This article is about a plant growth form. For other uses of liana, see liana (disambiguation).
A liana is a long-stemmed, woodyvine that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses trees, as well as other means of vertical support, to climb up to the canopy in search of direct sunlight.[1] The word liana does not refer to a taxonomic grouping, but rather a habit of plant growth – much like tree or shrub. It comes from standard French liane, itself from an Antilles French dialect word meaning to sheave.[citation needed]
Lianas are characteristic of tropical moist broadleaf forests (especially seasonal forests), but may be found in temperate rainforests and temperate deciduous forests. There are also temperate lianas, for example the members of the Clematis or Vitis (wild grape) genera. Lianas can form bridges amidst the forest canopy, providing arboreal animals with paths across the forest. These bridges can protect weaker trees from strong winds. Lianas compete with forest trees for sunlight, water and nutrients from the soil.[2] Forests without lianas grow 150% more fruit; trees with lianas have twice the probability of dying.[3] Some lianas attain to great length, such as Bauhinia sp. in Surinam which has grown as long as 600 meters.[4][5] Hawkins has accepted a length of 1.5 km for an Entada phaseoloides.[6] The longest monocot liana is Calamus manan (or Calamus ornatus) at exactly 240 meters.[7]
Lianas may be found in many different plant families. One way of distinguishing lianas from trees and shrubs is based on the stiffness, specifically, the Young's modulus of various parts of the stem. Trees and shrubs have young twigs and smaller branches which are quite flexible and older growth such as trunks and large branches which are stiffer. A liana often has stiff young growths and older, more flexible growth at the base of the stem.[8]
Habitatedit
Lianas compete intensely with trees, greatly reducing tree growth[9] and tree reproduction,[10] greatly increasing tree mortality,[11] preventing tree seedlings from establishing,[9] altering the course of regeneration in forests,[12] and ultimately affecting tree population growth rates.[13] Lianas also provide access routes in the forest canopy for many arboreal animals, including ants and many other invertebrates, lizards, rodents, sloths, monkeys, and lemurs. For example, in the Eastern tropical forests of Madagascar, many lemurs achieve higher mobility from the web of lianas draped amongst the vertical tree species. Many lemurs prefer trees with lianas for their roost sites.[14] Lianas also provide support for trees when strong winds blow.[15] However, they may be destructive in that when one tree falls, the connections made by the lianas may cause many other trees to fall.[15]
As noted by Charles Darwin, because lianas are supported by other plants, they may conserve resources that other plants must allocate to the development of structure and use them instead for growth and reproduction. In general, lianas are detrimental to the trees that support them. Growth rates are lower for trees with lianas; they directly damage hosts by mechanical abrasion and strangulation, render hosts more susceptible to ice and wind damage, and increase the probability that the host tree falls. Lianas also make the canopy of trees more accessible to animals which eat leaves. Because of these negative effects, trees which remain free of lianas are at an advantage; some species have evolved characteristics which help them avoid or shed lianas.[16]
Examplesedit
Some families and genera containing liana species include:
^ abSchnitzer, S. A.; Bongers, F. (2002). "The ecology of lianas and their role in forests". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 17 (5): 223–230. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02491-6.
^Landers, Jackson (13 June 2017). "Tarzan's Favorite Mode of Travel, the Liana Vine, Chokes Off a Tree's Ability to Bear Fruit". Smithsonian. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
^Rohwer, Prof. Jens G. (2000). Tropical Plants of the World. New York: Sterling Pub. Co. Inc. p. 18.
^Sanderson, Ivan T.; Loth, David (1965). Ivan Sanderson's Book of Great Jungles. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 144.
