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Clematis

May 09, 2023

For the township in Australia, see Clematis, Victoria. For the film, see Traveller's Joy.

Clematis is a genus of about 380 species[2][3] within the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. Their garden hybrids and cultivars have been popular among gardeners,[4] beginning with Clematis 'Jackmanii', a garden standby since 1862; more cultivars are being produced constantly. They are mainly of Chinese and Japanese origin. Most species are known as clematis in English, while some are also known as traveller's joy, a name invented for the sole British native, C. vitalba, by the herbalist John Gerard; virgin's bower for C. terniflora, C. virginiana, and C. viticella; old man's beard, applied to several with prominent seedheads; leather flower for those with fleshy petals; or vase vine for the North American Clematis viorna.

Clematis
Clematis 'Nelly Moser'
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Subfamily: Ranunculoideae
Tribe: Anemoneae
Genus: Clematis
L.[1]
Species

List of Clematis species

Synonyms

Atragene L.
Coriflora Weber
Viorna Rchb.[1]

Etymology

The genus name Clematis[pronunciation note 1] is from Ancient Greek κληματίς : clēmatís, ("a climbing plant") from κλήμα : klḗma – 'twig, sprout, tendril'.

Botany

The genus is composed of mostly vigorous, woody, climbing vines / lianas. The woody stems are quite fragile until several years old.[4] Leaves are opposite and divided into leaflets and leafstalks that twist and curl around supporting structures to anchor the plant as it climbs.[4] Some species are shrubby, while others, like C. recta, are herbaceous perennial plants. The cool temperate species are deciduous, but many of the warmer climate species are evergreen. They grow best in cool, moist, well-drained soil in full sun.[9]

Clematis species are mainly found throughout the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, rarely in the tropics. Clematis leaves are food for the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera species, including the willow beauty (Peribatodes rhomboidaria).

The timing and location of flowers varies; spring-blooming clematis flower on side shoots of the previous year's stems, summer/fall blooming clematis bloom only on the ends of new stems, and twice-flowering clematis do both.[4]

Taxonomy

The genus Clematis was first published by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753,[10] the first species listed being Clematis viticella. The genus name long pre-dates Linnaeus. It was used in Classical Greek for various climbing plants, and is based on κλήμα (klēma), meaning vine or tendril.[11]

Archiclematis and Naravelia

Some morphologically distinctive taxa lacking the combination of characters defining Clematis were formerly segregated as the genera Archiclematis (1 species) and Naravelia (several species). DNA sequence studies have found that these two genera are deeply nested in Clematis, the morphological characters they were erected on being either reversals or misinterpretations, and that consequently the genera should be reduced to the synonymy of Clematis. Naravelia is a monophyletic group within Clematis.[12][13][14]

Species to be transferred include:

  • Clematis alternata syn. Archiclematis alternata
  • Clematis antonii, syn. Naravelia antonii
  • Clematis dasyoneura, syn. Naravelia dasyoneura
  • Clematis horripilata, syn. Naravelia laurifolia
  • Clematis zeylanica, syn. Naravelia zeylanica

Species

Main article: List of Clematis species
 
Large, dark purple clematis flower with white finger stamens in sunlight
 
Purple clematis
 
Clematis armandii
 
Clematis 'Multi Blue'
 
Clematis florida
 
C. montana
 
Flowers of C. vitalba
 
Seed heads of C. vitalba growing in a hedge, showing why it is known colloquially as "old man's beard"
 
Fruits of C. dioica in Guanacaste, Costa Rica
 
C. terniflora seed cluster

A partial list of species:

Formerly placed here

Subdivisions

One recent classification[which?] recognised 297 species of clematis. Consequently, taxonomists and gardeners subdivide the genus. Several classification systems exist.

Magnus Johnson divided Clematis into 19 sections, several with subsections.[24] Christopher Grey-Wilson divided the genus into 9 subgenera (Clematis, Cheiropsis, Flammula, Archiclematis, Campanella, Atragene, Tubulosae, Pseudanemone, Viorna), several with sections and subsections within them.[25] Several of the subdivisions are fairly consistent between these two systems; for example, all of Grey-Wilson's subgenera are used as sections by Johnson. Alternatively, John Howell defined twelve groups: the Evergreen, Alpina, Macropetala, Montana, Rockery, Early Large-Flowered, Late Large-Flowered, Herbaceous, Viticella, Texensis, Orientalis, and Late Mixed groups.[26] Thorncroft Clematis, published their catalogue of 2000 with 8 subdivisions of clematis which was refined by 2006 to 16, those being Armandii, Atragene, Cirrhosa, Diversifolia, Flammula, Florida, Forsteri, Heracleifolia, Integrifolia, Montana, Tangutica, Texensis, Viticella, Early Large Flowered, Late Large Flowered and Species. For the most part the gardening public can understand these groups easily and yet this grouping system also offers enough diversity to divide clematis into meaningful groups for classification purposes. The RHS published its International Clematis Register and Checklist 2002 which acknowledges Wim Snoeijer of The Netherlands as the proposer of some of these new groups and he also influenced Thorncroft Clematis in the way their subdivisions were established.

Many of the most popular garden forms are cultivars belonging to the Viticella section of the subgenus Flammula as defined by Grey-Wilson. These larger-flowered cultivars are often used within garden designs to climb archways, pergolas, or wall-mounted trellises, or to grow through companion plants. These forms normally have large 12–15 cm diameter upward-facing flowers and are believed to involve crosses of C. patens, C. lanuginosa, and C. viticella.[27] Early-season, large-flowering forms such as 'Nelly Moser' tend towards the natural flowering habit of C. patens or C. lanuginosa while later-flowering forms such as ×jackmanii are nearer in habit to C. viticella.

