named for Francois d Orleans Prince of Joinville 1818 1900 67 1 genus in Southeast Asia and Pacific islands 68 69 These large non woody rhizomatous plants are similar to whip vine Stems are hollow except at the nodes 68 Poales Joinvillea ascendens nbsp Joinvillea ascendens nbsp Joinvillea ascendens Juncaceae rush family Juncus was the Classical Latin name for this plant from the Latin for binding 70 71 8 genera worldwide except for most of the Amazon basin 41 72 These non woody usually rhizomatous plants are similar to the grass and sedge families with adaptations to wind pollination They are used for fodder and in woven goods in the Andes they are also used as fuel 41 73 Poales Juncus acutus nbsp Juncus acutus nbsp Juncus acutus Lowiaceae orchid lily family Lowia an earlier synonym for Orchidantha was named for Hugh Lowe 1824 1905 an English colonial administrator and naturalist 74 1 genus in tropical Asia 75 76 These smooth non woody plants are generally found near streams in evergreen forests 75 Zingiber ales Orchidantha fimbriata nbsp Orchidantha fimbriata nbsp Orchidantha fimbriata Marantaceae prayer plant family Maranta was named for Bartolomeo Maranta 1500 1571 77 78 29 genera throughout the tropics and extending a bit north and south in the Americas 77 79 These are non woody forest dwelling or aquatic plants some with bamboo like stems The Caribbean species arrowroot is cultivated for its edible starch 77 80 Zingiber ales Maranta arundinacea nbsp Maranta arundinacea nbsp Maranta arundinacea Mayacaceae bog moss family Mayaca was named for a French Guianese plant 81 1 genus in the tropics of the Americas 82 83 These aquatic largely nonvascular plants resemble clubmosses They are mostly submerged except for the flowers and bracts 82 84 Poales Mayaca fluviatilis nbsp Mayaca fluviatilis nbsp Mayaca fluviatilis leaves Musaceae banana family Musa is generally believed to come from the Arabic word for this plant although Linnaeus gave a different origin 85 86 3 genera native to the Old World tropics and cultivated in the tropics worldwide 87 88 These very large non woody plants have heavy leaves that are frequently torn by the wind Bananas have been cultivated and bred for thousands of years and are a staple food crop throughout the tropics Musa ingens growing over 15 metres 49 ft tall and up to 2 metres 6 ft 7 in in circumference is the largest non woody plant in the world 87 89 Zingiber ales Musa acuminata nbsp Musa acuminata nbsp Musa acuminata Philydraceae frogsmouth family Philydrum is from the Greek for friend of water 90 91 3 genera in Southeast Asia Oceania and parts of Japan 90 92 These non woody perennials have rhizomes and other underground organs 90 Commelin ales Philydrum lanuginosum nbsp Philydrum lanuginosum nbsp Philydrum lanuginosum Poaceae grass family Poa comes from a Greek plant name 93 94 793 genera worldwide 95 96 These plants generally have adaptations that protect them from grazing animals including a network of underground rhizomes and narrow leaves that grow from their base This big family includes rice wheat maize or corn most forage grasses sugar cane bamboo and many other economically important plants Bamboo stalks have been known to grow more than 2 meters 6 ft 7 in per day The global appearance of grasslands around 33 million years ago reduced atmospheric carbon dioxide over time and cooled the planet largely thanks to C4 photosynthesis which is efficient in hot climates 95 97 d Poales Poa pratensis nbsp Poa pratensis nbsp Poa pratensis Pontederia ceae water hyacinth family Pontederia was named for Giulio Pontedera 1688 1757 98 99 2 genera throughout the tropics and in parts of North America 98 100 This non woody aquatic plant family includes submerged floating and emergent species some with rhizomes Pontederia crassipes is used for fodder fertilizer biofuel and water treatment but it has become invasive in warmer climates worldwide 98 101 Commelin ales Pontederia cordata nbsp Pontederia cordata nbsp Pontederia cordata Rapateaceae tow tow family Rapatea was probably named for a French Guianese plant 102 103 17 genera mostly in tropical South America and along the West African coast 102 104 These rhizomatous non woody perennials grow in soil in water and on trees or other plants 102 105 Poales Rapatea paludosa nbsp Rapatea paludosa nbsp Rapatea paludosa Restionaceae fynbos family Restio comes from the Latin for rope maker 106 107 48 genera in southern Africa Madagascar Southeast Asia South America and Oceania 106 108 These evergreen perennials are similar to rushes with adaptations to wind pollination Leaves are usually just sheaths green stems provide photosynthesis Thamnochortus insignis is used for roofing in South Africa Female Alexgeorgea flowers in Australia grow mostly underground except for their tips 106 109 Poales Restio festuciformis nbsp Restio festuciformis nbsp Restio festuciformis Strelitziaceae traveller s palm family Strelitzia was named for Charlotte of Mecklenburg Strelitz 1744 1818 the wife of George III 110 111 3 genera in the tropics of South America parts of South Africa and Madagascar 110 112 These non woody evergreen perennials can be shrubby or almost tree shaped The bare unbranched flower stalks of Phenakospermum can reach almost 4 metres 13 ft Bird of paradise plants Strelitzia reginae are sold in the cut flower