^Hawkins, R.E. editor (1986). Encyclopedia of Indian Natural History. Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 199. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
^Richards, Dr. Paul W. (1952). Tropical Rain Forest. Cambridge. p. 102.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) quoting: Prof. Melchior Treub, Observations surles Plantes Grimphantes de Jardin Botanique Buitenzorg, ANNALES de JARDIN BUITENZORG (1883) p. 175
^Lahaye, R.; Civeyrel, L.; Speck, T.; Rowe, N. P. (2005). "Evolution of shrub-like growth forms in the lianoid subfamily Secamonoideae (Apocynaceae s.l.) of Madagascar: phylogeny, biomechanics, and development". American Journal of Botany. 92 (8): 1381–96. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.8.1381. PMID 21646158.
^ abSchnitzer, S. A.; Carson (2010). "Lianas suppress tree regeneration and diversity in treefall gaps". Ecology Letters. 13 (7): 849–857. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01480.x. PMID 20482581.
^Wright, S. J.; Jaramillo, A. M.; Pavon, J.; Condit, R.; Hubbell, S. P.; Foster, R. B. (2005). "Reproductive size thresholds in tropical trees: variation among individuals, species and forests". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 21 (3): 307–315. doi:10.1017/S0266467405002294. S2CID 42171771.
^Ingwell, L. L.; Wright, S. J.; Becklund, K. K.; Hubbell, S. P.; Schnitzer, S. A. (2010). "The impact of lianas on 10 years of tree growth and mortality on Barro Colorado Island, Panama". Journal of Ecology. 98 (4): 879–887. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01676.x.
^Schnitzer, S. A.; Dalling, J. W.; Carson, W. P. (2000). "The impact of lianas on tree regeneration in tropical forest canopy gaps: Evidence for an alternative pathway of gap-phase regeneration". Journal of Ecology. 88 (4): 655–666. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00489.x.
^Visser, Marco D.; Schnitzer, Stefan A.; Muller-Landau, Helene C.; Jongejans, Eelke; de Kroon, Hans; Comita, Liza S.; Hubbell, Stephen P.; Wright, S. Joseph; Zuidema, Pieter (2018). "Tree species vary widely in their tolerance for liana infestation: A case study of differential host response to generalist parasites". Journal of Ecology. 106 (2): 781–794. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12815. hdl:2066/176867. ISSN 0022-0477.
^Rendigs, A.; Radespiel, U.; Wrogemann, D.; Zimmermann, E. (2003). "Relationship between microhabitat structure and distribution of mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in northwestern Madagascar". International Journal of Primatology. 24 (1): 47–64. doi:10.1023/A:1021494428294. S2CID 20661112.
^ abGarrido-Pérez, E. I.; Dupuy, J. M.; Durán-García, R.; Gerold, G.; Schnitzer, S. A.; Ucan-May, M. (2008). "Structural effects of lianas and hurricane Wilma on trees in Yucatan peninsula, Mexico". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 24 (5): 559–562. doi:10.1017/S0266467408005221. S2CID 83919534.
^Putz, F. E. (1984). "How trees avoid and shed lianas". Biotropica. 16 (1): 19–23. doi:10.2307/2387889. JSTOR 2387889.
