Areca catechu is a species of palm which grows in much of the tropical Pacific, Asia, and parts of east Africa. The palm is believed to have originated in the Malaysia and Philippines,[1] but is widespread in cultivation and is considered naturalized in southern China (Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan), Taiwan, India, Bangladesh, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, many of the islands in the Pacific Ocean, and also in the West Indies.[2][3][4]
Common names in English include areca palm, areca nut palm, betel palm, betel nut palm, Indian nut, Pinang palm and catechu.[1] In English this palm is called the betel tree because its fruit, the areca nut, is often chewed along with the betel leaf, a leaf from a vine of the family Piperaceae.
Areca catechu is a medium-sized palm tree, growing straight to 20 m (66 ft) tall, with a trunk 10–15 cm (4–6 in) in diameter. The leaves are 1.5–2 m (4.9–6.6 ft) long, pinnate, with numerous, crowded leaflets.
Chemical composition
The seed contains alkaloids such as arecaidine and arecoline, which, when chewed, are intoxicating and slightly addictive. Areca palms are grown in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan and many other Asian countries for their seeds.
Areca catechu is grown for its commercially important seed crop, the areca nut.
The areca nut is also popular for chewing throughout some Asian countries, such as China, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, and India and the Pacific Islands, notably Papua New Guinea, where it is very popular. Chewing areca nut is quite popular among working classes in Taiwan. The nut itself can be addictive and has direct link to oral cancers.[6][7] Chewing areca nut is a cause of oral submucous fibrosis, a premalignant lesion which frequently progresses to mouth cancer.[8] Areca nuts in Taiwan will usually contain artificial additives such as limestone powder. The extract of Areca catechu may be addictive.[9]
The areca palm is also used as an interior landscaping species. It is often used in large indoor areas such as malls and hotels. It will not fruit or reach full size if grown in this way. Indoors, it is a slow growing, low water, high light plant that is sensitive to spider mites and occasionally mealybugs.
In India the dry, fallen leaves are collected and hot-pressed into disposable palm leaf plates and bowls.[10]
The areca nut is important in the Austronesian civilization, especially in the modern day Indonesia and Malaysia. Actually, there are numerous city and areal names in Indonesia and Malaysia using the words pinang, jambi or jambe (areca in Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, and Old Malay). For example, the cities of Tanjung Pinang, Pangkal Pinang in Indonesia, the Indonesian province of Jambi and Penang Island (Pulau Pinang) off the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Fua Mulaku in the Maldives, Guwahati in Assam, Supari(সুপারি) in West Bengal and coastal areas of Kerala and Karnataka in India, are also some of the places named after a local name for areca nut.
^ abKew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^Jones, D. (2001), Palms Throughout The World, Reed New Holland, Australia.
^Heatubun, C.D., Dransfield, J., Flynn, T., Tjitrosoedirdjo, S.S., Mogea, J.P. & Baker, W.J. (2012). A monograph of the betel nut palms (Areca: Arecaceae) of East Malesia. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 147-173.
^Kusumoto, Ines Tomoco; Nakabayashi, Takeshi; Kida, Hiroaki; Miyashiro, Hirotsugu; Hattori, Masao; Namba, Tsuneo; Shimotohno, Kunitada (1995). "Screening of various plant extracts used in ayurvedic medicine for inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease". Phytotherapy Research. 9 (3): 180–184. doi:10.1002/ptr.2650090305. S2CID 84577539.
^Thomas and MacLennan (1992). "Slaked lime and betel nut cancer in Papua New Guinea". The Lancet. 340 (8819): 577–578. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92109-S. PMID 1355157. S2CID 34296427.
^Hemantha Amarasinghe (2010). "Betel-quid chewing with or without tobacco is a major risk factor for oral potentially malignant disorders in Sri Lanka: A case-control study". Oral Oncology. 46 (4): 297–301. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.01.017. PMID 20189448.
^Ray JG, Chatterjee R, Chaudhuri K (2019). "Oral submucous fibrosis: A global challenge. Rising incidence, risk factors, management, and research priorities". Periodontology 2000. 80 (1): 200–212. doi:10.1111/prd.12277. PMID 31090137. S2CID 155089425.
^Marcello Spinella (2001). The psychopharmacology of herbal medicine: plant drugs that alter mind, brain, and behavior. MIT Press. pp. 233–. ISBN978-0-262-69265-6. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
^Palm Leaf Plates 2016-09-16 at the Wayback Machine on the website TheWholeLeafCo.dom; viewed in September 2016
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Areca catechu.