Garden history

Clematis patens C.Morren et Decne. (Kazaguruma), native to Japan, was introduced to Europe in 1836 by Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold. Today, it is the most frequently used species for developing large-flowered cultivars.[28]

The wild Clematis species, such as Clematis florida, native to China had also made their way into Japanese gardens by the 17th century.[29] These species were also brought to Europe through Japan.[30]

Japanese garden selections, mostly cultivated in Edo Period using species that are native to Japan or China,[28] were the first exotic clematises to reach European gardens, in the 18th century, long before the Chinese species were identified in their native habitat at the end of the 19th century.[29]

After it arrived in Europe, it acquired several meanings during the Victorian era, famous for its nuanced flower symbolism. It came to symbolize both mental beauty and art as well as poverty.[31]

Cultivation

The climbing varieties are valued for their ability to scramble up walls, fences, and other structures, and also to grow through other plants, such as shrubs and trees. Some can be trained along the ground to provide cover. Because of their adaptability and masses of spectacular flowers, clematis are among the most popular of all garden plants. Many choice and rare cultivars are to be had from mail order and online catalogues. Specialists regularly put on displays in national flower shows such as the Chelsea Flower Show. In theory, it is possible to have a clematis in flower at any time throughout the year. Many varieties provide a second period of interest with a flush of flowers, or decorative seed heads.

They will grow in any good garden soil. The roots usually require a moist, cool substrate, while the herbage can take full sun. Some more delicate cultivars such as 'Nelly Moser' do better in light shade. Many clematis can be grown successfully in containers.[30][32]

Pruning

Different varieties and cultivars require varied pruning regimes from no pruning to heavy pruning annually.[33] The pruning regime for a cultivated clematis falls into three categories:

  • Vigorous species and early-flowering hybrids do not require pruning, other than to occasionally remove tangled growth (as in C. armandii, C. montana, and C. tangutica)
  • Large-flowered hybrids blooming in early summer on the previous season's growth can be pruned lightly in the dormant season for structure
  • Late-flowering hybrids which bloom on the current season's growth can be pruned back to a pair of buds in the dormant season[34][35]

Cultivars

Over 80 varieties and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.[36]

In the Atragene group are woody deciduous climbers with bell-shaped flowers in spring, produced on the last year's growth. These include 'Markham's Pink', a pale pink breed.[37]

In the early large-flowered group, which flower on the last year's growth, are:

  • 'Arctic Queen' or 'Polar bear' (double white)[38]
  • 'Clematis Josephine' or 'Clematis Evijohill' (pinkish-mauve)[39]
  • 'Marie Boisselot' (white)[40]
  • 'Miss Bateman' (white with red stamens)[41]
  • 'Nelly Moser' (white with pink stripes)[42]
  • 'Niobe' (maroon)[43]
  • 'The President' (blue)[44]

In the Clematis integrifolia group (or Integrifolia group) are non- or semiclimbing plants that flower on the current year's growth. These include the violet-pink 'Arabella'.[45]

In the late large-flowered group, which flower on the current year's growth, are:

In the Clematis montana group (or Montana group) are vigorous climbers that flower in spring, such as:

  • 'Mayleen (pale pink)[49]
  • Clematis montana var. grandiflora (white)[50]
  • Clematis montana var. rubens 'Tetrarose' (rose pink with green stamens)[51]

In the Clematis viticella group (or Viticella group) are compact deciduous climbers with small flowers produced on the current year's growth, such as:

  • 'Alba Luxurians' (white)[52]
  • 'Betty Corning' (pale lilac pink)[53]
  • 'Madame Julia Correvon' (crimson)[54]
  • 'Purpurea Plena Elegans' (purple double)[55]

Other breeds include:

For further details see the List of Award of Garden Merit clematis.

Horticultural classification

This follows the classification adopted by V. Matthews in The International Clematis Register and Checklist 2002, except that C. ispahanica, now considered to have been included in error, has been omitted from the list of parent species in Tangutica Group.[58][59]