External linksedit
Lianas and Climbing Plants of the Neotropics
Lianas and Climbing Plants of the Neotropics: Family Treatments
"Lianas" . The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
See alsoedit
List of Longest Vines
January 19, 2024
liana, this, article, about, plant, growth, form, other, uses, liana, liana, disambiguation, liana, long, stemmed, woody, vine, that, rooted, soil, ground, level, uses, trees, well, other, means, vertical, support, climb, canopy, search, direct, sunlight, word. This article is about a plant growth form For other uses of liana see liana disambiguation A liana is a long stemmed woody vine that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses trees as well as other means of vertical support to climb up to the canopy in search of direct sunlight 1 The word liana does not refer to a taxonomic grouping but rather a habit of plant growth much like tree or shrub It comes from standard French liane itself from an Antilles French dialect word meaning to sheave citation needed Mixed species tangle of lianas in tropical AustraliaLianas in Udawattakele Sri LankaA canopy of Entada gigas that has formed over a monkey ladder vine Bauhinia glabra on Kauai HawaiiLiana tangle across a forest in the Western Ghats Contents 1 Ecology 2 Habitat 3 Examples 4 References 5 External links 6 See alsoEcology editLianas are characteristic of tropical moist broadleaf forests especially seasonal forests but may be found in temperate rainforests and temperate deciduous forests There are also temperate lianas for example the members of the Clematis or Vitis wild grape genera Lianas can form bridges amidst the forest canopy providing arboreal animals with paths across the forest These bridges can protect weaker trees from strong winds Lianas compete with forest trees for sunlight water and nutrients from the soil 2 Forests without lianas grow 150 more fruit trees with lianas have twice the probability of dying 3 Some lianas attain to great length such as Bauhinia sp in Surinam which has grown as long as 600 meters 4 5 Hawkins has accepted a length of 1 5 km for an Entada phaseoloides 6 The longest monocot liana is Calamus manan or Calamus ornatus at exactly 240 meters 7 Lianas may be found in many different plant families One way of distinguishing lianas from trees and shrubs is based on the stiffness specifically the Young s modulus of various parts of the stem Trees and shrubs have young twigs and smaller branches which are quite flexible and older growth such as trunks and large branches which are stiffer A liana often has stiff young growths and older more flexible growth at the base of the stem 8 Habitat editLianas compete intensely with trees greatly reducing tree growth 9 and tree reproduction 10 greatly increasing tree mortality 11 preventing tree seedlings from establishing 9 altering the course of regeneration in forests 12 and ultimately affecting tree population growth rates 13 Lianas also provide access routes in the forest canopy for many arboreal animals including ants and many other invertebrates lizards rodents sloths monkeys and lemurs For example in the Eastern tropical forests of Madagascar many lemurs achieve higher mobility from the web of lianas draped amongst the vertical tree species Many lemurs prefer trees with lianas for their roost sites 14 Lianas also provide support for trees when strong winds blow 15 However they may be destructive in that when one tree falls the connections made by the lianas may cause many other trees to fall 15 As noted by Charles Darwin because lianas are supported by other plants they may conserve resources that other plants must allocate to the development of structure and use them instead for growth and reproduction In general lianas are detrimental to the trees that support them Growth rates are lower for trees with lianas they directly damage hosts by mechanical abrasion and strangulation render hosts more susceptible to ice and wind damage and increase the probability that the host tree falls Lianas also make the canopy of trees more accessible to animals which eat leaves Because of these negative effects trees which remain free of lianas are at an advantage some species have evolved characteristics which help them avoid or shed lianas 16 Examples editSome families and genera containing liana species include Gnetophyta Gnetum Acanthaceae Mendoncia Thunbergia such as T grandiflora and T mysorensis Anacardiaceae Attilaea Rhus Toxicodendron Ancistrocladaceae Ancistrocladus Annonaceae Artabotrys Fissistigma Uvaria Apocynaceae Fockea e g F multiflora Odontadenia Stephanotis Strophanthus e g S sarmentosus