market 110 113 Queen Charlotte was a supporter of the gardens at Kew which later became the Royal Botanic Gardens 110 111 Zingiber ales Strelitzia reginae nbsp Strelitzia reginae nbsp Strelitzia reginae Thurniaceae palmiet family Thurnia was named for Everard im Thurn 1852 1932 114 115 2 genera in northern South America and South Africa 116 117 These non woody perennials are rhizomatous 116 118 Poales Thurnia sphaerocephala nbsp Thurnia sphaerocephala nbsp Thurnia sphaerocephala Typhaceae bulrush family Typha comes from a Greek plant name 119 120 2 genera worldwide 121 122 These wetlands perennials are amphibious with starchy rhizomes The family is adapted to wind pollination Previously a food source the plants are sometimes used today for water treatment 121 123 Poales Typha latifolia nbsp Typha latifolia nbsp Typha latifolia Xyridaceae yellow eyed grass family Xyris is from the Greek for razor 124 125 5 genera in the tropics worldwide temperate Australia and eastern North America 124 126 These non woody rhizomatous plants often grow in wetlands 124 127 Poales Xyris gracilis nbsp Xyris gracilis nbsp Xyris gracilis Zingiberaceae ginger family Zingiber comes from Greek and possibly Sanskrit plant names 128 129 57 genera throughout the tropics with some as far north as Japan and as far south as the Himalayas and South Africa 128 130 These plants are non woody perennials oily and fragrant or strong smelling some with large showy bracts Ginger was used as a spice in ancient India and Rome and is still in wide use as a spice and condiment Turmeric has been grown in India for millennia 128 131 Zingiber ales Zingiber officinale ginger nbsp Zingiber officinale nbsp Zingiber officinaleSee also editList of plant family names with etymologiesNotes edit The taxonomy classification in this list follows Plants of the World 2017 1 and the fourth Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system 2 Total counts of genera for each family come from Plants of the World Online 3 See the POWO license Extinct taxa are not included The commelinids form a clade that is a subgroup consisting of all the descendants of a theoretical ancient ancestor 4 Each family s formal name ends in the Latin suffix aceae and is derived from the name of a genus that is or once was part of the family 11 Some plants were named for naturalists unless otherwise noted See Photosynthesis C3 C4 photosynthesis research for the chemistry of C4 photosynthesis Citations editSome of POWO s data originally appeared in different databases On the page for each family these databases if any will appear under the General information tab Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 a b Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016 POWO Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 10 642 Givnish et al 2010 p 585 Royal Botanic Gardens a b Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 175 211 Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 115 116 Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 175 206 211 Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 638 670 ICN art 18 Stevens 2023 Summary of APG IV Stearn 2002 p 49 IPNI Arecaceae Type Name a b Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 177 179 POWO Arecaceae POWO Arecaceae Flora of Tropical East Africa POWO Arecaceae Flora of West Tropical Africa a b Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 194 196 IPNI Bromeliaceae Type Name Smith amp Till 1998 p 82 POWO Bromeliaceae POWO Bromeliaceae Flora of West Tropical Africa Coombes 2012 p 80 a b c Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 p 188 POWO Cannaceae POWO Cannaceae Flora of West Tropical Africa POWO Cannaceae Flora of Somalia Coombes 2012 p 101 IPNI Commelinaceae Type Name a b Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 180 181 POWO Commelinaceae POWO Commelinaceae Neotropikey Stearn 2002 p 105 IPNI Costaceae Type Name a b Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 190 191 POWO Costaceae POWO Costaceae Neotropikey Coombes 2012 p 115 IPNI Cyperaceae Type Name a b c d Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 p 200 POWO Cyperaceae POWO Cyperaceae Neotropikey a b c Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 p 175 USDA Dasypogon id 344 POWO Dasypogonaceae a b c Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 205 206 USDA Ecdeiocolea POWO Ecdeiocoleaceae a b c Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 p 198 IPNI Eriocaulaceae Type Name POWO Eriocaulaceae POWO Eriocaulaceae Flora of Tropical East Africa a b c Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 p 204 POWO Flagellariaceae POWO Flagellariaceae Flora of Tropical East Africa a b c Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 183 184 IPNI Haemodoraceae Type Name POWO Haemodoraceae POWO Haemodoraceae Neotropikey a b c Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 179 180 POWO Hanguanaceae Stearn 2002 p 162 a b Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 p 186 POWO Heliconiaceae POWO Heliconiaceae Neotropikey Burkhardt 2018 Joinvillea a b Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 204 205 POWO Joinvilleaceae Coombes 2012 p 180 IPNI Juncaceae Type Name POWO Juncaceae POWO Juncaceae Flora of West Tropical Africa Burkhardt 2018 Lowia a b Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 p 