  • Small-flowered Division: Flowers (1.5–)2–12(–18) cm across
    • Armandii Group: Cultivars belonging to, or derived from, species classified in subsection Meyenianae (Tamura) M. Johnson, mainly C. armandii.
    • Atragene Group: Cultivars belonging to, or derived from, species classified in subgenus Atragene (L.) Torrey & A. Gray, such as C. alpina, C. chiisanensis, C. fauriei, C. koreana, C. macropetala, C. ochotensis, C. sibirica, C. turkestanica. The former Alpina Group and Macropetala Group are included here. Historically, the Alpina Group was used for single-flowered cultivars, and double-flowered cultivars were assigned to the Macropetala Group.
    • Cirrhosa Group: Cultivars belonging to, or derived mainly from, C. cirrhosa.
    • Flammula Group: Cultivars with at least one parent belonging to, or derived from, species classified in section Flammula DC. (excluding subsection Meyenianae (Tamura)M. Johnson), such as C. angustifolia, C. flammula, C. recta, C. terniflora.
    • Forsteri Group: Cultivars belonging to, or derived from, species classified in section Novae-zeelandiae M. Johnson (native to Australia and New Zealand) such as C. australis, C. foetida, C. forsteri, C. marata, C. marmoraria, C. paniculata, C. petriei.
    • Heracleifolia Group:Cultivars with at least one parent belonging to, or derived from, species classified in subgenus Tubulosa (Decne.) Grey-Wilson, such as C. heracleifolia, C. stans, C. tubulosa.
    • Integrifolia Group:Cultivars belonging to, or derived mainly from, C. integrifolia. Includes the Diversifolia Group (which covered C. × diversifolia (C. integrifolia × C. viticella) and its cultivars).
    • Montana Group: Cultivars belonging to, or derived from, species classified in section Montanae (Schneider) Grey-Wilson such as C. chrysocoma, C. montana, C. spooneri.
    • Tangutica Group: Cultivars with at least one parent belonging to, or derived from, species classified in section Meclatis (Spach) Baill., such as C. intricata, C. ladakhiana, C. orientalis, C. serratifolia, C. tangutica, C. tibetana. This Group has also been known as the Orientalis Group.
    • Texensis Group: Cultivars derived from C. texensis crossed with representatives from either of the Large-flowered Groups.
    • Viorna Group: Cultivars with at least one parent belonging to, or derived from, species classified in section Viorna A. Gray, such as C. crispa, C. fusca, C. ianthina, C. pitcheri, C. reticulata, C. texensis, C. viorna. Cultivars assigned to Texensis Group, and cultivars with C. integrifolia in their parentage, are excluded.
    • Vitalba Group: Cultivars with at least one parent belonging to, or derived from, species classified in section Clematis L., such as C. ligusticifolia, C. potaninii, C. vitalba, C. virginiana.
    • Viticella Group: Cultivars with at least one parent mainly derived from C. viticella. Excludes hybrids between C. integrifolia and C. viticella: see Integrifolia Group.
  • Large-flowered Division: Flowers (5–)10–22(–29) cm across, usually flat.
    • Early Large-flowered Group: Comprises the former Patens Group and Fortunei Group. Cultivars of the Patens Group were derived mainly from C. patens, either directly or indirectly. They were characterized by producing flowers in spring on the previous year's wood, and often again in summer or early autumn on the current year's growth. The former Fortunei Group (also known as Florida Group, although it had nothing to do with C. florida) comprised cultivars with double or semi-double flowers that were produced on the previous year's growth in spring. Hybridization has made it impossible to keep the original Groups separate: there are a number of cultivars that produce both single and double flowers, or that only produce semi-double or double flowers under certain conditions.
    • Late Large-flowered Group: Comprises the former Lanuginosa Group and Jackmanii Group. Cultivars of the Lanuginosa Group were derived mainly from C. lanuginosa, either directly or indirectly. The Jackmanii Group covered cultivars produced from a cross between C. viticella (or a derivative therefrom) and a member of the Patens Group. Both Groups produce their flowers on the current year's growth in summer and autumn. It is often impossible to say whether a cultivar belongs to the Lanuginosa Group or to the Jackmanii Group, due to hybridization and/or lack of information on the parentage, so it is not possible to maintain these Groups.

Use and toxicity

The European species did not enter into the herbalists' pharmacopeia.[60] In the American Old West, the Western white clematis, Clematis ligusticifolia, was called pepper vine by early travelers and pioneers, who took a tip from Spanish colonials and used seeds and the acrid leaves of yerba de chivato as a pepper substitute.[61] The entire genus contains essential oils and compounds which are extremely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Unlike black pepper or Capsicum, however, the compounds in clematis cause internal bleeding of the digestive tract if ingested in large amounts. C. ligusticifolia is essentially toxic. When pruning them, it is a good idea to wear gloves. Despite its toxicity, Native Americans used very small amounts of clematis as an effective treatment for migraine headaches and nervous disorders. It was also used as an effective treatment of skin infections.[62] Clematis is also a constituent of Bach's Rescue Remedy. Leaf extracts from two Ethiopian species (Clematis longicauda steud ex A. Rich. and Clematis burgensis Engl.) are used locally to treat ear disorders and eczema. Phytochemical screening of the extracts from both of these species showed antibacterial and antifungal activity.[63] The extracts of these plants also possess wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities which could also be attributed to the phytoconstituents.[64]

Clematis has been listed as one of the 38 plants used to prepare Bach flower remedies,[65] a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".[66]

Pests and diseases

Clematis species are susceptible to several pests and diseases. Clematis wilt, a stem rot caused by the fungus Phoma clematidina, causes dramatic wilting and death of whole branches, although many species are resistant to it.[67] The species of this genus are also alternate hosts of Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici.[68]: 3  C. mandshurica specifically is known to provide inoculum transferrable to wheat in the former eastern Soviet territories, and several of this genus are hosts for several other P. recondita strains[68]: 8  and other Puccinia.[68]: 25  Other pests and diseases include powdery mildew, viruses, slugs and snails, scale insects, aphids, earwigs, and green flower disease, which is usually caused by infection with a phytoplasma, a type of bacterium.[69]

References

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  14. ^ Jiang, Nan; Zhou, Zhuang; Zhang, Shu-Dong; Guan, Kai-Yun; Tan, Yun-Hong; Yu, Wen-Bin (2017). "Phylogenetic reassessment of tribe Anemoneae (Ranunculaceae): Non-monophyly of Anemone s.l. revealed by plastid datasets". PLOS ONE. 12 (3): e0174792. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1274792J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174792. PMC 5376084. PMID 28362811.
  15. ^ "Clematis aristata R.Br. ex Ker Gawl.". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  16. ^ "Clematis fawcettii F.Muell.". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  17. ^ "Clematis glycinoides DC.". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  18. ^ "Clematis leptophylla (F.Muell. ex Benth.) H.Eichler". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  19. ^ "Clematis microphylla DC.". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  20. ^ "Clematis pickeringii A.Gray". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
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  22. ^ purple virgins bower 2009-05-25 at the Wayback Machine, Voyageur Country
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Notes

  1. ^ The Classical pronunciation of clematis is /ˈklɛmətɪs/.[5][6][7][8] Other attested pronunciations include /kləˈmætɪs/[5] and, particularly in the UK, /kləˈmeɪtɪs/.[5][6]

Further reading

  • Brickell, C., Ed. Gardeners' Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers. Dorling Kindersley. 1989.
  • Toomey, M. and E. Leeds. An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Clematis. Charles Chesshire (Timber Press).
  • Ruth Gooch Clematis: The Complete Guide. Crowood Press 2001.
  • Ruth & Jon Gooch Clematis An Essential Guide Crowood Press 2011.