Arecaceae Calamus Daemonorops Araceae Pothos e g P lancifolius Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia Bignoniaceae Anemopaegma Pyrostegia Capparaceae Capparis Celastraceae Celastrus Connaraceae Connarus Dilleniaceae Doliocarpus 2 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea e g D sylvatica Fabaceae some Acacia e g A concinna Callerya megasperma Dalbergia armata Derris Entada Hultholia mimosoides Machaerium Mezoneuron Mucuna e g M bennettii Pterolobium Lasiobema Strongylodon e g S macrobotrys Wisteria Flagellariaceae Flagellaria indica Loganiaceae Strychnos e g S axillaris Nepenthaceae Nepenthes Nyctaginaceae Bougainvillea Oleaceae Jasminum Polygalaceae Moutabea e g M Aculeata Rosaceae Rosa banksiae Sapindaceae Paullinia Rhamnaceae Ventilago Ziziphus Rubiaceae Uncaria Rutaceae Toddalia asiatica Schlegeliaceae Schlegelia Smilacaceae Smilax Verbenaceae Petrea e g P volubilis Vitaceae Ampelopsis Cissus e g C hypoglauca Parthenocissus Tetrastigma VitisReferences edit liana Encyclopaedia Britannica a b Schnitzer S A Bongers F 2002 The ecology of lianas and their role in forests Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17 5 223 230 doi 10 1016 S0169 5347 02 02491 6 Landers Jackson 13 June 2017 Tarzan s Favorite Mode of Travel the Liana Vine Chokes Off a Tree s Ability to Bear Fruit Smithsonian Retrieved 20 June 2017 Rohwer Prof Jens G 2000 Tropical Plants of the World New York Sterling Pub Co Inc p 18 Sanderson Ivan T Loth David 1965 Ivan Sanderson s Book of Great Jungles New York Simon and Schuster p 144 Hawkins R E editor 1986 Encyclopedia of Indian Natural History Delhi Oxford University Press p 199 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a first has generic name help Richards Dr Paul W 1952 Tropical Rain Forest Cambridge p 102 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link quoting Prof Melchior Treub Observations surles Plantes Grimphantes de Jardin Botanique Buitenzorg ANNALES de JARDIN BUITENZORG 1883 p 175 Lahaye R Civeyrel L Speck T Rowe N P 2005 Evolution of shrub like growth forms in the lianoid subfamily Secamonoideae Apocynaceae s l of Madagascar phylogeny biomechanics and development American Journal of Botany 92 8 1381 96 doi 10 3732 ajb 92 8 1381 PMID 21646158 a b Schnitzer S A Carson 2010 Lianas suppress tree regeneration and diversity in treefall gaps Ecology Letters 13 7 849 857 doi 10 1111 j 1461 0248 2010 01480 x PMID 20482581 Wright S J Jaramillo A M Pavon J Condit R Hubbell S P Foster R B 2005 Reproductive size thresholds in tropical trees variation among individuals species and forests Journal of Tropical Ecology 21 3 307 315 doi 10 1017 S0266467405002294 S2CID 42171771 Ingwell L L Wright S J Becklund K K Hubbell S P Schnitzer S A 2010 The impact of lianas on 10 years of tree growth and mortality on Barro Colorado Island Panama Journal of Ecology 98 4 879 887 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2745 2010 01676 x Schnitzer S A Dalling J W Carson W P 2000 The impact of lianas on tree regeneration in tropical forest canopy gaps Evidence for an alternative pathway of gap phase regeneration Journal of Ecology 88 4 655 666 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2745 2000 00489 x Visser Marco D Schnitzer Stefan A Muller Landau Helene C Jongejans Eelke de Kroon Hans Comita Liza S Hubbell Stephen P Wright S Joseph Zuidema Pieter 2018 Tree species vary widely in their tolerance for liana infestation A case study of differential host response to generalist parasites Journal of Ecology 106 2 781 794 doi 10 1111 1365 2745 12815 hdl 2066 176867 ISSN 0022 0477 Rendigs A Radespiel U Wrogemann D Zimmermann E 2003 Relationship between microhabitat structure and distribution of mouse lemurs Microcebus spp in northwestern Madagascar International Journal of Primatology 24 1 47 64 doi 10 1023 A 1021494428294 S2CID 20661112 a b Garrido Perez E I Dupuy J M Duran Garcia R Gerold G Schnitzer S A Ucan May M 2008 Structural effects of lianas and hurricane Wilma on trees in Yucatan peninsula Mexico Journal of Tropical Ecology 24 5 559 562 doi 10 1017 S0266467408005221 S2CID 83919534 Putz F E 1984 How trees avoid and shed lianas Biotropica 16 1 19 23 doi 10 2307 2387889 JSTOR 2387889 External links editLianas and Climbing Plants of the Neotropics Lianas and Climbing Plants of the Neotropics Family Treatments Vines and Lianas by Rhett Butler at http rainforests mongabay com 0406 htm Lianas The New Student s Reference Work 1914 See also editList of Longest Vines Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Liana amp oldid 1195155368, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