185 POWO Lowiaceae a b c Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 189 190 IPNI Marantaceae Type Name POWO Marantaceae POWO Marantaceae Flora of West Tropical Africa Stearn 2002 p 203 a b Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 p 199 POWO Mayacaceae POWO Mayacaceae Neotropikey Stearn 2002 p 212 IPNI Musaceae Type Name a b Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 187 188 POWO Musaceae POWO Musaceae Flora of West Tropical Africa a b c Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 181 182 IPNI Philydraceae Type Name POWO Philydraceae Coombes 2012 p 238 IPNI Poeae synonym Type Name a b Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 206 211 POWO Poaceae POWO Poaceae Flora of Tropical East Africa a b c Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 182 183 IPNI Pontederiaceae Type Name POWO Pontederiaceae POWO Pontederiaceae Flora of Tropical East Africa a b c Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 196 197 IPNI Rapateaceae Type Name POWO Rapateaceae POWO Rapateaceae Flora of West Tropical Africa a b c Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 202 204 IPNI Restionaceae Type Name POWO Restionaceae POWO Restionaceae Flora of Tropical East Africa a b c d Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 184 185 a b IPNI Strelitziaceae Type Name POWO Strelitziaceae POWO Strelitziaceae Neotropikey Burkhardt 2018 Thurnia IPNI Thurniaceae Type Name a b Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 199 200 POWO Thurniaceae POWO Thurniaceae Neotropikey Coombes 2012 p 295 IPNI Typhaceae Type Name a b Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 193 194 POWO Typhaceae POWO Typhaceae Neotropikey a b c Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 197 198 IPNI Xyridaceae Type Name POWO Xyridaceae POWO Xyridaceae Flora of Tropical East Africa a b c Christenhusz Fay amp Chase 2017 pp 191 193 Stearn 2002 p 314 POWO Zingiberaceae POWO Zingiberaceae Flora of Tropical East Africa References editAngiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016 An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants APG IV Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 1 1 20 doi 10 1111 boj 12385 Burkhardt Lotte 2018 Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen Erweiterte Edition Index of Eponymic Plant Names Extended Edition pdf in German Berlin Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Freie Universitat Berlin doi 10 3372 epolist2018 ISBN 978 3 946292 26 5 S2CID 187926901 Retrieved January 1 2021 See the licence Christenhusz Maarten Fay Michael Francis Chase Mark Wayne 2017 Plants of the World An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants Chicago Illinois Kew Publishing and The University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 52292 0 Coombes Allen 2012 The A to Z of Plant Names A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants Portland Oregon Timber Press ISBN 978 1 60469 196 2 Givnish Thomas J Ames Mercedes McNeal Joel R McKain Michael R Steele P Roxanne dePamphilis Claude W Graham Sean W Pires J Chris Stevenson Dennis W Zomlefer Wendy B Briggs Barbara G Duvall Melvin R Moore Michael J Heaney J Michael Soltis Douglas E Soltis Pamela S Thiele Kevin Leebens Mack James H December 27 2010 Assembling the Tree of the Monocotyledons Plastome Sequence Phylogeny and Evolution of Poales Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 97 4 584 616 doi 10 3417 2010023 S2CID 15036227 Retrieved October 23 2022 IPNI 2022 International Plant Names Index London Boston and Canberra Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Harvard University Herbaria amp Libraries and the Australian National Botanic Gardens Retrieved October 21 2022 POWO 2019 Plants of the World Online London Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved October 23 2022 See Kew s Terms of Use for license Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2010 Monocots I General Alismatids amp Lilioids London Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Archived from the original on September 14 2015 Retrieved October 19 2022 Smith L B Till W 1998 Bromeliaceae In Kubitzki Klaus ed Flowering Plants Monocotyledons Alismatanae and Commelinanae except Gramineae The families and genera of vascular plants Vol IV Berlin Springer Science amp Business Media p 82 doi 10 1007 978 3 662 03531 3 ISBN 978 3 662 03531 3 S2CID 39472817 Stearn William 2002 Stearn s Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners London Cassell ISBN 978 0 304 36469 5 Stevens P F 2023 2001 Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Alismatales Missouri Botanical Garden Retrieved October 22 2022 Turland N J et al eds International Code of Nomenclature for algae fungi and plants Shenzhen Code adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen China July 2017 electronic ed Glashutten International Association for Plant Taxonomy Retrieved February 25 2022 USDA Agricultural Research Service National Plant Germplasm System Germplasm Resources Information Network GRIN Taxonomy Beltsville Maryland National Germplasm Resources Laboratory 2022 Retrieved October 29 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of commelinid families amp oldid 1196037311, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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