External links

 
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Clematis".
  • American Clematis Society
  • Clematis on the Web
  • International Clematis Society
  • International Registry
  • "Clematis" . The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
  •   The Clematis., one of the Flowers of Loveliness for 1838 with an illustration (Clematis) by Thomas Uwins combined with poetry (The Clematis) by Letitia Elizabeth Landon.

May 09, 2023
clematis, township, australia, victoria, film, traveller, genus, about, species, within, buttercup, family, ranunculaceae, their, garden, hybrids, cultivars, have, been, popular, among, gardeners, beginning, with, jackmanii, garden, standby, since, 1862, more,. For the township in Australia see Clematis Victoria For the film see Traveller s Joy Clematis is a genus of about 380 species 2 3 within the buttercup family Ranunculaceae Their garden hybrids and cultivars have been popular among gardeners 4 beginning with Clematis Jackmanii a garden standby since 1862 more cultivars are being produced constantly They are mainly of Chinese and Japanese origin Most species are known as clematis in English while some are also known as traveller s joy a name invented for the sole British native C vitalba by the herbalist John Gerard virgin s bower for C terniflora C virginiana and C viticella old man s beard applied to several with prominent seedheads leather flower for those with fleshy petals or vase vine for the North American Clematis viorna ClematisClematis Nelly Moser Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsOrder RanunculalesFamily RanunculaceaeSubfamily RanunculoideaeTribe AnemoneaeGenus ClematisL 1 SpeciesList of Clematis speciesSynonymsAtragene L Coriflora WeberViorna Rchb 1 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Botany 3 Taxonomy 3 1 Archiclematis and Naravelia 3 2 Species 3 2 1 Formerly placed here 3 3 Subdivisions 4 Garden history 5 Cultivation 5 1 Pruning 6 Cultivars 7 Horticultural classification 8 Use and toxicity 9 Pests and diseases 10 References 11 Notes 12 Further reading 13 External linksEtymology EditThe genus name Clematis pronunciation note 1 is from Ancient Greek klhmatis clematis a climbing plant from klhma klḗma twig sprout tendril Botany EditThe genus is composed of mostly vigorous woody climbing vines lianas The woody stems are quite fragile until several years old 4 Leaves are opposite and divided into leaflets and leafstalks that twist and curl around supporting structures to anchor the plant as it climbs 4 Some species are shrubby while others like C recta are herbaceous perennial plants The cool temperate species are deciduous but many of the warmer climate species are evergreen They grow best in cool moist well drained soil in full sun 9 Clematis species are mainly found throughout the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere rarely in the tropics Clematis leaves are food for the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera species including the willow beauty Peribatodes rhomboidaria The timing and location of flowers varies spring blooming clematis flower on side shoots of the previous year s stems summer fall blooming clematis bloom only on the ends of new stems and twice flowering clematis do both 4 Taxonomy EditThe genus Clematis was first published by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753 10 the first species listed being Clematis viticella The genus name long pre dates Linnaeus It was used in Classical Greek for various climbing plants and is based on klhma klema meaning vine or tendril 11 Archiclematis and Naravelia Edit Some morphologically distinctive taxa lacking the combination of characters defining Clematis were formerly segregated as the genera Archiclematis 1 species and Naravelia several species DNA sequence studies have found that these two genera are deeply nested in Clematis the morphological characters they were erected on being either reversals or misinterpretations and that consequently the genera should be reduced to the synonymy of Clematis Naravelia is a monophyletic group within Clematis 12 13 14 Species to be transferred include Clematis alternata syn Archiclematis alternata Clematis antonii syn Naravelia antonii Clematis dasyoneura syn Naravelia dasyoneura Clematis horripilata syn Naravelia laurifolia Clematis zeylanica syn Naravelia zeylanicaSpecies Edit Main article List of Clematis species Large dark purple clematis flower with white finger stamens in sunlight Purple clematis Clematis armandii Clematis Multi Blue Clematis florida C montana Flowers of C vitalba Seed heads of C vitalba growing in a hedge showing why it is known colloquially as old man s beard Achenes Fruits of C dioica in Guanacaste Costa Rica C terniflora seed cluster A partial list of species Clematis addisonii Britt Addison s leather flower Clematis akebioides Maxim H J Veitch Clematis albicoma Wherry whitehair leather flower Clematis alpina L Mill alpine clematis Clematis aristata R Br ex Ker Gawl 15 Australian clematis Clematis armandii Armand clematis Clematis baldwinii Torr amp A Gray pine hyacinth Clematis bigelovii Torr Bigelow clematis Clematis brachiata Thunb traveller s joy Clematis campaniflora Brot Portuguese clematis Clematis catesbyana satin curls Clematis chinensis Osbeck wei ling xian in Chinese Chinese 威靈仙 pinyin Wei ling xian Clematis chrysocoma Franch gold wool clematis Clematis cirrhosa L includes the Freckles Wisley Cream and Jingle Bells cultivars Clematis cirrhosa v balearica Balearic Islands Clematis coactilis Fern Keener Virginia whitehair leather flower Clematis columbiana Nutt Torr amp A Gray British Columbia virgin s bower Clematis crispa L swamp leather flower Clematis cunninghamii Clematis dioica L cabellos de angel Clematis drummondii Torr amp A Gray Drummond clematis Clematis durandii Clematis fawcettii F Muell 16 Clematis flammula L fragrant virgin s bower Clematis florida Thunb Asian clematis Clematis foetida Raoul 1846 New Zealand clematis Clematis fremontii S Watson Fremont s leather flower Clematis glaucophylla