Plant Cultures: Betelnut botany and history 2008-08-27 at the Wayback Machine
Names in different Languages
April 12, 2023
areca, catechu, confused, with, dypsis, lutescens, species, palm, which, grows, much, tropical, pacific, asia, parts, east, africa, palm, believed, have, originated, malaysia, philippines, widespread, cultivation, considered, naturalized, southern, china, guan. Not to be confused with Dypsis lutescens Areca catechu is a species of palm which grows in much of the tropical Pacific Asia and parts of east Africa The palm is believed to have originated in the Malaysia and Philippines 1 but is widespread in cultivation and is considered naturalized in southern China Guangxi Hainan Yunnan Taiwan India Bangladesh the Maldives Sri Lanka Cambodia Laos Thailand Vietnam Malaysia Indonesia New Guinea many of the islands in the Pacific Ocean and also in the West Indies 2 3 4 Areca catechuFruiting specimenScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade MonocotsClade CommelinidsOrder ArecalesFamily ArecaceaeGenus ArecaSpecies A catechuBinomial nameAreca catechuL 1 Synonyms 2 Areca faufel Gaertn Areca hortensis Lour Areca cathechu Burm f Sublimia areca Comm ex Mart Areca himalayana Griff ex H Wendl Areca nigra Giseke ex H Wendl Areca macrocarpa Becc Common names in English include areca palm areca nut palm betel palm betel nut palm Indian nut Pinang palm and catechu 1 In English this palm is called the betel tree because its fruit the areca nut is often chewed along with the betel leaf a leaf from a vine of the family Piperaceae Contents 1 Characteristics 1 1 Growth 1 2 Chemical composition 2 Uses 3 Relationship with humans 3 1 Names of places 4 Gallery 5 References 6 External linksCharacteristics Edit 19th century drawing of Areca catechu Growth Edit Areca catechu is a medium sized palm tree growing straight to 20 m 66 ft tall with a trunk 10 15 cm 4 6 in in diameter The leaves are 1 5 2 m 4 9 6 6 ft long pinnate with numerous crowded leaflets Chemical composition Edit The seed contains alkaloids such as arecaidine and arecoline which when chewed are intoxicating and slightly addictive Areca palms are grown in Bangladesh India Indonesia Malaysia Taiwan and many other Asian countries for their seeds The seed also contains condensed tannins procyanidins called arecatannins 5 which are carcinogenic Uses Edit Intensive farming of Areca catechu at a spice plantation in Curti Goa Main article Areca nut Areca catechu is grown for its commercially important seed crop the areca nut The areca nut is also popular for chewing throughout some Asian countries such as China Bangladesh Taiwan Vietnam the Philippines Malaysia Maldives Myanmar and India and the Pacific Islands notably Papua New Guinea where it is very popular Chewing areca nut is quite popular among working classes in Taiwan The nut itself can be addictive and has direct link to oral cancers 6 7 Chewing areca nut is a cause of oral submucous fibrosis a premalignant lesion which frequently progresses to mouth cancer 8 Areca nuts in Taiwan will usually contain artificial additives such as limestone powder The extract of Areca catechu may be addictive 9 The areca palm is also used as an interior landscaping species It is often used in large indoor areas such as malls and hotels It will not fruit or reach full size if grown in this way Indoors it is a slow growing low water high light plant that is sensitive to spider mites and occasionally mealybugs In India the dry fallen leaves are collected and hot pressed into disposable palm leaf plates and bowls 10 Relationship with humans EditNames of places Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message The areca nut is important in the Austronesian civilization especially in the modern day Indonesia and Malaysia Actually there are numerous city and areal names in Indonesia and Malaysia using the words pinang jambi or jambe areca in Javanese Sundanese Balinese and Old Malay For example the cities of Tanjung Pinang Pangkal Pinang in Indonesia the Indonesian province of Jambi and Penang Island Pulau Pinang off the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia Fua Mulaku in the Maldives Guwahati in Assam Supari স প র in West Bengal and coastal areas of Kerala and Karnataka in India are also some of the places named after a local name for areca nut Gallery Edit Flowers fruits and buds in a single frame Betel nut palm trunk New buds of Areca catechu An Areca catechu plantation in Taiwan Areca palm at Kolkata West Bengal India Areca palm at Kolkata West Bengal India Areca palm fruit at Kerala India Areca nuts from India Flora de Filipinas Areca catechu farm in Kerala India Young betel nuts in Malaysia Areca nut at Penang s flag Areca catechu of Bangladesh Hat palathoppi Outer view made of the leaf of Areca catechu in Kerala Hat palathoppi inner view made of the leaf of Areca catechu in Kerala Areca nut in Paan preparation MyanmarReferences Edit a b c Areca catechu Germplasm Resources Information Network GRIN Agricultural Research Service ARS United States Department of Agriculture USDA Retrieved 2008 03 02 a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Jones D 2001 Palms Throughout The World Reed New Holland Australia Heatubun C D Dransfield J Flynn T Tjitrosoedirdjo S S Mogea J P amp Baker W J 2012 A monograph of the betel nut palms Areca Arecaceae of East Malesia Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 168 147 173 Kusumoto Ines Tomoco Nakabayashi Takeshi Kida Hiroaki Miyashiro Hirotsugu Hattori Masao Namba Tsuneo Shimotohno Kunitada 1995 Screening of various plant extracts used in ayurvedic medicine for inhibitory effects on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 HIV 1 protease Phytotherapy Research 9 3 180 184 doi 10 1002 ptr 2650090305 S2CID 84577539 Thomas and MacLennan 1992 Slaked lime and betel nut cancer in Papua New Guinea The Lancet 340 8819 577 578 doi 10 1016 0140 6736 92 92109 S PMID 1355157 S2CID 34296427 Hemantha Amarasinghe 2010 Betel quid chewing with or without tobacco is a major risk factor for oral potentially malignant disorders in Sri Lanka A case control study Oral Oncology 46 4 297 301 doi 10 1016 j oraloncology 2010 01 017 PMID 20189448 Ray JG Chatterjee R Chaudhuri K 2019 Oral submucous fibrosis A global challenge Rising incidence risk factors management and research priorities Periodontology 2000 80 1 200 212 doi 10 1111 prd 12277 PMID 31090137 S2CID 155089425 Marcello Spinella 2001 The psychopharmacology of herbal medicine plant drugs that alter mind brain and behavior MIT Press pp 233 ISBN 978 0 262 69265 6 Retrieved 14 October 2011 Palm Leaf Plates Archived 2016 09 16 at the Wayback Machine on the website TheWholeLeafCo dom viewed in September 2016External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Areca catechu Plant Cultures Betelnut botany and history Archived 2008 08 27 at the Wayback Machine Areca catechu List of Chemicals Dr Duke s Names in different Languages Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Areca catechu amp oldid 1147984209, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