Small whiteleaf leather flower Clematis glycinoides DC headache vine 17 Clematis gouriana Indian traveller s joy Clematis henryi Oliv Clematis hirsutissima Pursh hairy clematis Clematis hedysarifolia DC Clematis integrifolia L Clematis ispahanica Bioss Clematis jackmanii T Moore Jackman s clematis Clematis koreana Kom Korean clematis Clematis lanuginosa Lindl amp Paxton Clematis lasiantha Nutt pipestem clematis Clematis leptophylla F Muell ex Benth H Eichler 18 Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt western white clematis hierba de chivo Clematis linearifolia Steud Clematis macropetala Ledeb downy clematis Clematis mandshurica Clematis marmoraria Sneddon New Zealand dwarf clematis Clematis microphylla DC small leaved clematis 19 Clematis montana Buch Ham ex DC anemone clematis Clematis morefieldii Kral Huntsville vasevine Clematis napaulensis DC Clematis occidentalis Hornem DC western blue virginsbower Clematis ochroleuca Ait curlyheads Clematis orientalis L Chinese clematis Clematis palmeri Rose Palmer clematis Clematis paniculata J F Gmel puawhananga Clematis patens C Morren amp Decne Clematis pauciflora Nutt ropevine clematis Clematis pickeringii A Gray 20 21 Clematis pitcheri Torr amp A Gray bluebill Clematis pubescens Hugel ex Endl common clematis Clematis recta L ground clematis Clematis reticulata Walter netleaf leather flower Clematis rhodocarpa Rose Clematis smilacifolia Wall Clematis socialis Kral Alabama leather flower Clematis stans Siebold amp Zucc kusabotan Clematis tangutica Maxim Korsh golden clematis Clematis terniflora DC sweet autumn clematis Clematis texensis Buckley scarlet leather flower Clematis urophylla Clematis versicolor manycolored leather flower Clematis verticillaris purple virgins bower 22 Clematis viorna L vasevine traveller s joy Clematis virginiana L devil s darning needles Virginia bower Clematis viridiflora sv Bertol 23 Clematis vitalba L traveller s joy old man s beard Clematis viticaulis E Steele Millboro leather flower Clematis viticella L Italian leather flower purple clematisFormerly placed here Edit Akebia trifoliata Thunb Koidz as C trifoliata Thunb Subdivisions Edit One recent classification which recognised 297 species of clematis Consequently taxonomists and gardeners subdivide the genus Several classification systems exist Magnus Johnson divided Clematis into 19 sections several with subsections 24 Christopher Grey Wilson divided the genus into 9 subgenera Clematis Cheiropsis Flammula Archiclematis Campanella Atragene Tubulosae Pseudanemone Viorna several with sections and subsections within them 25 Several of the subdivisions are fairly consistent between these two systems for example all of Grey Wilson s subgenera are used as sections by Johnson Alternatively John Howell defined twelve groups the Evergreen Alpina Macropetala Montana Rockery Early Large Flowered Late Large Flowered Herbaceous Viticella Texensis Orientalis and Late Mixed groups 26 Thorncroft Clematis published their catalogue of 2000 with 8 subdivisions of clematis which was refined by 2006 to 16 those being Armandii Atragene Cirrhosa Diversifolia Flammula Florida Forsteri Heracleifolia Integrifolia Montana Tangutica Texensis Viticella Early Large Flowered Late Large Flowered and Species For the most part the gardening public can understand these groups easily and yet this grouping system also offers enough diversity to divide clematis into meaningful groups for classification purposes The RHS published its International Clematis Register and Checklist 2002 which acknowledges Wim Snoeijer of The Netherlands as the proposer of some of these new groups and he also influenced Thorncroft Clematis in the way their subdivisions were established Many of the most popular garden forms are cultivars belonging to the Viticella section of the subgenus Flammula as defined by Grey Wilson These larger flowered cultivars are often used within garden designs to climb archways pergolas or wall mounted trellises or to grow through companion plants These forms normally have large 12 15 cm diameter upward facing flowers and are believed to involve crosses of C patens C lanuginosa and C viticella 27 Early season large flowering forms such as Nelly Moser tend towards the natural flowering habit of C patens or C lanuginosa while later flowering forms such as jackmanii are nearer in habit to C viticella Garden history EditClematis patens C Morren et Decne Kazaguruma native to Japan was introduced to Europe in 1836 by Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold Today it is the most frequently used species for developing large flowered cultivars 28 The wild Clematis species such as Clematis florida native to China had also made their way into Japanese gardens by the 17th century 29 These species were also brought to Europe through Japan 30 Japanese garden selections mostly cultivated in Edo Period using species that are native to Japan or China 28 were the first exotic clematises to reach European gardens in the 18th century long before the Chinese species were identified in their native habitat at the end of the 19th century 29 After it arrived in Europe it acquired several meanings during the Victorian era famous for its nuanced flower symbolism It came to symbolize both mental beauty and art as well as poverty 31 Cultivation EditThe climbing varieties are valued for their ability to scramble up walls fences and other structures and also to grow through other plants such as shrubs and trees Some can be trained along the ground to provide cover Because of their adaptability and masses of spectacular flowers clematis are among the most popular of all garden plants Many choice and rare cultivars are to be had from mail order and online catalogues Specialists regularly put on displays in national flower shows such as the Chelsea Flower Show In theory it is possible to have a clematis in flower at any time throughout the year Many varieties provide a second period of interest with a flush of flowers or decorative seed heads They will grow in any good garden soil The roots usually require a moist cool substrate while the herbage can take full sun Some more delicate cultivars such as Nelly Moser do better in light shade Many clematis can be grown successfully in containers 30 32 Pruning Edit Different varieties and cultivars require varied pruning regimes from no pruning to heavy pruning annually 33 The pruning regime for a cultivated clematis falls into three categories Vigorous species and early flowering hybrids do not require pruning other than to occasionally remove tangled growth as in C armandii C montana and C tangutica Large flowered hybrids blooming in early summer on the previous season s growth can be pruned lightly in the dormant season for structure Late flowering hybrids which bloom on the current season s growth can be pruned back to a pair of buds in the dormant season 34 35 Cultivars EditOver 80 varieties and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society s Award of Garden Merit 36 In the Atragene group are woody deciduous climbers with bell shaped flowers in spring produced on the last year s growth These include Markham s Pink a pale pink breed 37 In the early large flowered group which flower on the last year s growth are Arctic Queen or Polar bear double white 38 Clematis Josephine or Clematis Evijohill pinkish mauve 39 Marie Boisselot white 40 Miss Bateman white with red stamens 41 Nelly Moser white with pink stripes 42 Niobe maroon 43 The President blue 44 In the Clematis integrifolia group or Integrifolia group are non or semiclimbing plants that flower on the current year s growth These include the violet pink Arabella 45 In the late large flowered group which flower on the current year s growth are Jackmanii purple 46 Polish spirit purple 47 Prince Charles violet 48 In the Clematis montana group or Montana group are vigorous climbers that flower in spring such as Mayleen pale pink 49 Clematis montana var grandiflora white 50 Clematis montana var rubens Tetrarose rose pink with green stamens 51 In the Clematis viticella group or Viticella group are compact deciduous climbers with small flowers produced on the current year s growth such as Alba Luxurians white 52 Betty Corning pale lilac pink 53 Madame Julia Correvon crimson 54 Purpurea Plena Elegans purple double 55 Other breeds include Princess Diana of the Clematis texensis or Texensis group deep pink 56 triternata rubromarginata white amp purple 57 For further details see the List of Award of Garden Merit clematis Horticultural classification EditThis follows the classification adopted by V Matthews in The International Clematis Register and Checklist 2002 except that C ispahanica now considered to have been included in error has been omitted from the list of parent species in Tangutica Group 58 59 Small flowered Division Flowers 1 5 2 12 18 cm across Armandii Group Cultivars belonging to or derived from species classified in subsection Meyenianae Tamura M Johnson mainly C armandii Atragene Group Cultivars belonging to or derived from species classified in subgenus Atragene L Torrey amp A Gray such as C alpina C chiisanensis C fauriei C koreana C macropetala C ochotensis C sibirica C turkestanica The former Alpina Group and Macropetala Group are included here Historically the Alpina Group was used for single flowered cultivars and double flowered cultivars were assigned to the Macropetala Group Cirrhosa Group Cultivars belonging to or derived mainly from C cirrhosa Flammula Group Cultivars with at least one parent belonging to or derived from species classified in section Flammula DC excluding subsection Meyenianae Tamura M Johnson such as C angustifolia C flammula C recta C terniflora Forsteri Group Cultivars belonging to or derived from species classified in section Novae zeelandiae M Johnson native to Australia and New Zealand such as C australis C foetida C forsteri C marata C marmoraria C paniculata C petriei Heracleifolia Group Cultivars with at least one parent belonging to or derived from species classified in subgenus Tubulosa Decne Grey Wilson such as C heracleifolia C stans C tubulosa Integrifolia Group Cultivars belonging to or derived mainly from C integrifolia Includes the Diversifolia Group which covered C diversifolia C integrifolia C viticella and its cultivars Montana Group Cultivars belonging to or derived from species classified in section Montanae Schneider Grey Wilson such as C chrysocoma C montana C spooneri Tangutica Group Cultivars with at least one parent belonging to or derived from species classified in section Meclatis Spach Baill such as C intricata C ladakhiana C orientalis C serratifolia C tangutica C tibetana This Group has also been known as the Orientalis Group Texensis Group Cultivars derived from C texensis crossed with representatives from either of the Large flowered Groups Viorna Group Cultivars with at least one parent belonging to or derived from species classified in section Viorna A Gray such as C crispa C fusca C ianthina C pitcheri C reticulata C texensis C viorna Cultivars assigned to Texensis Group and cultivars with C integrifolia in their parentage are excluded Vitalba Group Cultivars with at least one parent belonging to or derived from species classified in section Clematis L such as C ligusticifolia C potaninii C vitalba C virginiana Viticella Group Cultivars with at least one parent mainly derived from C viticella Excludes hybrids between C integrifolia and C viticella see Integrifolia Group Large flowered Division Flowers 5 10 22 29 cm across usually flat Early Large flowered Group Comprises the former Patens Group and Fortunei Group Cultivars of the Patens Group were derived mainly from C patens either directly or indirectly They were characterized by producing flowers in spring on the previous year s wood and often again in summer or early autumn on the current year s growth The former Fortunei Group also known as Florida Group although it had nothing to do with C florida comprised cultivars with double or semi double flowers that were produced on the previous year s growth in spring Hybridization has made it impossible to keep the original Groups separate there are a number of cultivars that produce both single and double flowers or that only produce semi double or double flowers under certain conditions Late Large flowered Group Comprises the former Lanuginosa Group and Jackmanii Group Cultivars of the Lanuginosa Group were derived mainly from C lanuginosa either directly or indirectly The Jackmanii Group covered cultivars produced from a cross between C viticella or a derivative therefrom and a member of the Patens Group Both Groups produce their flowers on the current year s growth in summer and autumn It is often impossible to say whether a cultivar belongs to the Lanuginosa Group or to the Jackmanii Group due to hybridization and or lack of information on the parentage so it is not possible to maintain these Groups Use and toxicity EditThe European species did not enter into the herbalists pharmacopeia 60 In the American Old West the Western white clematis Clematis ligusticifolia was called pepper vine by early travelers and pioneers who took a tip from Spanish colonials and used seeds and the acrid leaves of yerba de chivato as a pepper substitute 61 The entire genus contains essential oils and compounds which are extremely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes Unlike black pepper or Capsicum however the compounds in clematis cause internal bleeding of the digestive tract if ingested in large amounts C ligusticifolia is essentially toxic When pruning them it is a good idea to wear gloves Despite its toxicity Native Americans used very small amounts of clematis as an effective treatment for migraine headaches and nervous disorders It was also used as an effective treatment of skin infections 62 Clematis is also a constituent of Bach s Rescue Remedy Leaf extracts from two Ethiopian species Clematis longicauda steud ex A Rich and Clematis burgensis Engl are used locally to treat ear disorders and eczema Phytochemical screening of the extracts from both of these species showed antibacterial and antifungal activity 63 The extracts of these plants also possess wound healing and anti inflammatory activities which could also be attributed to the phytoconstituents 64 Clematis has been listed as one of the 38 plants used to prepare Bach flower remedies 65 a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health However according to Cancer Research UK there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control cure or prevent any type of disease including cancer 66 Pests and diseases EditClematis species are susceptible to several pests and diseases Clematis wilt a stem rot caused by the fungus Phoma clematidina causes dramatic wilting and death of whole branches although many species are resistant to it 67 The species of this genus are also alternate hosts of Puccinia recondita f sp tritici 68 3 C mandshurica specifically is known to provide inoculum transferrable to wheat in the former eastern Soviet territories and several of this genus are hosts for several other P recondita strains 68 8 and other Puccinia 68 25 Other pests and diseases include powdery mildew viruses slugs and snails scale insects aphids earwigs and green flower disease which is usually caused by infection with a phytoplasma a type of bacterium 69 References Edit a b Genus Clematis L Germplasm Resources Information Network United States Department of Agriculture 2000 12 20 Archived from the original on 2009 06 17 Retrieved 2011 02 02 Clematis L Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 26 January 2023 There are more wild species of clematis even than of roses Alice M Coats remarks in Garden Shrubs and Their Histories 1964 1992 s v Clematis a b c d Bender Steve ed January 2004 Clematis The Southern Living Garden Book 2nd ed Birmingham Alabama Oxmoor House pp 250 2 ISBN 978 0 376 03910 1 a b c How Do You Say amp Spell Clematis Archived 2019 12 13 at the Wayback Machine ClematisQueen com Retrieved 5 March 2014 a b clematis Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required Clematis Cambridge Dictionaries Online 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2014 Sunset Western Garden Book 1995 pp 606 7 Hillier Nurseries The Hillier Manual of Trees and Shrubs David and Charles 1998 p723 ISBN 0 7153 0808 4 IPNI Plant Name Query Results for Clematis The International Plant Names Index Retrieved 2018 03 28 Hyam R amp Pankhurst R J 1995 Plants and their names a concise dictionary Oxford Oxford University Press p 115 ISBN 978 0 19 866189 4 Miikeda Osamu Kita Koichi Handa Takashi Yukawa Tomohisa 2006 10 01 Phylogenetic relationships of Clematis Ranunculaceae based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 152 2 153 168 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8339 2006 00551 x ISSN 0024 4074 Xie Lei Wen Jun Li Liang Qian 2011 Phylogenetic Analyses of Clematis Ranunculaceae based on Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal ITS and Three Plastid Regions Systematic Botany American Society of Plant Taxonomists 36 4 907 921 Retrieved 27 March 2018 Jiang Nan Zhou Zhuang Zhang Shu Dong Guan Kai Yun Tan Yun Hong Yu Wen Bin 2017 Phylogenetic reassessment of tribe Anemoneae Ranunculaceae Non monophyly of Anemone s l revealed by plastid datasets PLOS ONE 12 3 e0174792 Bibcode 2017PLoSO 1274792J doi 10 1371 journal pone 0174792 PMC 5376084 PMID 28362811 Clematis aristata R Br ex Ker Gawl Australian Plant Name Index APNI IBIS database Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australian Government Retrieved 24 June 2013 Clematis fawcettii F Muell Australian Plant Name Index APNI IBIS database Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australian Government Retrieved 24 June 2013 Clematis glycinoides DC Australian Plant Name Index APNI IBIS database Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australian Government Retrieved 24 June 2013 Clematis leptophylla F Muell ex Benth H Eichler Australian Plant Name Index APNI IBIS database Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australian Government Retrieved 24 June 2013 Clematis microphylla DC Australian Plant Name Index APNI IBIS database Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australian Government Retrieved 24 June 2013 Clematis pickeringii A Gray Australian Plant Name Index APNI IBIS database Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research Australian Government Retrieved 24 June 2013 F A Zich B P M Hyland T Whiffen R A Kerrigan 2020 Clematis pickeringii Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation CSIRO Retrieved 6 March 2021 purple virgins bower Archived 2009 05 25 at the Wayback Machine Voyageur Country Bertolonii Antonii 1858 Miscellanea Botanica XIX Memorie della Accademia delle Scienze dell Istituto di Bologna in Latin 9 167 at 171 172 Johnson Magnus 2001 The Genus Clematis Magnus Johnson Plantskola AB Grey Wilson Christopher 2000 Clematis The Genus A Comprehensive Guide for Gardeners Horticulturists and Botanists Timber Press Clematis Classification www howellsonclematis co uk Evison Raymond J 1998 The Gardener s Guide to Growing Clematis Timber Press David and Charles a b Kaneko Akihito 2017 Clematis Tokyo NHK pp P9 ISBN 978 4 14 040277 1 a b Coats 1964 1992 a b Lloyd Christopher 1989 Clematis United Kingdom Viking p 232 ISBN 978 0670802333 Language of Flowers Flower Meanings Flower Sentiments www languageofflowers com Archived from the original on 2016 11 24 Retrieved 2016 11 26 Grey Wilson Christopher 2002 Clematis the genus United Kingdom Batsford p 219 ISBN 978 0713487268 Clematis Varieties I Green Valley Supply Archived from the original on 2018 08 22 Retrieved 2018 08 22 Chesshire C 1999 Clematis RHS practicals United Kingdom Dorling Kindersley ISBN 978 0751347265 British Clematis Society Web Site www britishclematis org uk Clematis Royal Horticultural Society Archived from the original on 2012 07 01 Retrieved 2012 06 22 http apps rhs org uk plantselector plant plantid 473 dead link http apps rhs org uk plantselector plant plantid 439 dead link Clematis Josephine Early Large Flowered Clematis Clematis Marie Boisselot EL RHS Retrieved 2020 03 14 RHS Plant Selector Clematis Miss Bateman EL AGM RHS Gardening Archived from the original on 2011 11 06 Retrieved 2012 06 22 http apps rhs org uk plantselector plant plantid 485 dead link http apps rhs org uk plantselector plant plantid 486 dead link RHS Plant Selector Clematis The President EL AGM RHS Gardening Archived from the original on 2014 02 18 Retrieved 2012 06 22 RHS Plant Selector Clematis Arabella I AGM RHS Gardening Archived from the original on 2014 04 13 Retrieved 2012 06 22 RHS Plant Selector Clematis Jackmanii LL AGM RHS Gardening Archived from the original on 2014 02 17 Retrieved 2012 06 22 http apps rhs org uk plantselector plant plantid 489 dead link http apps rhs org uk plantselector plant plantid 490 dead link http apps rhs org uk plantselector plant plantid 4686 dead link http apps rhs org uk plantselector plant plantid 479 dead link http apps rhs org uk plantselector plant plantid 482 dead link http apps rhs org uk plantselector plant plantid 444 dead link http apps rhs org uk plantselector plant plantid 455 dead link http apps rhs org uk plantselector plant plantid 475 dead link http apps rhs org uk plantselector plant plantid 503 dead link http apps rhs org uk plantselector plant plantid 491 dead link Clematis x triternata Rubromarginata clematis Rubromarginata RHS Gardening permanent dead link RHS ISHS ICRA clematis Clematis Register RHS Of the native European C vitalba Alice Coats observes The leaves are acrid and poisonous and not even the early herbalists attempted to use the plant in internal medicine but she notes that John Gerard called Clematis flammula biting clematis or purging periwinkle Coats 1992 US Native Plant Database Clematis ligusticifolia Tilford Gregory L 1997 Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West ISBN 978 0 87842 359 0 Hawaze S Deti H Suleman S 2012 In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of clematis species indigenous to Ethiopia Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 74 29 35 Hawaze S Deti H Suleman S 2013 Wound healing activity of the methanol extracts of Clematis species indigenous to Ethiopia International Journal of Green Pharmacy 7 304 308 Archived from the original on 2013 12 03 D S Vohra 1 June 2004 Bach Flower Remedies A Comprehensive Study B Jain Publishers p 3 ISBN 978 81 7021 271 3 Retrieved 2 September 2013 Flower remedies Cancer Research UK Retrieved 2 September 2013 Howells J Choosing your Clematis Garden Art Press 2003 pp115 116 ISBN 1 870673 47 6 a b c Roelfs Alan P Singh Ravi Prakash Saari Eugene E 1992 Rust diseases of wheat Concepts and methods of disease management S2CID 84123050 Buczacki S and Harris K Pests Diseases and Disorders of Garden Plants HarperCollins 1998 p65 ISBN 0 00 220063 5Notes Edit The Classical pronunciation of clematis is ˈ k l ɛ m e t ɪ s 5 6 7 8 Other attested pronunciations include k l e ˈ m ae t ɪ s 5 and particularly in the UK k l e ˈ m eɪ t ɪ s 5 6 Further reading EditBrickell C Ed Gardeners Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers Dorling Kindersley 1989 Toomey M and E Leeds An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Clematis Charles Chesshire Timber Press Ruth Gooch Clematis The Complete Guide Crowood Press 2001 Ruth amp Jon Gooch Clematis An Essential Guide Crowood Press 2011 External links Edit Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica article Clematis American Bells A guide to the species in subgenus Viorna American Clematis Society Clematis on the Web Clematis viorna images at bioimages vanderbilt edu Clematis virginiana images at bioimages vanderbilt edu International Clematis Society International Registry Clematis The American Cyclopaedia 1879 The Clematis one of the Flowers of Loveliness for 1838 with an illustration Clematis by Thomas Uwins combined with poetry The Clematis by Letitia Elizabeth Landon Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Clematis amp oldid 1144673093, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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